Speech etiquette. Speech etiquette: features of speech etiquette

Module 4

Topic 2. Ethical and speech norms and speech etiquette. Typology of violations of ethical and speech norms

The specifics of Russian speech etiquette

Speech etiquette is a system of rules of speech behavior and stable formulas of polite communication.

Possession of speech etiquette contributes to the acquisition of authority, generates trust and respect. Knowledge of the rules of speech etiquette, their observance allows a person to feel confident and at ease, not to experience awkwardness and difficulties in communication.

Strict observance of speech etiquette in business communication leaves a favorable impression of the organization with customers and partners, maintains its positive reputation.

Speech etiquette has national specifics. Each nation has created its own system of rules of speech behavior. In Russian society, such qualities as tact, courtesy, tolerance, goodwill, and restraint are of particular value.

The importance of these qualities is reflected in numerous Russian proverbs and sayings that characterize the ethical standards of communication. Some proverbs indicate the need to listen carefully to the interlocutor: A wise man does not speak, an ignoramus does not let him speak. Tongue - one, ear - two, say once, listen twice. Other proverbs indicate typical mistakes in building a conversation: Answers when not asked. The grandfather talks about the chicken, and the grandmother talks about the duck. You listen, and we will be silent. A deaf person listens to a dumb person speak. Many proverbs warn of the danger of an empty, idle or offensive word: All the troubles of a man come from his tongue. Cows are caught by the horns, people by the tongue. The word is an arrow, if you shoot it, you won't return it. What has not been said can be said, what has been said cannot be returned. It is better to understate than to retell. Melet from morning to evening, but there is nothing to listen to.

Tact- this is an ethical norm that requires the speaker to understand the interlocutor, avoid inappropriate questions, discuss topics that may be unpleasant for him.

courtesy lies in the ability to anticipate possible questions and wishes of the interlocutor, the readiness to inform him in detail on all topics essential for the conversation.

Tolerance is to calmly relate to possible differences of opinion, to avoid sharp criticism of the views of the interlocutor. You should respect the opinions of other people, try to understand why they have this or that point of view. With such a quality of character as tolerance, is closely related consistency- the ability to calmly respond to unexpected or tactless questions and statements of the interlocutor.

benevolence is necessary both in relation to the interlocutor, and in the entire construction of the conversation: in its content and form, in intonation and choice of words.

Technique for the implementation of label forms

Any act of communication has a beginning, main part and final. If the addressee is unfamiliar to the subject of speech, then communication begins with an acquaintance. In this case, it can occur directly and indirectly. Of course, it is desirable that someone introduce you, but there are times when you need to do it yourself. Etiquette suggests several possible formulas:

Allow me to get to know you.

I would like to get to know you.

Let's get acquainted.

When contacting the institution by phone or in person, it becomes necessary to introduce yourself:

Let me introduce myself.

My surname is Sergeev.

My name is Valery Pavlovich.

Formal and informal meetings of acquaintances and strangers begin with a greeting.

Official greeting formulas:

Hello!

Good afternoon!

Informal greeting formulas:

Hello!

The initial formulas of communication are opposed by the formulas used at the end of communication, they express the wish: All the best (good)! or hope for a new meeting: See you tomorrow. Until the evening. Goodbye.

In the course of communication, if there is a reason, people make invitations and express congratulations.

Invitation:

Let me invite you...

Come to the holiday (anniversary, meeting).

We will be glad to see you.

Congratulation:

Allow me to congratulate you on…

Please accept my sincere (cordial, warm) congratulations...

Warm congratulations...

The expression of the request should be polite, delicate, but without excessive fawning:

Do me a favor...

If it doesn't bother you (if it doesn't bother you)...

Be kind…

May I ask you...

I beg you...

Advice and suggestions should not be expressed in a categorical form. It is advisable to formulate advice in the form of a delicate recommendation, a message about some important circumstances for the interlocutor:

Let me draw your attention to…

I would suggest you...

The wording of the refusal to comply with the request may be as follows:

(I) cannot (unable, unable) to help (permit, assist).

At present, this (do) is not possible.

Understand, now is not the time to make such a request.

I'm sorry, but we (I) cannot fulfill your request.

I have to refuse (prohibit, do not allow

Interaction of speech and behavioral etiquette

Etiquette is closely related to ethics. Ethics prescribes rules of moral conduct (including communication), etiquette implies certain behaviors and requires the use of external, expressed in specific speech actions, politeness formulas.

Compliance with the requirements of etiquette in violation of ethical standards is hypocrisy and deception of others. On the other hand, completely ethical behavior, not accompanied by the observance of etiquette, will inevitably make an unpleasant impression and cause people to doubt the moral qualities of the individual.

In oral communication must be respected a number of ethical and etiquette norms closely related to each other.

First, you must be respectful and kind to the interlocutor. It is forbidden to offend, insult, express disdain to the interlocutor with your speech. Direct negative assessments of the personality of the communication partner should be avoided; only specific actions can be evaluated, while observing the necessary tact. Rough words, a cheeky form of speech, an arrogant tone are unacceptable in intelligent communication. And from the practical point of view, such features of speech behavior are inappropriate, since they never contribute to the achievement of the desired result in communication.

Politeness in communication involves understanding the situation, taking into account the age, gender, official and social position of the communication partner. These factors determine the degree of formality of communication, the choice of etiquette formulas, and the range of topics suitable for discussion.

Secondly, the speaker is ordered to be modest in self-assessments, not to impose his own opinions, to avoid excessive categoricalness in speech.

Moreover, it is necessary to put the communication partner in the spotlight, show interest in his personality, opinion, take into account his interest in a particular topic.

It is also necessary to take into account the listener's ability to perceive the meaning of your statements, it is advisable to give him time to rest and concentrate. For the sake of this, it is worth avoiding too long sentences, it is useful to make small pauses, use speech formulas to maintain contact: you, of course, know ...; you might be interested to know...; as you can see...; note…; it should be noted ... etc.

Norms of communication determine the behavior of the listener.

First, it is necessary to postpone other matters in order to listen to the person. This rule is especially important for those professionals whose job is to serve customers.

When listening, one must be respectful and patient with the speaker, try to listen to everything carefully and to the end. In case of heavy employment, it is permissible to ask to wait or reschedule the conversation for another time. In official communication, it is completely unacceptable to interrupt the interlocutor, to insert various remarks, especially those that sharply characterize the interlocutor's proposals and requests. Like the speaker, the listener puts his interlocutor in the center of attention, emphasizes his interest in communicating with him. You should also be able to express agreement or disagreement in time, answer a question, ask your own question.

ethics and etiquette concern and writing.

An important issue of business letter etiquette is the choice of address. For standard letters on formal or minor occasions, the appeal is suitable Dear Mr. Petrov! For a letter to a superior, an invitation letter or any other letter on an important issue, it is advisable to use the word dear and call the addressee by name and patronymic.

In business documents, it is necessary to skillfully use the possibilities of the grammatical system of the Russian language. So, for example, the active voice of a verb is used when it is necessary to indicate the character. The passive voice should be used when the fact of an action is more important than the mention of the persons who performed the action.

The perfective form of the verb emphasizes the completeness of the action, and the imperfective indicates that the action is in the process of development. There is a tendency in business correspondence to avoid the pronoun I. The first person is expressed by the end of the verb.

Speech distances and taboos

Distance in speech communication determined by age and social status. It is expressed in speech by using the pronouns you and you. Speech etiquette defines the rules for choosing one of these forms. In general, the choice is dictated by a complex combination of external circumstances of communication and individual reactions of interlocutors: the degree of acquaintance of partners ( you- to a friend You- unfamiliar); formality of the communication environment ( you- informal You- official); the nature of the relationship you- friendly, warm You- emphatically polite or strained, aloof, "cold"); equality or inequality of role relations (by age, position: you- equal and inferior, You equal and superior).

