ANGLO-JAPANESE UNION(1902-21) - an aggressive imperialist military-political alliance between England and Japan. First union treaty Jan 30 1902 (signed in London by British Foreign Secretary G. Lansdown and Japanese envoy T. Hayashi) provided for the neutrality of one of the allies in the event of a war between the other and one power and military assistance to the other ally in the event that one or more states join his opponent. -in. The treaty guaranteed Britain's "special interests" in China, and Japan's in Korea and China, and the Allies' right to intervene if their "special interests" were threatened by C.-L. danger due to "disturbances" within these countries or danger from without. Relying on A.-I. with. and with the assistance of the United States, Japan prepared and unleashed the "Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05". In the Taft-Katsura Agreement (July 27, 1905), the United States announced the actual (not formal) joining them to A.-I. with. and agreed to the establishment of Japan. protectorate over Korea. Even before the opening of the Russian-Japanese. peace conference, England began negotiations with Japan on the conclusion of a new, second union treaty, which was signed on August 12. 1905 (London; Lansdowne and Hayashi), 3 days after the opening of the Portsmouth conference. This treaty, like the Taft-Katsura agreement, recognized Japan's protectorate over Korea. The conclusion of these two agreements before the signing of Rus-Japan. (Portsmouth) treaty predetermined the decision of Cor. issue in this agreement. 2nd Anglo-Japanese. Union Treaty of 1905, unlike the first, provided for the military. the help of one ally to another in his war even with one power; Ind. were included in the scope of the agreement. dominions of England. In conditions of exacerbation after Russian-Japanese. War of 1904–05 Japanese-Amer. contradictions and deterioration of Anglo-Japanese. relations England feared that in the event of a Japanese-Amer. war, she will be forced under the terms of the treaty of 1905 to provide assistance to Japan. This led to the conclusion third Anglo-Japanese. union treaty July 13, 1911 (London; Foreign Minister of England E. Gray and Japanese Ambassador T. Kato). According to its terms, the ally should not have provided the military. assistance to another against that power, with which he has a general arbitration agreement (at that time, England was negotiating with the United States to conclude such an agreement). At the "Washington Conference 1921-22" the United States, with the support of Brit. dominions (Ch. arr. Canada) achieved the liquidation of A.-I. with. and replacing it with an agreement of 4 powers (England, USA, France and Japan) of 13 December. 1921.
According to A.-I. with. there is a large liter. However, the vast majority of it covers only k.-l. one of the periods of action A. - I. c: German - usually the 1st allied treaty, because Germany played means. role in his imprisonment; American - more often the end of the alliance, since the United States played a large role in breaking it (G. Zау Wood, China, the United States and the Anglo-Japanese alliance, N. Y., ), although some of the works published in the USA relate to the beginning And I. with. (A. L. P. Dennis, The Anglo-Japanese alliance, Berkeley, 1923). Relatively few works are devoted to the entire period of action of A.-I. with: Chang Chung-fu, The Anglo-Japanese alliance, Balt. – L., 1931; A. L. Galperin, Anglo-Japanese Union. 1902–1921, M., 1947 (appendices contain bibliography and texts of treaties on A.-i. with. in English and in Russian translation); Kajima Morinosuke, Nichiei gaiko shi (History of Japanese-English diplomatic relations), Tokyo, 1957 (covers the period from the 17th century to the Washington Conference). Not a single monograph on A.-I was published in England. s., in Japan there is a fairly large literature in Anglo-Japanese. relations (Muto Chodzo, Shinobu Shozaburo, and others), after the 2nd World War, documentation was also published (Nihon gaiko bunsho).
In London on January 30, 1902 for a 5-year term. However, even before the end of the Russo-Japanese War, they began to revise it, and on August 12, 1905, Lansdowne and Gayashi signed a new allied treaty in London for a 10-year period. This treaty was published on September 14 (27), 1905, that is, three weeks after the conclusion of the Portsmouth Peace.
