The vocabulary of our language includes not only native Russian words. Some of them are borrowed. What are the origins of this phenomenon?

Reasons for borrowing

The life of any people is certainly connected with other countries and states. This usually happens through economic, cultural and trade relations. Mutual influence during contact is also experienced by the vocabulary of peoples. And this is not surprising, because language is the main means of communication. As a result of this influence, foreign words necessarily appear in the dictionary of this or that people.

Borrowing history

Since the eighth century, various foreign words began to fall into the Russian language. This phenomenon has become one of the ways of developing his vocabulary. There is nothing surprising in this. The fact is that the vocabulary of any people at all times was sensitive to the changing needs of society. Borrowed words in the Russian language appeared in the process of developing relations between countries. They came to us due to the fact that the concepts corresponding to them were absent in the vocabulary of our people.

The nature and volume of borrowings can indicate the historical paths of scientific, cultural and economic ties, as well as geographical discoveries. The result of all these processes was the penetration into Russian phraseology and vocabulary of other languages.

Main steps

In history, one can observe certain periods that differ from each other in predominant borrowing. So, in the most ancient period, many words came to us from Latin and Germanic languages. The next stage is associated with the colonization of North-Eastern and Northern Russia by the Slavs. During this period, numerous borrowed words in Russian appeared from the Finno-Ugric vocabulary. At the next historical stage, Christianity began to emerge.

This was the period when borrowings appeared in Russian from Old Church Slavonic and Greek. Some changes affected vocabulary in the 16th-18th centuries. This period is characterized by borrowings from the Polish language. In the 18-19 centuries, the bulk of foreign words entered our vocabulary due to ties with the French and German peoples. The next period touched on English words. They began to enrich our vocabulary in large quantities in the 20th and 21st centuries.

Language signs of borrowings

What can say about the foreign origin of the word? The main features of borrowing are:

1. The "a" sound at the beginning of a word. Such a construction contradicts our phonetic laws. Beginning with the letter "a" - borrowed words in Russian. Examples of words of this type are numerous. These are "abbot" and "aria", "lampshade" and "anathema", "arba" and "paragraph", "angel" and "questionnaire".
2. The "e" sound at the beginning of a word. This is usually how Latinisms and Greekisms begin. For example, "era" and "epoch", "exam" and "ethics", "effect" and "floor".
3. The sound "f" in the word. The fact is that the Eastern Slavs did not have such a sound in their language. It appeared only to denote letters in borrowed words. These are "fact" and "forum", "sofa" and "scam", "ether" and "form", "profile" and "film".
4. Using a combination of two or more vowels in words. Such a construction according to the laws of our phonetics was simply unacceptable. That is why it is so easy to find borrowed words in Russian. Examples of words: "punctuation" and "radio", "theater" and "out", "poet" and "veil", "cocoa" and "halo".
5. Harmonious combination of identical vowel sounds. This feature is typical for the Turkic language. These are words such as "pencil" and "shoe", "sarafan" and "caravan", "drum" and "ataman".

Morphological sign of foreign words in some cases is their immutability. These are nouns that sound the same in any case, do not have a specific form of singular or plural. An example of such words may be the following: "taxi" and "coat", "coffee" and "maxi", "beige" and "mini".

History of borrowing French words

A significant part of foreign words that are included in the vocabulary of the Russian language are gallicisms. This term comes from the Latin "Gaulish". It means expressions and words that were borrowed from the French people and built according to the phonetic laws of their language.

Gallicism was especially pronounced in the 18th century. It was during this period that French words confidently entered Russian speech. They were literally imbued with the spirit of this European country. So, borrowed words in Russian from French are “visitor” and “charm”, “compliment” and “favorite”, “curtsey” and “cavalier”, “tutor” and “cocotte”.

Gallicisms penetrated into all spheres of activity and life of people. This was especially true for wardrobe items. This is evidenced by such words borrowed from the French language as "jewellery" and "accessory", "jabot" and "veil", "peignoir" and "coat". A lot of gallicisms appeared in the culinary business. The Russian dictionary was replenished with such words as "mayonnaise" and "meringue", "mashed potatoes" and "delicacy".

Many Gallicisms are connected with the sphere of art. These are "accordion" and "overture", "debut" and "billboard", "applause" and "palette", "vaudeville" and "ensemble".

The infusion of Gallicisms into the Russian language did not stop in the 19th and 20th centuries. Foreign words in this era were associated, as a rule, with the economy, social life and politics. Such examples can be given: "diplomat" and "bureaucracy", "democrat" and "capitalism", "shareholder" and "press", "budget" and "bourgeoisie". French borrowings include such words as "run" and "authoritarian". Gallicisms include "exaggerate" and "importer".

French borrowed words in Russian are an example of how a foreign culture becomes an example to follow. A particularly strong influence of Gallicisms on Russian vocabulary was observed in the 18th and 19th centuries. In the next two centuries, loanwords came to be regarded as more prestigious and more beautiful. For example, "boutique". In France, this is a small shop. In Russia, this word has taken on a completely different meaning. Boutiques began to be called expensive stores offering fashionable clothes to customers.