The choice of one of the forms of address depends not only on the formal position and age, but also on the nature of the relationship of the interlocutors, their mood for a certain degree of formality of the conversation, language taste and habits.

Thus, it is revealed you- related, friendly, informal, intimate, trusting, familiar; You- polite, respectful, formal, aloof.

Depending on the form of application for you or You there are grammatical forms of verbs, as well as speech formulas of greeting, farewell, congratulations, expressions of gratitude.

Taboo- this is a ban on the use of certain words, due to historical, cultural, ethical, socio-political or emotional factors.

Socio-political taboos are characteristic of speech practice in societies with an authoritarian regime. They may concern the names of certain organizations, the mention of certain persons objectionable to the ruling regime (for example, opposition politicians, writers, scientists), certain phenomena of public life that are officially recognized as not existing in this society.

Cultural and ethical taboos exist in any society. It is clear that swear words, the mention of certain physiological phenomena and body parts are prohibited.

neglect ethical speech prohibitions is not only a gross violation of etiquette, but also a violation of the law. Insult, i.e. humiliation of the honor and dignity of another person, expressed in an indecent form, is considered by the criminal law as a crime (Article 130 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).

Compliments. The culture of criticism in speech communication

An important advantage of a person in communication is the ability to make beautiful and appropriate compliments. A tactfully and timely compliment lifts the mood of the addressee, sets him up for a positive attitude towards the interlocutor, to his proposals, to the common cause.

Compliment it is said at the beginning of a conversation, at a meeting, acquaintance, parting, or during a conversation. A compliment is always nice. Only an insincere or overly enthusiastic compliment is dangerous. A compliment can refer to appearance, excellent professional abilities, high morality, ability to communicate, contain a general positive assessment:

You look good (excellent, fine, excellent, great) looking.

You are so (very) charming (smart, resourceful, reasonable, practical).

You are a good (excellent, excellent, excellent) specialist (economist, manager, entrepreneur).

You are good (excellent, excellent, excellent) in managing (your) household (business, trade, construction).

You know how to well (perfectly) lead (manage) people, organize them.

It is a pleasure (good, excellent) to do business with you (to work, to cooperate).

Culture of criticism is needed so that critical statements do not spoil relations with the interlocutor and would allow him to explain his mistake to him. To do this, one should criticize not the personality and qualities of the interlocutor, but specific mistakes in his work, the shortcomings of his proposals, the inaccuracy of the conclusions.

In order for criticism not to affect the feelings of the interlocutor, it is desirable to formulate comments in the form of reasoning, drawing attention to the discrepancy between the tasks of the work and the results obtained. It is useful to build a critical discussion of work as a joint search for solutions to complex problems.

Criticism of the arguments of the opponent in the dispute should be a comparison of these arguments with the interlocutor's undoubted general provisions, reliable facts, experimentally verified conclusions, reliable statistical data.

Criticism of the opponent's statements should not concern his personal qualities, abilities, character.

Criticism of joint work by one of its participants should contain constructive proposals, criticism of the same work by an outsider can be reduced to pointing out shortcomings, since the development of decisions is the business of specialists, and assessing the state of affairs, the effectiveness of the organization's work is the right of any citizen.

Non-verbal means of communication

When talking with each other, people use gestures and facial expressions along with verbal speech to convey their thoughts, moods, desires.

The language of facial expressions and gestures allows the speaker to more fully express his feelings, shows how much the participants in the dialogue control themselves, how they really relate to each other.

The main indicator of the speaker's feelings is the expression of his face, his facial expressions.

In "Private Rhetoric" Prof. N. Koshansky (St. Petersburg, 1840) says: “Nowhere are the feelings of the soul reflected so much as in the features of the face and eyes, the noblest part of our body. No science gives fire to the eyes and a living blush to the cheeks, if the cold soul is dormant in the speaker ... Body movements speakers are always in secret agreement with the feeling of the soul, with the aspiration of the will, with the expression of the voice.

Facial expressions allow us to better understand the interlocutor, to figure out what feelings he is experiencing. So, raised eyebrows, wide-open eyes, lowered lips, slightly open mouth indicate surprise; lowered eyebrows, curved forehead wrinkles, narrowed eyes, closed lips, clenched teeth express anger.

Sadness is reflected by lowered eyebrows, dull eyes, slightly lowered corners of the lips, and happiness is reflected by calm eyes, raised outer corners of the lips.

Gesticulation can also tell a lot. Language is taught from childhood, and gestures are acquired naturally, and although no one explains their meaning beforehand, speakers correctly understand and use them. This is explained by the fact that the gesture is used most often not by itself, but accompanies the word, serves as a kind of help for it, and sometimes clarifies it.

In the Russian language, there are many set expressions that have arisen on the basis of free phrases that name a particular gesture. Having become phraseological units, they express the state of a person, for example, lower your head, turn your head, raise your head, shake your head, do not raise your hand, spread your arms, lower your hands, wave your hand, put your hand, stretch out your hand, put your hand on your heart, wag your finger.

It is no coincidence that in various rhetoric, starting from ancient times, special chapters were devoted to gestures. Oratory theorists in their articles and books on lecturing paid special attention to gestures. So, A.F. Koni writes in "Advice to Lecturers": "Gestures enliven speech, but they should be used carefully. An expressive gesture (raised hand, clenched fist, sharp and quick movement, etc.) should correspond to the meaning and meaning of a given phrase or a single word (here the gesture acts in concert with the tone, doubling the power of speech.) Too frequent, monotonous, fussy, abrupt movements of the hands are unpleasant, boring, annoying and annoying.

Mechanical gestures distract the listener's attention from the content of speech, interfere with its perception. Often they are the result of the speaker's excitement, testify to his self-doubt.

Gestures that have any useful meaning for communication are divided into rhythmic, emotional, pointing, pictorial and symbolic.

Rhythmic gestures associated with the rhythm of speech, they emphasize logical stress, slowing down and speeding up speech, the place of pauses, i.e. what the intonation conveys in the speech itself.

Emotional gestures convey various shades of feelings, for example, excitement, joy, chagrin, annoyance, confusion, confusion.

pointing gestures are required to select one object from a number of homogeneous ones, indicate the place where the object is located, indicate the order of the objects. The pointing gesture is recommended to be used in very rare cases, when there is an urgent need for it.

Pictorial gestures appear in the following cases:

if there are not enough words to fully convey the idea;

if the words themselves are not enough due to the increased emotionality of the speaker, nervousness, lack of concentration, uncertainty;

if it is necessary to enhance the impression and additionally influence the listener.

Figurative gestures are used as a visual means of conveying thoughts; they should not replace verbal speech.

Symbolic gestures conditionally designate some typical situations and accompany the corresponding statements:

gesture of intensity (hand clenched into a fist) at the words: He is very tenacious. How stubborn she is;

gesture of refusal, denial (repulsive movements of the hand or both hands with palms forward) along with statements: No, no, no, please. No no;

a gesture of opposition (the hand performs the movements "there" and "here" in the air), along with the words: There is nothing to go here and there. One window to the north, the other to the south;

gesture of separation, dissimilarity (palms open, move apart in different directions): This must be distinguished. These are completely different things. They went their separate ways;

gesture of unification, addition, sum (fingers are connected into a pinch or the palms of the hands are connected): They worked well. They are very suitable for each other. And if you put it together. Let's join forces.

Ergonomics of the environment as an integral part of speech etiquette

The first thing that people notice when they come to an appointment, an interview, a meeting, a business meeting is the external environment of the room in which any issues are to be resolved. The results of the conversation and negotiations partly depend on how the cabinet or office looks.