The circumstances that brought about the Anglo-Japanese alliance of 1902 are inextricably linked with the events that accompanied the end of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. According to the Shimonoseki Peace Treaty of April 17, 1895, China, in addition to paying indemnity and various other difficult conditions, was obliged to recognize the independence of Korea and cede the Liaodong Peninsula to Japan. Then, at the initiative of Russia, the question arose of the influence of the European powers on Japan in favor of China. England, however, avoided interfering in Sino-Japanese affairs and, in the negotiations that arose, kept itself completely apart from the other powers.
Meanwhile, on April 23, 1895, Russia, France, and Germany turned to Japan demanding that they give up the Liaodong Peninsula and return Port Arthur to the Chinese. Not being ready for a new war and following the advice of the British envoy, Japan on May 10 agreed to submit to the insistence of the powers. By convention on November 8, 1895, Japan returned the Liaodong Peninsula to China for a reward of 30 million taels.
The consequence of European intervention was a rather complicated relationship between the powers in the Far East. On the one hand, a sort of tripartite, although not formalized, alliance of Russia, France and Germany was formed, which stopped the victorious march of the Japanese. At the same time, a special rapprochement between Russia and China was revealed: Russia provided it with the funds necessary to pay Japan and, in gratitude for the assistance provided, received the right to continue its Siberian railway route through Chinese territory. On the other hand, England's refusal to influence Japan laid the foundation for the establishment of friendly relations between these two states. Over time, the ground for the development of such friendly relations has increased significantly.
The active policy of Russia in the Far East after the Sino-Japanese war, its occupation of Port Arthur in 1898, the occupation of Manchuria after the Boxer Rebellion of 1900 - all this led to the fact that the common interests of England and Japan gradually became clear, who wanted to stop the ever-increasing influence of Russia . In an effort to reach the mainland and, in particular, to Korea, Japan, however, made an attempt to get closer to Russia, that is, to the power most interested in this issue. However, the failure of the mission of Marquis Ito in January 1901, who failed to establish agreements with Russia, forced Japan to look for other ways to achieve its goal. Realizing the proximity of the war with Russia and preparing for it, Japan considered it necessary to protect itself from a repetition of the events of 1895, when three powers opposed Japan. It was important for England to support Japan in order to create a serious counterbalance to the spread of Russian rule in the East. Under these conditions, an agreement was reached between England and Japan.
First union treaty
The first union treaty for a period of 5 years was signed in London on January 30, 1902. consisted of 6 articles and provided for the neutrality of one of the allies in the event of a war of the other with any power and military assistance to another ally if one or more states join his opponent. It guaranteed Britain's "special interests" in China, and Japan's in Korea and China, and the right of the Allies to intervene if their "special interests" were threatened in any way by "disturbances" within these countries or danger from outside. The treaty had an anti-Russian focus and was for Japan a preparation for the Russo-Japanese War.
The publication of the text of the treaty was followed by the solemn declaration of Russia and France of March 3/16, 1902, in which both governments declared that in the event of hostile actions by other powers, or a repetition of unrest in China that could violate the integrity and free development of the Celestial Empire, they leave themselves "to attend to the adoption of appropriate measures to protect their interests." Comparing this declaration with the Anglo-Japanese treaty, one cannot but admit that their significance was far from being equivalent. While the former bears traces of vague and uncertain decisions, the 1902 treaty precisely establishes the mutual relations of the allies and predetermines the complete isolation of Russia in the event of a future war with Japan. Subsequent events fully confirmed the importance of the Anglo-Japanese alliance. Japan, during the war with Russia, was provided with them from any outside interference. The success of the 1902 treaty and the sympathy that it enjoyed both in Japan and in England led to the fact that before the end of the Russo-Japanese War, when it had already become clear that the state of affairs in the Far East should change significantly, the question arose of revising of this agreement and to replace it with a new one.
