Distinctive features. Who does not know Vasily Ivanovich Chapaev? Brave red commander, the hero of films and jokes? Probably, this is one of the most popular folk characters of the 20th century, well, perhaps with the exception of Stirlitz. But few people know that the famous Chapaev was born in Chuvashia, in a small village near Cheboksary.
Monument to Chapaev in Cheboksary. Photo by shandi (http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/shandi/)
In addition to the fact that the Republic of Chuvashia is the birthplace of Chapaev, it can still be proud of its original people, which make up the majority of its population. The Chuvash lands were part of the Volga Bulgaria, then they were subordinate to the Kazan Khanate.
Now two languages are used in Chuvashia - Chuvash and Russian. And although Russian is understood by everyone here, the Chuvash language is used more and more. This is also explained by the fact that many visitors from other parts of Chuvashia now live in Cheboksary, and Cheboksary themselves prefer to move to other cities, such as Kazan or Nizhny Novgorod.
Chuvashia can be called a region that has relied on agriculture. Its share in the economy of Chuvashia is 9.4%, which is twice as high as the Russian average. Industry is concentrated mainly in Cheboksary and Novocheboksarsk, although the old giant factories are now breathing their last, and the level of industrial production in Chuvashia has dropped to 70% of 1990. Today, the Chuvash business is more busy buying and selling.
Geographic location. The Republic of Chuvashia is located in the southeast of the European part of the Russian Federation, it is part of the Volga-Vyatka economic region and the Volga Federal District. The republic's neighbors are the Nizhny Novgorod Region in the west, the Republic of Tatarstan in the east, the Mari El Republic in the north, and the Ulyanovsk Region in the south.
The great Russian river Volga flows in the northern part of Chuvashia. The terrain is predominantly flat, where the highest point is 286.6 m above sea level.
In Chuvashia, nature is beautiful in its own way, and to preserve it, the Chavash Marmane National Park, which has become one of the "7 Wonders of Chuvashia", as well as the Prisursky Reserve, were created.
Population. In 2013, the population of the region was 1,243,431 people. Of these, 72% live in cities. The ratio of the male and female population is 46.5%: 53.5%.
In Chuvashia, the death rate is almost equal to the birth rate, even slightly lower. Therefore, there is a small natural increase in the population. So, despite the outflow of emigrants to other regions of Russia, the population of the republic has remained virtually unchanged for at least thirty years.
Chuvash in national costumes. Photo by Raushania (http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/raushaniyagaripova/)
However, the proportion of pensioners is steadily growing, and now they make up one fifth of the inhabitants of Chuvashia. According to the national composition, 65.1% of the population are Chuvash. Russians make up 25.83% and live mainly in large cities. In third place in terms of numbers are Tatars (2.73%), who live compactly in the south-east of the republic.
Crime. The Republic of Chuvashia is a rather calm region. In the criminal rating of the regions, Chuvashia is in 50th place. This is not to say that there are no crimes at all. Of the most common types of crime, it is worth noting theft and fraud. So if you come to Cheboksary - be on the lookout!
Unemployment rate in the Chuvash Republic in 2012 was equal to only 5.86%, which practically does not differ from the average Russian level. In the ranking of regions in terms of unemployment, Chuvashia settled in 41st place. The average salary in Chuvashia, frankly, makes you cry. 16,832 rubles a month is not what residents of one of the European regions of Russia would like to receive.
Moreover, it is extremely difficult to find such industries in Chuvashia, where the average level of wages would exceed the bar of a thousand dollars. Nevertheless, so far the leaders are the IT sector (32,771 rubles / month), financial activities (30,814 rubles / month) and the production of electrical and optical equipment (28,687 rubles / month).
Real estate value. Average price per sq. meters of housing in Cheboksary - 50248 rubles, in Novocheboksarsk - 42520 rubles. A one-room apartment in Cheboksary will cost you 1.3 million rubles or more. Depending on the area, its price can reach 3 million rubles. New apartments in new buildings, for example, "three rubles" are already sold for 6 million rubles.
One of the yards in Kanash. Photo by Kanash-Club (http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/kanash-club/)
Climate. Chuvashia, like most regions in the European part of Russia, is located in the temperate continental climate zone. Winter here is cold, with frosts sometimes reaching 40 degrees below zero. Summer is hot, with dry winds. But if we put aside extreme indicators, then the average temperature in July is +19°С, and the average temperature in January is −13°С. The amount of precipitation is 500 mm per year, most of which falls in the summer.
Cities of the Chuvash Republic
The regional center and the largest city of the region. Population - 473688 people. Once the city was the center of mechanical engineering and instrument making. But now everything is not so simple, production has declined, and the food industry, trade and tourism are becoming increasingly important in the city's economy.
The city has a lot of greenery, beautiful parks and monuments. In general, there is something to see. And the infrastructure of the city is well developed: there are many scientific institutions, theaters, festivals are held regularly. Due to the reduction in production and, accordingly, harmful emissions, the environment is also doing well. Of the minuses, nevertheless, it is necessary to note the economic factor - Cheboksary here is significantly inferior to Nizhny Novgorod and Kazan.
