Professionalisms are words and expressions characteristic of people, as a rule, of one profession and, unlike terms, are semi-official names for the concepts of this profession, take-off for hunters. Professional jargon - unofficial designations for concepts of a special and non-special nature that are common in colloquial speech of representatives of a particular profession among chemists - a hodgepodge among journalists - a hat attic basement a nail among pilots - a ladybug's belly among athletes - a mustard plaster to extinguish logs.
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Special vocabulary of the Russian language- words and combinations of words denoting the concepts of a certain field of knowledge or activity. Three types of special vocabulary:
1 Terms.
2 professionalism.
3 Professional jargon.
Term (lat. terminus - border, limit) - a word or phrase that is the officially accepted, legalized name of any concept of technology, science, art. The system of terms of a given field of science, production or art constitutes its terminology.
Unlike other words of the language, terms are created artificially. Among them, narrowly special and commonly used are distinguished. The boundaries between narrowly specialized and commonly used terms are changeable. A characteristic feature of the term is unambiguity, so the term does not need a context like most ordinary words.
Professionalisms- words and phrases characteristic of people, as a rule, of the same profession and, unlike terms, are semi-official names of the concepts of this profession (takeoff, prone for hunters).
Professional jargon- informal designations of concepts of a special and non-special nature that exist in the colloquial speech of representatives of a particular profession (chemists have a hodgepodge, journalists have a hat, an attic, a basement, a nail, pilots have a belly, a ladybug, athletes have a mustard plaster, pancake, extinguish, log log).
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Special vocabulary - these are words and combinations of words denoting the concepts of a certain field of knowledge or activity. For example: holdings ("cash, checks, bills of exchange, letters of credit from which payments can be made and the obligations of their owners repaid"), dividend ("part of the profit received by the shareholder"), convertible currency ("currency that can be freely exchanged for another currency") - words related to the field of economics; apse ("semicircular or polygonal protruding part of the building, having the actual ceiling"), attic ("wall located above the cornice crowning the structure"), nave ("longitudinal part of a Christian church, usually divided by a colonnade or arcade into the main and side aisles") - words related to architecture; verlúbre ("a verse bound by neither rhyme nor a specific meter"), litōta ("a stylistic figure of understatement of a subject"), tanka ("an ancient form of a five-line poem in Japanese poetry, without rhymes and without a clearly felt meter") - words that name concepts from the field of literary criticism, etc.
Among special words, terms and professionalisms can be distinguished.
Term - a word or a combination of words that is an officially accepted, legalized name of any concept of science, technology, etc. As a rule, in the system of this terminology (i.e., in the system of a given scientific discipline or a given scientific school), the term is unambiguous, emotionally and stylistically neutral.
Among the terms, there are highly specialized and commonly used * (they are also called commonly understood), meaning by the latter words understood (with varying degrees of completeness) and used not only by specialists. Examples of the former are medical: immobilization ("creation of immobility, rest"), hemothorax ("accumulation of blood in the pleura"), pericarditis ("inflammation of the pericardial sac"), etc.; linguistic: simplification ("the transformation of a previously segmented stem of words into an indivisible one, into a new root", cf.; "cloud", "rim", "forget", once associated with the words "envelop", "circle", "be"), prosthesis ("appearance of an additional sound in the absolute beginning of a word", cf.: "eight" and "eight", "lamb" and "lamb", "patrimony" and "fatherland", "caterpillar" and "mustache"). Examples of the latter are medical: amputation, hypertension, cardiogram, potassium permanganate, pleurisy, angina pectoris, etc.; linguistic: antonym, infinitive, metaphor, adverb, case, synonym, connecting vowel, suffix, etc.