Phraseological units borrowed from French

Gallicisms include not only words. Many phraseological units and popular expressions have passed from French to Russian. At one time they were uttered by political or historical figures - kings and politicians, generals, etc.

One of these expressions belongs to Louis VIII. He said: "Accuracy is the courtesy of kings." The era of religious wars in France gave us such a phrase as "a state within a state." It concerned rich young people from the bourgeois-noble estates, burning their lives. And the "old guard" was called the elite units of the Napoleonic troops. They included the best soldiers and officers. Everyone knows such an expression as "Balzac age". It belongs to the group of literary borrowings.

It is interesting that such a common expression among us as "not at ease" is also gallicism. Literally, it means "to be in an unenviable position."

The history of the appearance of German words in Russian

The process of penetration of German vocabulary began in the 13th century. It intensified significantly three centuries later. However, borrowed words in Russian from German most of all began to appear in the 17-18 centuries. Their penetration occurred not only by written means, but also by oral. The list of German borrowed words in Russian is quite impressive. It concerns such sections of vocabulary:

Military - "assault" and "parade ground", "gun carriage", "corporal" and "bayonet", "grenade" and "soldier";

Production - "chisel" and "workbench", "washer" and "mine", "matrix" and "slate", "template" and "format";

Trade - "accountant" and "freight", "bill" and "cashier";

Medical - "paramedic" and "bandage", "plaster" and "cotton wool", "syringe" and "resort";

Socio-political - "dictatorship" and "falsification", "aggressor" and "priority", "slogan" and "discrimination";

Chess art - "grandmaster" and "endgame";

Household - "sandwich" and "pretzel", "dumplings" and "pate", "apron" and "rutabaga", "hairdresser" and "corkscrew";

Arts - "landscape" and "easel", "tour" and "dance", "flute" and "choreographer".

The main grammatical and phonetic signs of borrowed German words are combinations of the sounds "ey", "ay", as well as the initial "shp", "sht" ("spy", "stamp"). In addition, they are issued by an addition that does not have connecting vowels ("mouthpiece", "whiskers").

The history of the appearance of anglicisms

Borrowings from Foggy Albion entered our language much later than French and German words. This process began in the 16th century. This period was characterized by successful trade between countries. Borrowed words in Russian from English appeared along with new concepts and goods, as well as with scientific works.

The next active period of penetration of Anglicisms into our language began in the times of Peter the Great. During this period, borrowings that came to us from the British Isles related to trade, domestic relations, as well as scientific activities.

In imperial Russia, the prestige of the English language was maintained at a high level due to the significant role of Great Britain on the world stage. The next stages of borrowing date back to the 20s of the twentieth century. It was the period of the formation of an independent Russian state.

Examples of Anglicisms

Borrowed words in Russian, which came to us from Britain, began to especially replenish our vocabulary after 1925. These are “stand” and “harvester”, “tanker” and “container”, “TV” and “trolleybus”, etc.

Strengthening interaction with the countries of Western Europe at the end of the 20th century. led to the fact that during this period numerous borrowed words appeared in Russian from English. Examples are found in all fields of activity. There is nothing surprising in this, because English is the language of the global Internet, the largest radio and television companies, as well as many magazines and newspapers.

Borrowed words in Russian from English, examples from the spheres:

Socio-political - "businessman", "management", "dealer";

Computer technologies - "laptop", "hacker", "monitor".

Currently, there is a large list of wardrobe items, the names of which came to us from abroad. So, borrowed words in Russian from English are "grinders" and "body", "cardigan" and "top". You can also find "foreigners" in the field of culture - "promotion", "remix", "show business", etc.

Borrowed words ( French:les emprunts) are widespread in the vocabulary of any language. This unconscious process is one of the ways in which vocabulary is enriched along with word formation and the semantic evolution of words.

Borrowings in French began to appear only after French began to look less and less like Latin, acquiring the main features of the Romance language. Therefore, you should not consider Celtic words as borrowings (for example: barque- Russian: boat, chemin- Russian: road, way, grève- Russian: strike) and of German origin (for example: fauteui l - Russian: armchair, gare- Russian: station, jardin- Russian: garden), which came into the vocabulary in the era of the formation of an independent French language. It would be more accurate to call borrowed only those words that come from languages ​​that are fundamentally different from French.

Thus, borrowing is an element of a foreign language transferred from one language to another as a result of language contacts, as well as the process of transition of elements of one language to another. Moreover, not only whole words are borrowed, but also their meanings, as well as morphological and syntactic elements. Yes, French verb realiser(Russian: to realize) acquired the additional meaning of "understand, realize", characteristic of the English verb to realize. Noun cré nature(Russian: creature) borrowed the meaning of "protege, favorite" of the Italian word protege. A suffixes - esque and – issime passed into French through some nouns borrowed from Italian. Also, thanks to borrowings from Latin, the suffix – isme.

