Detached part. What prepositions are used in prepositional case combinations that are separate objects? "USE-navigator": effective online preparation §6

1. Application as a kind of definition

Application – it is a definition that is expressed by a noun. An appendix characterizes an object in a new way, gives it a different name, or indicates a degree of relationship, nationality, rank, profession, etc. An appendix is always used in the same case as the noun to which it refers.

Master(i.p.), harsh man (i.p.), was not happy with either guests or profit(N. Leskov).

This story belongs to the famous writer science fiction (d.p.).

Please note: if the application and the word it defines are expressed by common nouns, then a hyphen is placed between them. For example:

Butterflies- cabbage fluttered over the flower beds.

If the application or the word being defined is expressed by a proper name, a hyphen is put only if the proper name comes before the common noun. Compare the two applications in the following phrase:

Moscow began with a small settlement in the place where river Yauza flows into Moscow river (A. N. Tolstoy).

phrase river Yauza written without a hyphen, since here the proper name comes after the common noun, and the phrase Moscow river written with a hyphen, because in it the proper name is before the common noun.

2. Separation of applications

The last topic was devoted to punctuation in sentences with definitions. You learned that a noun adjective only separates when it comes after it, while a personal pronoun adjective always separates, no matter where it is in the sentence. Compare pairs of sentences:

2) They are, soaked in the rain decided to go to the hotel and Wet in the rain, they decided to go to the hotel.

As you can see, the definition separation rule consists of two main parts. Now let's turn to the application isolation rule, which is a little more complicated: it will have three points that you need to remember. Please note that all paragraphs refer to common applications (that is, applications consisting of several words).

1) If the application refers to a common noun, then it is isolated in any case, regardless of the place in the sentence. For example:

My father, border guard captain, served in the Far East and Frontier Captain, my father served in the Far East.

2) If the application refers to its own noun, it is isolated only if it comes after it. For example:

Ivanov, border guard captain, served in the Far East and Frontier Captain Ivanov served in the Far East.

3) If the application refers to a personal pronoun, then it is isolated in any case, regardless of the place in the sentence. For example:

He, border guard captain, served in the Far East and Frontier Captain, he served in the Far East.

This rule has a few notes:

1. Sometimes an application, which is given great importance in a statement and which is at the end of a sentence, can be isolated with a dash rather than a comma, for example: August came to an end last month of summer .

2. Sometimes an application may begin with the conjunction HOW. In such cases, you need to try to replace this union with a combination AS. If such a substitution is possible, then commas are not needed. For example: Gas as a fuel is now widely used. In more detail, the rules for putting commas before the union AS will be considered in a separate part of our course.

An exercise

Finally, he could not stand it and reported his suspicions to the clerk of the noble guardianship_ Polovinkin (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin).

You, who until a few minutes ago were shaking for your lousy life, showed us all a model of desperate courage and unprecedented stupidity. There are no equals among us. With our large collective mind, we could not comprehend why You_hero_ needed to see Ant_robber when, when it appears, it is enough to tremble and subside (E. Klyuev).

By the way, the owner's family consisted of his wife, mother-in-law and two children_teenagers- a boy and a girl (F. Iskander).

In the early morning of the fourteenth day of the spring month of Nisan, in a white cloak with a bloody lining, shuffling with a cavalry gait, the procurator of Judea_ Pontius Pilate (M. Bulgakov) entered the covered colonnade between the two wings of the palace of Herod the Great.

The senator_ his new owner_ did not press them at all, he even loved the young Tolochanov, but his quarrel with his wife continued; she could not forgive him for deceit and fled from him with another (A. Herzen).

AT living room_reception_ completely dark (M. Bulgakov).

Nastya helped her here too: she took a measurement from Lisa's foot, ran to Trofim_ the shepherd and ordered him a pair of bast shoes according to that measure (A. Pushkin).

By the way, they said that the wife of the headman_ Mavra_ a healthy and not stupid woman_ in her whole life has never been further than her native village ... (A. Chekhov).

Yes, it’s not far to look, just about two months ago, a certain Belikov, a teacher of the Greek language, my friend (A. Chekhov) died in our city.

But on Elena's face at three o'clock in the afternoon, the arrows showed the lowest and most oppressed hour of life - half past five (M. Bulgakov).

My mother-in-law_ Avdotya Vasilyevna Aksenova_ who was born under serfdom, a simple illiterate "Ryazan woman"_ was distinguished by a deep philosophical mindset ... (E. Ginzburg).