Second alliance treaty
The second union treaty for a period of 10 years was signed on August 12, 1905 in London. It recognized the protectorate of Japan over Korea. Unlike the first, the 1905 treaty provided for military assistance from one ally to another in the event of a war, even with any one power; The Indian possessions of England were included in the scope of the treaty. In the conditions of aggravated relations with Japan, England feared that in the event of a Japanese-American war, she would be forced, under the terms of the 1905 treaty, to provide assistance to Japan. The treaty distinguished between two kinds of interests - general and special. Common interests boiled down to maintaining peace in the regions of East Asia and India, to ensuring the independence and integrity of China, and to the principle of equality of all peoples in trade and industry in China. The special interests of each ally were different. Britain's special interest is in the security of the Indian frontier. Japan's special interest is in Korea, which was recognized by England as being under the exclusive influence of Japan.
Third Union Treaty
The third union treaty for a period of 10 years was signed in London on July 13, 1911. According to its terms, an ally should not provide military assistance to another against the power with which he has a general arbitration agreement (at that time England was negotiating with the United States to conclude such an agreement).
The clash of economic interests of Japan and England in China, as well as the rapprochement of England and Japan with Russia, weakened the anti-Russian orientation and the overall significance of the Union. In the changed international situation, the Union took on an anti-German character. At the Paris Peace Conference of 1919-1920, Japan, using the Union and supporting England on a number of issues, succeeded in satisfying its claims to Shandong and the Pacific islands that belonged to Germany.
Termination of the union
At the Washington Conference of 1921-1922, on December 13, 1921, the Four Power Treaty between the USA, Great Britain, France and Japan was concluded. Article 4 stated that after the ratification of the treaty, the Anglo-Japanese alliance, renewed in 1911, ceased to be valid. British diplomats sought to emphasize that the treaty was not annulled, but only replaced by an agreement between the four powers - the bilateral pact gave way to the pact of the four powers. However, the Japanese delegate defined the meaning of Article 4 as follows: "In any case, you gave the (Anglo-Japanese) alliance a brilliant funeral."
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Notes
Literature
- Military Encyclopedia / Ed. V. F. Novitsky and others - St. Petersburg. : Society of I. V. Sytin, 1911-1915.
- // Algerian expeditions - Arakcheev, count, Alexey Andreevich. - St. Petersburg. ; [M .] : Typ. t-va I. V. Sytin, 1911. - S. 540-542. - (Military Encyclopedia: [in 18 volumes] / edited by V. F. Novitsky [and others]; 1911-1915, v. 2).
Links
- / M. P. Aizenshtat // A - Questioning. - M. : Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2005. - S. 702. - (Great Russian Encyclopedia: [in 35 volumes] / ch. ed. Yu. S. Osipov; 2004-, vol. 1). - ISBN 5-85270-329-X.
- - LSE STICERD Discussion paper (2002)
- - LSE STICERD Discussion paper (2003)
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An excerpt characterizing the Anglo-Japanese alliance
- I saw it myself.- How? Have you seen Mac alive? with arms or legs?
- Hike! Campaign! Give him a bottle for such news. How did you get here?
“They sent him back to the regiment, for the devil, for Mack. The Austrian general complained. I congratulated him on the arrival of Mack ... Are you, Rostov, just from the bathhouse?
- Here, brother, we have such a mess for the second day.
The regimental adjutant entered and confirmed the news brought by Zherkov. Tomorrow they were ordered to speak.
- Go, gentlemen!
- Well, thank God, we stayed too long.
Kutuzov retreated to Vienna, destroying the bridges on the rivers Inn (in Braunau) and Traun (in Linz). On October 23, Russian troops crossed the Enns River. Russian carts, artillery and columns of troops in the middle of the day stretched through the city of Enns, along this and that side of the bridge.
