§ 1 What is dialectism?

Each word has its own fate. Like a person, it is born, lives and dies. Lev Uspensky wrote: “The word is like a plantain: it cannot go anywhere on its own. But people bring it everywhere. And often they leave, but it remains, as a faithful witness: they were here!

Let's imagine that we came to visit our grandparents, in their old, but so dear and friendly village house. Grandma tells us:

Granddaughter, go to the bulkhead. On the ship's vessel, guards lie and pancakes, and in the oven, behind a shutter, there is a patch with potatoes. Put it on the table. And you, dear, get the salt from the shelf. So the grandfather came from mowing. Well, how? How many passes did you go through?

Grandfather answers:

Rosa is good. Only the forces are not the same. The case will be small. Yes, and the scythe mows badly, it is necessary to beat.

Grandma says:

Don't get angry! God willing, and this will be enough, but there won't be a bucket, so we'll rot that too. Have you pledged to mow something? Sit down at the table, let's eat. I, too, just came from tynka. Wash your hands, but take not a washcloth, but a towel.

Not everything is clear from the conversation of our heroes. And they understood each other. The words were familiar to them, familiar to them. These are the words we will study today in the lesson.

Now back to our heroes. Let's find out what they were talking about.

Bulkhead - kitchen.

Sudnitsa - kitchen table and cupboard.

Opekishi are cakes baked on hot coals in a Russian oven.

The damper is the door to the oven.

Latka - earthenware for cooking in a Russian oven.

Polichka - a shelf in the kitchen.

Prokosivo - cut grass in one scythe grip.

Dew - morning or evening mowing.

Deloukha - a plot of cut grass.

To beat - to make sharp (about a spit).

Shibko - strongly.

Bucket - sunny weather.

To rot - not to dry (about hay).

To pledge - to rest during a break in work.

Tynok - garden.

Utirka - handkerchief.

So, our heroes used dialect words in their conversation.

Dialectisms are words that are used by the inhabitants of a certain area. Dialect comes from the Greek word "dialect" and means "speaking". And the science

studying local dialects is called dialectology.

§ 2 Meaning of dialect words

The study of dialect words is necessary, since this is our history, the past.

There are words that are a reflection of the spiritual life of the people, saying which you feel: “Here is the Russian spirit, here it smells of Russia!”. Here is our home. A home is a dwelling, protection, fortress, reliability, a place for rest and recuperation, a hearth, traditions, hospitality, cordiality, arrangement, warmth, love, light, Motherland. This means that the house is not only a dwelling, it is also a birch growing under the window, and your village, and our entire great Motherland, these are our origins, our traditions.

In Russia, the brownie was considered the guardian of the house from time immemorial. Any person, whoever he may be, should take care of his house. There is an expression: "work on a round house": a circle is the most perfect figure. Round means cozy.

Thus, we should not forget dialect words, they can disappear forever, because the word cannot be restored by any “excavations”.

§ 3 Dictionary of dialect words

V.I. devoted his life to compiling a dictionary of dialect words. Dal. His "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language", which includes more than 200 thousand words, is called "an encyclopedia of Russian life in the first half of the 19th century.

IN AND. Dahl began his grandiose work on collecting dialect materials, having heard from the driver the word “rejuvenates”, which in some dialects means “clouded”, “cloudy”. It was his first entry, which laid the foundation for the future dictionary.

There are also special dialect dictionaries (or dictionaries of Russian folk dialects).

The ability to figuratively and accurately use a dialect word can be learned from the great classics of our literature. Writers use them in their works to convey the features of everyday life and speech of local residents.

For example, S. Yesenin's poem "In the hut."

Smells like loose wankers;

At the threshold in a bowl of kvass,

Over turned stoves

Cockroaches climb into the groove.

Soot curls over the damper,

In the oven, the threads of popelits,

And on the bench behind the salt shaker -

Husks of raw eggs.

Mother with grips will not cope,

bending low,

The old cat sneaks up to the shawl

For fresh milk...

Dezhka (or dezha) - a wooden tub in which the dough is kneaded.

Drochena - a dish of potatoes and flour mixed with milk and eggs.

Mahotka - lid, pot.

A groove is a narrow gap between bricks and boards.

Pechurka (pechurok) - a recess in the wall of a Russian stove, where various things are placed to dry.

You should never forget about an important point in a conversation about dialect vocabulary. Konstantin Paustovsky wrote: “There is a peak - a pure and flexible Russian literary language. Enriching it with local words requires strict selection and great taste. A local word can enrich the language only if it is figurative, harmonious and understandable. Therefore, you need to clearly know: not every dialect word, not every form is acceptable.

List of used literature:

1. Russian language Grade 6 (Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A., Trostentsova L.A.)
2. V.V. Volin "Russian language. We learn by playing.

Used images:

The Russian language is rich, but they make it even more colorful dialectic words. Dialects exists in any language. This article by L. Skvortsov from the old magazine "Family and School" (1963) will be useful to everyone who studies linguistics, Russian and foreign languages ​​in depth. The article will discuss the features use of dialectisms will be given examples of dialect words and expressions.

Dialectisms: examples of words

Many of us, especially those who had to live in different regions of the country, noticed, of course, that living Russian speech has local differences.

