To begin with, you always need to refer to the criteria for evaluating the task that we are analyzing. Download it and keep reading:

Download the demo version of the exam in social studies 201 7

Highlighting a problem

So, let's take a look at the very last pages of the document that you have uploaded and take a look at points K1-K3, trying to extract from this the formula for a good essay that will be judged by experts

First, you need to directly understand the statement: highlight the problem, reveal its meaning and highlight aspects of the problem. A number of cliches will help you here, because the exam is traditionally built on templates and this helps in preparing

What are the problems in the exam? From my own experience, I can identify 6 main “flanks” on which you need to try on your aphorism:

• Essence problem...
• The problem of inconsistency...
• Role problem...
• Relationship problem...
• Relationship problem...
• Unity problem...

What does it mean to reveal meaning? In general, I tell my students that essays should be translated “from Russian into Russian”, in fact, from literary to scientific language, based on the block in which you write your work. You can end everything with a “reason for increasing the score”: look at the problem from different angles. This will be the structure of the first part of the essay.

Theoretical reasoning

Now let's move on to the second criterion, which involves argumentation based on theory. What does this mean and what parts should your essay include?
Naturally, these are terms. Hence, if you are an applicant preparing on your own, ALWAYS study this or that topic in the context of any concepts from the field that you are studying

Also, you must clearly, clearly and consistently formulate your statements and conclusions from what you stated in the thesis of your essay - this is a very important element, pay attention to it. In addition, it is necessary to cite various principles and approaches as an example, prove your position and reveal the causes and consequences of the events referred to in the formulation of the assignment.

Factual Argumentation

As a fact, you must prove the theoretical material mentioned above with the help of media reports, materials of educational subjects (usually humanities), facts from social experience and your own reasoning. The most interesting thing is that you need to give 2 ARGUMENTS of a factual nature, and both of them cannot be from media reports, or history, political life ... This is important to understand, otherwise the expert will lower your score

Well, in the end, you make a qualitative conclusion based on the thesis, simply writing it down in other words, with a “tinge” of completeness. That's all you need to know from theory on how to write social studies task 29

Speech by T. Liskova - Features of the solution of the second part at the Unified State Exam-2017

The video of her performance is attached below.

Finished essays

Now let's look at the structure. Below I attach 4 very first works of my students on politics. I suggest you review them, highlight the constituent elements, find errors, if any, and unsubscribe about them in the comments.

First essay

“Power corrupts, absolute power corrupts absolutely” (J. Acton)

In his statement, the American historian and politician J. Acton raises the question of the influence of power on the behavior of a person who possesses it. This statement can be interpreted as follows: the more a person is given power, the more often he begins to go beyond the boundaries of what is permitted and act only in his own interests. This problem has not lost its relevance for many centuries and history knows many cases when the unlimited power of the ruler led the country to ruin.

Disclosure of the theoretical part

So what is power and why does it exist? Power is the ability and ability to influence the behavior of people regardless of their desire to do so. In any state, power is primarily aimed at maintaining order and monitoring compliance with laws, but often the more unlimited power becomes, the more it corrupts a person and ceases to be a guarantor of justice, which is why I fully support the opinion of J. Acton.

Examples for disclosure K3

The ruler, endowed with great power, ceases to care about the welfare of the entire people and tries even more to strengthen his position. Let's take, for example, the first Russian Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible: striving for unlimited autocracy, he introduced the oprichnina in the camp, which consisted in mass terror, violence, and the elimination of not only the discontented boyars, but also any opposition. So, on suspicion of treason, many innocent people were executed, which ultimately led the country to a crisis, the ruin of cities and the death of a huge number of people.

My family also faced the consequences of unlimited power during the reign of I.V. Stalin. During dispossession, my grandmother's family was repressed, her father was sent to the Gulag, and six children were forced to live in a barracks with the same repressed families. Stalin's policy was aimed at equalizing the strata of the population, but the number of dispossessed kulaks during the years of his rule significantly exceeded the number of real kulaks, which is a clear violation of human rights and freedoms.

Thus, one can come to the conclusion that unlimited power corrupts people and brings not so much good as ruin and a fall in the standard of living of the population. In modern society, absolute power no longer dominates in most countries, which makes their inhabitants more free and independent.

Second essay

“When a tyrant rules, the people are silent and the laws do not work” (Saadi)

I see the meaning of Saadi's statement in the fact that the rule of law is the basis for building a democratic state, while tyranny opposes the public good and is aimed only at achieving one's own interests. This statement expresses two aspects: the participation of citizens in the life of the state under different political regimes and the attitude of the government to generally accepted laws.

Disclosure of the theoretical part

Tyranny is often inherent in states with the unlimited power of one ruler; for the most part, these are countries with a totalitarian regime. Its main difference from democracy - a political regime, which is characterized by the equality of all people before the law and the belonging of power to the people, is the concentration of all power in the hands of one ruler (party) and control over all spheres of society. With unlimited power, the ruler can interpret the laws in his own favor, or even rewrite them, and the people do not have the right to express their own opinion, which absolutely does not meet the principle of legality. It is impossible not to agree with the opinion of Saadi, and history knows many confirmations of this.

Examples for disclosure K3

Italy during the reign of B. Mussolini can serve as an example of tyranny. Having suppressed rights and freedoms in the country, Mussolini established a totalitarian regime and applied political repressions. As head of seven ministries and as prime minister at the same time, he eliminated virtually all restrictions on his power, thus building a police state.

A. Solzhenitsyn speaks about the lawlessness of the totalitarian regime in the story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”. The work shows the life of a former soldier who, like many others, ended up in prison after the front. Solzhenitsyn described the situation of people during the reign of I.V. Stalin, when soldiers who managed to escape from German captivity were declared enemies of the people and, instead of getting to their relatives, were forced to work in a colony for decades.