The day was warm, autumnal and rainy. The expansive vista that opened up from the elevation where the Russian batteries stood defending the bridge was suddenly covered by a muslin curtain of slanting rain, then suddenly expanded, and in the light of the sun objects, as if covered with varnish, became far and clearly visible. You could see the town under your feet with its white houses and red roofs, the cathedral and the bridge, on both sides of which, crowding, the masses of Russian troops poured. At the turn of the Danube one could see ships, and an island, and a castle with a park, surrounded by the waters of the confluence of the Enns with the Danube, one could see the left bank of the Danube, rocky and covered with pine forests, with a mysterious distance of green peaks and blue gorges. The towers of the monastery could be seen, standing out from behind a pine, seemingly untouched, wild forest; far ahead on the mountain, on the other side of the Enns, the enemy patrols could be seen.
Between the guns, at a height, stood in front the head of the rearguard, a general with a retinue officer, examining the terrain through a pipe. A little behind, sitting on the trunk of the gun, Nesvitsky, sent from the commander-in-chief to the rearguard.
The Cossack accompanying Nesvitsky handed over a purse and a flask, and Nesvitsky treated the officers to pies and real doppelkumel. The officers joyfully surrounded him, some on their knees, some sitting in Turkish on the wet grass.
- Yes, this Austrian prince was not a fool that he built a castle here. Nice place. What don't you eat, gentlemen? Nesvitsky said.
“I humbly thank you, prince,” answered one of the officers, talking with pleasure to such an important staff official. - Beautiful place. We passed by the park itself, saw two deer, and what a wonderful house!
“Look, prince,” said another, who really wanted to take another pie, but was ashamed, and who therefore pretended to look around the area, “look, our infantry have already climbed there. Over there, on the meadow, behind the village, three people are dragging something. "They're going to take over this palace," he said with visible approval.
“This and that,” said Nesvitsky. “No, but what I would like,” he added, chewing the pie in his beautiful moist mouth, “is to climb up there.
He pointed to a monastery with towers, visible on the mountain. He smiled, his eyes narrowed and lit up.
“It would be nice, gentlemen!
The officers laughed.
- If only to scare these nuns. Italians, they say, are young. Really, I would give five years of my life!
"They're bored, after all," said the bolder officer, laughing.
Meanwhile, the retinue officer, who was standing in front, pointed out something to the general; the general looked through the telescope.
“Well, that’s how it is, that’s how it is,” the general said angrily, lowering the receiver from his eyes and shrugging his shoulders, “that’s how it is, they will start hitting the crossing. And what are they doing there?
On the other side, with a simple eye, the enemy and his battery were visible, from which a milky white smoke appeared. Following the smoke, a long-range shot rang out, and it was clear how our troops hurried at the crossing.
Nesvitsky, panting, got up and, smiling, approached the general.
“Would your Excellency want to have a bite to eat?” - he said.
- It's not good, - said the general, without answering him, - ours hesitated.
“Would you like to go, Your Excellency?” Nesvitsky said.
“Yes, please go,” said the general, repeating what had already been ordered in detail, “and tell the hussars to be the last to cross and light the bridge, as I ordered, and to inspect the combustible materials on the bridge.
“Very well,” answered Nesvitsky.
He called a Cossack with a horse, ordered him to put away his purse and flask, and easily threw his heavy body onto the saddle.
“Really, I’ll stop by the nuns,” he said to the officers, who looked at him with a smile, and drove along the winding path downhill.
- Nut ka, where he will inform, captain, stop it! - said the general, turning to the gunner. - Get rid of boredom.
“Servant to the guns!” the officer commanded.
And a minute later the gunners merrily ran out of the fires and loaded.
- First! - I heard the command.
Boyko bounced 1st number. A gun rang metallically, deafeningly, and a grenade flew through the heads of all our people under the mountain, whistling, and, far from reaching the enemy, showed the place of its fall with smoke and burst.