Examples:

In the Yaroslavl, Arkhangelsk, Ivanovo regions and in the Upper Volga region, people “okay” (pronounce the end, go, stop). At the same time, they put the stress correctly, but in an unstressed position, a clear, round “O” is pronounced. In some Novgorod and Vologda villages, they “click” and “click” (they say “tsai” instead of tea, “kuricha” instead of chicken, etc.). In the villages of the Kursk or Voronezh regions, you can hear “yakan” (village and trouble are pronounced there as “syalo”, “byada”), a special pronunciation of consonant sounds (“mustache” instead of everything, “lauki” instead of a shop, etc.).

Connoisseurs of Russian dialects, linguists, on the basis of characteristic linguistic features - sometimes very subtle, hardly noticeable - easily establish the region or even the village where the person came from, where he was born. Such local differences exist in many languages ​​and form the basis of those unities that are called dialects or dialects in the science of language.

Modern dialects of the Russian language are divided into two main dialects.

Examples:

To the north of Moscow, there is a North Russian (or North Great Russian) dialect. It is characterized by many features, including “okany”, the explosive quality of the sound “g” - mountain, arc - and the firm pronunciation of verb endings in the 3rd person singular. numbers: goes, carries, etc.

To the south of Moscow, the South Russian (or South Great Russian) dialect is observed. It is characterized by “akanye”, a special quality of “g” (fricative, duration) - mountain, arc - and the soft pronunciation of the same verb endings: go, carry, etc. (The language differences of these adverbs are supplemented by ethnographic differences: features and construction dwellings, the originality of clothing, household utensils, etc.).

North Great Russian dialects do not go directly into South Russian dialects in the south. Between these two dialects lie Central Russian (or Middle Great Russian) dialects, which arose as a result of interaction, "mixing" of North Russian and South Russian dialects in the border strip. A typical Central Russian dialect is the Moscow dialect, which combines the hardness of verb endings (Northern Russian trait) with “akan” (South Russian trait).

There is a fairly widespread opinion that dialects are a local distortion of the language, a "local irregular dialect". In reality, dialects (or dialects) are a historical phenomenon. The special historical-linguistic science of dialectology, on the basis of a thorough study of dialects, restores pictures of the ancient state of the language, helps to reveal the internal laws of language development.

Russian literary language and dialects

In the era of the decomposition of the primitive communal system, the Slavs united in tribal unions (VI - VIII centuries AD). The composition of these unions included tribes who spoke closely related dialects. It is interesting to note that some of the currently existing dialect differences in the Russian language date back to the era of tribal dialects.

In the 9th-10th centuries, the Old Russian nationality was formed. This was due to the transition of the Eastern Slavs to a class society and the formation of the Russian state with its center in Kyiv. The language unit at this time becomes the dialect of a particular region, which gravitates economically and politically towards a certain urban center (for example, Novgorod - on the former land of Slovenes, Pskov - on the land of the Krivichi. Rostov and Suzdal - on the territory of the descendants of the Krivichi and partially Vyatichi) . Subsequently, such a unit was the dialect of the feudal principality - the direct progenitor of modern Russian dialects.

Above the local dialects, uniting all those who speak Russian, stands the literary Russian language, which has developed as a national language at the time of the formation of the Russian nation and statehood. Appearing on the basis of Central Russian dialects and the Moscow dialect, the literary language absorbed the best elements of folk dialects, was processed for centuries by masters of the word - writers and public figures - was fixed in writing, affirmed uniform and binding literary norms for all.

However, having become independent, the literary language was never separated by a blank wall from the dialects. Even now it (albeit to a relatively small extent) is replenished with words and phrases of folk dialects. Not everyone knows, for example, that “kosovitsa”, “farmer”, “plowing”, “steam”, “initiative”, “break wood” are dialectal words and expressions that have now become literary. Some of them came from the north, others from the south. It is interesting, for example, that we now say “hut reading room” and “hut-laboratory” and do not notice that “hut” is a North Russian word, and “hut” is South Russian. For us, both of these combinations are equally literary.

From what has been said, it should be clear that it is impossible to evaluate dialects as "local distortions" of the Russian language. The system of each dialect (features of pronunciation, grammatical structure, vocabulary) is highly stable and, acting within a limited territory, is a generally accepted means of communication for this territory; so that the speakers themselves (especially among the elderly) use it as familiar from childhood and by no means "distorted" Russian.

Russian dialectisms and related languages

Why, after all, dialectal speech is sometimes characterized as corrupted literary? This is explained by the fact that in terms of vocabulary, the general literary language and dialects largely coincide (with the exception of “untranslatable” dialectisms: the names of peculiar household items, clothing, etc.), while the “external design” (sound, morphological) of ordinary words in this or that dialect is unusual. This unusualness of well-known, commonly used (as if simply “warped”) words in the first place attracts attention: “cucumber” or “igurec” (instead of cucumber), “hands”, “rake” (instead of hands, rake), “ ripe apple” (instead of a ripe apple), etc. It is clear that in the literary language such dialectisms have always been considered as violations of the norm.