- a large industrial center located on the banks of the Volga River. Population - 123922 people. If in Cheboksary everything is normal from the environment, then in Novocheboksarsk - on the contrary. Being the second city in the republic in terms of production and having such a monster as Khimprom, the residents of Novocheboksarsk are forced to suffer from various harmful substances that enter the atmosphere from factory pipes and city dumps. We don’t see more minuses, and it’s not for nothing that Novocheboksarsk got into the top 100 best cities in Russia.
Kanash- the third largest city of Chuvashia. Population - 45759 people. This is a city of railroad workers, which has a dozen large industrial enterprises. This is not so small, given the size of the city. There are wide green streets that create a feeling of spaciousness. There are practically no high-rise buildings in the center, most of the buildings are limited in height to five floors. The infrastructure of the city cannot be called very well developed, but there is everything necessary for life - kindergartens, schools, even branches of universities.
The Chuvash Republic is located in the center of the European part of Russia - the Volga-Vyatka region. Chuvashia is surrounded by industrialized centers of Russia: in the west it borders on the Nizhny Novgorod region, in the north - on the Republic of Mari El, in the east - on the Republic of Tatarstan, in the south its neighbors are the Mordovian Republic and the Ulyanovsk region.
Chuvashia is a compact subject of the federation. From south to north, the territory of the republic stretches for 190 km, from west to east - for 160 km, covers an area of 18.3 thousand square meters. km.
The Chuvash Republic is located in the east of the Russian Plain, mainly on the right bank of the river. Volga - between its tributaries Sura and Sviyaga. The length of the great Russian river within Chuvashia is 127 km. More than two thousand large and small rivers flow into it. There are over 750 lakes on the territory of the republic. In the north, ravines predominate, in the south - an undulating plain.
The distance from Cheboksary to Moscow is about 630 km. Communication with other regions is carried out by rail, road, water and air transport.
Chuvashia map »Climate
Moderate continental with distinct seasons. In the northern part, the depth of soil freezing reaches 1 m or more, in the middle and southern - 80-90 cm. The snow cover lasts for five months. The value of relative humidity in December-January is 80-90%, and in May-June - about 60%. On average, 450-550 mm of precipitation falls annually. Winter precipitation is about 39%, spring - 16%, summer - 31%, autumn - 14% (Cheboksary). For the last For 250 years, 32 dry years and 21 cases of severe floods have been recorded. The air temperature in winter averages minus 11 degrees, in summer - plus 20.
Authorities
On December 26, 1993, a presidential form of government was introduced in the republic. On the basis of a universal secret ballot, he was elected the first president. In 1997 he was elected President of the Republic for the second term, in 2001 for the third. On August 29, 2005, at the regular XXVI session, on the proposal of the President of the Russian Federation, the State Council of the Chuvash Republic empowered the President of Chuvashia for the fourth term.
On July 28, 2010, on the proposal of the President of the Russian Federation, the State Council of the Chuvash Republic was vested with the powers of the President of the Chuvash Republic. On August 29 in the Great Hall of the Government House a solemn ceremony of inauguration of the President of the Chuvash Republic took place. Since January 1, 2012 - Head of the Chuvash Republic. On September 13, 2015, on the Single Voting Day, having received 362,301 votes (65.54%, that is, more than half of the votes), he was elected to the post of Head of the Chuvash Republic for a second term. September 19, 2015 took office as Head of the Chuvash Republic.
Roads
Communication with the regions is carried out thanks to all types of transport: rail, road, water and air.
Roads are one of the most important elements of the transport system, which has a huge impact on the social and economic development of any region. Today the road network of the republic is 12253.13 km. The roads contain 404 bridges and overpasses, 7994 culverts. In terms of the density of paved roads, Chuvashia occupies one of the leading places in the Volga Federal District, and in the top ten in Russia. The density of public roads with hard surface in the territory of the Chuvash Republic is 408 km per 1000 sq.m.
The main transport arteries are federal roads: the main highway M-7 "Volga" with western and eastern entrances to the city of Cheboksary, providing international motor transport links and federal roads - A-151 "Tsivilsk-Ulyanovsk" and "Vyatka", providing interregional transport links. The length of federal highways passing through the territory of the republic is 329.074 km.
The total length of motor roads of regional, intermunicipal and local significance is 11924.056 km, of which 7156.499 km are paved.
- 1540.256 km - roads of regional and intermunicipal significance, constituting the backbone network of roads, connecting the capital of the republic with the centers of municipal districts and urban districts, as well as between the centers of municipal districts, and providing exits to neighboring regions;
- 10383.8 km of local roads, which are the property of the Chuvash Republic, connecting the administrative centers of municipal districts, urban districts with rural settlements, as well as settlements within the boundaries of the municipal district, the road network of settlements and cities.
In terms of their significance and the volume of transported goods, federal and republican roads serve as routes that form the framework of the transport network. These are routes with exits to external directions, duplicating federal roads and passing through all regions of the Republic: Cheboksary - Surskoye, Anish, Nikolskoye - Yadrin - Kalinino, Sura.
One of the main federal highways passes through the capital of the republic, connecting Moscow with the Southern Urals, Western and Eastern Siberia. And the Volga and Sura rivers connect Chuvashia with the international network of waterways.