The faces of the soldiers and officers cheered up at this sound; everyone got up and took up observations of the visible, as in the palm of your hand, movements below our troops and in front - the movements of the approaching enemy. The sun at that very moment completely emerged from behind the clouds, and this beautiful sound of a single shot and the brilliance of the bright sun merged into one cheerful and cheerful impression.
Two enemy cannonballs had already flown over the bridge, and there was a crush on the bridge. In the middle of the bridge, dismounted from his horse, pressed with his thick body to the railing, stood Prince Nesvitsky.
He, laughing, looked back at his Cossack, who, with two horses in a lead, was standing a few steps behind him.
As soon as Prince Nesvitsky wanted to move forward, the soldiers and wagons again pressed against him and again pressed him against the railing, and he had no choice but to smile.
- What are you, brother, my! - said the Cossack to the Furshtat soldier with a wagon, who was pushing against the infantry crowded v the very wheels and horses, - what a you! No, to wait: you see, the general must pass.
But the furshtat, ignoring the name of the general, shouted at the soldiers blocking his way: “Hey! compatriots! keep to the left, stop! - But the countrywomen, crowding shoulder to shoulder, clinging with bayonets and without interruption, moved along the bridge in one continuous mass. Looking down over the railing, Prince Nesvitsky saw the fast, noisy, low waves of the Enns, which, merging, rippling and bending near the piles of the bridge, overtook one another. Looking at the bridge, he saw equally monotonous living waves of soldiers, kutas, shakos with covers, knapsacks, bayonets, long guns and from under the shakos faces with wide cheekbones, sunken cheeks and carefree tired expressions, and moving legs along the sticky mud dragged onto the boards of the bridge . Sometimes, between the monotonous waves of soldiers, like a splash of white foam in the waves of Enns, an officer in a raincoat, with his physiognomy different from the soldiers, squeezed between the soldiers; sometimes, like a piece of wood winding along the river, a foot hussar, orderly or inhabitant was carried away across the bridge by waves of infantry; sometimes, like a log floating down the river, surrounded on all sides, a company or officer's wagon floated over the bridge, overlaid to the top and covered with skins.
“Look, they burst like a dam,” the Cossack said, stopping hopelessly. – How many of you are still there?
- Melion without one! - Winking, a cheerful soldier, passing close in a torn overcoat, said and disappeared; behind him passed another, old soldier.
“When he (he is an enemy) starts frying a taperich across the bridge,” the old soldier said gloomily, turning to his comrade, “you will forget to itch.
And the soldier passed. Behind him, another soldier rode on a wagon.
“Where the devil did you put the tucks in?” - said the batman, running after the wagon and groping in the back.
And this one passed with a wagon. This was followed by cheerful and, apparently, drunken soldiers.
“How can he, dear man, blaze with a butt in his very teeth ...” one soldier in a highly tucked overcoat said joyfully, waving his arm wide.
- That's it, that's sweet ham. replied the other with a laugh.
And they passed, so that Nesvitsky did not know who was hit in the teeth and what the ham referred to.
- Ek is in a hurry that he let in a cold one, and you think they will kill everyone. said the non-commissioned officer angrily and reproachfully.
“As it flies past me, uncle, that core,” said a young soldier with a huge mouth, barely restraining himself from laughter, “I just froze. Really, by God, I was so frightened, trouble! - said this soldier, as if boasting that he was frightened. And this one passed. It was followed by a wagon unlike any that had passed before. It was a German fallow steamer, loaded, it seemed, with a whole house; Behind the bowstring, which was carried by a German, a beautiful, motley, with a huge neck, cow was tied. On the feather bed sat a woman with a baby, an old woman and a young, purple-haired, healthy German girl. Apparently, these evicted residents were let through by special permission. The eyes of all the soldiers turned to the women, and while the wagon passed, moving step by step, all the remarks of the soldiers referred only to two women. On all faces there was almost the same smile of obscene thoughts about this woman.