The boundaries between highly specialized and commonly used terms are changeable. There is a constant movement of a part of highly specialized words into commonly used ones, which may no longer be recognized by non-specialists as terminological (although they remain terms in one or another special area, in one or another terminological system). A number of objective* factors contribute to this movement. One of these factors is an increase in the general educational, cultural level, the degree of special development of native speakers. Of great importance is the role of a particular science, branch of the economy, area of culture in any period of the life of society. The awareness of the role of any knowledge, scientific achievements is associated with the promotion of this knowledge, acquaintance with the achievements in this field, etc., which are carried out using the means at the disposal of society. Such means are fiction, criticism, popular science literature, and finally, modern mass media - print, radio, television. For example, the enormous public interest that the development of astronautics aroused, the constant coverage of its achievements in the periodical press determined the exit of a number of relevant terms beyond the limits of highly specialized circulation. Such terms include apogee, perigee, weightlessness, sound chamber, soft landing, selenology, etc.
Proclamation and implementation of a course of economic reforms by the government of Russia (and other countries of the former Soviet Union) and daily publications in newspapers of materials related to this course, advertisements for firms, banks, etc. have made such terms as shares, dividends, investments, freely convertible currency, marketing known to a wide circle of non-specialists.
Fiction also contributes to the development of terms. Thus, the romanticization of the sea, people associated with maritime professions in the stories of K. Stanyukovich, A. Green, in a number of translated works (J. Verne, J. London, etc.), contributed to the acquaintance of wide readership with maritime terms: avral, brig , drift, cables, cockpit, cabin, schooner, knot, etc. Science fiction writers have brought a considerable number of scientific terms closer to readers, such as antimatter, asteroid, galaxy, gravity, modulator, plasma, repeater, force field, etc.
The degree of understanding of the term and its inclusion in the category of commonly understood words is also related to its structure. Thus, terms consisting of familiar elements are easily assimilated, cf.: airbus, seamless, bituminization, pressure helmet, glue concrete, reeds, refraction, neo-capitalism, etc. Many terms that have arisen as a result of rethinking words are easily understood and mastered. An illustration of such terms can be the names of many parts of mechanisms, devices that are similar in appearance, function, etc. with household items: a fork, a janitor, a hammer, a sled, an apron. Wed also the anatomical terms scapula, pelvis, calyx (knee), apple (eye), the term of cybernetics memory. And vice versa, borrowed terms, consisting of elements that were previously semantically unknown, can become understandable only as a result of acquaintance with the concepts they denote. Compare, for example, terms such as avoirs, musical andante, cantabile, moderato, presto, like apse, attic, litote, nave, prosthesis, tanka, etc.
Entering into literary use, many terms are subjected to metaphorization and thus serve as a source of figurative means of the language. Compare, for example, such metaphors (and metaphorical phrases) that appeared at different times as agony, apogee, atmosphere, bacillus, vacuum, coil, zenith, impulse, ingredient, orbit, perturbation, potential, symptom, embryo; center of gravity, fulcrum, specific gravity, star of the first magnitude, reduce to zero, nutrient medium, tune in to the desired wave, weightlessness, etc.
Special vocabulary also includes professionalisms. Professionalisms are such words and phrases that are not currently officially recognized designations of special concepts. They usually appear in those cases when it becomes necessary to designate a variety of a concept, subject, and exist as professionalisms until they are officially recognized (and then they already begin to be called terms). So, in essence, the difference between a term and professionalism is the temporary informality of professionalisms. This difference can be demonstrated by the following examples. In the "Reference book of the proofreader" K.I. Bylinsky and A.H. Zhilina (M., 1960), among the professionalisms (they were given in quotation marks), along with the words and phrases "hanging line", "eye" error, "reins", "corridor" were attributed "siege marashka" and "hat" (marashka - typographical marriage in the form of a square, strip, etc., appearing as a result of white space material appearing on a sheet; cap - a large headline in a newspaper, common to several materials). In the second edition of the academic Dictionary of the Russian Language, the word marashka is given as a term, with a typographic mark, the cap is given here without any marks, in the later editions of the Ozhegov Dictionary (for example, in the 20th edition) with the cap is marked special. (i.e. the litter that accompanies the terms in this dictionary). It is quite obvious that the generic concept of "headline" turned out to be insufficient and a special word was needed - a cap, which began to be called large headlines typical of a newspaper, "covering" several materials on one topic. (The word marashka also turned out to be necessary to designate just such and such a marriage.) By the way, with a litter special. Ozhegov's dictionary also gives another relatively recent designation of a headline in a newspaper, a full house - "a hat, a large headline in a newspaper." (True, this interpretation lacks an indication that a full house is a headline of a sensational nature.) In any case, it is clear that professionalism arises when there is a need to name some specific concept, a special phenomenon.