Everyone who wants to master the correct Russian speech must know the peculiarities of the dialect in which he lives, know his "deviations" from the literary language in order to be able to avoid them,

In Russian dialects bordering on Ukrainian and Belarusian, the picture is complicated by the influence of these related languages. In the Smolensk and Bryansk regions (bordering Belarus), you can hear, for example, “I rush”, “I rush” instead of shave, I shave, “ladder” instead of a rag, “prama” instead of straight, “adzezha” i.e. clothes, clothes and etc. Everyday language environment has a significant impact on the speech of Russian people living on the territory of Ukraine. Elements of the Ukrainian language are widely known, the so-called Ukrainisms that penetrate into the speech of Russian people and often spread beyond the borders of Ukraine: “play” instead of play, “pour” instead of pour, “mark” (tram number), “extreme” instead of the last, “where are you going?" instead of where are you going ?, “I’m going to you” instead of going to you, “at kume” instead of kuma, “sweet jam” instead of sweet jam, “back” instead of again, again, “chicken” instead of chicken and others.

The use of dialectisms. Literary-dialect bilingualism

The question may arise: is there a danger to living Russian speech because of such a wide distribution of dialectisms in it? Will the dialect element overwhelm our language?

There was no such danger. Despite the abundance of dialect deviations, they are all local in nature. We must not forget that the literary Russian language, the guardian and collector of the linguistic values ​​of the people in all periods of its history, stands guard over speech culture. Due to historical changes in the life and way of life of our people, local dialects of the Russian language are disappearing. They are destroyed, dissolved in the literary language, which is becoming more widespread. Nowadays, the broadest masses have joined the literary Russian language - through the press, books, radio, television. A characteristic feature of this active process is a kind of literary-dialect "bilingualism". For example, at school, in the classroom, students speak, focusing on the literary language, and in the family circle, in conversation with elders or among themselves, in a social setting, they use the local dialect, using dialectisms in speech.

It is interesting that the speakers themselves clearly feel their “bilingualism”.

Examples:

“At the school at the Konotop station,” says reader M.F. Ivanenko, “boys and girls, students of the 10th grade, bypassing the swampy place, said to each other:“ Go this way ”or“ go there ”, or“ go for - on me." I asked them, "Will you write like that?" - "How?" - “Yes, like this - here, there, behind me?” - "No, - they answer, - we say so, but we will write - there, here, for me." A similar case is described by the reader P. N. Yakushev: “In the Klepikovo district of the Ryazan region, high school students say “he’s going” instead of he’s going, “the wires are buzzing” (i.e., making noise, buzzing), “she’s dressed” instead of dressed, etc. If you ask: “Why do you say that? Is that what they say in Russian?”, then the answer is usually: “We don’t say that at school, but we do at home. That's what everyone says."

Literary and dialectal "bilingualism" is an important intermediate stage in the disappearance, leveling (leveling) of folk dialects. For centuries, a linguistic community that has developed over the centuries subjugates the speech activity of the inhabitants of a particular locality. And, in order not to interfere with communication, not to violate the usual speech skills, people are forced to speak in everyday life, in everyday life, in a dialect - the language of grandfathers and fathers. For each individual person, such bilingualism is in a state of unstable balance: how much a person is “embarrassed” in the conditions of his native dialect to speak literary, “city-like”, he is just as shy in the city or in general in the conditions of literary speech to speak in his own way, “in - rustic.

HOW DIALECTS DISAPPEAR

“Bilingualism” is an important result of the universal education we have; it helps to quickly get rid of dialectal features in the conditions of literary speech. It must be borne in mind, however, that in dialect-literary bilingualism (and in general when mastering a literary language) people often know only the most characteristic, obvious features of the use of their dialect. They know how to avoid them in literary speech, but they do not notice smaller, “hidden” dialectal features behind them. First of all, this applies to pronunciation and stress. It is known, after all, that pronunciation skills are developed in a person at a relatively early age and usually remain for life. Therefore, having freed, for example, from “okanya” or “yakanya”, a person continues to say “blizzard” (blizzard), “beetroot” (beetroot), “bochka” (barrel), “brooky” (trousers), “mine” and “yours” (mine and yours), “flow” and “run” (flows and runs), etc., without noticing these deviations from the norm.

In our time, local linguistic features are preserved mainly in villages and villages. The speech of the urban population also partly reflects regional dialects. But even before the revolution, the influence of the literary language seized all sections of the urban population and began to penetrate into the countryside. This is especially true for those areas where seasonal industries were highly developed (for example, the northern provinces of pre-revolutionary Russia). At the same time, the influence of "urban" speech was most pronounced among the male population, while the speech of women (who usually worked at home) retained archaic local features.

The destruction of Russian dialects, their dissolution in the literary language of the Soviet era is a complex and uneven process. Due to the stability of certain linguistic phenomena, dialect differences will persist for a long time to come. Therefore, it is impossible, as some people think, to "extirpate" all dialects in one fell swoop. However, it is possible and necessary to fight against dialectal features, dialectisms, penetrating into literary Russian speech and clogging it. The key to success in the fight against dialectisms is an active and deep mastery of the norms of the literary language, a wide promotion of the culture of Russian speech. A special role belongs to the rural school and its teachers. After all, in order to teach students to speak literary and competently, write without errors, the teacher must know what local features can be reflected in the speech of students.