Competent construction of space requires compliance with a single style in the design of the room: in the planning solution, in decoration, decor, furniture. A properly and tastefully planned office helps to create a favorable environment for conversation, which contributes to the establishment of fruitful contact.

The above, of course, applies not only to cabinets. Special requirements apply to other rooms. A convenient and aesthetic layout should be in the reception room, in the premises of departments, in classrooms, in rooms for storing documents.

The appearance of any premises should correspond to its functional purpose, give the impression of a reasonably organized business environment. Furniture and its location should be convenient for employees and visitors.

Learning tasks

What is speech etiquette?

What moral qualities are based on speech etiquette?

What are the speech formulas for starting communication?

What are the speech formulas for ending communication?

What determines the distance in communication?

What is taboo?

What is the role of compliments in communication?

What norms must be observed when criticizing the ideas of the interlocutor?

What are non-verbal means of communication?

The national culture of any state is determined by such an important element as. Language, verbal communication, set expressions, formulas, communication stereotypes - all this reflects the experience of the people. In each state there is a national feature of speech etiquette. Not deprived of it and, the specificity of which is very bright, unique, amazing. About what national are typical for and what distinguishes us from our neighbors, read below.

In order to understand what national and cultural characteristics the inhabitants of different countries adhere to, it is necessary to pay attention to their speech etiquette. It is enough to at least listen to the welcoming speech. Abroad (America, EU countries) it is not customary to cry to a friend during a meeting, to complain about life. Local etiquette allows you to inquire about the health of the interlocutor, exchange standard phrases (“How are you?”, “How are you?”), but it is not customary to answer questions. In Russia, friends who met each other can spend hours sharing experiences, worries, complaining about life, even being proud of the fact that they have to resolve the difficulties that have piled up. Rules of behavior this is not prohibited (the main thing is that the conversation should not be tiresome for the interlocutor). Moreover, the presence of difficulties should not always be regarded as a bad sign. The peculiarity of the Russian mentality is to consider that only idlers have no worries, sorrows, and a serious person is surrounded by them. It is simply not customary to talk about a good life in Russian society. Having poured out his soul, a person is waiting for a response from the interlocutor. A Russian, answering the question “How are you?”, in most cases will complain, tell how difficult, unfair life can sometimes be. European response "Good!" may arouse suspicion. Therefore, a Russian, talking with a foreigner or a person who does not want to talk about his life, will feel tension, consider the opponent secretive, intractable. These are the amazing ones that open up after analyzing just a few phrases spoken at the time of greeting.

They also appear in the following communicative situations. When talking with a friend, a resident of Russia prefers to focus on himself (“Imagine, I was yesterday in ...”, “This happened to me!”, “I got into a similar story. Listen ...”). This distinguishes Russians from other peoples (for example, in the course of a conversation they talk about each other). It is quite difficult for a person with a Russian soul to mask feelings. He prefers to express his opinion directly (“Let me disagree with you”, “Do not mislead me”), rather than try to please the opponent, try to delicately refuse something, hint at the wrongness of the interlocutor, as, for example, polite people do.

Each of us in any situation, talking with any person, uses. When choosing what to say and what methods of conveying etiquette values using speech, a person takes into account everything: the environment, the topic of the conversation, the person with whom he is to speak. Rules of behavior are always respected by people, since speech that is not related to etiquette does not exist.

Of particular importance in the speech etiquette of the Russian nation is the language of gestures. In Russia, as in European countries, it is customary to shake hands when meeting. But the gestures adopted and widespread in our country may carry the opposite meaning, be indecent on the territory of other states. Russian etiquette allows men to not raise their headdress while greeting someone. Abroad (in Japan, for example) such behavior is considered uncivilized. When meeting a friend, we can easily slap him on the shoulder, which is prohibited in Japan, Finland, where this gesture is unacceptable. Approving the act of a loved one / child, comforting someone, Russians stroke their heads, which is unacceptable in relation to the Thais, who consider the head sacred. And such a gesture as shaking the head, which characterizes the word “No” among Russians, is not used at all and they avoid verbal words associated with the denial of something.

noticeable in the example of telephone etiquette. A Russian, when making a call to someone, usually does not introduce himself, unlike the amiable Europeans. Etiquette does not require this from the person who is being called. The most common case is to limit yourself to the phrases "Hello", "Yes", "I'm listening." In Europe, it is common to introduce both the caller and the person answering the phone ("Hi, you're worried about Mr....", "Hello, you've reached Dr. Smith, leave a message," or "Dr. Smith is listening"). Although in recent years it has begun a confident movement towards the European, which is especially striking when visiting large chain stores. In supermarkets, employees (cashiers, sellers) adhere to a special corporate etiquette, the main rule of which is to greet customers. The latter are also included in the etiquette game, as the realization comes that silence can be perceived as rudeness, disrespect for the store staff.

It has national specifics and a naming system. In the West, a two-name system for naming people (first name + surname) is common, in Russia it is a three-name system (patronymic is added). Surprisingly, in Russia, the emphasis on patronymics was considered a sign of respect and honor. Today, due to the inevitable Westernization of Russian society, the system of appeals is undergoing tremendous changes. In Russia, especially in the press, the combination of first name + surname is often used.

As for writing, which is a kind of communication etiquette, there are also specific features here. writing consists in strict adherence to certain functional styles, while oral speech allows blurring of stylistic boundaries.

If we draw a parallel between Russian and European etiquette, the indisputable fact remains that Western European is more focused on maintaining a distance between people, Russian speech etiquette to maintain solidarity. Gradually, this line is erased, as the influence of Western culture still leaves a mark. But Russians, as before, unlike the inhabitants of Europe and the United States, are provided with a wider range of speech strategies, which sometimes makes it difficult to choose the only correct one for a particular case, which is neutral and has a minimal emotional load. In less than a century of history, Russia has lost a number of treasures accumulated by its ancestors. Gradually, European words are replacing Russian ones (militia - police, janitor - cleaner), words reflecting primordially Russian culture (mother, Your Excellency, comrade) are disappearing from everyday life. But basics of speech culture are still respected by the inhabitants of the country.

Summing up, it is worth saying that the social conditions of any society are reflected through human activity, communication. The construction of speech occurs in different ways, taking into account who you have to turn to, for what reason and what kind of relationship binds opponents. To know the norms of behavior, to follow them, to be able to control, to restrain one's emotions, to respect people, to treat them attentively, to observe them - these are the tasks that every citizen must set and fulfill. Only compliance with the requirements of speech etiquette can turn communication into a pleasant process that allows you to resolve difficult everyday and business problems, get rid of conflicts, misunderstandings.

Today, correct and cultured speech no longer occupies its former dominant place in society. Most people communicate without due respect and respect for each other, thereby giving rise to misunderstandings, unnecessary quarrels and swearing.

If you adhere to certain norms of speech etiquette, then everyday communication will bring pleasure and joy, turning it into strong friendships, business contacts, families.

Peculiarities

First of all, you need to find out what etiquette is. Summarizing most of the definitions, we can conclude that etiquette is a set of generally accepted rules regarding the norms of behavior, appearance, and communication between people. In turn, speech etiquette is certain linguistic norms of communication that are well-established in society.

This concept appeared in France during the reign of Louis XIV. Court ladies and gentlemen were given special “labels” - cards with recommendations on how to behave at the table at a banquet, when a ball was in progress, a solemn reception of foreign guests was taking place, etc. In this “compulsory” way, the foundations of behavior were laid, which over time, they entered the common people.

From time immemorial and to this day, in the culture of each ethnic group, there have been and still exist their own special norms of communication and behavior in society. These rules help to tactfully enter into verbal contact with a person without hurting his personal feelings and emotions.