The name "professionalism" as a designation of a special subject, a concept in relation to certain types of activity, occupations is generally more suitable than a "term". Such occupations include amateur hunting, fishing, amateur handicraft production, etc. In a word, all those (having a long tradition) occupations and occupations of those who do not enter into official, legal relations with the state (and these relations must always be defined in the exact terms of the law).
Professionalism of this kind is represented by vocabulary, overwhelmingly Russian in origin: belotrop (“first powder”), rubbed (“molt”), narysk (“fox trail”), rule (“tail of a dog, fox), spike ("muzzle of a greyhound dog"), flower ("tail of a hare") - hunting words widely reflected in our classical literature - in N.V. Gogol*, L.N. Tolstoy**, I.A. Bunin and others Of the Soviet writers, hunting professionalism is found in the works of M. Prishvin and V. Bianchi. We find the professionalism of fishermen in V. Soloukhin's essay "Grigor's Islands" (cf., for example, the types of artificial bait for fish mentioned here - mormyshka, bugs, coffins, pellets, droplets, fisheye, etc.).
Professional jargons adjoin the terms and professionalisms - informal designations of concepts, objects of a special and non-special nature, which are common in the colloquial speech of representatives of a particular profession. So, chemists, especially young ones, call hydrochloric acid hodgepodge, glassblowers - glassblowers; in the speech of the military (and those who have served military service) the guardhouse is a lip, guarding the guardhouse is a governor, civilian life is a citizen, demobilization is a demobilization; sailors have a boatswain - a dragon, a captain - a cap, a mechanic - a grandfather, to tell stories or just to amuse, amuse - poison, etc. Professional jargon, as a rule, is expressively colored.
Each profession has its own specifics, not only in the field of activity, but also in vocabulary. Terms, names of tools, work actions - all this has its own definitions, understandable only to specialists. Progress is sweeping the planet, and with the development of science, more and more new words appear. For example, it is worth noting that today there are almost 60 thousand items in the field of electronics, and in the well-known Ozhegov dictionary there are 3 thousand fewer of them. It cannot be called otherwise than a terminological explosion.
Professionalisms in Russian: place and meaning
First, let's define this phenomenon. Industrial vocabulary is an autonomous language system, which is a collection of all scientific and technical concepts and names. It has the most developed information function.
Special vocabulary also penetrates into the literary language, which is completely inevitable, since highly specialized words may well become commonly used for objective reasons. This includes the popularization of scientific knowledge, and raising the level of people's culture, and access to modern communication technologies. For example, today everyone knows what apogee and perigee are, you will not surprise anyone with the expression "soft landing" or the science of selenology.
The literary language and professional vocabulary have a common word-formation basis, so the reverse cycle can also occur: an already known concept acquires a new meaning that has a narrow specialization.
Communication of specialists, all kinds of scientific works, reports and production reports contain examples of professionalism, which have their own classification.
special vocabulary
First of all, it is a term (from Latin - "border"). This is the name of a word or phrase (in other words, a linguistic sign), which corresponds to a special concept. It is the terms that are included in the vast majority of neologisms that have appeared recently. An example would be professionalism in medicine.
Terminological system: its components are, in fact, all the same linguistic signs, but have already evolved from functioning as disparate (single) definitions to uniting into an integral scientific theory.
Nomen (from Latin "family name"). This is an independent category of vocabulary, denoting a single, visible object. For example, when they show us a device and say that it is an oscilloscope, then we will represent it every time as soon as we hear this word. For non-specialists, it is impossible to imagine another device that visualizes electrical vibrations.
The most democratic concept of special vocabulary is professionalism. They are especially widespread in the fact that most of them are unofficial synonyms for scientific concepts. Examples of professionalism can be found in explanatory dictionaries, and in newspapers, magazines, and literary works, they often perform a figurative and expressive function in these texts.