Dialect words can be found in the books of Russian writers - old and modern. Dialectisms are usually used by realist writers only to create local speech coloring. In the author's own narrative, they appear very rarely. And here it all depends on the skill of the artist, on his taste and tact. The wonderful words of M. Gorky to the effect that “local dialects”, “provincialisms” very rarely enrich the literary language, more often litter it by introducing uncharacteristic, incomprehensible words, still remain in force.

Article from the magazine "Family and School", L. Skvortsov.
Researcher at the Institute of the Russian Language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the department is headed by Professor A. Reformatsky

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The lexical composition of the Russian language is diverse and very interesting. It contains many original words known only to a narrow circle of people. In lexicology, they are called limited in use and are classified into special groups. These include professional, obsolete and dialect words.

The latter are most often heard in rural areas. They exist mainly in live colloquial speech and usually reflect the realities existing there. Moreover, for the name of the same object, residents can equally use different options: both “local”, commonly used.

Dialect word - what is it?

"Selets graze behind the house." Not many, having heard this phrase, will understand what is at stake. It is understandable. A foal is sometimes called a foal in a Russian village.

Dialectisms are words that are actively used by residents of a certain area and are not included in any of the lexical groups of the literary language. Their distribution may be limited to a few settlements or an entire region.

Interest in the "local" word in Russia arose in the 18th century. Since then, leading linguists and linguists, including V. Dahl, A. Potebnya, A. Shakhmatov, S. Vygotsky and others, have done a lot of work in this direction. They considered various variants and examples of the use of the word dialectal. In the literature, both domestic and foreign, this word today intersects with such concepts as linguistic geography (specific vocabulary in different territories), social dialectology (age, profession, social status of speakers of local dialects are taken into account).

Groups of dialects in Russian

In Russia, there are several variants of dialects. The basic principle of combining dialect words into groups is territorial. In accordance with it, the southern and northern dialects are distinguished, which, in turn, include several dialects. Between them are Central Russian dialects, which became the basis for the formation and therefore are closest to the literary norm.

Each group has its own dialect words. Examples of their relationships (including commonly used ones): house - hut (northern) - hut (southern); to speak - to bait (northern) - to gutarit (southern).

Formation of dialect words

Each dialect, as a rule, has its own distinctive features. In addition, it is customary in science to distinguish several groups, which include dialect words of different ways of formation (examples are given in comparison with the norm).

1. Actually lexical. They either have no connection at all with words in the literary language (for example, a squirrel in the Pskov region is a veksha, a basket in the Voronezh region is a sapetka), or they are formed from an existing root and retain its basic meaning (in the Smolensk region: to bathe means to bathe).
2. Lexical and derivational. They differ from commonly used words in only one affix: poor man - troubled on the Don, talkative - talkative in Ryazan, etc.
3. Phonemic. The difference from the existing literary norm lies in one phoneme (sound): andyuk instead of turkey, pakhmurny - i.e. cloudy.
4. Osemantic. They are completely identical to common words in sound, spelling and form, but differ in lexical meaning: running in the Smolensk region - agile, noodles in the Ryazan region - the name of chicken pox.

Detailing life through dialect words

Many territories have their own peculiarities of life, customs, relations between people, which are most often expressed in speech. It is possible to recreate a complete picture of life in such cases precisely through dialect words. highlighting individual details in the general way of everyday life:

• ways of stacking sheaves of hay or straw (common name - baburka) in the Pskov region: soyanka - small stacking, odonok - large;
• the name of a foal in the Yaroslavl area: up to 1 year old - suckling, from 1 to 2 years old - strigun, from 2 to 3 years old - uchka.

Designation of ethnographic or geographical features

Another option is when dialects and their meaning always arouse interest among “strangers”) help to understand the very structure of life. So, in the north it is customary to build a house and all outbuildings under one roof. Hence a large number of “local” words denoting different parts of the same building: bridge - canopy and porch, hut - living room, ceiling - attic, tower - living room in the attic, lead - hayloft, fat - a place in a barn for cattle.

In the Meshchersky Territory, the main economic sector is forestry. A large group of names is associated with it, which is formed by dialect words. Examples of words: sawdust - sawdust, needles - needles, cut down places in the forest - cutting, a person involved in uprooting stumps - peneshnik.

The use of dialect words in fiction

Writers, working on a work, use all available means to recreate the appropriate atmosphere and reveal the images of the characters. Dialects play an important role in this. Examples of their use can be found in the works of A. Pushkin, I. Turgenev, S. Yesenin, M. Sholokhov, V. Rasputin, V. Astafiev, M. Prishvin and many others. More often, writers whose childhood passed in the countryside turn to dialect words. As a rule, the authors themselves provide footnotes containing the interpretation of words and the place of their use.

The function of dialectisms in a work of art can be different. But in any case, they give the text originality and help to realize the author's idea.

For example, S. Yesenin is a poet for whom Ryazan dialect words are the main means of recreating rural life. Examples of their use: “in an old-fashioned dilapidated shushun” - a type of women's clothing, “at the threshold in a bowl of kvass” - for the test.

V. Korolenko uses local words when creating a landscape sketch: “I look ... at the padi” - the gorge. Or I. Turgenev: "the last ... squares (large thickets of bushes) will disappear."