Having considered these examples, we can conclude that under the rule of a tyrant, human rights do not have any weight, and the people do not have the right to openly express their opinion, as they are constantly in fear for their lives.

Third essay

In his statement, P. Sir expressed his attitude to the problem of the characteristic features and peculiarities of power. The author argues that any decisions that a person in power will ever have to make must be carefully thought out and analyzed from all sides. These words can be considered from two points of view: the positive and negative influence of power on society.

Disclosure of the theoretical part

P. Syr's statement does not lose its relevance to this day, because all the time rash actions led to bad consequences both for the leaders themselves and for those who obey them. That is why I fully share the author's point of view regarding this problem. In order to confirm the relevance of this, it is first worth considering it from the point of view of theory.

It’s worth starting with the simplest: what is power? As we know, power is the ability to influence the actions and decisions of people against their will. Usually this happens both through persuasion and propaganda, and through the use of violence. Power is an essential attribute of any organization and human group, because without it, order and organization simply cannot form. As the main sources of power, one can single out both the personal attitude of each subordinate to the leader, and the level of his authority, material condition, level of education and strength.

Examples for disclosure K3

To confirm the relevance of P. Syr's statement, we can give an example from history. As ill-conceived actions, the monetary reform carried out by Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, which replaced silver money with copper, can act. Due to the lack of coins from the latter material in the treasury, it was the silversmiths who collected taxes, which soon led to the almost complete depreciation of the coppers. The reform, which did not suggest such a scenario, did not allow to correct the situation, which led to the Copper Riot of 1662. The result of the uprising was the withdrawal of copper coins from circulation. This example clearly illustrates the lack of thoughtfulness and logic in the actions of a politician who had to cancel the transformation he had carried out in order to calm the angry people.

As a second example, this time of successful and planned transformations, one can cite events from recent history. We are talking about the policy of the Russian Federation, pursued from the beginning of its existence. Thoughtful, systematic reforms were able to strengthen the disintegrated country. Also, the effect of these transformations was the strengthening of the state and its positions in the international economic and political arena. This example shows us that a policy that involves not sudden and thoughtless changes, but structured and consistent reforms can lead to an improvement in the situation in the state.

Summing up, we can say that the problem of the peculiarities of power and its characteristic features will never cease to be one of the most important issues, on the solution of which the destinies of states depend and will continue to depend. Especially now, in the post-industrial age, which is characterized by globalization, incorrectly implemented reforms can affect not individual countries, but all powers together.

Fourth essay

“The state is something without which it is impossible to achieve either order, or justice, or external security.” (M. Debre)

In his statement, M. Debre expressed his attitude to the main functions of the state and their importance. According to the author, it is the state apparatus that plays a decisive role in the life of society, controlling the norms and rules of its behavior, regulating the basic laws, and also being responsible for protecting the country's borders and maintaining the safety of its population. This issue can be considered from two sides: the importance of the role of the state in the life of society and the ways in which the first influences the second.

The words of M. Debre do not lose their relevance to this day, because regardless of the chronological period, the state has always played a key role in people's lives. That is why I fully share the author's point of view. In order to confirm these words, it is first worth considering them from the point of view of theory.

Disclosure of the theoretical part

What is the state itself? As we know from the course of political science, the state can be called any organization of political power, which has a mechanism for managing society, ensuring the normal activity of the latter. The functions of the state are not limited to any one sphere of life, but affect their entirety. In addition to internal functions, there are also external ones, the most important of which is the process of ensuring the defense of the territory of the state and the establishment of international cooperation.

Examples for disclosure K3

In order to give the first example, let us turn to ancient history. The states of all peoples began to form for similar reasons, but in this case, we will consider this process and its consequences using the example of the East Slavic tribes. One of the main prerequisites for the formation of the Old Russian state was the need for protection from an external enemy - the Khazar Khaganate. The scattered and warring tribes could not cope with the enemy alone, but after the formation of the state, victory over the nomads became only a matter of time. This clearly illustrates the operation of one of the most important functions of the state - defensive.

The following example, illustrating the impact of the state on society, can be taken from New History. As you know, in 1861 Alexander II carried out a peasant reform, the result of which was the abolition of serfdom. This phenomenon had a great impact on the life of the Russian people, because most of the population of the Russian Empire at that time were none other than serfs. By granting them freedom, the state greatly expanded the rights and obligations of the liberated peasants. The abolition of serfdom resulted in the formation of a new social stratum, a change in the foundations and customs that had developed over several centuries. This example shows us the consequences of the reform carried out by the state, which affected the entire population of the country.

Summing up, we can say that the importance of the role of the state and the need for the functions it performs have been tested by time. Without an impact, exerting any influence on the citizens of the country, the state apparatus simply cannot exist, and the changes it carries out can be perceived differently by citizens

I hope the article helped you deal with a rather problematic exam question. Help spread the word about this article: click on the social media buttons and subscribe to blog updates to receive new articles in your email in a timely manner. Bye everyone

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Once again about mini-essays. Task 29 in social studies.

Essay as a genre of writing, it began to spread relatively recently, but it has already become firmly established as a form of passing the final exam: essays are written for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language, in social studies, in the form of an essay, a historical portrait is written on history. What is an essay , what are the features of this genre, according to what rules is it written? Let's try to figure this out.

Essay is a foreign word. It came to us in Russian from French and in translation means "an attempt, a test, an essay." As you can see, the meaning of the word is quite wide - this is just a test of the pen, and at the same time already an essay. So the word itself contains so much complex, unpredictable, so many ways to interpret the features of the essay that students sometimes simply do not know what teachers require of them, how to write this very essay.