Occurrence classification
There are three ways to form special words:
Actually lexical. This is the emergence of new special names. For example, fishermen from the verb "shkerit" (gut fish) formed the name of the profession - "shkershik".
Lexico-semantic. The emergence of professionalisms by rethinking an already known word, that is, the emergence of a new meaning for it. For printers, a hat is not a headdress, but a heading that unites several publications. And the pipe for the hunter means nothing more than the tail of a fox.
Lexical and derivational. Examples of professionalisms that have arisen in this way are easy to identify, since suffixes or word addition are used for this. Everyone knows what a reserve is (a reserve mechanism or a part for something) or an editor-in-chief is an editor-in-chief.
Features of speech and special words
Despite the seeming limitation in use, professionalisms are found in all. You will not surprise anyone with the dryness of the official business style, therefore professionalisms in it have a simple function of conveying the meaning of the statement.
As for scientific speech, professionalism is used here for several reasons:
For better assimilation of information through the figurativeness of special vocabulary;
They make it possible to quickly memorize the text due to the capacity of concepts;
They avoid tautologies by putting examples of professionalisms in place of terms.
For journalistic and artistic styles, the use of special words occurs with the same functions:
Informational;
Communicative (not only hero-hero communication, but also reader-author);
Saving speech efforts - professionalism always explains in a shorter term;
Cognitive, forming cognitive interest.
Where do special words come from?
The main source of professionalisms, first of all, are primordially Russian words that have undergone semantic rethinking. They appear from common vocabulary: for example, for electricians, a hair becomes a thin wire. The colloquial-colloquial layer of vocabulary gives the name of the hammer handle - murder, and the jargon suggested that the driver call the idle time "kimar". Even the local dialects have shared a definition for the big road - the highway.
Another source of special words is borrowing from other languages. The most common of these professionalisms are examples of words in medicine. Whatever name you take, it's all Latin, except for the duck under the bed. Or, for example, a foreign printing machine with a form, called a cliche, from which we have only the designation of the drawing made by it.
Any branch of production has objects that make up a system in which classes can be distinguished. Both require certain names to be combined into thematic groups.
About lexical-thematic groups
Professional names contain not only knowledge about the industry, but also the attitude of the speaker to the subject. From this point of view, they are objective (as a rule, these are nomens) and subjective:
Expressing negativity or irony to the subject itself. So, a faulty car for motorists is a coffin.
Relation directly to the title. This is how the bomber became the bomber in aviation.
Even professionalism can indicate the quality of work. in construction they say about brickwork: wasteland (little mortar) or dam (uneven wall).
All these thematic groups are in certain connections, and it is they who break up reality with the help of words.
About lexico-semantic groups
They unite not only by the presence of an emotional assessment of the subject or its name, but also, if possible, interact with each other. This applies to semantic relations: synonymy, homonymy, ambiguity, metaphor. In this regard, the following groups can be distinguished:
Words that have an equivalent in common vocabulary. Their meaning can be found by opening the explanatory dictionary. There are a lot of professionalisms of this order in the Russian language: mine - large inter-column spaces on a newspaper page.
Terminological synonyms. In different areas, professionalism means the same thing. For example, among motorists, builders and machine builders, scrap is called a "pencil".
Multiple words. The word "Zhiguli", in addition to the well-known meaning of the car as a trademark, has an indication of a specific camshaft in mechanical engineering.
And finally, about the jargon
Each profession has a number of words, phrases, expressions that contain a very vivid expression. These are usually informal synonyms for certain terms. They are used exclusively in the communication of specialists and are called "professional jargon".
The specificity of this vocabulary makes speech incomprehensible to a third-party person who is outside this field of activity. Many programmer professions have a tinge of jargon: a teapot, a dog, or a crib. They are already more reminiscent of slang - a social dialect common in a highly professional or even asocial environment. The function of this language is conspiratorial, it is only for "their own".