... We learned that our crazy grandfather_ Pyotr Kirillich was killed in this house by his illegitimate son Gervaska_ our father's friend and cousin Natalia ... (I. Bunin).

All around, a kind of sluggish bedlam was going on - such a pause after a stormy Sabbath (V. Shukshin).

The famous Schiller_ tinsmith in Meshchanskaya Street. Near Schiller stood Hoffmann - not the writer Hoffmann, but a rather good shoemaker from Officerskaya Street - Schiller's great friend (N. Gogol).

Some kind of bastard cat, made to look like a Siberian tramp, emerged from behind a drainpipe and, despite the blizzard, smelled Krakow (M. Bulgakov).

... In the city of Moscow, he_ this man_ suddenly got the right to exist, acquired meaning and even significance (M. Bulgakov).

The best days of the year have come - the first days of June (I. Turgenev).

Only she_ this heroic mitten_ is unbearable for people. (P. Bazhov).

Katya_ Danilova, the bride, remained unmarried (P. Bazhov).

The wreckage of the Danilushka dope bowl remained, but Katya took care of them (P. Bazhov).

She cried, looking - at the very foot of the malachite_stone was designated, only it sits all in the ground (P. Bazhov).

Gatchina and Pavlovsk _ the residences of the grand ducal couple _ have remained to this day, despite the new layouts and restructuring, monuments of the era of Paul (G. Chulkov).

But only parent_deceased_ he was not a fool to let such a place, from which all rafting along the river begins, out of his hands (P. Bazhov).

I suspect that her husband, the peaceful Abkhazian prince, had to endure the cruder manifestations of her despotic temperament (F. Iskander).

There are no triples, no riding "Kirghiz", no hounds and greyhounds, no domestics and no owner of all this _ landowner_hunter_, like my late brother-in-law Arseny Semenych (I. Bunin).

- Prince_ Lev Nikolaevich Myshkin, - he answered with complete and immediate readiness (F. Dostoevsky).

Moreover, her face was similar to her mother, and her mother, some kind of princess with oriental blood, suffered from something like black melancholy (I. Bunin).

Such sleeves disappeared, time flashed like a spark, father_professor_ died, everyone grew up, but the clock remained the same and beat with a tower battle (M. Bulgakov).

(other than neutral) word order (Rus. She suffered a great and unexpected grief. , but Grief befell her, great and unexpected);

the emergence of additional semantic connections (Rus. The meeting will take place tomorrow, Thursday , where the word form on Thursday simultaneously acts as a circumstance of time related to the predicate, and a clarifying component in relation to the circumstance tomorrow).

Semantics

The semantic-stylistic function of isolation is a clarification of the thought expressed and an additional characteristic of a person or object: when separated, the connection between the defining and the defined members of the sentence acquires an additional semantic connotation (causal, concessive, temporal) and acquires the character of a secondary predication (cf. Rus. Tired travelers stopped for the night and Tired, travelers stopped for the night), bringing the isolated member closer to the subordinate clause. Separation carries an additional message accompanying what is said in the distributed part of the sentence.

Isolation often introduces an expressive coloring into the sentence.

Agreed definitions

Separation conditions	Examples
They stand after the word being defined and are expressed by participial turnover	Cloud, hanging over the high tops of the poplars* it's already raining*
2. They stand after the word being defined and are expressed by an adjectival phrase (adjective with dependent word)	On the empty platform, long strips of rainwater glistened thinly, blue from the sky
3. They stand in front of the word being defined and have an additional connotation (reasons, concessions)	1.Amazed by this laughter, Pavel sat on the floor and looked somewhere in the corner(hue of reason) 2.Always confident, the athlete today for some reason was worried(a hint of concession: "regardless of what?")
4. Two (or more) single definitions are after the word being defined, especially if there is already a definition before it	1. Vaska, angry and sleepy, stood at the gate and let the horses through. 2.There is a special, probably understandable charm in autumn days, warm and sad

Agreed definitions are not isolated

1. Standing before the word being defined and not having additional adverbial meanings:

The passing day brought nothing unusual

2. Standing after the word being defined, which in itself does not express the desired meaning and needs to be defined:

His face had an expression rather pleasant, but roguish.