One of the varieties of borrowings is tracing paper, or tracing paper. This is a transfer not only of meaning, but also of the internal form of a word or phrase in a foreign language. Yes, noun surhomme(Russian: superman) came from the German Û bermensch. Expression bass- blue(Russian: blue stocking) goes back to English blue- stocking, a grate- ciel(Russian: skyscraper) to American English sky- scraper.

The study of borrowings indicates the connection of the language with the history of the people who speak it. Modern French has a large number of words borrowed from foreign languages ​​in different eras. Borrowings are caused by historical conditions, the nature of the relationship between the French people and other nations. As a rule, a rich source of borrowings is the language of the people who have unshakable authority on the world stage and influence the economic and cultural development of the planet. However, this alone is not enough. In general, borrowings are more often made from languages ​​of the same family, and especially from a branch.

The origin of borrowings is sometimes very difficult to trace. Depending on whether the word passed directly from one language, or whether this language initially adopted it from another language, direct and indirect borrowings are distinguished. In French, indirect borrowings are often represented by exotic concepts that are not characteristic of French culture. Yes, noun pirogue(Russian: pieroga) passed from the Caribbean language, which borrowed it from Spanish ( piragua). A Haitian word barbecue(Russian: barbecue) became part of French from English, which adopted it from Spanish ( barbacoa).

There are also words that, having been borrowed from French by other languages, returned to French use, while changing quite a bit. Yes, noun bacon(bacon) borrowed from English, goes back to Old French bacon(Russian: "salted pork"). In modern French, the word has adopted an English pronunciation. Verb corner(Russian: blow a horn), also borrowed from English, comes from Old French cornier(Russian: horn).

Let us consider in more detail some sources of borrowings in French. A separate place among them belongs to the Romance languages, especially Italian. His influence can be clearly seen in the XVI century.

Many military terms were borrowed during the war with Italy (1494-1497), for example: attaquer< attaccare ( Russian: to attack, to attack), bastion< bastione ( Russian: bastion, fortress) , parapet< parapetto( Russian: parapet), soldat< soldato ( Russian: soldier, warrior).

There are also numerous borrowings of words from the household sphere: apartment< appartamento (Russian: apartment), strapontin< strapuntino (Russian: folding seat), carrosse< carrozza(Russian carriage), parasol< parasole (Russian: umbrella from the sun), bottom< botta(Russian: blow).

The influence of Italian art was also reflected in the French vocabulary: musical terms were borrowed: sé ré hope < serenata(Russian: serenade) , ariette < arietta(Russian: arietta) ; architectural terms: faç ade < facciata(Russian: facade, front side of the building) , balcony < balcony(Russian: balcony) , belvé dè re < belvé dè re(Russian: Belvedere) ; and fine art terms: pastel < pastello(Russian: pastel) , aquarelle < ac- quarella(Russian: watercolor) .

During the XVIII-XIX centuries, a significant number of English words passed into the French language. This is due to the increased interest in the parliamentary regime that was established in England after the revolution of 1649, as well as the influence of English philosophy and literature.

Thus, English enriched the French language with political terms: commité < committee(Russian: committee) , ordre du jour < order ofthe day(Russian: agenda) . Newer borrowings are: boycotter < to boycott(Russian: boycott) , interview(Russian: interview) , meeting(Russian: meeting, rally) .

In the 19th century, as a result of industrial growth in England and the development of trade relations between the two countries, the following words of English origin became part of French: rail(Russian: rail) , tender(Russian: tender) , cargo(Russian: cargo ship) , pipe- line(Russian: pipeline). The increased interest in everything connected with England turned into a real Anglomania. This was the reason for the emergence of a large number of borrowings related to the sphere of everyday life: bifteck < beefsteak(Russian: steak, beefsteak) , rosbif < roast beef(Russian: roast beef) , pos­ ter (une letter) < to post(Russian: send) , cottage(Russian: cottage) , square­ re(Russian: square) , pull- over(Russian: sweater) , shopping(Russian: shopping, shopping) .

German also made a significant contribution to the French language. His influence increased in the 17th century, and was especially felt during the Thirty Years' War in Europe (1618-1648).

Military terms were borrowed from the German language: sabre < Sabel(Russian: saber), reî tre < Reiter(Russian: cavalryman) , blockhaus < Blockhaus(Russian: log house) ; music and dance terms: harmonica < Harmonica(Russian: harmonica) , accordé on < Akkordion(Russian: accordion) , valse < walzer(Russian: waltz) . Words related to various areas of everyday life were also adopted: rosse < Ross(Russian: zlyuka), blafard < Bleichvar(Russian: pale, dull) , chena­ pan < Schnapphahn(Russian: scoundrel) , loustic < lustig(Russian: cheerful) .