The treaty was originally negotiated by British Foreign Secretary Lord Lansdowne and Japanese Minister Resident in London Hayashi Tadasu. (English) Russian in London on January 30, 1902 for a 5-year term. However, even before the end of the Russo-Japanese War, they began to revise it, and on August 12, 1905, Lansdowne and Gayashi signed a new allied treaty in London for a 10-year period. This treaty was published on September 14 (27), 1905, that is, three weeks after the conclusion of the Portsmouth Peace.
The circumstances that brought about the Anglo-Japanese alliance of 1902 are inextricably linked with the events that accompanied the end of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. According to the Shimonoseki Peace Treaty of April 17, 1895, China, in addition to paying indemnity and various other difficult conditions, was obliged to recognize the independence of Korea and cede the Liaodong Peninsula to Japan. Then, at the initiative of Russia, the question arose of the influence of the European powers on Japan in favor of China. England, however, avoided interfering in Sino-Japanese affairs and, in the negotiations that arose, kept itself completely apart from the other powers.
Meanwhile, on April 23, 1895, Russia, France, and Germany turned to Japan demanding that they give up the Liaodong Peninsula and return Port Arthur to the Chinese. Not being ready for a new war and following the advice of the British envoy, Japan on May 10 agreed to submit to the insistence of the powers. By convention on November 8, 1895, Japan returned the Liaodong Peninsula to China for a reward of 30 million taels.
The consequence of European intervention was a rather complicated relationship between the powers in the Far East. On the one hand, a sort of tripartite, although not formalized, alliance of Russia, France and Germany was formed, which stopped the victorious march of the Japanese. At the same time, a special rapprochement between Russia and China was revealed: Russia provided it with the funds necessary to pay Japan and, in gratitude for the assistance provided, received the right to continue its Siberian railway route through Chinese territory. On the other hand, England's refusal to influence Japan laid the foundation for the establishment of friendly relations between these two states. Over time, the ground for the development of such friendly relations has increased significantly.
The active policy of Russia in the Far East after the Sino-Japanese war, its occupation of Port Arthur in 1898, the occupation of Manchuria after the Boxer Rebellion of 1900 - all this led to the fact that the common interests of England and Japan gradually became clear, who wanted to stop the ever-increasing influence of Russia . In an effort to reach the mainland and, in particular, to Korea, Japan, however, made an attempt to get closer to Russia, that is, to the power most interested in this issue. However, the failure of the mission of Marquis Ito in January 1901, who failed to establish agreements with Russia, forced Japan to look for other ways to achieve its goal. Realizing the proximity of the war with Russia and preparing for it, Japan considered it necessary to protect itself from a repetition of the events of 1895, when three powers opposed Japan. It was important for England to support Japan in order to create a serious counterbalance to the spread of Russian rule in the East. Under these conditions, an agreement was reached between England and Japan.
First union treaty
The first union treaty for a period of 5 years was signed in London on January 30, 1902. consisted of 6 articles and provided for the neutrality of one of the allies in the event of a war of the other with any power and military assistance to another ally if one or more states join his opponent. It guaranteed Britain's "special interests" in China, and Japan's in Korea and China, and the right of the Allies to intervene if their "special interests" were threatened in any way by "disturbances" within these countries or danger from outside. The treaty had an anti-Russian focus and was for Japan a preparation for the Russo-Japanese War.
The publication of the text of the treaty was followed by the solemn declaration of Russia and France of March 3/16, 1902, in which both governments declared that in the event of hostile actions by other powers, or a repetition of unrest in China that could violate the integrity and free development of the Celestial Empire, they leave themselves "to attend to the adoption of appropriate measures to protect their interests." Comparing this declaration with the Anglo-Japanese treaty, one cannot but admit that their significance was far from being equivalent. While the former bears traces of vague and uncertain decisions, the 1902 treaty precisely establishes the mutual relations of the allies and predetermines the complete isolation of Russia in the event of a future war with Japan. Subsequent events fully confirmed the importance of the Anglo-Japanese alliance. Japan, during the war with Russia, was provided with them from any outside interference. The success of the 1902 treaty and the sympathy that it enjoyed both in Japan and in England led to the fact that before the end of the Russo-Japanese War, when it had already become clear that the state of affairs in the Far East should change significantly, the question arose of revising of this agreement and to replace it with a new one.