3. Associated in meaning not only with the subject, but also with the predicate:

The sun rose cloudy, sleepy and cold

4. Standing after indefinite, negative, definitive, demonstrative possessive pronouns, because related to them:

No one entering the park went unnoticed

Suddenly something like a song struck my ear

Inconsistent definitions

Separation conditions	Examples
Included in a number of homogeneous members with separate agreed definitions	Around noon, a lot of round high clouds usually appear, golden gray, with delicate white edges
2. Relate to a proper name	Anna, in a gray coat, with short black hair* sitting on the couch*
3. If it is necessary to highlight the sign they designate	An old man entered the room in a gray frock coat, in a gray waistcoat, with a bare skull and with immensely wide and thick sideburns
4. Expressed by infinitive, if they have an explanatory connotation, and there is a definition before the word being defined (highlighted dash)	But beautiful the lot "" -"" shine and die

Application

Hyphen for single application

Is put	Not set
If a single application is attached to a definable common noun: city- hero, girls- teenagers, surgeon- Officer	If the applications are heterogeneous (characterize the subject from different angles): Officer surgeon Ivanov
2. After your own name (most often a geographical name), which is an application for a generic concept: Moscow-river, Kazbek-mountain	If application is own name "" -"" stands after the generic concept: river Moscow, mountain Kazbek
3. If the combination of two common nouns is a complex scientific term (the second part of it does not serve as an independent specific concept), the name of the specialty, etc.: beetle- deer, crayfish- mantis, doctor- therapist	If the first noun denotes a generic concept, and the second " -" specific: flower chamomile, bird hawk
4.	If the application preceding the common noun can be equated in meaning with the adjective: gorgeous daughter (=beautiful) old man father (= old)
5.	If the first words in a phrase are words sir, citizen comrade and etc.: citizen Chief, mister the president

Comma on application

Separation conditions	Examples
Refers to a personal pronoun	It was her Peterhof stranger
2. Common, refers to a proper name and stands after it	The deacon enters the reception Vonmiglasov, stocky old man in a brown cassock with a wide leather belt
3. Single, referring to a proper name and standing after it (with appropriate intonation)	This was Kolya, schoolboy
4. Stands before the word being defined, but has an additional adverbial connotation (reasons, concessions)	A lively, passionate, enthusiastic person, Vrubel stood at the center of intellectual interests and ideological hobbies of his time
5. Common, related to a common noun and standing, as a rule, after it	Shepherd, decrepit old man with one eye and twisted mouth, walks with bowed head
6. Have an explanatory character (dashes stand out)	Easter cakes were on the table next to the stove.- fluffy white buns
7. Joined by union how(if it has an additional connotation of reason) or in words by name, surname, family and etc.	Like a careful person, Ivan Fedorovich preferred, if possible, not to use the turnouts left to him

Separation conditions	Example
A common application, stands after the word being defined at the end of the sentence, you can put before it namely	A yellow spot shone in the corner - fire in the apartment window
2. A common or single application stands in the middle or at the end of a sentence and serves to clarify (clarify) or emphasize its independence	Sister my- life - and today in the flood I was hurt by the spring rain about everyone.I really like the scent of the flowers of this tree - lindens
3. Stands out on both sides if it introduces an explanatory character	caretaker rooming houses- retired soldier - walked beside

The application is enclosed in quotation marks

Inconsistent appendices (names of newspapers, magazines, works of art, etc.) are enclosed in quotation marks

Separate circumstances

Separation conditions	Examples	Notes
Expressed by adverbial turnover	Departing from Africa in April to the shores of the fatherland, flew in a long triangle, drowning in the sky, cranes	Exceptions: a) phraseology: Lisa missed the living and went away unsalted slurping b) stands in a series of homogeneous non-isolated circumstances: There is no woman's gaze, which I would not forget at sight* blue sky or listening to the noise of the flow falling from cliff to cliff* c) the allied word "which" is dependent: tea drink, having drunk which* you become more cheerful*
2. Expressed by a single gerund	Gusev, scowling, stood at the apparatus	Exception: single gerunds that have turned into adverbs: He was walking sneaking around (=secretly)
3. Two single participles	Grunting and looking around, Kashtanka entered the room
4. Expressed by a noun with a preposition in spite of, in spite of	I think that, despite your age* you are a very good artist*
5. Circumstances expressed by nouns with prepositions can be isolated due to, in spite of, due to, due to, on account of, on account of and etc.	1.Savelich, according to the coachman's opinion, advised to return 2. Thanks to the mass of new impressions, the day passed unnoticed for Kashtanka	But: Due to the rain road became very uncomfortable 2. A hero is one who creates life in spite of death

Standalone add-ons

Nominal constructions, conditionally called additions, with prepositions can be isolated:

1) except, excluding, except etc. (with exclusion value)

2) besides, beyond, along with etc. (with include value)

3) instead of etc. (with substitution value)

The isolation of these constructions occurs if the writer wants to emphasize their role in the sentence.