Conclusion
Everything related to professional vocabulary, jargon and even argot must be constantly studied, since this is a fairly large lexical layer that cannot be ignored, since it reflects historical processes and the development of society.
Meaning of SPECIAL VOICE in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms
SPECIAL VOICE
Words and phrases that name objects and concepts related to various areas of human labor activity and are not commonly used. The special vocabulary includes terms and professionalisms.
Dictionary of linguistic terms. 2012
See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what is SPECIAL VOICE in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:
- SPECIAL
ECONOMIC ZONE - see FREE ECONOMIC ... - SPECIAL in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
CUSTOMS STATISTICS - information from the customs authorities of the Russian Federation used to ensure the solution of special tasks assigned to these authorities, and ... - SPECIAL in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
CUSTOMS DUTY - a duty that is applied as a protective measure if goods are imported into the customs territory of a given country in quantities of ... - SPECIAL in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
DISCOUNT - price discounts provided to those buyers with whom the company has long-term relationships and forms of special relations. These discounts are... - SPECIAL in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
DUTY - see SPECIAL CUSTOMS DUTIES... - SPECIAL in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
MISSION - a temporary foreign body of external relations, also called. diplomatic mission (temporary). In Art. 1 of the Convention on Special Missions ... - SPECIAL in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
SHARE - a share owned by a state organization. Takal action for a certain period gives the state organization broad rights close to ... - VOCABULARY in the Dictionary of Literary Terms:
- (from Greek lexis - speech; way of expression, syllable; turnover, word) - the totality of all the words of the language, its vocabulary. AT … - VOCABULARY in the Literary Encyclopedia:
(Greek) - a set of words of some language, the vocabulary of a language. L. is one of the sides of the language, most clearly revealing the connection of the language. … - VOCABULARY in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(from the Greek lexikos - related to the word) 1) the whole set of words, the vocabulary of the language. 2) A set of words characteristic of a given ... - VOCABULARY in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
(from the Greek lexikos - relating to the word), a set of words, the vocabulary of the language. L. of any language or dialect is studied by lexicology and ... - VOCABULARY in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
- VOCABULARY
(from the Greek lexikos - relating to the word), 1) the whole set of words, the vocabulary of the language. 2) A set of words characteristic of a given ... - VOCABULARY in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
and, pl. no, w. The vocabulary of a language or the works of a writer. Russian l. L. Dostoevsky. Lexical - relating to ... - VOCABULARY in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
, -i, f. Vocabulary of a language his style, sphere, and also someone's. works, individual works. Russian l. Spacious l. … - SPECIAL
SPECIAL RELATIVITY (particular theory of relativity), see Relativity theory ... - SPECIAL in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
SPECIAL ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY (SAO) RAS. Main in 1966 in the Zelenchuksky district of Karachay-Cherkessia. In 1975 introduced at high. 2070 m is the largest ... - VOCABULARY in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
LEXIKA (from the Greek lexikos - referring to the word), the whole set of words, the vocabulary of the language. The set of words characteristic of this variant ... - VOCABULARY in the Full accentuated paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
le "ksika, le" ksiki, le "ksiki, le" ksik, le "ksik, le" ksik, le" ksik, le" ksiki, le" ksik, le" ksik, le" ksik, le" ksik, ... - VOCABULARY in the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(from g * speech. lexikos - related to the word) - a set of words of the language, its vocabulary. This term is also used for... - VOCABULARY in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms:
(from the Greek lexikos - verbal, dictionary). 1) The vocabulary of the language. 2) A set of words related to the scope of their use. Oral vocabulary... - VOCABULARY in the Popular Explanatory-Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Russian Language:
-and, only units. , w. 1) The totality of the words of a smth. language, dialect. Vocabulary of the Russian language. 2) About the layers of the vocabulary: the totality ... - VOCABULARY in the Dictionary for solving and compiling scanwords:
Vocabulary ... - VOCABULARY in the Thesaurus of Russian business vocabulary:
Syn: See... - VOCABULARY in the New Dictionary of Foreign Words:
(gr. lexikos verbal lexis word, expression, figure of speech) a set of words that make up a language; vocabulary of works of some kind, ... - VOCABULARY in the Dictionary of Foreign Expressions:
[a set of words that make up a language; the vocabulary of the works of a certain author, or a collection of words used in a certain sth. sphere… - VOCABULARY in the Russian Thesaurus:
Syn: See... - VOCABULARY in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language:
Syn: See... - VOCABULARY in the New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language Efremova:
well. 1) a) The totality of the words of a smth. language, dialect. b) The totality of words used in any. field of activity. c) The set of words used ... - VOCABULARY in the Dictionary of the Russian Language Lopatin:
l`exics, ... - VOCABULARY in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language:
vocabulary, ... - VOCABULARY in the Spelling Dictionary:
l`exics, ... - VOCABULARY in the Dictionary of the Russian Language Ozhegov:
! the vocabulary of the language, some of its styles, spheres Russian l. Spacious l. L. Pushkin. vocabulary is the vocabulary of a language, some of its ... - VOCABULARY in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary, TSB:
(from the Greek lexikos - relating to the word), 1) the whole set of words, the vocabulary of the language. 2) A set of words characteristic of a given ... - VOCABULARY in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language Ushakov:
vocabulary, pl. no, w. (from Greek lexikos - dictionary) (philol.). A collection of words of a language, dialect, works of some writer, etc., ... - VOCABULARY in the Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova:
vocabulary 1) a) The totality of the words of a smth. language, dialect. b) The totality of words used in any. field of activity. c) a collection of words... - VOCABULARY in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language Efremova:
well. 1. A set of words of any language, dialect. ott. A set of words used in any field of activity. ott. A set of words used by someone ... - VOCABULARY in the Big Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
well. 1. A set of words of any language; vocabulary of this language. 2. A set of words, distinguished by any sign (origin, sphere ... - Nitroglycerine in the Medicines Directory:
NITROGLYCERIN (Nitroglycerin). Chemically, nitroglycerin is glycerol trinitrate. Synonyms: Angibid, Anginine [one of the synonyms of parmidine (see)], Angiolingual, Angised, ... - ROCKET AND SPACE INDUSTRY
The first steps in the development of their own rocket technology were made in Japan in the early 50s. at the Research Institute of Industrial Technologies ... - BON MATSURI in Encyclopedia Japan from A to Z:
- Day of Remembrance of the Dead - celebrated since the VI century. In ancient times, it was associated with the religious rituals of the cult of ancestors. … - CUSTOMS in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
SPECIAL STATISTICS - see SPECIAL CUSTOMS STATISTICS... - CUSTOMS in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
SPECIAL DUTIES - see SPECIAL CUSTOMS DUTIES ... - STATISTICS in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
CUSTOMS SPECIAL - see SPECIAL CUSTOMS STATISTICS... - DISCOUNT in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
SPECIAL - see SPECIAL DISCOUNT... - DUTY in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
CUSTOMS SPECIAL - see SPECIAL CUSTOMS DUTIES ... - DUTY in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
SPECIAL. see SPECIAL CUSTOMS DUTIES... - GRADE in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
BALANCE SHEET ITEMS - an expression in monetary terms of the types of economic assets reflected in the balance sheet and the sources of their formation: capital ... - MISSION in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
SPECIAL - see SPECIAL MISSION...
Special vocabulary- these are words and combinations of words used mainly by people of a certain profession, specialty. Among special words, terms and professionalisms stand out.
Terms (from lat. kertiz - border, limit) are catches, which are officially accepted names of scientific concepts, instruments, tools, machines. The set of terms of a particular science or profession is called terminology (for example, physical, linguistic, medical terminology).
The characteristic features of the term are: 1) unambiguity, 2) emotional and stylistic neutrality. Each term has a precise, logical definition, so it doesn't need context like most common words. For example:
Sharp [ie], -a, m. (special). A musical notation requiring a semitone to be raised.
Lysis, -a, m. (special). A slow drop in temperature with a gradual easing of the symptoms of the disease, as opposed to a crisis.