And yet it's not all that scary. The very meaning of the word already contains some help to our graduates. And no matter how they paint everything on the shelves, how an essay should be written on a particular subject, one should not forget that, nevertheless, the essay is based on - creative freedom . Yes, that's freedom. Of course, a graduate must write an essay in such a way that the checking teacher sees all the reasons for scoring for one or another criterion. However in form essay can be very different. And here no one will reduce the flight of creativity in children! Create, express your thoughts, show what interesting people you are, what a huge store of knowledge you have!

An essay on a specific subject has its own characteristics. On the pages devoted to essays on the Russian language and social science, I note what they are. Now I want to dwell on the general features of the essay.

Features of the essay as a genre of writing

The main thing in the essay - this is the transfer of thoughts, feelings of the author, his attitude to what he writes about.

Free composition and presentation . However, it must be remembered that the freedom of composition is necessarily combined with internal logic, subordination to the general idea.

Peculiarities style : figurativeness (that is, the widespread use of artistic means of expression), aphorism (the use of quotations, famous expressions, proverbs, sayings, phraseological units)

To confirm the thoughts, the author of the essay gives vivid examples, uses various associations, selects analogies.

For an essay, interesting conclusions, non-standard approaches to solving a problem, unpredictability are desirable.

The essay is dominated author's assessment the subject of discussion, emotions, how it differs from the essay, in which in the foreground there is a combination of analysis of the work and the author's reasoning on this matter.

Individuality should be manifested in the essay in everything: in the approach to the problem, the author's position, the style of presentation, the form. This is the main essence of the essay - to show your vision of the problem, your view of the world in general, to show your creativity.

Essay , thus , this is a small prose work of the journalistic genre, characterized by a pronounced position of the author on the problem under consideration, in the essay the author does not pretend to exhaustively disclose this problem.

29.3. Economy.

“The main use of capital is not to make more money, but to make money for the betterment of life.”

(Henry Ford)

Sample answer.

The main idea of ​​the aphorism. This statement by Henry Ford contains the idea of ​​the main purpose of money in the life of a person and society as a whole. The author emphasizes that money is necessary in order to improve life, for this they need to be “made”. It is impossible not to agree with G. Ford. The purpose of accumulating money, capital in general is precisely the improvement of life, the creation of decent conditions for it. There should not be enrichment for the sake of enrichment, this will lead to the degradation of the personality, it will never make a person happy. I'll try to prove what I've said.

So, money is a commodity of a special nature, which is a universal equivalent in buying and selling. This we all know well. But let's pay attention to the keyword - "product". Yes, it's just a commodity and should be treated as such.

Money performs important functions in the economic life of society: it is both a measure of value, and a means of circulation, payment for accumulation, this is also a function of world money. To date, there are different types of money: cash and non-cash, full and full. Money can be electronic, stored not only, as before, in wallets and savings banks, but also on smart cards. In general, humanity, developing all spheres of society, improves the money itself. But their main role remains unchanged - to promote the development of society and man, to create a comfortable life. The main thing is not to cross the line beyond which a person becomes a slave to money.

Arguments.

1. Money, if it becomes the goal of a person's life, destroys him as a person. A vivid example of this is the landowner Plyushkin from the story of N.V. Gogol's Dead Souls. Enrichment became his end in itself. He lost his family, loved ones, turned away from everyone. And what is the result: “either a man, or a woman,” Chichikov saw him like that. His estate is deserted. The peasants are on the verge of survival, and he himself has lost the concept of the value of things - for him a piece of paper, a stale piece of bread, barns full of rotting grain - everything is important and expensive. But Plyushkin is one of the richest of the landowners, to whom the hero went, but he lives like a beggar. This is a vivid example of how money takes power over the soul of a person, turning him into his slave. Is it necessary to save up, “make” them for the sake of such a life?

2. Everyone strives to be financially secure today. The main thing is to be clearly aware of what capital is needed for: for the development of the individual, for creating decent conditions for the life and recreation of a person and his family, for the benefit of the state - each of us must work for this. How many millionaires today are doing charity, allocating a sufficient part of their capital to help those in need!

An example is the charitable activities of billionaire A.B. Usmanov, founder of the Metalloinvest holding. A.B. Usmanov ranks fifth in the list of rich and influential businessmen in Russia in 2017.

Thus, he personally and his companies donated about $120 million to the development of the Thousand Cities of Russia project. The Usmanov Charitable Foundation "Art, Science and Sport" was created specifically to support talented young people, giving them the opportunity to conquer the heights in science, sports, and art. More than 30 million dollars were spent on the purchase of the Mstislav Rostropovich collection alone, so that it would remain in Russia. Yes, you can make big money, be a wealthy and influential person, and at the same time be respected in the country for your good deeds.

Conclusion.

Thus, H. Ford was right when he raised one of the most important problems of the time - the role of money in the lives of individuals and society as a whole. It is necessary that money serve people, be the material, economic basis that would allow creating decent living conditions, satisfying needs, developing, moving forward. By the way, Henry Ford himself made the words “A car for everyone” the motto of his company, his factories produced the cheapest and most affordable cars at the beginning of the 20th century.

29.1. Philosophy.

"The value of religion is determined by the quality of the morality embedded in it."

The main idea of ​​the quote.

Michel Houellebecq's statement contains the idea of ​​the moral basis of religion. The author notes that religion should be built on high moral principles, serve the formation of human morality, only then it will be valuable to society. I agree with the author's statement. Indeed, religion should form the best qualities of a person, unite people, serve goodness and justice, and not create enmity between peoples. I will prove what I have said.