For the so-called "village" writers, one of the ways to create a literary image is the hero's speech, which includes dialect words. Examples: “God (God) helped (helped) you” by V. Astafiev, “they (they) ... will spoil (spoil) the earth” - by V. Rasputin.

The meaning of dialect words can be found in the dictionary: in the explanatory they will be marked region. - regional or dial. - dialect. The largest special dictionary is the Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects.

The entry of dialectisms into the literary language

Sometimes it turns out that a word that was once used only by a certain group of people passes into the category of general use. This is a long process, especially in the case of "local" words, but it also takes place in our time.

So, few people will come to mind that the rather well-known word "rustling" is dialectal in origin. This is indicated by a note by I.S. Turgenev in the “Notes of a Hunter”: “the reeds rustled, as we say,” i.e. in the writer the word is used for the first time as an onomatopoeia.

Or no less common - a petty tyrant, which in the time of A. Ostrovsky was a dialect in the Pskov and Tver provinces. Thanks to the playwright, it has found a second birth and today no one raises questions.

These are not isolated examples. The dialect words used to be owl, tues, tong.

The fate of dialect words in our time

Due to the increase in recent years of migration processes within the country, dialects are now mainly spoken by the older generation. The reason is simple - their language was formed in those conditions when the integrity of the people in the individual was strong. The more significant is the work of people who study dialect words, which today are becoming one of the ways to study the ethnographic and cultural development, the identity of the Russian people, emphasize its individuality and originality. For the modern generation, this is a living memory of the past.

It is customary to distinguish between territorial dialects - varieties of the language used in a certain territory as a means of communication for the local population - and social dialects - varieties of the language spoken by certain social groups of the population.

1. Territorial dialects.

A territorial dialect is always part of a whole other dialect of a given language, part of that language itself, so it is always opposed to other dialects. Small dialects are combined into larger ones. The largest ones can be called adverbs, the smaller ones - dialects.

Dialect vocabulary includes words, the distribution of which is limited to a particular territory. Dialects are basically dialects of the peasant population, which are still a means of oral communication among a significant part of the population. They have phonetic, morphological and syntactic features, as well as specific vocabulary. These differences may be small, so that speakers of different dialects of a given language can understand each other (for example, dialects of the Slavic languages); dialects of other languages ​​can be so different from each other that communication between speakers is difficult or impossible (for example, dialects of German).

For the most part, dialects are not an integral part of general literary vocabulary, but through colloquial speech (especially through vernacular) they penetrate into the literary language. In modern German, the influence of dialects is very noticeable. The strong dialectal coloring of urban vernacular and colloquial speech in general is still felt. This is most clearly manifested in the vocabulary, with some regional words penetrating into literature.Dialects are unsuitable as a means of national language communication.The development of the literary language during the period of the national life of the people always leads to a sharp weakening of dialects and a decrease in the number and activity of dialectisms,..

And if we take into account that literary and written languages ​​are not the only form of existence of the corresponding languages, nations and nationalities (for most of them, for example, Russian, German, Italian and other languages, territorial varieties are characteristic), then we have to admit that territorial dialects are one of the most widespread forms of language existence. As for the period before the emergence of writing and literary languages ​​(most often they arise simultaneously), then at this stage, territorial dialects were, without a doubt, the main form of existence of the language.

Territorial dialects really existed and exist now in the form of dialects. A dialect is the smallest territorial unit of a language that serves the inhabitants of a settlement (village, village) and has distinctive features in all areas of the language system.

Concluding this brief outline of the territorial dialect as a form of existence of a language, let us touch upon the question of the relation of territorial dialects to social dialects. In one of his latest works, V.M. Zhirmunsky wrote: "The traditional division of dialects into territorial and social is imaginary... any territorial dialectology, in accordance with the linguistic reality itself, must also be a social dialectology."

2. Social dialects.

Social dialects are understood as professional languages ​​of hunters, fishermen, potters, shoemakers, etc., which differ from the national language only in vocabulary, group or corporate; jargons or slangs/students, students, sportsmen, soldiers and other, mainly youth groups; conditional (secret) languages, slang (declassed elements, artisans-otkhodniks, merchants).

If territorial dialects are generated by the spatial, geographical disunity of the people, then the nature of social dialects is in the social-estate, professional, social-age and socio-sexual (or professional-gender) disunity of society. The territorial heterogeneity of the language gives, as it were, its "horizontal" division, social heterogeneity - its "vertical" division.

The purpose of social dialects is to serve as a means of communication for persons belonging to a certain social or professional group, to unite members into one corporation that has its own interests - professional, social class, age, cultural and aesthetic, etc. Arising in response to various professional and group needs of individual groups, social dialects in the speech practice of speakers always coexist with other forms of language existence, which always act as primary, supporting, basic (literary language, territorial dialects, urban koine, vernacular), and social dialects - as an addition to them (sometimes professionally necessary, and sometimes explicitly optional, such as jargon).