Along the river The Volga opened the way for ships up to the years. Volgograd, Astrakhan, Rostov-on-Don and to the Caspian, Azov and Black Seas.
Area dialing code
8352 + six-digit number (Cheboksary and Novocheboksarsk).
On the territory of the republic there are communication standards GSM - 900-1800, AMPS - 800, CDMA, NMT - 450.
Historical digression
According to scientific data, the first people appeared on the Chuvash land 80 thousand years ago. In the IV - III millennia BC. Here lived the Finno-Ugric peoples, the ancestors of today's Mordovians and Mari. Ogur (Bulgarian) and Suvar (Sabir) tribes, from which the Chuvash descended, lived in the upper reaches of the river. Irtysh in Siberia. Their ancestors were the Huns, nomadic pastoralists, already at the end of the last millennium BC. who joined the agricultural labor and knew how to make bronze tools.
In the X century. AD on the lands of present-day Chuvashia, an early feudal state arises - Volga Bulgaria. Handicraft is intensively developing here - jewelry, blacksmithing, pottery.
At the beginning of the XIII century. The state of the Bulgarians fell under the yoke of the Golden Horde. Fighting with the Mongols, the Bulgarians partially moved to the interfluve of the Sura and Sviyaga rivers, where they mixed with the Finno-Ugric peoples. The Bulgarians (Suvars) called themselves "Suvaz", hence the name of the people - Chuvash. It is worth noting that the main language in Volga Bulgaria was the so-called Middle Bulgarian language - the direct ancestor of the modern Chuvash language, containing all its characteristic phonetic and morphological features. This is evidenced by the texts of the Bulgarian gravestone inscriptions of the XIII-XIV centuries.
In 1438, the Golden Horde fell, and the Volga Bulgaria passed into the Kazan Khanate. Once a flourishing land was devastated, the pagan Chuvash began to hide in the forests to avoid Islamization.
Between the middle of the 18th and the middle of the 19th centuries Chuvash were forcibly converted to Orthodoxy.
The modern Chuvash people developed by the 15th century. In 1551, the Chuvash region voluntarily joined the Russian state. The history of the Chuvash developed in such a way that wherever they lived, they always found themselves at the crossroads of cultures and civilizations, on lands where there was active interethnic interaction, where migration flows and economic and trade relations intersected. This circumstance left its mark on the ethnic culture and language of the Chuvash people.
The Chuvash language belongs to the Turkic language group, while retaining elements of the Finno-Ugric language. There are many Persian and Arabic words in it. The Chuvash alphabet based on the Slavic alphabet was created in 1871 by Ivan Yakovlevich Yakovlev, an educator of the Chuvash people, the organizer of the first national school in the city of Simbirsk. At the same time, the first books and textbooks appeared in the native language.
In Tsarist Russia, the territory of modern Chuvashia was part of two provinces - Kazan and Simbirsk. On June 24, 1920, the Chuvash Autonomous Region was formed, in 1925 it was transformed into the ASSR, in 1990 it was renamed into Czechoslovakia, and in 1992 into the Chuvash Republic.
The Chuvash Republic has 21 administrative districts, 9 cities, 8 urban-type settlements, and about 1,700 rural settlements. The capital of the republic is the city of Cheboksary (founded in 1469) with a population of over 470 thousand people.
In terms of population, the Chuvash occupy the fifth place in Russia. They live in many regions of the Russian Federation.
The Chuvash Republic has two official languages - Chuvash and Russian. The Chuvash Republic was awarded the Orders of Lenin (1935), the October Revolution (1970), Friendship of Peoples (1972).
The State Emblem of Chuvashia is a heraldic shield, which shows the "Tree of Life", growing from the Chuvash land. The purple color of the Tree and the lower semicircle symbolizes the eternal desire of the people for freedom. The light yellow background is the color of the Sun, which gives life to everything on earth. According to Chuvash folk ideas, yellow is the most beautiful of all colors. Above the heraldic shield there are three octagonal stars - one of the most common elements of the Chuvash ornament, expressing beauty and perfection. The stylized hop at the ends of the semicircle is an image of the traditional wealth of the Chuvash people and the republic - "green gold". Even in the first Treaty of Kiev Prince Vladimir with Volga Bulgaria in 985, it was said: “Then there will be no peace between us when the stone begins to float, and the hops sink” (“The Tale of Bygone Years”).
The national flag of the Chuvash Republic is a rectangular panel with an aspect ratio of 5:8. The main emblem of the State Emblem - the "Tree of Life" - is a sign of the long historical path traveled by the Chuvash people.
Anthem of the Chuvash Republic.
Words - I. Tuktash. Music - G. Lebedev.
The Chuvash text of the National Anthem of the Chuvash Republic expresses three circles of images:
- the awakening of nature to a new life;
- relatives, father, mother, children - family circle;
- unity and consent of all relatives in the "Chuvash world" - the Chuvash Republic.
The melody and words of the anthem are very close to the Chuvash folk song, but have a modern sound and meaning.