Features of speech etiquette are in a number of linguistic and social properties:

The inevitability of the implementation of etiquette forms. This means that if a person wants to be a full-fledged part of society (a group of people), then he must comply with generally accepted norms of behavior. Otherwise, society may reject him - people will not want to communicate with him, maintain close contact.
Speech etiquette is a public courtesy. It is always flattering to communicate with a well-mannered person, and it is especially pleasant to respond with a mutual “kind” word. It is not uncommon for people to be unpleasant to each other, but they ended up in the same team. This is where speech etiquette will help out, because all people want comfortable communication without swear words and harsh expressions.
The need to comply with speech formulas. The speech action of a cultured person cannot do without a sequence of stages. The beginning of the conversation always begins with a greeting, then comes the main part - the conversation. The dialogue ends with farewell and nothing else.
Smoothing conflicts and conflict situations. Saying "I'm sorry" or "I'm sorry" at the right time will help to avoid unnecessary conflicts.
The ability to show the level of relationships between interlocutors. For people in a close circle, as a rule, warmer words of greeting and communication in general are used (“Hi”, “How nice to see you”, etc.). Unfamiliar people simply adhere to the "official" ("Hello", "Good afternoon").

The manner of communicating with people is always a direct indicator of the level of upbringing of a person. To become a worthy member of society, it is necessary to develop communication skills, without which it will be very difficult in the modern world.

Formation of a culture of communication

From the moment of birth, the child begins to receive the necessary knowledge for the formation of skills and abilities. Speaking skill is the basis of conscious communication, without which it is difficult to exist. Now he is given great attention not only in the family, but also in educational institutions (school, university). The culture of communication is understood as a model of speech behavior, which must be relied upon when talking with another individual. Its full formation depends on many components: the environment in which a person grew up, the level of upbringing of his parents, the quality of education received, personal aspirations.

Building a culture of communication skills is a long and complex process. It is based on a number of goals and objectives, having achieved which, you can fully master the skill of tactful and polite communication with people in secular society and at home. They are aimed (goals and objectives) at developing the following qualities:

sociability as an individual property of a person;
the formation of communicative relationships in society;
lack of isolation from society;
social activity;
improving academic performance;
the development of an individual's rapid adaptation to a variety of activities (playing, learning, etc.).

The relationship of culture and speech

Each person sees and feels an invisible connection between the culture of speech and etiquette. It seems that these concepts are absolutely close and equal to each other, but this is not entirely true. To begin with, it is necessary to define what culture is in the broadest sense.

Culture is understood as the presence of certain communicative qualities and knowledge in a person, good erudition, and as a result, sufficient vocabulary, awareness in a number of many issues, the presence of education, as well as the ability to behave in society and alone with oneself.

In turn, the culture of conversation or communication is the image of the individual's speech, his ability to conduct a conversation, express his thoughts in a structured way. This concept is very difficult to understand, so there is still a lot of debate about the accuracy of this definition.

In Russia and abroad, this branch of linguistics as a science is engaged in the development of communication rules and their systematization. Also, the culture of speech means the study and application of the rules and norms of written and oral speech, punctuation, accentology, ethics and other sections of linguistics.

From a scientific point of view, speech is defined as "right" or "wrong". This implies the correct use of words in various language situations. Examples:

“Go home already! "(correctly say - go);
“Put bread on the table? "(The word "lay down" is not used without prefixes, so it is necessary to use only such correct forms - put, lay out, impose, etc.)

If a person calls himself cultural, then it is assumed that he has a number of distinctive qualities: he has a large or above average vocabulary, the ability to correctly and competently express his thoughts, the desire to increase the level of knowledge in the field of linguistics and ethical standards. From ancient times to this day, literary speech has been the standard of etiquette and highly cultured communication. The basis of the correct Russian language lies in the classical works. Therefore, it can be said with certainty that speech etiquette is completely interconnected with the culture of communication.

Without a quality education, good upbringing and a special desire to improve communicative qualities, a person will not be able to fully observe the culture of speech, as he will simply be poorly acquainted with it. The environment has a special influence on the formation of the language culture of the individual. Speech habits are “worked out” among friends and relatives.

Moreover, speech culture is directly related to such an ethical category as politeness, which, in turn, also characterizes the speaker (polite or rude). In this regard, we can say that people who do not comply with the norms of communication show the interlocutor the lack of culture, their bad manners and impoliteness. For example, a person does not say hello at the beginning of a conversation, uses profanity, swear words, does not use the respectful address "you" when it was expected and implied.

Speech etiquette is closely intertwined with the culture of communication. To improve the level of speech, it is necessary not only to study the formulas of official dialogue, but also to improve the quality of knowledge by reading classical literature and communicating with polite and highly intelligent people.

Functions

Speech etiquette performs a number of important functions. Without them, it is difficult to form an idea about it, as well as to understand how it manifests itself at the moment of communication between people.

One of the dominant functions of the language is communicative, because the basis of speech etiquette is communication. In turn, it consists of a number of other tasks, without which it would not be able to fully function:

Social(aimed at establishing contact). This implies the initial establishment of communication with the interlocutor, maintaining attention. Sign language plays a special role at the stage of establishing contact. As a rule, people look eye to eye, smile. Usually this is done unconsciously, on a subconscious level, in order to show the joy of meeting and starting a dialogue, they extend their hand for a handshake (with close acquaintance).
Connotative. This function is aimed at showing politeness towards each other. This applies both to the beginning of the dialogue and to all communication in general.
Regulatory. It is directly related to the above. From the name it is clear that it regulates relations between people during communication. In addition, its purpose is to convince the interlocutor of something, to encourage him to act, or vice versa, to prohibit doing something.
emotional. Each conversation has its own level of emotionality, which is set from the very beginning. It depends on the degree of acquaintance of people, the room in which they are located (a public place or a cozy table in the corner of a cafe), as well as on the mood of each individual at the time of speech.

Some linguists complete this list with the following features:

imperative. It involves the influence of opponents on each other during a conversation through gestures and facial expressions. With the help of open poses, you can win over a person, scare or pressure, “increasing your volumes” (the speaker throws his arms high and wide, spreads his legs, looks up).
Discussion-polemical. In other words, a dispute.

Based on the above functions, the following series of properties of speech etiquette are distinguished:

thanks to him, a person can feel like a full-fledged part of the team;
it helps to establish communication links between people;
helps to find out information about the interlocutor;
with its help you can show your degree of respect for the opponent;
speech etiquette helps to establish a positive emotional mood, which helps to prolong the conversation and make more friendly contact.

The above functions and properties once again prove that speech etiquette is the basis of communication between people, which helps a person start a conversation and finish it tactfully.

Kinds

If you turn to the modern dictionary of the Russian language, then you can find a definition of speech as a form of communication between people with the help of sounds that form the basis of words from which sentences are built, and gestures.

In turn, speech can be internal (“dialogue in the head”) and external. External communication is divided into written and oral. Oral communication takes the form of a dialogue or monologue. Moreover, written speech is secondary, and oral speech is primary.

Dialogue is a process of communication between two or more individuals for the purpose of exchanging information, impressions, experiences, emotions. A monologue is a speech by one person. It can be addressed to the audience, to oneself or to the reader.

Written speech is more conservative in its structure than oral speech. It also strictly “requires” the use of punctuation marks, the purpose of which is to convey the exact intention and emotional component. Translating words into writing is a complex and interesting process. Before writing anything, a person thinks about what exactly he wants to say and convey to the reader, and then how to write it down correctly (grammatically and stylistically).

Audible verbal communication is spoken language. It is situational, limited by time and space, where the speaker directly speaks. Oral communication can be characterized by categories such as:

content (cognitive, material, emotional, inciting to action and activity);
interaction technique (role communication, business, secular, etc.);
purpose of communication.

If we talk about speech in a secular society, then in this situation people communicate on topics that are prescribed in speech etiquette. In fact, this is an empty, pointless and polite communication. To some extent, it can be called mandatory. People may perceive a person's behavior as an insult in their direction if he does not communicate and does not greet anyone at a social reception or corporate party.