B agres cloths- fabric of purple color (from "crimson", "crimson").
bass- beauty, decoration; Basco is beautiful.
Baskoy- beautiful, elegant.
Hood- the head of the fishing cooperative.
Bayat- speak, say.
Safely- boldly.
Safely- without warning.
Beloyarovaya- light, selected; a constant epithet in epics, indicating the ideal quality of grain.
Berchataya - patterned.
Besedushka- seat, bench; a special place under a canopy on ships; company, party .
birdo- affiliation of the weaving mill.
bloody- young, young.
Bortnik- one who is engaged in beekeeping, that is, forest beekeeping, the extraction of honey from wild bees.
Bochag- a deep puddle, pothole, pit, filled with water.
Bozhatushka- godmother.
Most - job title.
Brany- patterned (about fabric).
Bratchina- a feast arranged on holidays in clubbing .
Brother, brother- brother, a metal bowl for drinking.
Buoy wand- battle club.
Burzametsky (spear) - see: Murzametsky.
bro- brother, a vessel for beer.
Brasno- food, food, meal, edible.
Bullshit, bullshit- a small net, which is used to fish together, fording.
Buyava, buyovo- cemetery, grave.
Former - like, like.
bylica- a blade of grass, a stalk of grass.
Bylichka- a story about evil spirits, the authenticity of which is not in doubt.

Important- hard, hard.
Valyak, valyachny, valyashchaty - cast, chased, carved, chiselled, skillfully made.
Vargan(“on a mound, on a jew's harp”) - maybe from “worg” - a clearing overgrown with tall grass; sloping, open place in the forest.
Vereda - boils, sores.
Verei - pillars on which the gates are hung.
Veres- juniper.
Vereya(rope, rope, rope) - a pole on which the gate is hung; jamb at the door, gate.
Veretier- coarse hemp fabric.
Spindle (snake-spindle) - perhaps the spindle is meant, i.e. the type of sucker - a legless, snake-like lizard .
Verst- equal, couple, couple.
Pounded miles - probably from "gverst" - coarse sand, crushed stone.
nativity scene- cave; hangout; a large box with puppets controlled from below through slots in the floor of the box, in which performances on the theme of the Nativity of Christ were played.
Vershnik- riding; riding ahead.
Evening- yesterday.
uplift- raise.
Viklina- tops.
Vitsa- twig, rod, long branch.
Water carrier - vessel for carrying and storing water, drinking.
Volzhanskaya - meadowsweet, from meadowsweet.
Volokitnoy (bow) - ordinary, everyday, worn out.
Volochazhnaya - slutty.
Votchina - estate (hereditary, family); patronymic; "by patrimony" - by inheritance law, by father.
Volotki- stems, straws, blades of grass; the upper part of the sheaf with ears.
Voronets- a beam in a hut serving as a shelf.
Vyzhlok- hunting dog, hound; presumably: a wolf leading a pack.
dress up- say something to yourself.
howl - food, eating; the amount of food at a time; meal hour.
Outputs - tribute, give.
Outputs are high - balconies.
Elm, vyazinochka - club made of flexible wood, used for the manufacture of skids, rims, etc.
Vyazivtso - rope.
Vyray (viry, iry)- a wondrous, promised, warm side, somewhere far away by the sea, accessible only to birds and snakes.
Vyalitsa- winter storm.

G ah- oak forest, grove, small deciduous forest.
Gluzdyr - a chick that cannot fly; in an ironic sense - smart guy.
Golnyaya - Gluzdyr - a chick that cannot fly; in an ironic sense - smart guy.
Golnyaya - naked, naked, devoid of vegetation and stones.
bitter - angry, annoying.
Guesthouse, guesthouse - feast.
Grenesh - you will jump, you will fly (from "to burst").
reception room, dining room, rest; actually a room in the palace.
Bed, bed - hanging pole, crossbar in the hut for clothes .
bitter - angry, annoying.
Guesthouse, guesthouse - feast.
grenesh- you will jump, you will fly (from "to burst").
Gridenko, Gridnya, Grinya, Grynushka - reception room, dining room, rest; actually a room in the palace.
Bed, bed - hanging pole, crossbar in the hut for clothes.
Guzhiki - loops in the harness over the shafts.
Gusli, goslings, goslings- plucked string instrument.
fit- marvel, admire, stare; stare, stare; laugh, mock.
godina- good clear weather, bucket.
Golik- a broom without leaves.
dutch- chervonets beaten at the St. Petersburg Mint.
golitsy- leather mittens without wool lining.
Gostika- guest.
Hryvnia- a dime; in ancient Russia, the monetary unit is a silver or gold ingot weighing about a pound.
garden bed- a shelf going from the oven to the wall.
Lip- gulf, bay.
Horn- a three-string violin without notches on the sides of the body. Barn - a room, a shed for compressed bread; ground for threshing.

D eever- Brother husband.
Nine- Nine days.
Grandfather-father - probably the lineage of the hero.
Del - share division of production ("share to divide").
Hold - spend; does not hold - is not spent, does not dry out.
Sufficient - befits, befits; enough, enough.
Dolmozhano - a ratovishe, i.e., a weapon, perhaps long-stinging - with a long edge.
Dolon - palm.
Dolyubi - enough, as much as needed .
Household - coffin.
Got it? (enough?)- in the end, after everything.
Duma - advice, discussion (“it does not enter the thought”).
Fool - portly, stately, prominent.
Uncle's estate - family estate, passed into possession by lateral inheritance.
deja- dough for dough, sourdough; tub in which bread dough is kneaded.
Dolon- palm.
Dosyulny- old, old.
Doha- a fur coat with fur inside and out.
Drola- dear, dear, beloved.