From the languages ​​of the countries of the East, the French language borrowed terms that appeared due to the achievements of these peoples. Medical terms were adopted from Arabic: alco­ ol < al- kohl(Russian: alcohol) , syrup < charâ b(Russian: syrup) ; mathematical: algè bre < ald- jabr(Russian: algebra) , zé ro < sifr(Russian: zero) ; astronomical: zé nothing < samt(Russian: zenith) , azimuth < as- samt(Russian: azimuth) ; as well as chemical alchimie < al- kî miyâ (Russian: alchemy) , alcali < al- qâ ly(Russian: alkali) . Words reflecting the life and traditions of the Arab countries were also borrowed, namely: é mir< amî r(Russian: emir) , caï d< qâ id(Russian: leader), harem < haram(Russian: harem) , calife < Khalifa(Russian: caliph, caliph) .

The appearance of the first borrowings from the Russian language occurred in the 18th century. These words entered French through Russian literature and denoted phenomena reflecting Russian realities: moujik <- мужик , ruble < рубль , samovar < самовар, té lé ga < телега , touloupe < тулуп , toundra < тундра, vodka < водка. A large number of words came into the French language after the October Revolution (1917): sovkhoze < совхоз , komsomol < комсомол , Bolchevik < большевик, spoutnik < спутник. At the same time, French suffixes were added to Russian words: kolkho­ zien <колхозник , stakhanoviste < стахановец.

However, one of the most common ways of borrowing from Russian is tracing: autocritique < самокритика , plan quinquennal < пятилетка , journal mural, Maison de repos < дом престарелых , jardin d" enfants < детский сад , Sans- parti, minimum technique < технический минимум.

Bibliography:

1. Lopatnikova N.N., Lexicology of modern French (in French). - 5th ed., Rev. and additional - M.: Higher School, 2006. - 335 p.

2. Tarkhova V.A. Reader on the lexicology of the French language (in French). - M.: Enlightenment, 1972. - 240 p.

3. Chekalina E.M., Ushakova T.M. Lexicology of the French language. Tutorial. - Publishing house of St. Petersburg. university 1998. - 236 p.

4. Yartseva VN Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990. - 685 p.

Since the time of Peter I, who opened a window to Europe, a fashion for everything French has arisen in the Russian nobility. Every self-respecting person was obliged to speak it fluently. Russian and French interspersed in speech, complementing and replacing each other. Sympathy towards France was shown by many generations of monarchs. The French language was loved by famous poets. So, French words gradually penetrated into the Russian language, and linguists claim that many borrowings of Greek and Latin etymology also got into our speech through French.

The close relationship between Russia and France also contributed to the establishment of trade ties. Objects were brought to us, which had no analogues in Russia. The same applies to many concepts characteristic of the French mentality. Naturally, without having the appropriate words in, the people adopted words from French to denote things unknown until then. So, for example, in the middle of the 19th century, blinds were brought to us from France, which were used there by analogy with Russian shutters in order to hide houses from prying eyes. From French, jalousie is translated as “jealousy”, because the owner of the house hides personal happiness behind them.
Many borrowings arose during the Patriotic War of 1812. Wars have always contributed to the interweaving of world cultures, leaving their mark on the languages ​​of the opposing countries. After the war, it became fashionable to employ Frenchmen as tutors. It was believed that trained noble children acquire sophistication and proper manners.

French words in Russian

Words such as defile or openwork give away their origin, but many French words have become so used to their native speech that they are considered native Russian. For example, the word "tomato" comes from the French pomme d'or and translates as "golden". Although most European countries have long adopted the Italian version of "tomatoes", the Russian ear is still familiar with the French name. Many words have already gone out of use in French and are archaic, for example, “coat”, “hair curlers”, etc., but in Russia they are widely used.

In general, French borrowings can be divided into several groups. The first of these are words that were borrowed, retaining their original meaning, for example: “lampshade”, “subscription”, “keychain”, “gauze” (in honor of the name of the French village of Marly-le-Roi), “furniture”, “ blackmail".

The second group is represented by words borrowed from the French language, but received a meaning directly opposite to the original one. For example, the word "hat" comes from the French chapeau, "cap". In France, this word never meant a headdress. The word "scam" in Russian has a negative meaning, synonymous with the word "deceit", while in France this word means "useful business".

The third group includes words whose sound was borrowed from the French language, but in Russian they were endowed with their own meaning, which has nothing in common with the word in Russian. Often such words refer to everyday or slang speech. For example, there is a version of the origin of the word "sharomyzhnik". According to her, soldiers from the defeated Napoleonic army walked through the Russian lands, dirty and hungry, and asked for food and shelter from the Russian peasants. Calling for help, they turned to the Russians cher ami, "dear friend." The peasants heard “cher ami” so often that they began to call the French soldiers “sharomyzhniks”. Gradually, the word acquired the meaning of "a swindler, a lover of profit."

An interesting story is connected with the origin of the word "shantrapa", which means "worthless, worthless, trashy person." Apparently the word comes from the French chantera pas - "cannot sing." Such a verdict was passed by serfs who were selected for rural theaters. Since the selection of actors was carried out by French teachers, the word "chantrap" was often pronounced in relation to serfs who did not have a hearing. Apparently they, not knowing the meaning, mistook it for a curse.