In a business conversation, the main task is to achieve agreement and approval from the opponent in any issue or matter of interest.

Elements of speech

The purpose of any speech act is to influence the interlocutor. The conversation was created in order to convey information to a person, to have fun, to convince him of something. Speech is a unique phenomenon that is observed only in a human being. The more meaningful and expressive it is, the greater the effect it will produce.

It should be understood that words written on paper will have less impact on the reader than phrases spoken aloud with emotion embedded in them. The text cannot convey the whole “palette” of the mood of the individual who wrote it.

The following elements of speech are distinguished:

Content. This is one of the most important elements, since it reflects the speaker's true knowledge, his vocabulary, well-read, as well as the ability to convey to the audience the main topic of the conversation. If the speaker "floats" in the topic, is poorly informed and uses expressions and phrases that are incomprehensible to him, then the listener will immediately understand this and lose interest. If this is often observed for an individual, then interest in him as a person will soon be lost.
Naturalness of speech. First of all, a person must be sure of what he says and how he says it. This will help to have a natural dialogue without taking on any role. It is much easier for people to perceive calm speech without "official" and pretense. It is very important that the posture of the speaking individual is also natural. All movements, turns, steps should be smooth, measured.

Composition. This is a consistent, ordered arrangement of parts of speech and their logical relationship. The composition is divided into five stages: establishing contact, introduction, main speech, conclusion, summing up. If you remove one of them, then the delivery of information will be a more difficult process.
Clarity. Before you say something, you need to think about whether the listener will understand you correctly. Therefore, it is necessary to select appropriate stylistic means of expressing thoughts. The speaking person must clearly and moderately loudly pronounce the words, keep a certain pace (not too fast, but not slow), and the sentences should be moderate in length. Try to reveal the meaning of abbreviations and complex foreign concepts.
Emotionality. It is clear that a person's speech must always convey a certain proportion of emotions. They can be conveyed with the help of intonation, expression and "juicy" words. Thanks to this, the opponent will be able to fully understand the essence of the conversation and become interested.
Eye contact. This element of speech helps not only to establish contact, but also to keep it. Through eye-to-eye contact, people show their interest and also demonstrate their involvement in the conversation. But visual contact must be established correctly. If you look intently and do not blink, the interlocutor may perceive this as an act of aggression.
Non-verbal communication. Gestures, facial expressions and postures play a big role during a conversation. They help convey information, convey their attitude to the words spoken and win over the interlocutor. It is always pleasant to listen to a person who “helps” himself with his face and hands. Ordinary verbal communication is boring and dry, without gestures and facial expressions.

The above elements of speech help to analyze any person, to understand how educated, erudite and educated he is.

Language of the body

Sometimes non-verbal communication can reveal more than the individual is trying to say. In this regard, in the course of communication with an unfamiliar person, management or colleague, it is necessary to monitor your gestures and movements. Non-verbal transmission of information is almost subconscious and can affect the emotional mood of the conversation.

Body language includes gestures, postures, facial expressions. In turn, gestures are individual (they can be associated with physiological characteristics, habits), emotional, ritual (when a person is baptized, prays, etc.) and generally accepted (hold out a hand for a handshake).

An important mark on the body language postpones human activity. It can also change depending on environmental factors.

Thanks to gestures and postures, you can understand the readiness of the opponent to communicate. If he uses open gestures (legs or arms are not crossed, he is not standing half a turn), then this means that the person is not closing and wants to communicate. Otherwise (with closed poses), it is better not to bother, but to chat another time.

A conversation with an official or boss is not always carried out when you really want it. Therefore, you need to control your body in order to avoid unpleasant questions.

Masters of oratory advise not to clench your palms into fists, not to hide your hands back (perceived as a threat), try not to close yourself (cross your legs, it is especially unethical to put your foot on your foot in such a way that the toe “pokes” at the interlocutor).

During the speech act, it is better to avoid touching the nose, eyebrows, earlobes. This may be perceived as a gesture indicating a lie in the words.

Particular attention should be paid to the facial muscles. What is in the soul is what is on the face. Of course, when talking with a close friend, you can let go of your emotions, but in the business world, this is unacceptable. At interviews, negotiations and business meetings, it is better not to squeeze or bite your lips.(this is how a person expresses his distrust and concern), try to look into the eyes or at the whole audience. If the gaze is constantly averted to the side or down, then this is how a person expresses his disinterest, fatigue.

According to the rules of speech etiquette with strangers and in an official setting, it is better to keep yourself restrained, without unnecessary emotional leaks. As for the usual everyday communication with friends and family, in this case, you can afford to relax so that gestures and postures echo the words spoken.

Basic rules and regulations

Speech etiquette requires a person to comply with certain norms, since without them the very culture of communication would not exist. The rules are divided into two groups: strictly prohibiting and more advisory in nature (they are determined by the situation and the place in which communication takes place). Speech behavior also has its own rules.

compliance of the language with literary norms;
excerpt of stages (first there is a greeting, then the main part of the conversation, then the end of the conversation);
avoiding swear words, rudeness, tactless and disrespectful behavior;
choosing the appropriate tone and manner of communication for the situation;
the use of precise terminology and professionalism without errors.

The regulation of speech etiquette lists the following communication rules:

in your speech, you must try to avoid "empty" words that do not carry the meaning of words, as well as monotonous speech turns and expressions; Communication should take place at a level accessible to the interlocutor, while using understandable words and phrases.
in the process of dialogue, let the opponent speak, do not interrupt him and listen to the end;
the most important thing is to be polite and tactful.

Formulas

At the heart of any conversation is a set of norms and rules that must be followed. In speech etiquette, the concept of speech formulas is distinguished. They help to “decompose” a conversation between people into stages. There are the following stages of the conversation:

Start of communication(greeting the interlocutor or getting to know him). Here, as a rule, the person himself chooses the form of address. It all depends on the gender of the people entering into the dialogue, their age and emotional state. If they are teenagers, then they can say to each other “Hello! and that will be fine. In the case when people starting a conversation have a different age group, it is better to use the words “Hello”, “Good afternoon / evening”. When these are old acquaintances, communication can begin very emotionally: “How glad I am to see you! ", "Long time no see! ". There are no strict regulations at this stage if this is ordinary everyday communication, but in the case of business meetings, it is necessary to adhere to the “high” style.
Main conversation. In this part, the development of the dialogue depends on the situation. It can be an ordinary fleeting meeting on the street, a solemn event (wedding, anniversary, birthday), a funeral or an office conversation. In the case when it is some kind of holiday, then the communication formulas are divided into two branches - inviting the interlocutor to a celebration or a significant event and congratulations (congratulatory speech with wishes).
Invitation. In this situation, it is better to use the following words: “I would like to invite you”, “I will be glad to see you”, “please accept my invitation”, etc.
Wishes. Here the speech formulas are as follows: “accept my congratulations from the bottom of my heart”, “let me congratulate you”, “on behalf of the whole team I wish ...”, etc.

Sad events associated with the loss of a loved one, etc. It is very important that encouraging words do not sound dry and official, without the proper emotional coloring. It is very absurd and inappropriate to communicate with a person in such grief with a smile and active gestures. In these difficult days for a person, it is necessary to use the following phrases: “accept my condolences”, “I sincerely sympathize with your grief”, “be strong in spirit”, etc.

Working office days. It should be understood that communication with a colleague, subordinate and leader will have different speech etiquette formulas. In a dialogue with each of the listed people, words of compliments, advice, encouragement, a request for a service, etc. can occur.