Sometimes there are words with two or more meanings that are used not in one, but in several professional areas. For example:
Aperture, -s, f. (special) 1. Muscular septum separating the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. 2. A plate in optical instruments with a hole that transmits rays.
Deviation [de], -i, f. (specialist.). 1. Deviation of the compass needle from the meridian line under the influence of large masses of iron located nearby. 2. Deviation from the desired direction (for example, the flight of a projectile, bullet, ship's course, etc.) under the influence of some reason.
Terms are highly specialized and commonly used.
Highly specialized terms are used only by specialists in this field. For example, the words abasia (loss of the ability to walk), abulia (pathological weakness of will, lack of will), bradycardia (slow heart rate) are used only in medicine, ablaut (morphologically determined vowel alternation), prosthesis (appearance of an additional sound at the absolute beginning of a word), thesaurus (language dictionary with complete semantic information) are used in linguistics, aval (guarantee for a bill made by a third party in the form of a special guarantee record), advice note (a notice sent by one counterparty to another about changes in the state of mutual settlements), surplus - ( excess of revenue over expenditure) are used in the field of economics; (aviation), anat. (anatomy), biol. (biol;); military (military), lingu, (linguistics), mat. (mathematics), psychol. (psychology), physical. (physics), etc.
Common terms have a wider scope and are understandable to many: adrenaline, appendicitis, tonsillitis, vaccine (med.); square, rectangle, trapezoid (math.), balance, deficit, credit (econ.).
Professional words are words used in the colloquial speech of people united by any profession, specialty, which are not officially recognized names of special concepts. For example: a window (in the speech of teachers) - “a free lesson in the middle of the school day”; zero (in the speech of teachers) - “preparatory class; children preparing to enter the first grade of the school, etc. When using professionalism in texts, words are often taken in quotation marks.
Special words used in a work of art give color, brightness to the work!, connect the literary text with life. For example:
Four blast furnaces dominated the plant with their monstrous chimneys. Next to them rose eight cowpers, designed to circulate heated air - eight huge iron towers topped with round domes. Other buildings scattered around the blast furnaces: repair shops, a foundry yard, a locomotive, rail-rolling, open-hearth and puddling furnaces, and so on (A. Kuprin).
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See what "Special vocabulary" is in other dictionaries:
Special Vocabulary- words and phrases, which are called objects and concepts related to decomp. spheres of human activity. The composition of S. L. includes terms and nomens, professionalisms and prof. jargon, to which, as a rule, are not commonly used ... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary
Special vocabulary- 1. A set of words and phrases denoting the concepts of a special field of knowledge or activity. Sl. subdivided into terms and professionalisms (professional jargon), for example, phoneme, morpheme (terms), cut into meanings ... ... Dictionary of sociolinguistic terms
special vocabulary- units The same as the terminological vocabulary ... Educational dictionary of stylistic terms
Words and phrases that name objects and concepts related to various areas of human labor activity and are not commonly used. The special vocabulary includes terms and professionalisms ...
special vocabulary
Special vocabulary- 1. A set of words and phrases denoting the concepts of a special field of knowledge or activity: 1) terms; 2) professionalisms (professional jargon). 2. Same as terminology... General linguistics. Sociolinguistics: Dictionary-Reference
vocabulary- (another Greek λεξικος verbal λεξις word, expression, figure of speech) A set of words that make up what l. language. 1) (vocabulary). The whole set of words that make up the literary language or dialect. 2) A set of words, ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
See special vocabulary... Dictionary of linguistic terms
Terms and concepts of linguistics: Vocabulary. Lexicology. Phraseology. Lexicography
vocabulary in terms of its scope- is divided into several groups: 1) the vocabulary of the people; 2) dialect vocabulary; 3) professional and special vocabulary; 4) jargon vocabulary ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
Books
- Russian history and culture in the artistic word. Vocabulary. Textbook, I. M. Kurnosova, V. I. Makarov. In the dictionary, material is semantized that reflects various elements of the lexical system of the Russian language of the 19th-20th centuries. in its development: ethnographisms, dialectisms, special vocabulary, ...