Ways of expression

In oral speech

On a letter

In a letter, isolated members of a sentence are distinguished by commas, less often a dash: Directly against the cordon on that shore, was empty(L. N. Tolstoy).

Types of isolated units

According to the function in the proposal differ semi-predicative and explaining isolated turns. Semi-predicative phrases have a relative substantive independence and are close to subordinate or independent clauses. Among them are distinguished:

participle turnover (rus. A lighthouse is visible in the distance standing by the sea );
participial turnover ( He was walking, waving your arms );
substantive isolated turnover ( Peaceful people, they hardly endured the dangers of the front);
adjectival turnover ( his shirt, napkin-like, was always open on the chest).

Explanatory phrases, as a rule, depend on the secondary members of the sentence and carry a concretizing meaning or provide additional information. Depending on the part of speech to which the main member of a separate construction belongs (noun, adjective, conjugated form of the verb, infinitive, adverb), there are explanatory isolated turns of the following types:

substantive ( Around the wagon on the snow, crowded soldiers), including restrictive excretory (Everyone came except Ivan);
adjectives ( This puddle seemingly harmless, can not be taken with overclocking);
verbal ( It is necessary to write about what is burning, does not wait );
infinitives ( Many just came sit and talk );
adverbs ( In the middle of a conversation unexpectedly he dozed off).

Isolation in the languages of the world

Russian language

In the Russian language, isolation reveals unusual properties of both the isolated and the distributed element. So, a separate definition can have not only a full, but also a short form: Bordered flying foam, / The pier breathes day and night(A. A. Blok); a pronoun can act as a definitive: And on a strange rock, beyond the blue seas, / Forgotten, he faded away completely(M. Yu. Lermontov) and proper name: Masha, pale and trembling, went up to Ivan Kuzmich(A. S. Pushkin).

Write a review on the article "Isolation"

Notes

Isolation- article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
Kruchinina E. N. Separation // Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ed. V. N. Yartseva. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990. - 685 p. - ISBN 5-85270-031-2.
Itskovich V. A. Separate turnover // Russian language. Encyclopedia / Yu. N. Karaulov (editor-in-chief). - 2nd ed., revised. and additional .. - M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia, Bustard, 1997. - 703 p. - 50,000 copies. - ISBN 5-85270-248-X.
Isolation // Russian Humanitarian Encyclopedic Dictionary
VSMU. Guidelines, exercises for self-fulfillment in the Russian language for students of the correspondence preparatory department. - Vitebsk, 2012.
VSMU. Guidelines, exercises for self-fulfillment in the Russian language for students of the correspondence preparatory department. - Vitebsk, 2012.

Literature

Separation of the extending members of the sentence // Russian Grammar. - M.: Nauka, 1980. - T. II.