Terms. Theoretical justification.

Religion is belief in the supernatural, in God or gods. The religious views of people over the period of historical development have undergone changes - from paganism to monotheism, that is, faith in the One God. Some religions are national, since their believers are either the population of one state (Confucianism - China), or representatives of one nationality (Judaism - Jews). Other world religions (their tri-Buddhism, Christianity, Islam) are not connected either with a specific state or with a nationality. They are distributed all over the world and have a large number of believers. All religions combine their functions, the main of which are educational, ideological, socializing and regulating. Religions help in the formation of high moral qualities of a person: kindness, compassion, mercy, decency and many others. However, some people, groups are trying to use religion as a means for national hatred, chauvinism, reaching religious fanaticism and terrorism. Society and the state are fighting against such manifestations.

Argument #1

Faith in God can purify a person's soul, help him understand himself, realize his mistakes and start life in a new way. This happened with the hero of the novel F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment" by Rodion Raskolnikov. Having committed a terrible crime, killing an old money-lender and her sister, it was through faith in God, through the love in him of Sonya Marmeladova, who helped him in this, that he realized how monstrous his crime and the theory itself, according to which a strong personality can kill others for the sake of lofty goals. Faith helped the hero to become purer, to repent of his deed, to believe in himself again.

Argument #2.

In many sources, including the textbook "History of Russia" for grade 10, edited by A.N. Sakharov, contains information about how Christianity was adopted in Russia in 988 under Prince Vladimir, what changes took place in the life of the country and in the minds of people. One of the many positive consequences of this event was a change in moral laws. The way of life began to change. The concept of the family as a lifelong union of husband and family appeared, and polygamy was condemned. The role of the family has increased, it has become the basis of society. The concept of sin appeared, Christian commandments taught a person to live according to them - not to steal, not to kill, not to commit adultery, not to bear false witness, to honor mother and father. All this became the basis of human education. In addition, people began to feel that they belonged to the same religion, country, and the Old Russian nationality began to form. Christianity has played and is playing an important role in shaping the personality on high moral principles.

Thus, Michel Houellebecq is right when he touches upon the most important problem of time - the role of religion in the life of society, its influence on the spiritual development of the individual, and the formation of the foundations of morality. Only a religion capable of positively influencing the spiritual life of a society is valuable to it.

29.1 .Philosophy.

"To conquer a country, it is enough to subjugate the connection."

The main idea of ​​the quote.

The statement of Robert Heinlein contains an idea about the role of communication in society. The author had in mind that the one in whose hands the connection is able to "seize the country" both in the political sense and figuratively - to seize the consciousness, the souls of the people. It is difficult to disagree with the opinion of R. Heinlein. Indeed, any means of communication (and today they are the most diverse - telephone, electronic communications, the possibilities of the Internet, the media) are able to influence the opinion of society on certain issues, which is why the author writes about the need to subordinate communication in order to influence society. It is no coincidence, for example, that the media is called the “fourth estate”. I will prove what I have said.

Terms. Theoretical substantiation of the point of view.

Mass media perform many functions in modern society. Among them are informational, broadcasting, mobilization, educational, upbringing, socializing. Undoubtedly, one of the leading ones is ideological, because the media are able to propagate certain ideas, views, form points of view on certain issues. In this sense, their influence can be both positive, aimed at creation, consolidation, and negative, causing discontent in society, a clash of interests that can develop into serious unrest. This should be taken into account by all those involved in the activities of the media, feeling their responsibility to society.

Arguments.

1. In the history textbook for grade 11, edited by A.N. Sakharov, in paragraphs devoted to the October Revolution, the authors, noting the main tasks of the Bolshevik Party in this period, emphasize that one of the leading tasks was to seize the telegraph, which made it possible to keep the situation under control, prevented the possibility of information leakage, communication between the enemies of the revolution with each other to provide joint resistance. This fact testifies to the understanding of V.I. Lenin and other Bolsheviks on the importance of owning means of communication.

2. In the modern world, the role of the media is invaluable, especially with the advent of the Boarding School, when the possibilities of new information technologies have expanded significantly. In the book by I.N. Panarin "Mass media, propaganda and information wars" noted that the possibilities of the Internet are widely used in all spheres of society. So, in education in the Russian Federation today, almost all schools have access to this network, which makes it possible to modernize teaching methods. Of course, as the author notes, there are negative consequences of the boarding school, as well as any technical invention. This is where the problem of education and training in the correct use of the possibilities of the World Information Network appears.

Conclusion.

Thus, the author of the statement correctly noted the important role of means of communication in society. To "capture" the country, you need to have in your hands such an important tool as the media. This should force society to increase the requirements for them, to prevent their negative influence.

29.3. Economy.

"An entrepreneur is always looking for change, responding to it, and seizing it as an opportunity."

Peter Drucker

The main idea of ​​the quote.

The statement of the 20th century management theorist Peter Drucker contains an idea about the essence of successful entrepreneurial activity. The author emphasized one of the prerequisites for the effectiveness of entrepreneurship - the desire to study the market situation, a quick response to them, the ability to adapt to the needs of the market. It is difficult to disagree with the opinion of P. Drucker. Indeed, only knowledge of the market situation, skillful study of consumer demand and the desire to satisfy it can lead to profit, the ultimate goal of entrepreneurial activity.

Terms. Theoretical substantiation of the position.