E ndova- a wide copper bowl with a spout.
Epanechka - short sleeveless jacket, fur coat.
Ernishny- from "yernik": small, undersized forest, small birch bush.
Yerofeich- bitter wine; vodka infused with herbs.
Estva- food, meal.

Zhalnik- cemetery, graves, churchyard.
Stomach- life, property; soul; cattle.
Zhito- any bread in grain or on the vine; barley (northern), unground rye (southern), any spring bread (eastern).
Zupan- an old semi-caftan.

W complain- to complain, to cry.
Zagneta (zagneta)- the ash pan of the Russian stove.
conspiracy- the last day before fasting, on which it is allowed to eat meat.
Hall- twisted bunch of ears; usually done by a sorcerer or witch for damage or destruction of the field, as well as the owner of the field.
Renovated- soiled or contaminated something new clean; lightening the heart (from “renew”; take the soul to lighten the heart).
get excited- rejoice.
Zarod- a large stack of hay, bread, not a round masonry, but an oblong one.
Zasek- bin, bin; bin partition.
Zen- Earth.
Zinut- take a look.
Zipun- a peasant caftan made of coarse thick cloth, in the old days without a collar.
Mature- ripe berries.

And sleep- praise, glory, thank you.

To the azak, the Cossack- employee. (worker), laborer, hired worker.
Damask- ancient dense silk patterned Chinese fabric.
Eve- festive beer, mash.
loaves- wheat pancakes.
wire rod- boots.
cue, cue- stick, staff, batog.
kitty- bag.
kitina- grass stem, pea stalk.
Kichka- an old Russian festive headdress of a married woman.
Intestine- homemade sausage.
crate- room or pantry in the house; barn; extension to the hut, closet.
Kluka- a hook, a stick with a bend to support the gutter under the eaves of a peasant plank roof or to bend down a thatched roof.
Kokurka- an egg bun.
Komel- thickened lower part of the spinning wheel; adjacent to the root, part of a tree, hair, horn.
Komon- horse, horse.
Konovatny- from Asian silk fabric, which went to the bedspread, veil.
kopan- a hole dug to collect rainwater; shallow well without a log house.
Kopyl- a short bar in the sledge runners, which serves as a support for the body.
Mower- a large knife with a thick and wide blade.
Bonfire (bonfire)- hard bark of flax and hemp, remaining after their beating, scratching.
Skewed (skewed) window- a window made of mesh-jambs or metal rods intertwined at an angle, typical of Russia until the 18th century.
cats- a type of warm footwear.
red corner- the corner in the hut where the icons hung.
the beauty- the bride's crown of ribbons and flowers, a symbol of girlhood and girlish will.
Croma- bag, beggar's bag; “Foma-big cream” (October 19) - an abundance of bread and supplies, that is the name of a rich, wealthy person.
Red (cut)- manual weaving machine; thread base when weaving on a manual loom; cloth woven on crosses.
Krosenets- homespun shirts.
Krynitsa- spring, key, shallow well; krinka, milk pot, narrowish and high.
Tow- a combed and tied bunch of flax or hemp, made for yarn.
Kuzhel (kuzhal)- tow, combed flax; linen yarn of the highest quality.
Kuzlo- blacksmithing, forging; generally arable shells.
Kukomoya- slovenly, untidy person.
Kuna- marten.
Kuren- a place for burning coal in the forest, a coal pit and a hut for workers.
Kurzhevina- frost.
smoke- make up.
Kurchizhka- bitch, stump.
Kut- corner, especially in the hut under the images or near the stove: "rotten kut" - northwest wind.
Kutya- boiled and sweetened wheat grains.

Ladka- a little fluff.
Ladom- well, as it should.
swallows- colored quadrangular inserts under the armpits of the shirt sleeves.
Lolden- ice cube.
Lenny- linen.
Luda- stranded, stones in the lake protruding from the water.

Maina- polynya.
Mother, mother- the average ceiling beam in the hut.
Intermediate (intermediate)- long, long, summer.
low water- the average water level, which is established after the flood (in June - before the heat and drought).
Merezha- a fishing net stretched over a hoop.
Worldly- made, prepared together, "by the whole world."
Molodik- young month.
Muzzle- braided wicker.
Morok- (haze) - a cloud, a cloud.
Bridge- floor, canopy.
Mostina- floorboard.
Motushka- a skein of yarn, a spool of wound yarn.
Mochenets- hemp soaked in water.
ant- glazed.
Myalitsa- a pulper, a projectile with which flax and hemp are crushed, cleaning the fibers from the bonfire.

N azem- manure.
Nazola- melancholy, sadness, annoyance, chagrin.
Nat- it is necessary (abbreviated from "put on" - it is necessary).
pull on- to stumble, attack.
Neblyzhny- real, real.
Unsatisfactory- irresistible; deprived, unhappy.
novelty- peasant woven canvas; harsh unbleached canvas; new harvest grain.
night- last night.