On April 29, the Republic celebrates the Day of State Symbols of the Chuvash Republic. The attitude to the symbols of statehood is one of the indicators of the culture of society, as they reflect the history of the people, their past and present, the traditions of our ancestors and new aspirations for the future. As President of Chuvashia Nikolai Vasilyevich Fedorov noted: "The national flag, coat of arms and anthem of the Chuvash Republic are symbols designed to unite all citizens living in the same territory. They fully and capaciously reflect the Chuvash national flavor as evidence of the connection of times."
Natural resources
Mineral resources are represented by a group of non-metallic minerals: peat, sand, clay, gypsum reserves, dolomites, carbonates and oil shale. The data of geological surveys of recent years testify to the presence of oil and gas deposits in the bowels of the republic. The Chuvash Republic has a unique natural environment. The sources of water resources are the beauties of the Volga, Sura, Tsivil rivers, as well as 754 lakes, pearls scattered around the Chuvash region. The fish fauna of the reservoirs is characterized by an abundance of cyprinids - bream, carp, ide, and roach. One of the riches of the republic is forests, which cover a third of the territory, mainly along the Sura and in the Volga region. The forests of Chuvashia are mountain oak forests, mixed forests, and upland redwoods. Typical representatives of the animal world are elk, bear, wolf, wild boar, hare, fox, marten and otter.
Vegetation
Chuvashia is included in the forest-steppe and forest natural zones. Meadow-steppe associations dominate in the southeastern and southwestern steppe regions. Many plants of the steppe areas are located near the northern and northeastern borders of their ranges and are represented by populations that have been isolated for a long time. Herbage is dominated by forbs. Hayfields are insignificant, represented by upland, floodplain and marshy meadows. Of the vegetation of the swamps, thickets of black alder and downy birch are predominantly found. Bogging processes were noted on all lakes. About 200 species of weedy, ruderal (plants of disturbed habitats), adventitious (associated with human activity) species grow on the territory of the republic.
forest resources
In some areas, forests occupy more than 50% of the territory. The entire territory of the Chuvash Republic is divided into 6 vegetation areas. The Zavolzhsky coniferous region is covered with pine forests of various types, including mossy-lichen, green moss (cowberry and bilberry), long-moss, lily of the valley, etc. About 65% of the entire area of the region is occupied by lingonberry pine forests and bilberry pine forests. In these types of pine forests, a continuous moss cover is developed, consisting of pleurotium, dicranum species, and brilliant hylocomia. Common types of undergrowth are Russian broom, dyed gorse, ground reed grass, May lily of the valley, medicinal bushes, lingonberries, blueberries. In small areas there are coniferous plantations with a dense herbaceous cover. In the second tier of the forest stand there are mountain ash, sometimes - buckthorn. The types of spruce forests in this region correspond to the types of pine forests (oxalis, mainnikova, bilberry, etc.). The forests of the Trans-Volga region are of water protection and recreational importance. To the south of the Volga is the Volga oak forest-steppe region, which occupies about one third of the territory of the republic. Oak forests predominate among the forests, which perform water and soil protection functions. There are pure oak forests and oak forests with linden, maple, elm and elm, and in the western parts of the region - with ash. The undergrowth consists of hazel with constant participation of euonymus, mountain ash, viburnum, bird cherry. West of the Volga oak-forest-steppe region and east of the river. Sura is located Prisursky oak forest area. Its southern borders run along the Poretskoye - Vurnary line. Oak forests with an admixture of ash, linden, maple, and elm are common here. In the undergrowth, along with hazel, raspberries and currants grow. The herbaceous cover is composed of broad oak forests, which includes species that are not characteristic of the Volga oak forests (for example, feverfew, etc.). South of the line Poretskoye - Vurnary and east of the river. Sura is located Prisursky coniferous region. Overgrown spruce forests grow in the northern part of the region, the rest of the territory is occupied by pine, birch, and aspen. Along with the widespread ones, rare species are found here: Austrian shieldwort, multipartite grapevine, representatives of the orchid family.
Soils
From north to south, there is a change of soils of four main genetic types: podzolic, soddy-podzolic, gray forest and chernozems. Podzolic soils occur mainly in the Trans-Volga and Surye regions, soddy-podzolic soils - in the central part of the republic. The territories of Yalchiksky, Batyrevsky and partially Alatyrsky and Shemurshinsky districts before their settlement were steppe landscapes with forb vegetation. Relatively dry weather and poor soil leaching led to the development of a humus-accumulative process and the accumulation of humus - chernozems formed here. Soddy-floodplain accumulative soils have developed on the floodplains and terraces of the rivers. Moss-peat and meadow-peat bog soils are found in the Surye and Trans-Volga regions. The weighted average content of humus in the soils of the republic is 4.3%.
Industry
The most important component of the economy of Chuvashia is diversified industry. This is a modern branch of material production, in which the means of production and consumer goods are created. It accounts for more than 30% of the employed population, about half of the fixed production assets.
There are about 3 thousand industrial enterprises in the Chuvash Republic. Of these, only 217 are large and medium-sized, which produce about 82% of goods and services. If earlier the entire volume of industrial production was produced at state industrial enterprises, then at present the picture has changed dramatically. Up to 77% of production is produced at enterprises of mixed ownership, mainly open and closed joint-stock companies, and only a little more than 11% - at state-owned enterprises.