Entrepreneurial activity is an activity whose purpose is to make a profit. There are many ways to achieve the goal. One of them is taking into account the laws of the market - supply and demand. . Demand, that is, the quantity of goods and services that a consumer is willing and able to purchase at a given price at a given time, can rise and fall. An entrepreneur must be able to see fluctuations in demand, understand that it depends on many factors: consumers' incomes, their tastes, seasonal needs, market size, etc. Knowing your competitors, what their product is, is also important. The stimulating function of the market is to arouse the desire of entrepreneurs to improve their products, using the latest achievements of science and technology. Thus, business requires not only capital investment, but also knowledge of the market and the processes of the economy as a whole. Argument 1.

The hero of the poem N.V. was very well versed in the needs of his classmates. Gogol "Dead Souls" P. Chichikov. His entrepreneurial abilities manifested themselves already in the school, when the hero sold treats to his comrades, which they had previously offered him. He knew well that the time would come when classmates would be hungry. That's when he sells them food. And how cleverly he painted the bullfinch, also selling it, realizing that the unusual will always interest others. Are these not signs of an entrepreneurial spirit - to know what to make, sell, who needs it and at a convenient time in order to benefit. It is no coincidence that a real businessman grew out of him in the future, stopping at nothing for the sake of achieving prosperity, even before selling dead souls.

Argument 2.

Many economists write about the components of success in entrepreneurship. One of them is market knowledge. So in the book "Organization of Entrepreneurial Activity" the author Professor A.S. Pelikh writes that market orientation and the need to study it are very important. An entrepreneur, especially in the initial period of his activity, must also be a marketing specialist. Subsequently, he will turn to professionals to obtain marketing information and conclusions, but he must have knowledge of marketing in any case. Representatives of the Eldorado company and its leader Igor Yakovlev began their activities precisely with the study of market needs. The first electronic and household appliances store was opened in 1994 in Samara, today the Eldorado chain of stores occupies about 30% of the market for this type of goods. Every third washing machine or TV is bought in these stores. The buyer is becoming more and more demanding on the range, quality of goods, level of service. All this is studied and taken into account in the work of the company.

Conclusion. Thus, Pieter Drucker raised one of the urgent problems of entrepreneurial activity - the study of market needs. It is necessary to constantly be aware of the changing situation on the market, strive to keep up with the times, keep abreast of the latest technical developments in the field that an individual entrepreneur or firm, company is engaged in. The result will be profit, satisfaction from their activities. Every change should be used as an opportunity to move forward.

Consider task number 29 - an essay or an essay.

To complete it for the maximum number of points (6), you must:

• reveal the meaning of one of the 5 statements;
• theoretically substantiate it;
• give examples from real life;
• correctly and logically conduct reasoning and bring concepts.

We have collected for you the best essays shared with us by graduates.

29.2 Economy

“Private property is the main guarantee of freedom, both for those who own it and for those who do not own it”- F. Hayek.

F. Hayek thinks in line with such a socially important science as economics.

He argues that private property guarantees the freedom of the one who owns it. And at the same time, it guarantees the independence of other people who are not related to this property. This means that the presence of private property in the state is the main guarantor of an economically free society.

I agree with the opinion of F. Hayek and believe that such freedom is guaranteed both by the presence of a private form and by the type of economic system of the state.

It is important to note that property is the format of the property relationship of a person or a group of people to economic benefits, factors of production. Usually they distinguish: private property (belonging to individuals and legal entities) and state property (government bodies). Ownership can be individual (1 person owns) or collective (for a group of people). Accordingly, if the population can have something in their property, this means that people have rights and freedoms. And the indicator of these freedoms of the population is the type of economic system. This term means a set of methods and rules governing economic relations in the state. I will give a classification: traditional (communal property, the organization corresponds to accepted customs and traditions), planned (state form, directive planning of the production process), market (private form, what and how to produce entrepreneurs decide), mixed (both types of ownership, but state ownership prevails, producers and consumers are economically independent, the state produces public goods and finances the social sphere).

We know from history that the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics had a planned economy. Entrepreneurial activity was limited to production plans. Consumers were not free: there was practically no choice in stores, sometimes especially valuable goods were issued on a first-come, first-served basis, so there was not enough for everyone; sometimes the same thing happened with food. So, it cannot be argued that in that period, under such an economic system, the population, producers and consumers, were free. And not only in the economic sphere of society.

Now, thanks to various economic TV programs, it is known that Russia has a mixed type of economy. Entrepreneurs themselves decide what to produce, they own the factors of production. And in state ownership - natural resources, cultural monuments, social institutions. This gives rise to the freedom of consumers: the choice of a suitable manufacturer, the quantity of goods. It can be argued that in modern Russia, society is economically free due to the variety of freedoms that the population has.

Thus, the presence and predominance of private property, of course, is the guarantor of the independence of society. And this is reflected in the freedom of all who own it, and others who do not have it, but can. This is largely due to the type of economy - market.

The second example of an essay on social studies that received a high score on the exam:

29.3 Sociology, social psychology

“Try to achieve fame and recognition, but not at the expense of the treasury, but at the cost of knowledge”- Anvari.

Anvari talks about the specific role of knowledge in the fate of a person.

In the pursuit of happiness, which for many is popularity and recognition, we do our best. However, the author is convinced that this should be achieved through the use of not money, but the knowledge that we possess.