Tips and requests. When a person advises an opponent, the following patterns are used: “I would like to advise you ...”, “if you allow me, I will give you advice”, “I advise you”, etc. It is easy to agree that asking someone for a favor is sometimes difficult and uncomfortable. A well-mannered person will feel a little awkward. In such a situation, the following words are used: “can I ask you about ...”, “don’t consider it rude, but I need your help”, “please help me”, etc.

The individual experiences the same emotions when he needs to give up. To make it polite and ethical, you should use such speech formulas: “I beg your pardon, but I have to refuse”, “I’m afraid I can’t help you”, “I’m sorry, but I don’t know how to help you”, etc.

Thanks. It is more pleasant to express gratitude, but it also needs to be presented correctly: “I thank you from the bottom of my heart”, “I am very grateful to you”, “thank you”, etc.
Compliments and words of encouragement also require proper delivery. It is important that a person understands who he is complimenting, as this can be perceived by management as flattery, and an unfamiliar person will consider him rude or mockery. Therefore, the following expressions are regulated here: “you are an excellent companion”, “your skills in this matter helped us a lot”, “you look good today”, etc.

Do not forget about the form of address to the person. Many sources indicate that at work and with unfamiliar people it is better to stick to the form "you", since "you" is a more personal and everyday address.
End of communication. After the main part of the conversation has come to its climax, the third stage begins - the logical end of the dialogue. Saying goodbye to a person also has different forms. It can be a simple wish for a good day or good health. Sometimes the end of the dialogue can end with words of hope for a new meeting: “See you soon”, “I hope I see you not the last time”, “I would very much like to meet you again”, etc. Very often doubts are expressed that the interlocutors have ever or they will meet again: “I’m not sure if we’ll see each other again”, “Don’t remember dashingly”, “I will remember only good things about you.”

These formulas are divided into 3 stylistic groups:

Neutral. Words without emotional connotation are used here. They are used in everyday communication, at work in the office, as well as at home (“hello”, “thank you”, “please”, “good day”, etc.).
Increased. The words and expressions of this group are intended for solemn and significant events. Usually they express the emotional state of a person and his thoughts (“I am very sorry”, “I am very glad to see you”, “I really hope to see you soon”, etc.).
Reduced. This includes phrases and expressions that are used in an informal setting among "their own". They can be very rude and colloquial (“salute”, “hello”, “healthy”). They are most often used by teenagers and young people.

All of the above speech etiquette formulas are not strict rules for daily communication. Of course, in an official setting, a certain order should be followed, but in everyday life you can use words that are closer to a “warm” conversation (“hello \ bye”, “pleased to meet you”, “see you tomorrow”, etc.).

Conducting a conversation

At first glance, it may seem that it is very easy to conduct a secular cultural conversation, but this is not entirely true. For a person without special communication skills, it will be difficult to bring this to life. Everyday communication with loved ones, friends and family is very different from business and official conversation.

For each type of speech communication, society has imposed certain limits and norms that require their strict observance. For example, everyone knows that in reading rooms, a library, a store, a cinema or a museum, you can’t talk loudly, sort out family relationships in public, discuss problems in a raised voice, etc.

Speech is spontaneous and situational, so it needs to be monitored and corrected (if required). Speech etiquette "calls" for loyalty, attentiveness to the interlocutor, as well as for the purity and correctness of speech as such.

Prevention of swear words, insults, abuse and humiliation towards the opponent. Because of their use, the person who says them loses the respect of the listener. This is especially prohibited in the field of business communication (office, educational institution). The most important and basic rule is mutual respect during the dialogue.
Lack of egocentricity in conversation. You need to try not to get hung up on yourself, your problems, experiences and emotions, you can’t be intrusive, boastful and annoying. Otherwise, soon a person simply will not want to communicate with such an individual.
The interlocutor must show interest in communication. It is always nice to tell something to a person when he is interested in the subject of conversation. In this regard, eye contact, clarifying questions, open poses are very important.
Correspondence of the topic of conversation with the place in which it occurs and with the person with whom it is conducted. Do not discuss personal or intimate matters with an unfamiliar interlocutor. The conversation will be awkward and repulsive. You also need to understand where the dialogue starts. For example, during a theatrical performance, it would be extremely inappropriate and tactless to carry on a conversation.

A conversation should only be started if it really does not distract the opponent from something important. If it is clear that a person is in a hurry somewhere, doing something, then it is better to check with him the time when he can talk.
The style of speech should correspond to the norms of a business conversation. In the context of the educational process or the work environment, it is necessary to monitor the spoken words, as there they can have consequences.
Moderate gestures. The body gives out emotions and intentions. With strong and expressive gestures, it is difficult for the interlocutor to focus on the topic of conversation. Moreover, it can be regarded as a threat.
Age limits must be respected. With a person several times older than himself, it is necessary to use the appeal to "you" or by name and patronymic. This shows respect for the interlocutor. With approximately the same age group, strangers should also use this form. If people are familiar, then communication can take place according to personal rules that have long been established. It will be very rude to “poke” in relation to a younger interlocutor from an adult.

Types of situations

Absolutely every dialogue or communication is a speech situation. Conversation between individuals can take many forms, depending on a number of factors. These include gender composition, time, place, subject, motive.

The gender of the interlocutor plays an important role. In terms of emotional coloring, the conversation of two young men will always differ from the dialogue of girls, as well as the dialogue between a man and a woman.

As a rule, speech etiquette implies the use of respectful forms of words by a man when addressing a girl, as well as the use of “you” in the case of a formal setting.

The use of various speech formulas directly depends on the place. If this is an official reception, meeting, interview and other important events, then the words “high-level” should be used here. In the case when this is an ordinary meeting on the street or on the bus, then stylistically neutral expressions and words can be used.

Speech situations are divided into the following types:

Official business. Here there are people who perform the following social roles: a leader - a subordinate, a teacher - a student, a waiter - a visitor, etc. In this case, strict adherence to ethical norms and rules of speech culture is necessary. Violations will be immediately noted by the interlocutor and may bear consequences.
Unofficial (informal). Communication here is calm and relaxed. There is no need for strict adherence to etiquette. In this situation, dialogues take place between relatives, close friends, classmates. But it is worth noting the fact that when a stranger appears in such a group of people, then the conversation from that moment should be built within the framework of speech etiquette.
Semi-formal. This type has a very blurred framework of communicative contacts. Colleagues at work, neighbors, the family as a whole fall under it. People communicate according to the established rules of the team. This is a simple form of communication that has some ethical restrictions.

National and cultural traditions

One of the important assets of the people is culture and speech etiquette, which do not exist without each other. Each country has its own ethical standards and rules of communication. They can sometimes seem strange and unusual for a Russian person.

Each culture has its own speech formulas, originating from the origins of the formation of the nation and the state itself. They reflect the prevailing folk habits and customs, as well as the attitude of society towards men and women (as you know, in Arab countries it is considered unethical to touch a girl and communicate with her without the presence of a person accompanying her).

For example, residents of the Caucasus (Ossetians, Kabardians, Dagestanis and others) have specific greetings. These words are chosen for the situation: a person greets a stranger, a guest entering the house, a farmer in different ways. The beginning of the conversation also depends on age. It also differs by gender.

Residents of Mongolia also greet in a very unusual way. The words of greeting depend on the time of year. In winter, they may meet a person with the words: “How is the winter going? » This habit was left from a sedentary lifestyle, when you had to constantly move from place to place. In autumn, they may ask: “Do cattle have a lot of fat? »

If we talk about Eastern culture, then in China, at a meeting, they ask if a person is hungry, if he ate today. And the provincial people of Cambodia ask: “Are you happy today?”

Not only speech norms differ, but also gestures. Europeans, when meeting, hold out their hands for a handshake (men), and if they are very close acquaintances, they kiss on the cheek.