Telnova Polina

This work gives an idea about the words that came into the Russian language from the French language.

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DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE CITY OF SURGUT

MUNICIPAL BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

GYMNASIUM "LABORATORY SALAKHOV"

Educational project
on the topic: "French borrowings in Russian"

Telnova Polina,

Slides captions:

French borrowings in Russian Completed by: Telnova Polina Lecturer: Ivanova Venera Mikhailovna Surgut, MBOU Gymnasium Salakhova Laboratory 2015

Introduction In every language there are foreign words. This is due to the fact that in different periods of history, in the course of international contacts, people exchanged information, achievements, objects (new tools, dishes, products, etc.) with each other. All of them came from different countries along with those "names" that they received in their native country. Peoples all over the world "borrow" each other's words. We “borrowed” the words “accessory”, “poster”, “side dish” and others from the French .. The French “borrowed” the word “satellite” from us after our scientists launched the first artificial satellite into space and heard it call signs.

Purpose and objectives Purpose: To determine the features of borrowings from French in Russian. Objectives: To study the literature on this topic. Determine the areas of use of borrowed French words. Present the results of the survey and the linguistic experiment.

Reasons for Borrowing Words What causes one nation to borrow words from another? The main reason is borrowed things, objects: together with the object, its name often passes. Another reason is the need to designate some special kind of objects or concepts. Most often, the need for the names of objects and concepts arises in various branches of science and technology. Therefore, among the scientific and technical terms, there are so many foreign ones. A foreign word is easier to digest if it replaces a descriptive phrase.

Borrowings in our time After analyzing the words of French origin in Russian, we grouped French borrowings in Russian into the following areas of human activity and tried to create a thematic dictionary of borrowed words from the French language.

The number of gallicisms in the spheres of life and activity of people Gallicisms penetrate into all spheres of life and activity of people. Vocabulary related to clothing, art and food was replenished with especially French borrowings.

Questioning The questionnaire included 15 words: Ball, volleyball, vinaigrette, blouse, alphabet, gourmet, butterfly, basket, spring, curlers, duck, baguette, bagel, pot, frill. Word 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Percentage of recognition 41% 88% 60% 51% 65% 47% 29% 41% 59% 77% 53% 82% 71% 53% 94% Recognition of words borrowed from French among the words of the Russian language.

L inguistic experiment Text with borrowings Modified text We walked along the highway and went to a cafe where we ate broth, croissant, jelly. Then we went to the theater for the ballet Romeo and Juliet. During the intermission, we went to the buffet and bought dessert with lemonade. We walked along the carriageway of the street and went into a place where they drink coffee; there we ate water boiled with meat, a crescent, a frost. Next, we went to the building for stage performances to combine dances with the pantomime Romeo and Juliet. During a break between activities, we went to a snack place and bought sweets, served at the end of the meal, a soft drink made from water, sugar, and lemon juice.

Conclusion Our modern life is filled with foreign words. Foreign words have become so deeply embedded in our everyday life that sometimes, when talking to each other, we do not notice their use. Indeed, the role of borrowed French words in Russian is very great. They have become part of our Russian language, they are understandable to us, do not cause difficulties in pronunciation, are used in various styles and do not impede communication. Our hypothesis was confirmed. The speech of a modern Russian person cannot be imagined without borrowed French words. However, borrowed words are needed only if they better express the main meaning of the given concept or if they cannot be replaced by a Russian concept. But if the Russian language already has a synonymous word, then it is not necessary to replace it with a foreign language. We, as native Russian speakers, should pay more attention to our Russian words and use the vocabulary that our Russian language is rich in.

Word Ball vinaigrette blouse ABC gourmet butterfly basket curler duck baguette bagel pot frill Recognition percentage 33% 50% 45% 78% 35% 32% 70% 65% 63% 82% 94% 75% 94%

A little about phonetics

My favorite rule: the letter h is not pronounced. Never. And write regularly.

Hennessy brandy is widely known. And the word Hennessy is read approximately like "ansi". The stress is always on the last syllable, that's true. The French themselves, however, may disagree about the stress. Many of them believe that there are no stresses in French at all, which surprised me a lot.

Poils and poêle are pronounced the same: "poil". That's it.

Ils portent (they wear) is pronounced "il port".

The famous "merci boku" ("thank you very much") is spelled merci beaucoup.

My name, as written in the passport - Lisakov Sergey - according to French rules, you should read "Lizakov Serzhey". To get Lisakov Sergey, you need to write Lissakov Sergueï. True, the French usually cope with the name the first time.

Examples

Croissant - Croissant(pronounced, "croissant"). Literally: growing, from the verb croître - to grow. It is also called the growing month. Most legends about the etymology of this word agree that crescent-shaped rolls (such were the original croissants) depicted the religious symbol of the Turks in their shape.