The knowledge that Anvari is talking about is a collection of information about the surrounding objects and the world. This knowledge is the result of cognition - the process of spiritual assimilation by man of the material world. It is endless, lasts until the death of a person. There are many types of knowledge, but the main ones are considered: everyday (about everyday life), scientific (concerns various sciences), religious (associated with belief in a deity). Information can be obtained through a sensual or rational form of cognition. The first type includes the stages: sensation - a conscious reflection of the individual properties of the object that affect the human senses; perception - a reflection of an object, based on how it affects the senses, in the mind; representation - the emergence of a holistic image of an object in the mind, based on its impact on the senses. The rational form includes: concept - any statement about the subject; judgment - analysis of the given statement, conclusion - conclusion about the correctness or incorrectness of a fact with a number of evidence. There are also empirical (practical) or theoretical (conceptual) methods of cognition of the world. The process of cognition is in many ways difficult, which is why all the available knowledge is so valuable. A person who possesses them, who has passed this “path” and found the truth, must use them in order to achieve fame and recognition.

As an example of the value of knowledge, I would like to cite the story of a famous chemist, D. I. Mendeleev. There is a version: the table of chemical elements was seen by him in a dream. It doesn't matter so much how the table was created, but that it was made. He was able to structure his scientific information in the field of chemistry and quantum physics, which took the form of rows and columns and is used all over the world. At the cost of his knowledge, Mendeleev opened a new path for the development of science for mankind, received world recognition as one of the greatest chemists.

In our world, there are many examples of people who have achieved fame and respect due to their intellect. For example, the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin, according to many experts, the results of voting and opinion polls, is recognized not only in Russia, but also abroad as the most influential person, a respected person. This would not have come true if Vladimir Vladimirovich had not studied society, its needs, and the situation on the world stage. A successful social policy is being pursued in the state and the standard of living of the population is rising. Such fame is the result of a successful foreign and domestic policy.

Thus, only through his knowledge a person achieves truly valuable fame and respect. He is singled out for having gone through a difficult process of learning and having knowledge that others do not have. Our knowledge is our strength.

We hope you have carefully studied the presented mini-essays. Do not forget about the criteria for evaluating the essay and get a good result!

Examples of essays on social studies for the exam

Essay Samples

“A child at the time of birth is not a person, but only a candidate for a person” (A. Pieron).

It is necessary to understand what meaning A. Pieron put into the concept of man. At the time of birth, the child is already a person. He is a representative of a special biological species Homo Sapiens, possessing the inherent specific features of this biological species: a large brain, upright posture, tenacious hands, etc. At the moment of birth, a child can be called an individual - a specific representative of the human race. From birth, he is endowed with individual traits and properties inherent only to him: eye color, shape and structure of the body, the pattern of his palm. Now this can be defined as individuality. Why, then, does the author of the statement call the child only a candidate for a person? Apparently, the author had in mind the concept of "personality". After all, man is a biosocial being. If biological traits are given to a person from birth, then he acquires social traits only in a society of his own kind. And this happens in the process of socialization, when the child learns with the help of education and self-education the values ​​of a particular society. Gradually, he turns into a person, i.e. becomes the subject of conscious activity and has a set of socially significant features that are in demand and useful in society. It was then that he can be fully called a man. How can this assumption be confirmed? For example, on March 20, 1809 in Sorochintsy in the family of the landowner Vasily Gogol - Yanovsky, a son was born, baptized with the name Nikolai. It was one of the sons of the landowners born on that day, named Nicholas, i.e. individual. If he had died on his birthday, he would have remained in the memory of his loved ones as an individual. The newborn was distinguished by signs characteristic only for him (height, hair color, eyes, body structure, etc.). According to people who knew Gogol from birth, he was thin and weak. Later, he had features associated with growing up, an individual lifestyle - he began to read early, from the age of 5 he wrote poetry, studied diligently at the gymnasium, became a writer, whose work was followed by all of Russia. A bright individuality appeared in him, i.e. those features and properties, signs that distinguished Gogol. Apparently, this is exactly the meaning that A. Pieron put into his statement, and I completely agree with him. Being born, a person must go through a long, thorny path in order to leave a mark on society, so that descendants proudly say: “Yes, this person can be called great: our people are proud of him.”

"The idea of ​​freedom is connected with the true essence of man" (K. Jaspers)

What is freedom? Independence from the powers that be, which money and fame can give? Absence of a lattice or whip of an overseer? Freedom to think, write, create without regard to the generally accepted canons and tastes of the public? This question can only be answered by trying to figure out what a person is. But here's the problem! Each culture, each epoch, each philosophical school gives its own answer to this question. Behind each answer is not only the level of a scientist who has comprehended the laws of the universe, the wisdom of a thinker who has penetrated the secrets of life, the self-interest of a politician or the imagination of an artist, but also a certain life position, a completely practical attitude to the world. And yet. From all the diverse, contradictory ideas about a person, one general conclusion follows: a person is not free. It depends on anything: on the will of God or the gods, on the laws of the Cosmos, the arrangement of stars and luminaries, on nature, society, but not on oneself. But the meaning of Jaspers' expression, in my opinion, lies in the fact that a person does not conceive of freedom and happiness without preserving his personality, his unique, inimitable "I". He does not want to "become everything", but "wants to be himself in defiance of the universe", as the author of the famous "Mowgli" R. Kipling wrote. A person cannot be happy and free at the cost of trampling on his personality, renouncing his individuality. Truly indestructible in a person is the desire to create the world and himself, to discover something new, unknown to anyone, even if this is achieved at the cost of his own life. Becoming free is not an easy task. It requires from a person the maximum tension of all spiritual forces, deep reflections about the fate of the world, people, about his own life; a critical attitude to what is happening around and to oneself; search for the ideal. The search for the meaning of freedom sometimes continues throughout life and is accompanied by internal struggles and conflicts with others. This is precisely where the free will of a person manifests itself, since from a variety of life circumstances, options, he himself has to choose what to prefer and what to reject, how to act in this or that case. And the more complex the world around us, the more dramatic life is, the more effort is required from a person to determine his position, to make this or that choice. So, K. Jaspers turned out to be right, considering the idea of ​​freedom to be the true essence of man. Freedom is a necessary condition for his activity. Freedom cannot be "gifted", because unsuffering freedom turns out to be a heavy burden or turns into arbitrariness. Freedom won in the fight against evil, vices and injustice in the name of the affirmation of goodness, light, truth and beauty can make every person free.