Second alliance treaty
The second union treaty for a period of 10 years was signed on August 12, 1905 in London. It recognized the protectorate of Japan over Korea. Unlike the first, the 1905 treaty provided for military assistance from one ally to another in the event of a war, even with one of some powers; The Indian possessions of England were included in the scope of the treaty. In the conditions of aggravation of relations with Japan, England feared that in the event of a Japanese-American war, she would be forced, under the terms of the 1905 treaty, to provide assistance to Japan. The treaty distinguished between two kinds of interests - general and special. Common interests boiled down to maintaining peace in the regions of East Asia and India, to ensuring the independence and integrity of China, and to the principle of equality of all peoples in trade and industry in China. The special interests of each ally were different. Britain's special interest is in the security of the Indian frontier. Japan's special interest is in Korea, which was recognized by England as being under the exclusive influence of Japan.
Third Union Treaty
The third union treaty for a period of 10 years was signed in London on July 13, 1911. According to its terms, an ally should not provide military assistance to another against the power with which he has a general arbitration agreement (at that time England was negotiating with the United States to conclude such an agreement).
30 January 1902 London
The Anglo-Japanese Alliance Treaty was signed in London and was extremely beneficial Japan, as it guaranteed her a one-on-one war with Russia, since a possible ally of Russia would be at war with England. In 1902, England entered into an alliance with Japan, preparing a war against her. Russia. Finding itself in a state of diplomatic isolation after the conclusion of the Anglo-Japanese alliance, Russia turned to its ally France and to what was considered friendly Germany with a request to draw up a collective response to this act. France agreed only to the signing of the declaration, which did not bind her to anything. Germany, on the other hand, refused to sign the declaration, because it was interested in Russia getting bogged down in the war in the Far East and ensuring her free hand in Europe.
The governments of Great Britain and Japan, driven solely by the desire to maintain the status quo and general peace in the Far East, and being, moreover, especially interested in maintaining independence and territorial integrity Chinese Empire and the Korean Empire and in particular equal conditions in these countries for the trade and industry of all peoples, we hereby agree as follows:
Art. 1. The High Contracting Parties, having mutually recognized the independence of China and Korea, declare that they are not guided by any aggressive aspirations in any given country. Bearing in mind, however, her special interests, of which the interests of Great Britain concern mainly China, while Japan, in addition to her interests in China, has a special interest in political, as well as in commercial and industrial relations, in Korea, the high contracting The parties acknowledge that it will be permissible for each of them to take such measures as may be necessary for the safeguarding of such interests if they are threatened by any act of aggression by any other power, or by disturbances arising in China or Korea and causing the intervention of one or another of the high contracting parties for the protection of the life and property of her subjects.
Art. 2. In the event that Britain or Japan, in defense of their mutual interests, as indicated above, is involved in a war with another power, then the other contracting party will observe strict neutrality and try to prevent other powers from joining hostile actions against her allies.
Art. 3. If, under the above circumstances, any other power or powers join in hostilities against such an ally, then the other contracting party will come to its aid and will wage war in common and make peace in mutual agreement with it.
Art. 4. The High Contracting Parties agree that neither of them will, without consulting the other, enter into a separate agreement with another Power to the detriment of the aforementioned interests.
Art. 5. When, in the opinion of Britain or Japan, the aforementioned interests are threatened, both governments will communicate this to each other with completeness and frankness.