In astronomy, it is customary to distinguish between a waxing (croissant) and a waning (decroissant) moon, but the French call any crescent of the moon a croissant.

Brass knuckles - Casse-tête. The verb casser is to break, tête is the head. In French, the word casse-tête is used primarily for puzzles rather than head-breaking devices.

Tete-a-tete - Tête-à-tête. Head to head.

Boris, have you seen my brass knuckles? And then I have a little tete-a-tete planned.

vis-a-vis - vis-à-vis. The one who is in front of you. Applies not only to people. Moreover, most often I heard about counterparts in the context of the view from the window. In ads for renting / selling real estate, it is often specified that the apartment is without vis-à-vis, i.e. the view from the window is open, not the neighboring house. Visibilité - visibility, review.

Makeup artist - from vision: face.

Creme brulee - Creme brûlee. The cream is burnt, the verb brûler is to burn.

Solitaire - Patience: patience.

It takes a lot of patience to play solitaire.

Chimes - Courant: running, from the verb courir - to run. In French, this word is not applied to any clock. How this happened in the Russian language is written in the journal Science and Life, No. 5, 2004.

Fleet - Flotte. From the verb flotter - to swim (in the sense of staying on the water, not sinking). There is even such a thing - flottant (literally - “floating”).

Garage - garage. The verb garer means to park.

Blinds - Jalousie[ʒaluzi]: jealousy. One version of why jealousy became a curtain is that the French empire had Muslim colonies in Africa, where, among other things, it was not appropriate for women to look out of windows. The owners of harems seem to be jealous here. Remaining unnoticed, women could look out the windows thanks to the blinds, because in North Africa it is not comme il faut to close the windows tightly.

Comme il faut - Comme il faut: as it should. Faut really reads like "pho".

The verb "belong" in French is falloir (falloir). Il is either the pronoun "he" or an indication of the impersonality of the sentence, as in this case. As you can see, French verbs conjugate in an interesting way. Probably more difficult than in Russian. But their nouns are not declined, as in English.

Sharomyzhnik - from Cher ami (male), chere amie (female)[ʃeʀami]: dear friend. The origin is given according to Vasmer's etymological dictionary. The soldiers of the Napoleonic army retreating from Russia, many of whom were in a very deplorable state and deserted, addressed these words to the Cossacks and peasants in search of food or mercy. The peasants immediately understood that in front of them was a real charcoal and nothing more. Likewise, those who often used the phrase "Give Christ for Christ's sake" were called Christ-bearers.

In Dostoevsky's novel Demons, one of the main characters, Stepan Trofimovich Verkhovensky, very often uses the expression cher ami (addressing men) or chère amie (addressing women). Both phrases are pronounced the same way.

Pimp - Sauteneur- protector. The verb soutenir means to protect.

wall up - Emmurer. Mur - wall. Walled up, demons!

Gauze - like, from the name of the commune (roughly corresponds to our concept of "urban district") Marly-le-Roi 10 km from Versailles. In French, a fabric similar to gauze is called gaze. The word gaze, according to the French wiki dictionary, comes from the city of Gaza, where it was made. How our fabric began to be called gauze, I did not find. However, the proximity of the place to Versailles gives some guesses. I would be glad if someone shares the whole story about how gauze became gauze.

backstage - Coulisse. The verb coulisser means "to slide along the groove", like closet doors, for example, or like curtains, curtains, backstage.

Dresser - Commode- comfortable. In French, commode can be a noun and mean "commode", or it can be an adjective and mean "comfortable, pleasant" in relation to a person's character.

Diamond - Brillant, literally - “sparkling”, participle from the verb briller - “sparkle”. In Russian, the word "diamond" is used to denote a mineral, and "brilliant" is a cut diamond.

I don’t know exactly how the word “diamond” appeared in Russian, because the French (ordinary people, not jewelers) use diamant for both diamond and diamond. If necessary, to be more precise, a diamond can be called as diamant brut (brut - "rough"), and a faceted diamond - diamant taillé (taillé - zd.: "faceted"). They do not use the word brillant for diamonds. However, historically, the word brillant originated in the 17th century and meant a way of cutting a stone, which produces 57 facets. This method of cutting is very popular to this day.

One more detail: in terms of spelling and pronunciation, the Russian “brilliant” is more similar to the English “brilliant” than the French “brillant”. In English, “brilliant” means, among other things, this very method of cutting a diamond, and diamonds are mainly called “diamond”. Perhaps the word came into Russian from English, anywhere from French.

Stuntman - Cascadeur. I associated this word with a helmet, but it should have been with a cascade: cascade - a fall, also a waterfall.

Landing - Descente. The verb descendre is to go down. So during rush hour, the bus might ask if you're landing at the next stop.

Lieutenant - Lieutenant. This word came to Russian, perhaps not directly from French. Lieu - place, tenant - holding (participle from the verb tenir - to hold). Viceroy. It comes from the Latin locum tenens.

Overture - Overture. The verb ouvrir means "to open". Open - ouvert.