“Science is ruthless. She shamelessly refutes favorite and habitual delusions ”(N.V. Karlov)

It is quite possible to agree with this statement. After all, the main goal of scientific knowledge is the desire for objectivity, i.e. to the study of the world as it is outside and independently of man. The result obtained in this case should not depend on private opinions, predilections, authorities. On the way to the search for objective truth, a person goes through relative truths and delusions. There are many examples of this. Once people were absolutely sure that the Earth has the shape of a disk. But centuries passed, and the journey of Fernando Magellan disproved this delusion. People learned that the Earth is spherical. The geocentric system, which existed for millennia, was also a delusion. The discovery of Copernicus debunked this myth. The heliocentric system he created explained to people that all the planets of our system revolve around the Sun. The Catholic Church for more than two hundred years forbade the recognition of this truth, but in this case, science, indeed, turned out to be ruthless to the delusions of people. Thus, on the way to absolute truth, which is final and will not change over time, science passes through the stage of relative truths. At first, these relative truths seem final to people, but time passes and with the advent of new opportunities for a person in the study of a particular area, absolute truth appears. It refutes previously treated knowledge, forcing people to reconsider their previous views and discoveries.

“Progress indicates only the direction of movement, and it does not care what awaits at the end of this path - good or evil” (J. Huizinga).

It is known that progress is the movement of the development of society from simple to complex, from lower to higher. But the long history of mankind proves that moving forward in one area leads to a rollback in another. For example, the replacement of an arrow with a firearm, a flintlock gun with a machine gun testifies to the development of technology and related knowledge and science. The ability to kill a lot of people at once with lethal nuclear weapons is also an unconditional evidence of the development of science and technology of the highest level. But can all this be called progress? And therefore, everything that has manifested itself in history as something positive can always be opposed as something negative, and a lot of things that are positive in one aspect can be said to be negative in another. So what is the point of the story? What is the direction of its movement? What is progress? Answering these questions is far from easy. The very abstract concept of progress, when trying to apply it to the assessment of certain events concretely - historically, will certainly contain an insoluble contradiction. This contradiction is the drama of history. Is it inevitable? But the fact is that the main character of this historical drama is the man himself. Evil is, as it were, inevitable, because a person sometimes receives as a result something that he did not aspire to at all, that was not his goal. And the point objectively lies in the fact that practice is always richer, always exceeds the level of knowledge achieved, which gives rise to the possibility of a person in other conditions to use what has been achieved in a different way. Evil, therefore, like a shadow, pursues good. Apparently, this is what the author of this statement had in mind. But I would like to continue the discussion and encourage people, especially scientists, to think about their future discoveries. After all, for the definition of truly progressive there is a concept developed by the entire history of mankind. Expressed by the word "humanism", it denotes both the specific properties of human nature and the evaluation of these properties as the highest principle of social life. Progressive is what is combined with humanism, and not just combined, but contributes to its exaltation.

“Revolution is the transition from untruth to truth, from lies to truth, from oppression to justice, from deceit and suffering to straightforward honesty and happiness”

(Robert Owen)

The revolution is often called a social explosion, which is why, in my opinion, the revolution does not completely solve the problems that have arisen in life.

In the historical past of Russia, the revolution in October 1917 was the most significant. Its most important result was the beginning of the construction of communism, which meant a radical change in the life of the whole country. And if this is the very truth, justice and honesty that Owen is talking about, then why is Russia now trying with all its might to join the Western model of development and is doing everything to become a capitalist country in the full sense of the word? And this despite the fact that in Soviet times, Russia achieved a lot: it became a superpower, the first to carry out a manned flight into space, and won the Second World War. It turns out that the revolution did not lead our country to the truth. Moreover, by the end of 1991, Russia was on the brink of economic disaster and famine.

Is it necessary to talk about social revolutions, even if in the course of the scientific and technological revolution in the modern world many questions arise. Among them are environmental problems, and rising unemployment, and terrorism.

On the one hand, in the course of the scientific and technological revolution, health care is being improved, the most hopeless patients are being saved from death by the efforts of doctors, and on the other hand, weapons of mass destruction, including bacteriological ones, are being produced. The mass media daily cover millions of events taking place in all corners of the planet, informing and educating people, but at the same time, the media act as a manipulator of human consciousness, will, and reason.

Many more examples of revolutions can be cited, but the conclusion remains unambiguous: a revolution is a multifaceted and contradictory process, during which the problems being solved are replaced by others, often even more complex and intricate.

Religion is rationally justified wisdom

I fully agree with this statement and want to prove the truth of this saying on the example of well-known BOOKS, which contain such wisdom that humanity will always turn to.

New Testament. He is already 2 thousand years old. By his birth, he produced an unprecedented, unprecedented excitement of hearts and minds, which has not calmed down to this day. And all this is because it contains wisdom that teaches humanity kindness, humanism, morality. This book, written simply and without any embellishment, captures the greatest mystery - the mystery of human salvation. People can only fulfill these Great Wisdoms: do not kill, do not steal, do not offend your neighbor, honor your parents. Is this bad wisdom? And when people forget to fulfill these wisdoms, misfortunes await them. In our country, during the years of Soviet power, the people were excommunicated from this book. All this led to the destruction of the spirituality of society, and hence to lack of will. And even the communists, drawing up their law - the Moral Code of the communist, took as a basis the moral principles contained in the Bible. They just put them in a different form. This proves that the wisdom of this book is eternal.