The inhabitants of the southern countries embrace, and in the East they make a small respectful bow. In this regard, it is very important to recognize such features and be prepared for them, otherwise you can simply offend a person without even knowing about it.

Words are not only a means of expressing thoughts. Language is a powerful tool for building relationships with others and influencing society as a whole. In Russian, speech etiquette is a complex system, formed over centuries of reforms in the field of literature, changes in the social system. Ways and manner of communication depend on ideology, moral norms, scientific and cultural development.

Differences in Russian speech etiquette

In Russian etiquette, there are no personal appeals that are neutral in terms of social status. After the revolution, the universal “sir” and “madame” were lost, and with the end of the communist era, the equalizing “comrade”. Now these appeals either look pretentious and old-fashioned, or have an ideological connotation. Now when interacting with strangers on etiquette use impersonal forms of phrasing.
Russian speech etiquette is unique using first and last name as a sign of respect for the interlocutor. There are few analogues of this address in other languages. Diminutive forms of names are used to emphasize a close or related relationship.
According to the speech etiquette of Russia, it is customary to use plural pronoun in official communication. This is a way to emphasize the importance of the interlocutor or to strengthen personal boundaries. The transition to occurs when there is closeness or community between people.

Intonation

The voice can emphasize the meaning of what is said or give the words a completely different meaning. The expressiveness of speech is given by appropriate intonations. The most etiquette-correct phrases from the lips of a skeptic will sound like an insult, and a dry official text from a benevolent person can console or support. The voice not only expresses feelings, it will help to show the real meaning of what was said, hidden behind the words.

The main components of intonation:

Tone. Changing the pitch creates a melody of speech, gives liveliness to the statement. The tone rises as the story progresses and falls as the thought ends. Too even a tone causes boredom in the listener, makes it difficult to perceive the meaning of what was said.
Sound intensity. According to etiquette, an excessively loud conversation is considered indecent, disturbing the peace of others, and no one will hear a quiet remark. One of the common oratorical speech techniques is a sharp decrease in the intensity of the sound, forcing the listeners to pay attention to the words.
Rhythm. You can induce a person to action with a phrase spoken at a fast pace. By reducing the rhythm of speech, it is also customary to emphasize the solemnity or tragedy of the moment. Oaths, oaths, expressions of condolence according to etiquette are pronounced slowly.
pauses. They help to separate one logical part of the story from another or to intrigue the listener. Inappropriate pauses distort the meaning of the phrase, violate the speech structure.
stress. Highlights the most important words.
Voice timbre. Creates emotional coloring. The low timbre of the voice is considered more pleasing to the listener.

Thanks to intonation, the conversation always turns out to be more saturated with emotional nuances than correspondence or text; contributes to a better understanding and response of the interlocutor. The choice of intonation in accordance with speech etiquette depends on the situation. A monotonous narration characterizes the formal, suitable for reading official documents, negotiations with officials. A change of intonation can express doubt, feelings, consent, but the transition to an overly emotional manner of speaking is considered indecent.

Russian mat, slang phrases, curses

The courtesy rules of each country for social groups who consider themselves decent have their own taboos.

The national features of Russian speech etiquette are forbidden vocabulary, which includes rude curses, the famous Russian obscenity, jargons of the underworld. Some writers and journalists consider them even a part of Russian culture for their emotionality and wide application possibilities.

Swear words have a bright expressive coloring, they are used to verbally express strong negative emotions, delight or surprise. The meanings of mats have a sexual connotation, some pseudo-religious thinkers even give them a sacred meaning.

Numerous attempts to ban swearing by law and even replace some quite decent words reminiscent of such curses have not brought results. Taboo only creates numerous substitutes that look almost decent. Now it is difficult to draw a clear line between swearing and simply expressive expressions.

In the 90s. of the last century, there was a fashion for prison jargon. Russian "fenya", the language of criminals, entered the media, literary works, everyday conversations. Some researchers have appreciated the thieves' jargon for its imagery.

Speech etiquette in modern Russian has many communication formulas to demonstrate a wide range of emotions in a conversation. All expressions either have a strict official tone, or determine the degree of closeness with the interlocutor.

In his Dictionary of Russian Speech Etiquette, Professor of Philology A. G. Balakai described more than 6 thousand phrases for all possible situations. When meeting, greeting, parting, it is customary to exchange replicas that have been established over the centuries.

In Russia, according to etiquette, it is not customary to greet passers-by, neighbors in the stairwell, so there is no need to create neutral speech structures. If communication has begun, means are used to convey the features of the relationship as much as possible, to express feelings for the interlocutor. Even universal is a good wish for a person's health.

catch phrases

Catch phrases in everyday vocabulary came from books or sayings of famous people. Their difference from other fixed expressions in close connection with historical or literary sources. Winged words and phrases spoken to the place make the speech more interesting, help to convey emotions better, show the erudition of the speaker. These expressions of the Russian language in speech etiquette perform the function of an expressive assessment of events, they are able to briefly convey to the listener the complex meaning of the statement.

Proverbs and sayings

Proverbs and sayings contain the truth and wisdom of the whole people. Their use in everyday communication or solemn speeches makes it possible to enrich statements, fill them with deep meaning. The use of this speech technique requires a deep sense of the meaning of the phrase. A proverb or saying used to the place will give expressiveness to the conversation, help to find common ground with the interlocutor, and remind you of history.

Phraseological units and idioms

Such a language tool captivates with expressiveness, figurativeness in the speech assessment of what is happening. Phraseologisms help to accurately express approval, condemnation, ridicule or a negative attitude towards the event.

The main mistakes in the use of phraseological units:

Used in the wrong context. Misunderstanding the meaning of the expression.
Too literal usage. "Head like a falcon" to describe a naked person.
Grammar distortion. The use of incorrect endings of a stable phrase. “He worked with his sleeves down” instead of the correct “sleeveless”.
Lexical errors. Removing individual words from a phraseological unit or inserting new ones. Illiterate combination of phraseological units.

The richness of the language

The main specificity of modern Russian speech etiquette is the elimination of hostility between interlocutors. The cultural feature of the rules of politeness of Russians is tolerance, tact, and the desire for mutual understanding. The use of stable communication formulas helps to quickly find the right conversation strategy.

Speech culture and etiquette are impossible without the true richness of speech. The abundance of stable phrases, proverbs, sayings makes the Russian language diverse, capacious, well-aimed.

However, the use of formulaic phrases turns speech into an empty formality, a dry likeness. The use of cliched expressions of officials, clericalism, impoverishes the language, creating heavy constructions.

Speech etiquette is a complex system of using language techniques for effective communication. Features of the Russian rules of polite conversation are correctness, tact, courtesy as a way to reduce aggressive reactions to words or deeds. Respectful communication helps to avoid using language formulas and techniques that are understandable to the social group.

11 ticket. Russian.

FEATURES OF RUSSIAN SPEECH ETIQUETTE.

Word "etiquette"- French, was first used at the court of Louis XIV, when puzzled guests were given cards (labels) with instructions on how they should behave at the court of the highly esteemed king.

Speech etiquette- a wide area of communication stereotypes.

Functions of speech etiquette:

one). helps to avoid conflict situations. Speaking to the interlocutor "I'm sorry", "I'm sorry" we remove the tension that has arisen in communication, if it suddenly takes place.

2) shows the level of closeness of the interlocutors. For example, when we greet people we hold in high regard, we say: “Hello!”, “My respect!”, “I am glad to welcome you!”. Meanwhile, we address the words “Hello! Who do I see!

3) establishes a social framework between people, dividing into official speech etiquette and unofficial, phrases correlate with official etiquette “Let me greet you!”, “Good afternoon!”, “Hello!”, with the informal “Hello!” or "Hey!".