Refined - Raffinade. The verb raffiner means "to purify". It turns out that the cubes have nothing to do with it. Surprisingly, I never paid attention to the similarity in the name of refined sugar and refined sunflower oil. And they are simply clean.

Apport! - Accept!. The verb apporter is translated as "to bring". The same is translated and rapporter.

Submit a report.

“Apport!” shouted Nikolai Ivanovich, crumpling and throwing Ilya’s report into the corner.

Deodorant - Deodorant. Odeur - smell. Deodorant - disinfectant. In chemistry, substances that absorb unpleasant odors are called Desodorisant.

Furniture - Meuble(pronounced "furniture").

Cavalier - Chevalier[ʃəvalje] (from cheval- horse; pronounced like "cheval"). Chevalier - a junior title of nobility in France during the time of Dartagnan (D'Artagnan), apparently originally: horseman. I met this word in some Russian editions of the Three Musketeers. Chevalier Dartagnan. That our "cavalry", that cheval with chevalier came from the Latin word caballus - horse. Apparently, just as the chevalier ceased to be directly connected with the horse, so did the cavalier.

It is said that in the language of those who deal with horses, horse is the word for a species of animal. The female is a mare and the male is a stallion. The word "horse" in the mouth of a specialist can mean either a stallion or a gelding (castrated stallion). This city dweller often calls a mare a horse, because the word horse is feminine. In this light, the following scheme would be more correct:

Horses (animal species) - equus, male horse (stallion) - le cheval, female horse (mare) - la jument.

Some associate the origin of the word "trash" with cheval. But this explanation seems more plausible to me.

It is also curious that in Russian the word "cavalier" can mean a courteous and polite person, but in French "cavalier" can mean, on the contrary, a cheeky, unceremonious person. I encountered this in the film "Ne nous fâchons pas".

pince-nez Pince Nez(pronounced "pansne"). Pincer - pinch, grab; nez - nose. Clothespins, for example, are called pince à linge.

Muffler - Cacher Nez. Cacher - hide, nez - nose. Planter - cache-pot , where pot is a pot.

chestnut - Chataigne[ʃatɛnj], that is, brown-haired. And I kept wondering which hair color is darker - chestnut or brown-haired?

Boot - Bottine, boot - bottom.

border - Border: edge, edge, border, frame. A curb is the edge of a sidewalk. Here I am reminded of the wildest assumption about the St. Petersburg curb - my brother decided that this was a “barrier brick”, limiting the bar. And I, in turn, thought that he meant “bare brick”, bare brick.

Sidewalk - Trottoir. The verb trotter means "to walk quickly". And scooter in French - trottinette.

Tire - Tir. The verb tirer means "to shoot". In football they shout tire! instead of "hit!".

March - Marche. Walking. Step march! The minibus goes along the route: route - road, route. Router is here. He's a router. It's funny that the word “route” is made up of two French ones (in fact, but I don’t know in terms of etymology), but the French themselves don’t use such a word: they say itinéraire.

Serpentine - from Serpent(pronounced, "serpan"). The mountain serpentine winds like a snake, and the snake winds like a cracker serpentine.

Parterre - Par terre. Terre - earth, par - a preposition, can be translated as "in, on, for, from", etc. Sweep the floor - Balayer par terre. By the way, the French word bel-étage (beautiful floor) confuses the French. They no longer use such a phrase, but we liked it. By the way, "beautiful", as far as I know, will be beau (bo). Belle is beautiful. It is necessary to clarify what kind of bel this is, and whether it is used now.

Short - Bas, "ba". Double bass, bass - low sounds. The Netherlands (which are the Netherlands, i.e. Low Lands), in French sounds very piquant: Pays-Bas (Paiba) - Country (Earth) Low.

By the way, about the spice: Piquant- thorn, thorn, hence, apparently, hot sauce. Mountain peak.

Despatch - Depeche. Verb dépêcher - to hurry, hurry. Send a dispatch to the bistro.

Fern - Fougère(pronounced, "wine glass"). Here's one for you! It is possible that in the city, named "Fougere" in honor of the fern that grows abundantly around, they began to produce tall glasses, which received the name in honor of the city. Not sure, half made up this story.

Fruit puree - (pronounced, "compote"). Upon learning this, I immediately remembered the inscription on yogurt that surprised me at the time: Yoghurt with compote. Finally, the secret is out!

But what do the French call compote? When I tried to explain to one Frenchman that this thing is obtained after boiling fruit, he shrugged his shoulders and said: “Soupe” (pronounced “soup”, also used for soup).



In French, there is a word that reads like compote - it's compoté. But it means "stewed". Thick peach stew. Chic! Charm! Voila!

Newspaper - Journal[ʒurnal], journal. Jour - day. Daily reading. But "magazine" is more often magazine . Bonjour!- Good afternoon. Bon is good.

lampshade - Abat jour. The verb abattre means "to cut", jour means "day", in this case daylight. Light limitation.

Duty - de jour. Orderly.

floor lamp - Torchere. Torche - torch. ch is pronounced "sh" in French.