An excerpt characterizing Separation

– That's how! - he said. - Well?
- Repulsed! - Boris said animatedly, becoming chatty. - You can imagine?
And Boris began to tell how the guards, having taken their place and seeing the troops in front of them, mistook them for the Austrians and suddenly learned from the cannonballs fired from these troops that they were in the first line, and unexpectedly had to enter into action. Rostov, without listening to Boris, touched his horse.
- Where are you going? Boris asked.
- To His Majesty with a commission.
- Here he is! - said Boris, who heard that Rostov needed his highness, instead of his majesty.
And he pointed out to him the Grand Duke, who, a hundred paces from them, in a helmet and a cavalry guard coat, with his raised shoulders and furrowed eyebrows, was shouting something to an Austrian white and pale officer.
“Why, this is the Grand Duke, and I should go to the commander-in-chief or to the sovereign,” said Rostov and touched the horse.
- Count, Count! - shouted Berg, as animated as Boris, running up from the other side, - count, I was wounded in the right hand (he said, showing his hand, covered with blood, tied with a handkerchief) and remained in the front. Count, I hold a sword in my left hand: in our breed of von Berg, Count, all were knights.
Berg said something else, but Rostov, without listening to the end, had already gone on.
Having passed the guards and an empty gap, Rostov, in order not to fall back into the first line, as he fell under the attack of the cavalry guards, rode along the line of reserves, going far around the place where the hottest shooting and cannonade was heard. Suddenly, in front of him and behind our troops, in a place where he could not in any way suspect the enemy, he heard close gunfire.
"What could it be? thought Rostov. - Is the enemy in the rear of our troops? It can’t be, thought Rostov, and the horror of fear for himself and for the outcome of the whole battle suddenly came over him. “Whatever it is, though,” he thought, “there is nothing to go around now. I must look for the commander-in-chief here, and if everything is lost, then it is my business to die together with everyone.
The bad feeling that suddenly came over Rostov was confirmed more and more the farther he drove into the space occupied by crowds of heterogeneous troops, located outside the village of Prats.
- What? What? Who are they shooting at? Who is shooting? Rostov asked, leveling with the Russian and Austrian soldiers, who fled in mixed crowds to cut across his roads.
"The devil knows?" Beat everyone! Get lost everything! - Answered him in Russian, German and Czech crowds fleeing and not understanding exactly the same as he did what was happening here.
- Beat the Germans! one shouted.
- And the devil take them, - traitors.
- Zum Henker diese Ruesen ... [To hell with these Russians ...] - the German grumbled something.
Several wounded were walking along the road. Curses, screams, groans merged into one common rumble. The shooting died down and, as Rostov later found out, Russian and Austrian soldiers were shooting at each other.
"My God! what is it? thought Rostov. “And here, where at any moment the sovereign can see them… But no, it’s true, these are just a few scoundrels. This will pass, this is not it, this cannot be, he thought. “Just hurry, hurry through them!”
The thought of defeat and flight could not enter Rostov's head. Although he had seen French guns and troops precisely on the Pracen Hill, on the very one where he was ordered to look for the commander in chief, he could not and did not want to believe this.