Oh attendants- mushroom, boletus.
to charm (to charm)- stipulate, jinx it.
deaf-eared- long-eared, eared, long-eared.
spin- dress; dress up (young after the crown in women's clothing); marry.
Omshanik- a felling frame for the wintering of bees.
Onuchi- windings for a leg under a boot or bast shoes, footcloth.
Flask- frost.
Supports- shoes made from old boots with the tops cut off; remnants of worn and tattered shoes.
yell- plow.
Aftermath- grass grown after mowing; fresh grass that grew in the same year on the site of mowed.
Ochep- a pole attached to the ceiling in the hut, on which the cradle was hung.

to live- pasture, pasture.
pasma- part of a skein of thread, yarn.
pelchaty- with a fringe.
fallow- neglected arable land.
Tell me, tell me- barn, barn; shed, roof over the yard; covered courtyard.
Pogost- cemetery, rural parish.
undercut- “sleigh with undercuts” - with a shackled sledge rune.
Pokut- front angle; place of honor at the table and at the feast.
Noon- south.
Polushka- an old small copper coin in a quarter of a kopeck.
Poppelunik (sprinkler)- from "peel": ashes, ash.
porn- strong, healthy; adult.
powder- falling snow layer of freshly fallen snow.
Poskotina- pasture, pasture.
post- strip, field; plot, a section of a field occupied by reapers.
jaundiced- from wool of the first shearing of a lamb.
Voice (song)- lingering, mournful.
span- the beginning of summer, June, it's time to petrovka.
Pryazhets- cake, pancakes in butter; black flour pancake with butter.
spinner- scrambled eggs in a frying pan.
Pryaslo- part of the fence from pole to pole; a device made of longitudinal poles on poles for drying hay.
Putin- the time during which the fishing is carried out.
Pyalichki- hoops.

Dress up- to try, to care, to assist. Get undressed - undress.
Ramenier- a large dense forest surrounding the field; edge of the forest.
Expand- splay, spread, split, bare teeth.
Zealous- heart.
zealous, zealous- about the heart: hot, angry.
Riga- a barn for drying sheaves and threshing.
Rosstan- crossroads, crossing roads, where they say goodbye, part, part.
Rubel- a wooden block with a handle and transverse grooves for rolling (ironing) linen.
Sleeves- the upper, usually decorated part of the shirt.
Dig- throw, toss.
Row (rada)- conditions, contract, contract, transaction when buying, hiring, supplying, etc.
Ryasny- plentiful.

From hell- everything that grows in the garden: berries, fruits.
Salo- small plates, pieces of ice on the surface of the water before freezing.
Scroll- top long clothes (usually for Ukrainians).
sister-in-law- Wife's sister.
Sevnya- a basket with grain, which the sower wears over his shoulder.
week- seven days, a week.
Semeyushka- husband, wife (in funeral lamentations).
Siver, siverko north, north wind.
to give birth quickly- harrow; drag something along the ground; bend, bend, bend.
get bored- gather in a bunch, in one place.
funny- delicious.
Smychin- knotty, strong stick, going to the harrow.
Sporina- growth, abundance, profit.
in order- neighbor, fellow villager (from "row" - street).
Stavets- big cup, bowl.
flock- a stall, a barnyard, a paddock, a fenced-off place for livestock.
Stamovik, stamovik- hedge from a small forest.
Village inconvenient- the children of the deceased.
Surplice- clothes of a clergyman, straight, long, with wide sleeves.
fear- the lower, hanging edge of the roof of a wooden house, hut.
tie- poles, lay down, thick sticks to strengthen a haystack or cart with hay.
Sukoleno- knee in the stem.
Sumet- snowdrift.
Adversary- rival.
Susek- a compartment or chest in a barn where grain is stored.
Suhoroso- no dew, dry.
Syta- honey broth; water sweetened with honey.

T alan- happiness, luck, destiny.
Talina- thawed earth, thawed earth.
tank- round dance.
Tenetnik- web.
Tesmyany- made of braid.
Tonya- fishing; one throw of a seine; a place where they fish.
Torok- a gust of wind, a squall.
Torok (torok)- straps behind the saddle for tying cargo, a travel bag to it.
Torok- a bat, a torn road.
Snaffle- a metal chain to hold the mouthpiece in the horse's mouth, used as a kind of musical instrument.
Tuleley- tulle frill.
yablo- kivot, shelf for icons.

At beam- elegant headdress, wedding veil.
supper bread- kind, plentiful supper, straw, the number of sheaves.
Shrink (of water)- to come to low water, to the usual, average state, quantity.
steal- caulk in one fell swoop, prepare for the winter.

H alo- hoped, it seemed.
Chelo- the front of the Russian stove.
Cheremny- red, red.
Blackberry, blueberry- monk, nun.
Chernitsa- blueberry.
Chernoguz- martin.
Thursday- an old Russian measure or object containing 4 any units (for example, a bag of 4 pounds).
Chuyka- a long cloth caftan.

Shalyga (shelyga)- braided ball; wooden ball; whip, whip, whip.
shanga- Cheesecake, juicy, simple cake.
scaly- with a convex hat.
Sherstobit- the one who beats, pats, pushes wool.
wool- hornets.
Shestok- a platform in front of the mouth of the Russian furnace.
Fly- a towel, a cloth, a piece of fabric in full width.
Sholom- roof; canopy, roof on pillars.

scherbota- inferiority.

I'm barking, barkingbarren (of cattle).
Yarovchaty - from sycamore, a constant epithet for the harp.
Yar, yaritsa - spring bread.