The leading industries of Chuvashia are mechanical engineering and metalworking, electric power, chemical, light and food industries. All of them belong to the group of manufacturing industries. Industrial enterprises operate on imported raw materials, fuel and semi-finished products that come to us from neighboring regions - the Urals, Northern and West Siberian regions, from countries near and far abroad.
Mechanical engineering and metalworking remain the most developed branches of industry. By the end of the 20th century, a machine-building complex was formed in the republic, in which machine-building enterprises are interconnected through the supply of components, finished products and semi-finished products. Qualified middle and top-level personnel for these enterprises are being trained in the republic.
The second in terms of production is the power industry. Its significance is extremely high for the entire economy of Chuvashia. Thanks to the Cheboksary HPP, the republic fully provides itself with electricity and supplies it to neighboring regions.
The chemical industry is of great importance in the economy of the republic. The largest chemical production is located in Novocheboksarsk. The enterprises of the light and food industries retain their importance.
Agriculture
About 113 thousand workers are employed in agricultural production, which is about 20% of all those working in the branches of the economy of Chuvashia.
Chuvashia has relatively favorable natural conditions for agriculture. The largest share (56.7%) in the structure of land resources belongs to agricultural land, including 44.8% of arable land and 8.3% of pastures. The existing difference in the ratio of cultivated land and pastures in different regions of the republic affects the specialization and degree of development of crop and livestock industries. The proportion of arable land is higher in the central and southeastern regions of the republic. The highest rates are in the Yalchiksky and Tsivilsky districts, respectively 97.3% and 97.2% of the total land area of these districts. In the central and southeastern regions of the republic, grain, potatoes, vegetables and forage crops are cultivated, and in animal husbandry, preference is given to pig and poultry farming. Hayfields and pastures are mostly represented in the southwest (Alatyrsky district) and northwest (Krasnochetaisky and Yadrinsky districts), which creates favorable conditions for the development of meat and dairy cattle breeding here.
The largest areas in the republic are occupied by grain and fodder crops, their share is 42.3% and 45.7%, respectively. From grain crops in the republic grow up: spring and winter wheat, barley, oats, rye.
In addition to grain crops in the farms of the republic, large areas are currently allocated for potatoes (20,611 hectares), which are located in all districts, but especially a lot of it is planted in the farms of the Morgaush, Batyrevsky, Vurnarsky districts. Potato yields have increased markedly. Agricultural enterprises of the republic receive an average of 121 centners per hectare, and in Morgaushsky - more than 160 centners.
In the southern regions, large areas are occupied by onions and other vegetables. In general, 2754 hectares are occupied with vegetables in the republic. The largest producers of vegetables are the Cheboksary and Morgaush regions. Vegetables are grown in specialized enterprises. An example of such an enterprise is the agricultural firm "Oldeevskaya", located in the Cheboksary region. Its products (cucumbers, tomatoes, herbs, radishes, etc.) please us all year round.
In the north-eastern regions and some central and southern regions of the republic (on an area of 2000 hectares), hops are cultivated - an important industrial crop. For its cultivation in the republic there are good soil and climatic conditions and skills of the population. Hops are a perennial crop. Hop cones are an indispensable raw material for brewing. The medical, perfumery, canning, baking and paint and varnish industries cannot do without it. Chuvashia is the only region of Russia where the main industrial hop-growing of the country is concentrated (87%).
The climatic conditions of Chuvashia are the most favorable for growing apples and berries, therefore, horticulture has developed in the republic, especially in suburban areas. In Cheboksary, Mariinsko-Posadsky, Tsivilsky and Kanashsky districts, orchards and berry fields occupy up to 1200 hectares of land.
Animal husbandry remains the leading branch of agriculture in the republic. Farms in Chuvashia raise cattle, pigs, sheep, and birds. In some farms, horse breeding has been preserved. The structure of animal husbandry is dominated by cattle, which has a meat and dairy direction.
Pig breeding has been developed in the suburban farms of the republic and in areas with a sufficient fodder base. The farms of Morgaushsky, Yalchiksky, Kanashsky, Tsivilsky districts have the highest number of pigs. And the most productive pig breeding is represented in the farms of the Morgaush, Yalchik and Yadrinsky regions.
Insufficient attention was paid to sheep breeding in the republic, so the number of sheep is insignificant.
More:
Chuvash Republic: nature, population, history, economy, health care, physical culture, education, literature, culture and art: scientific reference edition / Chuvash. state in-t humanitarian. Sciences. - Cheboksary: ChGIGN, 2014.