Display, monitor, screen - Affichage. Displays information. The French verb afficher (to announce, hang out, show) comes from the Latin affigere, which means the same. The latter is composed of the prefix ad (on) and the verb figere (to stick, put, place). Fiche - peg, pin.

buffet - La fourchette, literally - "fork".

Double-edged pun. French people say ça va? , which can literally be translated as "is it coming?" (as far as I know, this is how this expression appeared: the doctor often asked some monarch about the natural functions). Sounds ça va like our "owl".

"Owl" in French will be chouette [ʃuɛt]. But the word chouette has another meaning: cool, cool, cool, cute. It turns out that such a dialogue is possible (on the verge of preserving the meaning):

- Cha va? - Chouette!

Moreover, in both remarks, an owl is mentioned in one way or another. I often act out such a dialogue with Guillaume (whose name, by the way, is spelled like this: Guillaume).

deja vu - Deja vu. Already seen. The verb "to see" in the infinitive is voir.

Purse - porte monnaie: I carry money. The verb porter is to wear. It is noteworthy that the word “portfolio”, which comes from porte feuille (I carry a sheet), is pronounced “portfolio” by the French and also means a wallet, not a bag.

Sabo - Sabot- hoof. The same word is called wooden shoes. From here came the verb saboter, which has several meanings, among other things, it means "to make noise with the help of a clog." Legend has it that the word "sabotage" came from the fact that workers threw such clogs into mechanisms to disable them, but this is only a legend.

Cutlet, entrecote, Ivory Coast. Côte- edge, coast, edge. Cotelette - rib; Initially, cutlets were called meat on the bone. On the contrary, entrecote - entrecôte - is the meat between the ribs; entre means between - intermission (entracte) means "between acts". Côte d "Ivoire - ivory coast. And the azure coast in France is called Côte d'Azur.

Deckchair - Chaise longue[ʃɛzlong]: The chair is long.

The first - Premiere. Premier League, Prime Minister. Premiere étage - first floor.

A cut - Coupure. Bills, apparently - cut paper.

Print - Imprimer[ɛ̃prime]. Impression - impression . When I learned this, I immediately realized that the words "impression" and "print" are very similar for a reason.

Terminal - Terminal. The verb terminer is to end, to limit. Terminator. So, by the way, the border of the light and dark parts of the moon is called.

Wardrobe - Garde-robe. Garder - store, robe - dress. The dressing room in the theater is usually called vestiaire from the word veste - jacket. Garde-robe in French can mean:

• a place to change or store clothes
• collection of clothes that someone owns

And in the Middle Ages, the word garde-robe was even called the toilet.

Shawl - Chale[ʃal]. Chaleur - warm, hot.

Piercing - Piercing. Percer - penetrate, crash. The pier crashes into the sea. Pierce and piercing never occurred to me to connect.

Souvenir - Souvenir. Literally: remember.

Gap - Breche. Hole.

Fast - Bistro(bistro). Probably, almost everyone has heard about this term, which allegedly came into the French language from Russian in 1814, when Russian soldiers and officers, having taken Paris with their allies, hurried the slow French.

In fact, they say that the first establishments called "Bistro" in Paris appeared 70 years after the occupation of Paris by Russian troops. I must say that this version is nevertheless very popular among the French, several people told me about it. Actually, they came up with it - in Paris, Montmartre, at the Mère Catherine restaurant, there is a sign with the following text:

Courage - Courage- courage, courage, bravery, courage.

Spring - Ressort. Spring.

Land mine - . And here is what Google gives for the query fougasse:



In French, the word "fougasse" is more often used to refer to Provencal bread with a soft crust of thick crumb, made from wheat flour, yeast and olive oil, sometimes with added sugar or garnished with onions, black olives, anchovies, bacon.

Fasmer's etymological dictionary says that since the time of Peter I, the word "fugad" from fr. fugade - mine. These words come from the Latin focus - fire (if you focus the sun's rays with a magnifying glass, you can kindle a fire), but I did not find whether the rolls and shells are somehow connected.

Star - Etoile. The well-known l'Étoile chain of stores is the "star". With the article le, which is shortened to l when preceded by a vowel.

Haute couture - haute couture. The phrase "haute couture" probably came from the French haute couture - high fashion (couture literally means "sewing"). The word haute is indeed read as "from", but means "high". And here it turned into a pretext, a rather interesting metamorphosis.

And also: tank, fitter, motor, shower, installation, massage, drainage, entourage, espionage, conductor, mezzanine, hood, corrugation, protege, sapper, landscape, silhouette, pirouette, pantaloons, underpants, fiction, repertoire, tank, maneuver , masterpiece, brothel, attic, advance, veil, duchess, nightmare, fillet, dictation, mode, depot, assorted, bonnet, couloir, rendezvous, role, et cetera. By the way, the union "and" will be et not only in Latin, but also in French.

P.S. Shock: the Russian union "a" has no analogues in French and English.