Near the village of Pratsa, Rostov was ordered to look for Kutuzov and the sovereign. But not only were they not here, but there was not a single commander, but there were heterogeneous crowds of disordered troops.
He urged on his already tired horse in order to quickly pass these crowds, but the farther he moved, the more upset the crowds became. On the high road, on which he left, carriages, carriages of all sorts, Russian and Austrian soldiers, of all branches of the military, wounded and unwounded, crowded. All this buzzed and swarmed mixedly to the gloomy sound of flying cannonballs from the French batteries placed on the Pracen Heights.
- Where is the Emperor? where is Kutuzov? - Rostov asked everyone he could stop, and could not get an answer from anyone.
Finally, grabbing the soldier by the collar, he forced him to answer himself.
- E! brother! Everyone has been there for a long time, forward fled! - the soldier said to Rostov, laughing at something and breaking free.
Leaving this soldier, who was obviously drunk, Rostov stopped the horse of the batman or the caretaker of an important person and began to question him. The batman announced to Rostov that an hour ago the sovereign had been driven at full speed in a carriage along this very road, and that the sovereign was dangerously wounded.
“It can’t be,” said Rostov, “that’s right, someone else.”
“I saw it myself,” said the batman with a self-confident grin. - It’s time for me to know the sovereign: it seems how many times in Petersburg I saw it like that. Pale, pale, sitting in a carriage. As soon as he let the four blacks, my fathers, he thundered past us: it seems time to know both the royal horses and Ilya Ivanovich; it seems that the coachman does not travel with another, like with Tsar Ilya.
Rostov let his horse go and wanted to go on. A wounded officer walking by turned to him.
- Whom do you need? the officer asked. - Commander-in-Chief? So he was killed with a cannonball, he was killed in the chest with our regiment.
“Not killed, wounded,” another officer corrected.
- Yes, who? Kutuzov? Rostov asked.
- Not Kutuzov, but how do you put it, - well, yes, everything is the same, not many are left alive. Go over there, over there, to that village, all the authorities have gathered there, - this officer said, pointing to the village of Gostieradek, and passed by.
Rostov rode at a pace, not knowing why and to whom he would now go. The sovereign is wounded, the battle is lost. It was impossible not to believe it now. Rostov was driving in the direction indicated to him and along which the tower and the church could be seen in the distance. Where was he in a hurry? What was he to say now to the sovereign or Kutuzov, even if they were alive and not wounded?
“Go along this road, your honor, and they’ll kill you right here,” the soldier shouted to him. - They'll kill you!
- O! what are you saying! said the other. – Where will he go? It's closer here.
Rostov thought about it and went exactly in the direction where he was told that they would kill him.
“Now it doesn’t matter: if the sovereign is wounded, can I really take care of myself?” he thought. He drove into the space where most of the people who fled from Pracen died. The French had not yet occupied this place, and the Russians, those who were alive or wounded, had long since left it. On the field, like shocks on a good arable land, there were ten people, fifteen killed, wounded on every tithe of the place. The wounded crawled down in twos, threes together, and unpleasant, sometimes feigned, as it seemed to Rostov, their cries and groans were heard. Rostov trotted his horse so as not to see all these suffering people, and he became afraid. He was afraid not for his life, but for the courage he needed and which, he knew, would not withstand the sight of these unfortunates.
The French, who had stopped shooting at this field strewn with the dead and wounded, because there was no longer anyone alive on it, saw the adjutant riding on it, pointed a gun at him and threw several cores. The feeling of these whistling, terrible sounds and the surrounding dead merged for Rostov into one impression of horror and self-pity. He remembered his mother's last letter. “What would she feel,” he thought, “if she could see me here now, on this field and with guns aimed at me.”
In the village of Gostieradeke there were, although confused, but in greater order, Russian troops marching away from the battlefield. French cannonballs were no longer reaching here, and the sounds of firing seemed far away. Here everyone already clearly saw and said that the battle was lost. To whom Rostov turned, no one could tell him where the sovereign was, or where Kutuzov was. Some said that the rumor about the wound of the sovereign was true, others said that it was not, and explained this false rumor that had spread by the fact that, indeed, in the sovereign’s carriage, the pale and frightened Chief Marshal Count Tolstoy galloped back from the battlefield, who left with others in the emperor’s retinue on the battlefield. One officer told Rostov that behind the village, to the left, he saw someone from the higher authorities, and Rostov went there, no longer hoping to find anyone, but only to clear his conscience before himself. Having traveled about three versts and passed the last Russian troops, near a garden dug in by a ditch, Rostov saw two horsemen standing opposite the ditch. One, with a white sultan on his hat, seemed familiar to Rostov for some reason; another, an unfamiliar rider, on a beautiful red horse (this horse seemed familiar to Rostov) rode up to the ditch, pushed the horse with his spurs and, releasing the reins, easily jumped over the ditch of the garden. Only the earth crumbled from the embankment from the hind hooves of the horse. Turning his horse sharply, he again jumped back over the ditch and respectfully addressed the rider with the white sultan, apparently suggesting that he do the same. The horseman, whose figure seemed familiar to Rostov and for some reason involuntarily attracted his attention, made a negative gesture with his head and hand, and by this gesture Rostov instantly recognized his mourned, adored sovereign.
"But it couldn't be him, alone in the middle of this empty field," thought Rostov. At this time, Alexander turned his head, and Rostov saw his favorite features so vividly engraved in his memory. The sovereign was pale, his cheeks were sunken and his eyes were sunken; but all the more charm, meekness was in his features. Rostov was happy, convinced that the rumor about the wound of the sovereign was unfair. He was happy to see him. He knew that he could, even had to directly address him and convey what he was ordered to convey from Dolgorukov.
But just as a young man in love trembles and trembles, not daring to say what he dreams of at night, and looks around frightened, looking for help or the possibility of respite and flight, when the desired minute has come, and he is standing alone with her, so Rostov now, having reached that What he wanted more than anything in the world, did not know how to approach the sovereign, and he had thousands of reasons why it was inconvenient, indecent and impossible.
"How! I seem to be glad of the opportunity to take advantage of the fact that he is alone and in despondency. An unknown face may seem unpleasant and hard to him at this moment of sadness; then, what can I say to him now, when just looking at him my heart stops and my mouth dries up? Not a single one of those innumerable speeches that he, addressing the sovereign, composed in his imagination, now occurred to him. Those speeches were for the most part held under completely different conditions, those were spoken for the most part at the moment of victories and triumphs and mainly on the deathbed from the wounds received, while the sovereign thanked him for his heroic deeds, and he, dying, expressed his love confirmed in deeds. my.
“Then, what am I going to ask the sovereign about his orders to the right flank, when it is now 4 o'clock in the evening, and the battle is lost? No, I definitely shouldn't drive up to him. Should not disturb his reverie. It’s better to die a thousand times than to get a bad look, a bad opinion from him, ”decided Rostov and drove away with sadness and despair in his heart, constantly looking back at the sovereign, who was still in the same position of indecision.
While Rostov was making these considerations and sadly driving away from the sovereign, Captain von Toll accidentally ran into the same place and, seeing the sovereign, drove straight up to him, offered him his services and helped him cross the ditch on foot. The sovereign, wanting to rest and feeling unwell, sat down under an apple tree, and Toll stopped beside him. Rostov from afar, with envy and remorse, saw von Tol say something to the sovereign for a long time and with fervor, as the sovereign, apparently crying, closed his eyes with his hand and shook hands with Tolya.
"And it could be me in his place?" Rostov thought to himself, and, barely holding back tears of regret for the fate of the sovereign, he drove on in complete despair, not knowing where and why he was now going.
His despair was all the greater because he felt that his own weakness was the cause of his grief.
He could ... not only could, but he had to drive up to the sovereign. And this was the only opportunity to show the sovereign his devotion. And he didn't use it... "What have I done?" he thought. And he turned his horse and galloped back to the place where he had seen the emperor; but there was no one behind the ditch. Only wagons and carriages were driving. From one furman, Rostov learned that the Kutuzovsky headquarters was located nearby in the village where the carts were going. Rostov followed them.
Ahead of him was the bereytor Kutuzova, leading horses in blankets. Behind the bereytor was a wagon, and behind the wagon was an old yard man, in a cap, a sheepskin coat, and with crooked legs.
- Titus, oh Titus! - said the berator.
- What? the old man replied absentmindedly.
- Titus! Start threshing.
- Oh, fool, ugh! - Angrily spitting, said the old man. Several minutes of silent movement passed, and the same joke was repeated again.
At five o'clock in the evening the battle was lost on all points. More than a hundred guns were already in the hands of the French.
Przhebyshevsky and his corps laid down their weapons. The other columns, having lost about half their men, retreated in disorganized, mixed crowds.
The remnants of the troops of Langeron and Dokhturov, mixed up, crowded around the ponds on the dams and banks near the village of Augusta.
At 6 o'clock, only at the Augusta dam, the hot cannonade of some Frenchmen could still be heard, who had built numerous batteries on the descent of the Pracen Heights and were beating at our retreating troops.