(Chuvash. Çĕnĕ Shupashkar)
Small towns of Chuvashia
| Name (in Chuvash) |
Coordinates and coat of arms | Population | Area (km²) | Illustration | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kanash | 55°31′00″ s. sh. 47°30′00″ E d. /
55.51667° N sh. 47.50000° E d./ 55.51667; 47.50000(G) (I)  |
↘ 45 716 | &&&&&&&&&&&&&018.&&&&&0 18 |  |
The third largest city in Chuvashia. Transport, engineering center. Major railway junction. The administrative center of the Kanashsky district. Took 2nd place in the competition The most comfortable city in Russia in 2006. |
| Alatyr (Chuvash. Ulatӑr) |
54°51′00″ s. sh. 46°35′00″ E d. /
54.85000° N sh. 46.58333° E d./ 54.85000; 46.58333(G) (I)  |
↘ 35 591 | &&&&&&&&&&&&&041.&&&&&0 41 |  |
The fourth largest city in Chuvashia. Transport, engineering center. The administrative center of the Alatyrsky district. |
| Shumerlya (Chuvash. Çĕmĕrle) |
55°30′00″ s. sh. 46°25′00″ E d. /
55.50000° N sh. 46.41667° E d./ 55.50000; 46.41667(G) (I)  |
↘ 29 954 | &&&&&&&&&&&&&013.&&&&&0 13 |  |
The fifth largest city in Chuvashia. The administrative center of the Shumerlinsky district. |
| Tsivilsk (Chuvash. Çĕrpӳ) |
55°52′00″ s. sh. 47°29′00″ E d. /
55.86667° N sh. 47.48333° E d./ 55.86667; 47.48333(G) (I)  |
↗ 14 039 | &&&&&&&&&&&&&013.&&&&&0 13 |  |
The sixth largest city in Chuvashia. The administrative center of the Tsivilsky district. |
| Kozlovka (Chuvash. Kuslavkka) |
55°50′00″ s. sh. 48°15′00″ E d. /
55.83333° N sh. 48.25000° E d./ 55.83333; 48.25000(G) (I)  |
↘ 9195 | &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.&&&&&0 | The seventh largest city in Chuvashia. Port on the Volga River. The administrative center of the Kozlovsky district. | |
| Mariinsky Posad (Chuvash. Sĕntĕrvărri) |
56°07′00″ s. sh. 47°43′00″ E d. /
56.11667° N sh. 47.71667° E d./ 56.11667; 47.71667(G) (I)  |
↘ 8754 | &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.&&&&&0 |  |
The eighth largest city in Chuvashia. Port on the Volga River. The administrative center of the Mariinsky-Posadsky district. |
| Yadrin (Chuvash. Etĕrne) |
55°57′00″ s. sh. 46°12′00″ E d. /
55.95000° N sh. 46.20000° E d./ 55.95000; 46.20000(G) (I)  |
↘ 8585 | &&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.&&&&&0 |  |
The ninth largest city in Chuvashia. The administrative center of the Yadrinsky district. |
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Notes
When Mikhail Ivanovich entered, he had tears in his eyes of recollection of the time when he wrote what he was reading now. He took the letter from Mikhail Ivanovich's hands, put it in his pocket, packed the papers and called Alpatych, who had been waiting for a long time.On a piece of paper he had written down what was needed in Smolensk, and he, walking around the room past Alpatych, who was waiting at the door, began to give orders.
- First, postal paper, you hear, eight ten, here's the model; gold-edged ... a sample, so that it would certainly be according to it; varnish, sealing wax - according to a note from Mikhail Ivanych.
He walked around the room and looked at the memo.
- Then the governor personally give a letter about the record.
Later, latches were needed for the doors of the new building, certainly of such a style that the prince himself invented. Then a binding box had to be ordered for laying the will.
Giving orders to Alpatych lasted more than two hours. The prince did not let him go. He sat down, thought, and, closing his eyes, dozed off. Alpatych stirred.
- Well, go, go; If you need anything, I'll send it.
Alpatych left. The prince again went up to the bureau, looked into it, touched his papers with his hand, locked them again, and sat down at the table to write a letter to the governor.
It was already late when he got up, sealing the letter. He wanted to sleep, but he knew that he would not sleep and that the worst thoughts came to him in bed. He called Tikhon and went with him through the rooms to tell him where to make the bed for that night. He walked, trying on every corner.
Everywhere he felt bad, but the worst of all was the familiar sofa in the office. This sofa was terrible to him, probably because of the heavy thoughts that he changed his mind while lying on it. It was not good anywhere, but all the same, the corner in the sofa room behind the piano was best of all: he had never slept here before.
Tikhon brought a bed with the waiter and began to set.
- Not like that, not like that! the prince shouted, and he himself moved a quarter away from the corner, and then again closer.
“Well, I’ve finally redone everything, now I’ll rest,” the prince thought, and left Tikhon to undress himself.
Wincing annoyedly at the effort that had to be made to take off his caftan and trousers, the prince undressed, sank heavily onto the bed, and seemed to be lost in thought, looking contemptuously at his yellow, withered legs. He did not think, but he hesitated before the work ahead of him to raise these legs and move on the bed. “Oh, how hard! Oh, if only as soon as possible, these works would end quickly, and you would let me go! he thought. He made this effort for the twentieth time, pursing his lips, and lay down. But as soon as he lay down, all of a sudden the whole bed moved evenly back and forth under him, as if breathing heavily and pushing. It happened to him almost every night. He opened his eyes that had been closed.
"No rest, damned ones!" he grumbled with anger at someone. “Yes, yes, there was something else important, something very important, I saved myself for the night in bed. Gate valves? No, he talked about it. No, something like that was in the living room. Princess Mary was lying about something. Dessal something - this fool - said. Something in my pocket, I don't remember.
- Silence! What did they talk about at dinner?
- About the prince, Mikhail ...