Art. 6. This agreement will enter into force immediately from the date of its signing and will remain in force for five years from that date. In the event that neither of the contracting parties had declared, 12 months before the expiration of the said five years, their intention to terminate it, it would remain in force until the expiration of one year from the date of renunciation by one or another of the high contracting parties. But if, when the time fixed for its termination comes, one of the allies is already at war, the alliance will ipso facto remain in force until peace is made.
Collection of treaties and other documents on the history of international relations in the Far East (1842-1925).-M., 1927.-S. 153-154.
In the historical dictionary:
The Anglo-Japanese Alliance of 1902 is a military-political alliance concluded (January 30) in London between Great Britain and Japan.
The treaty provided for the neutrality of one of the allies in the event of war with any one power and military assistance against a coalition of hostile states; "special interests" of England in China, Japan in Korea and China were guaranteed.
In fact, the treaty was directed against Russia. It was for Japan the diplomatic support of one of the great powers on the eve of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905.
Orlov A.S., Georgiev N.G., Georgiev V.A. Historical dictionary. 2nd ed. M., 2012, p. sixteen.
The governments of Great Britain and Japan, driven solely by the desire to maintain the status quo and general peace in the Far East, and being, moreover, especially interested in maintaining the independence and territorial integrity of the Chinese Empire and the Korean Empire and in particular equal conditions in these countries for trade and industries of all peoples, we hereby agree as follows:
Art. 1. The High Contracting Parties, having mutually recognized the independence of China and Korea, declare that they are not guided by any aggressive aspirations in any given country. Bearing in mind, however, her special interests, of which the interests of Great Britain concern mainly China, while Japan, in addition to her interests in China, has a special interest in political, as well as in commercial and industrial relations, in Korea, the high contracting The parties acknowledge that it will be permissible for each of them to take such measures as may be necessary for the safeguarding of such interests if they are threatened by any act of aggression by any other power, or by disturbances arising in China or Korea and causing the intervention of one or another of the high contracting parties for the protection of the life and property of her subjects.
Art. 2. In the event that Britain or Japan, in defense of their mutual interests, as indicated above, is involved in a war with another power, then the other contracting party will observe strict neutrality and try to prevent other powers from joining hostile actions against her allies.
Art. 3. If, under the above circumstances, any other power or powers join in hostilities against such an ally, then the other contracting party will come to its aid and will wage war in common and make peace in mutual agreement with it.
Art. 4. The High Contracting Parties agree that neither of them will, without consulting the other, enter into a separate agreement with another Power to the detriment of the aforementioned interests.
Art. 5. When, in the opinion of Britain or Japan, the aforementioned interests are threatened, both governments will communicate this to each other with completeness and frankness.
Art. 6. This agreement will enter into force immediately from the date of its signing and will remain in force for five years from that date. In the event that neither of the contracting parties had declared, 12 months before the expiration of the said five years, their intention to terminate it, it would remain in force until the expiration of one year from the date of renunciation by one or another of the high contracting parties. But if, when the time appointed for its termination comes, one of the allies is already at war, then the alliance will ipso facto remain in force until the conclusion of peace.
Collection of treaties and other documents on the history of international relations in the Far East (1842-1925) - M., 1927.-S. 153-154.
The Anglo-Japanese Alliance Treaty was signed in London and was extremely beneficial to Japan, as it guaranteed a one-on-one war with Russia, since a possible Russian ally would be at war with England. IN AND. Lenin wrote that in 1902 “England entered into an alliance with Japan, preparing her war against Russia (T. 30. - P. 186).
Finding itself in a state of diplomatic isolation after the conclusion of the Anglo-Japanese alliance, Russia turned to its ally France and Germany, which was considered friendly, with a request to draw up a collective response to this act. France agreed only to the signing of the declaration, which did not bind her to anything. Germany refused to sign the declaration, because it was interested in that. so that Russia would get bogged down in a war in the Far East and ensure her free hand in Europe.