You can simply say that this is the selection of sections of text on the letter. But, as elsewhere, there are many nuances. In particular, there are different types of isolation.

Separation of minor members of the proposal

Almost any part of speech, including secondary ones, can stand out in a letter.
First of all, highlighting circumstances with commas depends on how they are expressed. The following cases are possible.

The circumstance is expressed by the adverb

The circumstance is isolated regardless of the place it occupies in relation to the predicate expressed by the verb. That is, the isolation of revolutions, including participles, occurs together with the isolation of the circumstance.

For example: Frightened by a thunderstorm, he returned to the house.

If the circumstance is located in the middle of the sentence, then it must be separated from both sides by commas. This once again confirms that the answer to the question, what is isolation, is simple. This is the selection of a piece of a phrase in a letter.

In the autumn, leaving the house, he felt longing for his native land.

The circumstance, which is expressed by a participle or participle, can be replaced by a subordinate clause or a predicate, since it is close in meaning to a secondary predicate.

Wed: In the fall, leaving the house, he felt longing for his native land. - In the fall, he left the house and felt longing for his native land.

1. Particles only are included in a separate design and are also distinguished:

The light came on, illuminating everything around for a moment, and went out again.

That is, this is an example of the isolation of secondary members of the sentence, which include particles.

2. If the adverbial construction is after a coordinative / or allied word, then it must be separated from the union with a comma.

Wed: She opened the window and, leaning out into the air, began to watch the rising sun. She opened the window and leaned out into the air to watch the rising sun.

3. The union does not require separation with a comma with a gerund or participle turnover in the event that the gerund construction is inseparable from the union or allied word, i.e. it cannot be removed without violating the structure of the sentence.

Compare: He loved to make unusual gifts, and congratulating a friend, he broke into a smile of satisfaction (impossible: He loved to make unusual gifts, but congratulated a friend ...). But! The teacher did not announce the grades for the control, but, having collected the diaries, put them there. - The teacher did not announce the grades for the control, but put them in the diaries.

Homogeneous participles and participles that are connected by single coordinating or disjunctive conjunctions and, or, or, no need to separate with a comma.

The linguist worked on the translation by reading the text and listening to its recording.

But if the union connects not two gerunds, but other constructions, commas are put:

I took the letter and opened it and began to read.

When is this part of speech not isolated?

1. The adverbial construction is represented by a phraseological unit:

He sat back.

But if a phraseological unit is an introductory word in a sentence, it is highlighted with commas.

2. There is an amplifying particle in front of the adverbial construction and:

You can achieve success without having wealth.