The origins of speech etiquette lie in the most ancient period in the history of the language. In archaic society, speech etiquette has a ritual background. The word is given special meaning associated with magical and ritual ideas, the relationship between man and cosmic forces. Therefore, human speech activity can have an impact on people, animals and the world around them; the regulation of this activity is associated with the desire to cause certain events. Relics of this state are preserved in various units of speech etiquette; for example, many stable formulas are ritual wishes, once perceived as effective: Hello(also be healthy); Thanks(from God save). Similarly, many prohibitions on the use of words and constructions, which are considered as swear words in the modern language, go back to archaic prohibitions - taboos.

Later layers are superimposed on the most ancient ideas. The system of speech etiquette is complex in hierarchical societies, where the rules of speech communication fit into the social hierarchy. An example is the court of an absolute monarch (the medieval East, Europe at the turn of the New Age). Etiquette norms became the subject of training and codification and played a dual role: they allowed the speaker to express respect for the interlocutor and at the same time emphasize the sophistication of his own upbringing. The role in the formation of a new, Europeanized elite, which was played in the Petrine era and subsequent decades of etiquette manuals, is well known.

In the speech etiquette of almost all peoples, common features can be distinguished; stable formulas of greeting and farewell, forms of respectful appeal to elders. However, these features are realized in each culture in its own way. The most developed system of requirements exists in traditional cultures. The comprehension of speech etiquette by its carriers goes through several stages. A closed traditional culture is characterized by the absolutization of etiquette requirements for behavior. The bearer of another speech etiquette is perceived here as a poorly educated or immoral person. In more open societies, the concept of the difference in speech etiquette among different peoples is developed.

In the modern urban culture of industrial and post-industrial society, the place of speech etiquette is being radically rethought. The traditional foundations of the phenomenon are being transformed: mythological and religious beliefs, ideas about an unshakable social hierarchy. Speech etiquette is now considered in a pragmatic aspect, as a means of achieving a communicative goal: to attract the attention of the interlocutor, to show him respect, to arouse sympathy, to create a comfortable climate for communication.

Speech etiquette remains an important part of the national language and culture. It is impossible to talk about a high level of foreign language proficiency if this proficiency does not include knowledge of the rules of verbal communication. It is especially important to be aware of the differences in national speech etiquette. Each language has its own system of address, which has been formed over the centuries. With a literal translation, the meaning of these appeals is distorted; yes, english Dear is used in official addresses, and the corresponding Russian Expensive used in informal situations. Or another example - in many cultures of the West, the question How are you? should be answered: Good. Answer Badly or Not really It is considered indecent: the interlocutor should not impose his problems. In Russia, it is customary to answer the same question in a neutral, rather with a negative connotation: Nothing; little by little. Differences in speech etiquette and, in general, in the systems of rules of speech behavior belong to the competence of a special discipline - linguistic and cultural studies.

Speech etiquette has national specifics. In Russian society, such qualities as tact, courtesy, tolerance, goodwill, and restraint are of particular value.

Tact- this is an ethical norm that requires the speaker to understand the interlocutor, avoid inappropriate questions, discuss topics that may be unpleasant for him.

courtesy- the ability to anticipate possible questions and wishes of the interlocutor, the willingness to inform him in detail on all topics essential for the conversation.

Tolerance- calm attitude to possible differences of opinion, avoiding sharp criticism of the interlocutor's views.

Consistency- the ability to calmly respond to unexpected or tactless questions and statements of the interlocutor.

benevolence is necessary both in relation to the interlocutor, and in the entire construction of the conversation: in its content and form, in intonation and choice of words.

Appeal is the most massive and most striking etiquette sign.

In russian language personal pronouns a little, but their weight in speech etiquette is quite large. The choice between you and you is especially important. You, instead of You in addressing one, appeared in our country in the 18th century, entrenched among the educated nobles. Prior to that, You in itself had no etiquette content. But in comparison with you, it acquired the meaning of closeness, and in the communication of people who are not close, it began to express social inequality, communication from top to bottom. You spoke to the commoners, the servants.

Personal pronouns are directly related to speech etiquette. They are associated with self-naming and naming of the interlocutor, with the feeling of what is “decent” and “indecent”. For example, when a person corrects an interlocutor: “Tell me “you”, “Don’t poke, please”, he expresses dissatisfaction with the “disrespectful” pronoun directed at him. Usually "you" is used when referring to a loved one, in an informal setting, and when the address is rudely familiar; "you" - in a polite manner, in a formal setting, in an appeal to a stranger, unfamiliar.

In Russian, it is not customary to call the third person present during the conversation with the pronoun he (she). Russian speech etiquette provides for naming a third person present during a conversation by name (and patronymic), if you already have to speak with him and for him. I and You, We and You are inclusive pronouns that distinguish interlocutors from all the others, and He, She, They are exclusive pronouns, indicating not the one with whom they are currently communicating, but something third. Meanwhile, the etiquette of many countries does not prohibit such a speech action - the "exclusion" of the present.

Speech etiquette undergoes changes over time. Some expressions and phrases of speech etiquette, adopted in the time of Pushkin, have irretrievably sunk into oblivion. For example, expressions “I humbly thank you”, “I bow down”, “Thank you”, “Your obedient servant”. Nowadays, they sound strange and absurd, and Alexander Sergeevich was very fond of signing his letters with the last phrase from this list.

Some formulas of speech etiquette generally accepted in our society.

When you need to get to know a complete stranger, it is customary to say "Let me meet you", "Let's meet", "Let's get acquainted." Greetings that emphasize the joy of meeting: “Glad to see you!”, “Welcome!”, “Glad to greet!”. Words of condolences: “I sincerely sympathize with you”, “I offer my deepest condolences”, “I share your grief”. Congratulations with the words: “Let me congratulate”, “Accept sincere congratulations”, “I cordially congratulate”.

In some languages there are only non-mandatory etiquette means, while in other languages there are also mandatory ones. Almost all Japanese verbs can have a polite form in relation to the addressee of speech and a familiar form.

Whatever we talk about in Japanese (even if not about the addressee of the speech!), We have to choose either a polite or familiar form of the verb, i.e., whether we want it or not, show our attitude towards the addressee. But in the Russian language there are no grammatical prescriptions when and in what way the etiquette content must certainly be expressed. This means that the etiquette means of the Russian language are optional.

There are many ways to convey etiquette meanings in speech. Every time we choose what to say and how to say it, we make sure to consider with whom and in what setting we are talking. Therefore, there are no speeches that have nothing to do with etiquette.

In speech etiquette, sign language is of great importance. Each nation has its own specific gesture:

Russians, British, Americans shake hands as a greeting gesture.

The Chinese in the old days, meeting a friend, shook hands with himself.

The Laplanders rub their noses.

A young American greets a friend by patting him on the back.

Latinos embrace.

The French kiss each other on the cheek.

Without knowing the national characteristics of gestures, you can get into an awkward position. For example, in Bulgaria, the sign signs "yes" and "no" are opposite to the common European form.

What should a Japanese think if a European, entering into a business conversation, does not shake hands with him? He may assume that the interlocutor respects his national customs - in Japan it is not customary to shake hands.

Even similar gestures can be used differently in different national cultures. For example, in Hungary, a man always raises his hat when greeting, but in our country this is not necessary and is typical for older people.

In Japan, in conversations, people in every possible way avoid the words "no", "I can't", "I don't know", as if these were some kind of curse words. Even refusing a second cup of tea, the guest instead of "no, thank you" uses "I already feel great."

If a Tokyo acquaintance says: "Before answering your proposal, I must consult with my wife," then one should not think that he is a champion of women's equality. This is just one way to not say the word "no".

All human activity, including communication, reflects the social conditions in which it takes place. And our speech, of course, is built differently depending on who communicates, for what purpose, in what way, what kind of relationship between those who communicate. Speech fluctuates in time with human relations - this is the etiquette modulation of speech.

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