- Shut up, shut up. The prince slammed his hand on the table. - Yes! I know, a letter from Prince Andrei. Princess Mary was reading. Desal said something about Vitebsk. Now I will read.
He ordered the letter to be taken out of his pocket and a table with lemonade and a vitushka, a wax candle, to be moved to the bed, and, putting on his glasses, he began to read. It was only then, in the stillness of the night, in the faint light from under the green cap, that he, having read the letter, for the first time for a moment understood its meaning.
“The French are in Vitebsk, after four crossings they can be at Smolensk; maybe they're already there."
- Silence! Tikhon jumped up. - No, no, no, no! he shouted.
He hid the letter under the candlestick and closed his eyes. And he imagined the Danube, a bright afternoon, reeds, a Russian camp, and he enters, he, a young general, without a single wrinkle on his face, cheerful, cheerful, ruddy, into the painted tent of Potemkin, and a burning feeling of envy for his beloved, just as strong, as then, worries him. And he recalls all those words that were said then at the first meeting with Potemkin. And he imagines with yellowness in her fat face a short, fat woman - Mother Empress, her smiles, words, when she received him for the first time, kindly, and he recalls her own face in the hearse and the collision with Zubov, which was then with her coffin for the right to approach her hand.
“Ah, rather, quickly return to that time, and so that everything now ends quickly, quickly, so that they leave me alone!”
Lysyye Gory, the estate of Prince Nikolai Andreevich Bolkonsky, was sixty versts from Smolensk, behind it, and three versts from the Moscow road.
NOVOCHEBOKSARSK, a city (since 1965) in the Russian Federation, Chuvashia, a port on the Volga, 20 km from the Cheboksary railway station. Population 123.1 thousand people (2002). Production of building materials, cotton-spinning factory. It arose in 1960 as a satellite of the city of Cheboksary. Near Novocheboksarsk - Cheboksary hydroelectric power station.
KANASH(until 1920 Shikhrany), a city (since 1925) in the Russian Federation, Chuvashia. Railway junction. Population 55.3 thousand people (2002). Mechanical engineering and metalworking (factories: electric forklifts, auto-aggregate, etc.); PO "Lakokraska", plant of polymeric materials; food industry. Regional Museum.
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ALATYR, a city in the Russian Federation, the Republic of Chuvashia, is located in the Middle Volga region, on the left bank of the river. Sura, at the confluence of the river. Alatyr, 195 km south of Cheboksary. Railroad station. The airport. Regional center. Population 46.2 thousand people (2001). Founded in 1552. City since 1780.
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Coat of arms of the city of Alatyr. Approved December 22, 1780.
The main industrial enterprises: JSC Elektroavtomat, Elektropribor, electromechanical Lisma, low-temperature refrigerators, mechanical, Alba (piano production), Furniture Factory. Shoe, textile, food industry enterprises. Deposits of peat, clay, sand, etc. have been found in the area.
Founded by Ivan the Terrible as a fortified point to protect the borders of the Moscow State at the mouth of the river. Alatyr. Since 1780 the county town of Alatyr.
The city has local history and art museums.
Alatyr. The building of a branch of the Chuvash University.
There are 15 cathedrals and churches in the city and its immediate environs, including those of John the Baptist (1703), the Nativity of the Virgin (1747). Operating monasteries: Holy Trinity for men (founded in 1584) and Kiev-Nikolaev Novodevichy for women (founded in 1634). Stone mansions of the late 19th - early 20th centuries have also been preserved in Alatyr.
There is an arboretum in the city.
The childhood and youth years of the sculptor S. D. Erzya (Nefedov), the shipbuilder A. N. Krylov (monuments were erected, memorial houses-museums were opened), the designer-gunsmith A. I. Sudayev and others passed in Alatyr.
SHUMERLYA, in Chuvashia, republican subordination, regional center, 110 km south-west of Cheboksary. Located on the slopes of the Volga Upland, the pier on the right bank of the river. Sura. Railway station on the line Moscow - Kazan. The population is 42.7 thousand people (1992; 15.2 thousand in 1926; 30.2 thousand in 1959; 36.2 thousand in 1979).
It was founded in 1916 as a railway settlement. In the 1930s became the location of a number of industrial enterprises. City - since 1937. In modern Switzerland: a plant for motor vans (built in 1931); factories - special vehicles (1928), chemical (1930); woodworking and food industries. Sh. is the center of an agricultural region. Museum of History and Local Lore.
TSIVILSK, a regional center in Chuvashia, 37 km southeast of the city of Cheboksary. Located on the Volga Upland, on the banks of the river. Bolshoy Tsivil (near the confluence with the Maly Tsivil River), 8 km from the railway station of the same name on the branch line to Cheboksary from the Moscow-Kazan line. Road junction (to Cheboksary, Ulyanovsk, Kazan). The population is 10.4 thousand people (1992; 2.3 thousand in 1897; 8.3 thousand in 1979).