3. The gerund is included in and has a dependent allied word which the(a comma separates the main clause from the subordinate clause):

The state faces the most important issues, without understanding which it will not be able to reach a new level in the economy.

4. The adverbial turnover includes the subject (a comma separates the entire turnover from the predicate):

Perched on the spruce tree, Crow was about to have breakfast.

5. The participle is a homogeneous member with a non-isolated circumstance and is associated with it with the help of the union and:

He ran quickly and did not look around.

When else is isolation of revolutions not required?

Do not require single gerunds, which:

1. Having finally lost their verbal meaning, they moved into the category of adverbs:

We walked slowly. (It is impossible: We walked and were in no hurry).

2. Lost connection with the verb and moved into the category of function words: n starting from, proceeding from, according to:

Documents are compiled based on the results of the study. However, in other contextual situations, turns can sometimes be isolated.

1) turnover from beginning with is isolated if it has a clarifying character and is not related to time:

She speaks many languages, starting with English and German.

2) turnover from based is isolated in the event that in meaning it correlates with the one who performs the action:

We have compiled documents based on the results of your research.

3) turnover from according to is isolated if it has a clarifying or connecting meaning:

I had to act carefully, depending on the circumstances.

Isolation if the circumstance is expressed by a noun

The circumstance of concession, expressed by a noun with a preposition, is always isolated despite / in spite of(easily replaced by subordinate clauses of concession with an allied word although).

Wed: Despite the bad weather, the rest was a success. - Although the weather was bad, the rest was a success.

Special cases of separation

In the following cases, circumstances may be separated by commas:

1. Reasons with prepositions owing to, in the absence of, owing to, owing to etc. (easily replaced by a subordinate clause with an allied word because).

Wed: The son, according to the opinion of his father, entered the Faculty of Law. - Since the son agreed with the opinion of his father, he entered the Faculty of Law.

2. Concessions with prepositions in spite of, with although).

Wed: Against the advice of his father, the son entered the Faculty of Medicine. - Although the father gave advice, the son entered the medical faculty.

3. Conditions with prepositional constructions in the presence, in the absence, in case etc. (easily replaced by a subordinate clause with a union if).

Wed: Employers, in the event of a decrease in profits, decided to reduce the headquarters. - If the employers' profits decrease, they decided to reduce the staff.

4. Purposes and prepositional combination to avoid(easily replaced by a subordinate clause with a union to).

Wed: Payment, in order to avoid inconvenience, make by card. - To avoid inconvenience, pay by card.

5. Comparisons with the allied word like.

Wed: Tanya graduated from school with excellent grades, like her older sister.

In general, the isolation of phrases with the above prepositions and prepositional constructions is variable.

What is isolation in the acquisition of semantic load?

Circumstances that are expressed by nouns without prepositions or with other prepositions are isolated only if they acquire an additional semantic load, an explanatory meaning, or a combination of several adverbial meanings.

Katya, after receiving a negative answer, left the living room.

Here the circumstance combines two meanings (time and reason, that is, when did he leave? and in connection with what did he leave?)

Pay special attention to the fact that which are expressed by nouns, you should always emphasize intonation. But the presence of a pause does not always indicate the presence of a comma. it is always intonationally necessary to highlight the circumstances located at the beginning of the sentence with isolations.

However, a comma after such a circumstance is not required.

The circumstance is expressed by the adverb

If the circumstances are expressed by adverbs (the presence of dependent words does not matter), then they are isolated only when the author wants to pay more attention to them, when they have the meaning of an accompanying remark, etc.:

A minute later, by no means known how, he reached the village.

In this sentence, with the help of isolation, the unexpectedness and strangeness of the action performed are emphasized. However, such separations in the Russian language always have an authorial, optional character.

We hope that in the article we were able to reveal the answer to the question of what isolation is.

Question #246309
I repeat my question, I VERY hope for an answer: DO I NEED TO SEPARATE THE WORDS again. I again, are they introductory, for example: The greatest interest among domestic editors is caused by (,) again (,) those materials that ...
NAL
The combinations again, again (colloquial) in the meaning of "besides, in addition" do not require separation.
Question No. 206206
But here, again, it all depends on the developer - are the commas placed correctly here? Thank you.
Fedor
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
The punctuation is correct, _again_ is an introductory word.
So is it necessary to isolate "again"?
Thank you.

The answer to question no. 206206 has been corrected, the answer to question no. 246309 has been clarified.


	Question No. 280512

Do I need a comma after EXCEPT THIS? Where can I find material on this topic?