The first mention refers to 1584, when, by order of Boris Godunov, a fortress inhabited by Russians was built here. In 1609 C. was burned by the Cheremis, in 1671 it was attacked by detachments of S. T. Razin, and in 1774 it was taken by detachments of E. I. Pugachev. In 1781, Ts. received the status of a county town of the Kazan viceroy, and from 1796, in the Kazan province. At the end of the XIX century. in Ts. there were 4 stone churches, 17 small industrial enterprises operated. The inhabitants were mainly engaged in agriculture. From 1920, the C. was part of the Chuvash Autonomous Okrug, and in 1925-90 it was in the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In modern Central Asia: food and light industry enterprises; brick and car repair factories. Regional Museum.
Yadrin
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Yadrin, a regional center in Chuvashia, 86 km southwest of the city of Cheboksary. Situated on the left bank of the river. Sura, 59 km from the Shumerlya railway station on the Moscow-Kazan line. The population is 10.6 thousand people (1992; 7 thousand in 1979).
Known since 1590. According to Chuvash legends, the city is named after a pagan Chuvash. In 1708, Yadrin was assigned to the Kazan province, in 1781 he received the status of a county town of the Kazan province. In modern Yadrin: enterprises of the metalworking, food and clothing industries; production of building materials. Near Yadrin, on the banks of the Sura, is the Chuvash stud farm.
The creator of the 17-volume Dictionary of the Chuvash language N. I. Ashmarin, the artist N. D. Mordvinov were born in Yadrin.
NOVOCHEBOKSARSK, in Chuvashia, republican subordination. Located on the slopes of the Volga Upland, on the right bank of the Volga, 5 km below the city of Cheboksary (the nearest railway station to N.). River port. The airport. The population is 120.2 thousand people (1992; 39 thousand in 1970; 86.5 thousand in 1979).
It arose in 1960 as a settlement of builders during the construction of the Cheboksary hydroelectric power station. City - since 1965. In modern N.: production of building materials; enterprises of light and food industry; a chemical plant is under construction (1992).
MARIINSKY POSAD, a regional center in Chuvashia, 48 km east of the city of Cheboksary. Situated on the right bank of the river. Volga, at the confluence of the river. Syndyrka. Pier (Kuibyshev reservoir). The nearest railway station is Cheboksary. Population 10.7 thousand people (1992).
Known since the beginning of the 17th century. like the village of Sundyr. At the request of the inhabitants of the village of Sundyr with adjacent villages, in 1856 it was transformed into the city of the MP of the Cheboksary district of the Kazan province. In modern M. P.: factories - cable products, car repair, machine-building, building materials, alcohol, oil refinery, etc. Museum of Local Lore.
KOZLOVKA, a regional center in Chuvashia, 95 km southeast of the city of Cheboksary. Located on the right bank of the Volga (Kuibyshev reservoir). It is connected by a road (9 km) to the Kazan-Moscow highway and the Tyurlema railway station on the Moscow-Kazan line. The population is 13.1 thousand people (1992; 11.4 thousand in 1979). City - since 1967. Combine of motor vans, oil refinery.
Buinsk
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Buinsk, an urban-type settlement in the Ibresinsky district, in Chuvashia, 117 km south-west of Cheboksary. Railway station on the line Kanash - Ruzaevka. The population is over 2 thousand people (1993; 4.2 thousand in 1897; over 2.5 thousand in 1979).
In 1780 the village of B. was transformed into a county town of the Simbirsk viceroy. After 1917 - a rural settlement, since 1938 - an urban-type settlement.
It is located in the northern part of the republic, on the banks of the Volga. It was first mentioned in written sources in 1469. Population 441.6 thousand people. (2008).
Novocheboksarsk (Çĕnĕ Shupashkar)
Satellite city of Cheboksary. Located 5 km from the capital on the banks of the Volga. Founded in 1960 in connection with the construction of a chemical plant. Population 126 thousand people. (2008).
Kanash (Kanash)
The administrative center of the Kanashsky district. Located in the center of the republic, a major railway junction. Founded in 1891. Distance to Cheboksary - 76 km, population - 47.3 thousand people. (2008).
Alatyr (Ulatăr)
The administrative center of the Alatyrsky district. It is located in the southwestern part of the republic, on the left bank of the Sura River, at the confluence of the tributary Alatyr (river)_Alatyr. Founded in 1552 by Ivan the Terrible. Distance to Cheboksary - 185 km, population - 45.8 thousand people. (2008).
Shumerlya (Çĕmĕrle)
The administrative center of the Shumerlinsky district. Located in the western part of the republic. Founded in 1916 in connection with the construction of the railway. Distance to Cheboksary - 110 km, population - 34 thousand people. (2008).
Tsivilsk (Çĕrpӳ)
The administrative center of the Tsivilsky district. It is located south of Cheboksary, at the confluence of Bolshoi Tsivil_Bolshoi and Maly Tsivil. Founded in 1589. Distance to Cheboksary - 37 km, population - 13.1 thousand people. (2008).
Kozlovka (Kuslavkka)
The administrative center of the Kozlovsky district. It is located on the right bank of the Volga, in the north-eastern part of the republic. Founded in 1671. Distance to Cheboksary - 97 km, population - 11.7 thousand people. (2008).
Mariinsky Posad (Sĕntĕrvărri)
The administrative center of the Mariinsky-Posadsky district. It is located on the right bank of the Volga, in the northern part of the republic. Founded in 1620. Distance to Cheboksary - 36 km, population - 10.1 thousand people. (2008).