Koran. This is the main book of Muslims. What is she calling for? Particular attention is paid to nobility, which, in turn, implies respect for parents. The Qur'an teaches Muslims to be firm in word, obligatory in deeds and deeds. It condemns such low qualities of a person as lies, hypocrisy, cruelty, pride. Is this bad wisdom? They are reasonable.

The given examples prove the correctness of the given statement. All world religions contain such wisdom that instruct people only on good deeds. Show people the way at the end of the tunnel.

Science shortens the experiences of a fast-flowing life for us.

One cannot but agree with this statement. Indeed, with the advent of science, the progress of mankind began to accelerate, and the pace of life of human society is accelerating every day. All this happens thanks to science. Before its appearance, humanity was moving rather slowly along the path of progress. Millions of years ago, the wheel appeared, but it was only thanks to the scientists who invented the engines that this wheel could be driven at a higher speed. Human life has accelerated dramatically.

Mankind has had to search for answers to many seemingly unsolvable questions for thousands of years. This was done by science: the discovery of new types of energy, the treatment of complex diseases, the conquest of outer space ... With the beginning of the scientific and technological revolution in the 50-60s of the XX century, the development of science became the main condition for the existence of human society. Time requires a person to quickly solve global problems on which the preservation of life on Earth will depend.

Science has now come to each of our homes. It serves people by actually reducing the experiences of a fast-paced life: instead of washing by hand, an automatic washing machine, instead of a floor cloth, a washing vacuum cleaner, instead of a typewriter, a computer. And what can we say about the means of communication that made our globe so small: in one minute you can receive a message from places located on different parts of the world. The plane delivers us in a few hours to the most remote corners of our planet. But some hundred years ago, it took many days and even months. This is the meaning of this statement.

A political fortress is strong if and only if it is based on moral strength.

Of course, the statement is correct. Indeed, a politician must act on the basis of the laws of morality. But for some reason, the word "power" is associated with the opposite opinion for many. There are many examples of this in history, ranging from ancient Roman tyrants (for example, Nero) to Hitler and Stalin. Yes, and modern rulers do not shine with examples of morality.

What's the matter? Why are deeply moral norms, such as honesty, conscience, commitment, truthfulness, in no way fit into political power?

Apparently, much is connected with the nature of power itself. When a person seeks power, he promises people to improve their lives, restore order, and establish fair laws. But as soon as he is at the helm of power, the situation changes dramatically. Gradually, many promises are forgotten. And the politician himself becomes different. He lives by other standards, he has new views. Those to whom he promised are increasingly moving away from him. And others appear nearby, who are always ready to be at the right moment: to advise, to suggest. But they no longer act in the interests of society, but in their own selfish interests. As people say, power corrupts a person. Perhaps this is so. Or maybe there are other reasons? Coming to power, a politician realizes that he is unable to cope with the burden of problems that the state faces: corruption, the shadow economy, organized crime. In such difficult conditions, there is a retreat from moral principles. You have to act tough. It seems to me that it is better to rephrase this statement as follows: "A political fortress is strong if and only if it is based on the force of law." For politics, this is the most reasonable. But the laws must also be moral….

Block "ECONOMY"

"Entrepreneurial activity serves not only the interests of the individual, but also society as a whole"

(S. Kanareikin)

A lot of people talked, wrote, spoke about entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial activity in general. This topic is relevant at all times, since entrepreneurial activity has been one of the main sources of income for the population since ancient times. But there are very important things to know when doing business.

First of all, let's understand the concepts. Entrepreneurial activity or entrepreneurship (now most commonly referred to as a business) is an economic activity aimed at systematically making a profit (for example, by providing services or selling goods). By the word individual, the author means one person. It is compared with the whole society.

It is impossible not to agree with S. Kanareikin's statement that entrepreneurial activity serves not only the interests of the individual, but society as a whole. The author wants to say that entrepreneurship cannot exist without society, it is dependent on it, it exists at the expense of society. The more interest in the activities of the entrepreneur from the consumer, the more profit the company receives. This can be seen in the example of the Russian energy company Gazprom. There is, perhaps, no person who has never heard of her. The services of this company are used by millions of people around the world, that is, their activities are in high demand. You can also consider an ice cream stand outside. Ice cream is a seasonal product, it is popular only in the hot season. Naturally, Gazprom's profit will be higher. There are an infinite number of such examples. The dependence of the success of the enterprise on the number of consumers is obvious. That is why, before organizing their entrepreneurial activities, a person must be sure of the demand for the services provided, so that the profit is maximized.

Economic competition is not war, but rivalry in the interests of each other.

(Evin Cannan)

I agree with Alvin Cannan's statement that economic competition is not war, but rivalry in the interests of each other. The word competition means competition, rivalry for the right to be the best in something, to have something special. That is, competition is a competition, the achievement of a goal by two or more applicants. Healthy competition exists in any society, in each of its spheres. And people do not treat competition as a negative side of human relations. On the contrary, sometimes this kind of rivalry is encouraged. So why shouldn't competition be considered war?

First you need to understand what is the difference between the concepts of war and competition. War implies a struggle, military actions directed against each other, to destroy the opponent. War is always negative, destruction. Competition is the same struggle, but not with the aim of destroying your opponent (both morally and physically), but the struggle for some kind of benefit, moreover, by identifying the strongest of the rivals. Most often, competition occurs in the economic sphere. So, if two or more firms are competitors, then each of them tries to offer more favorable conditions for its customers, win their favor and get markets. If it were not competition, but war, firms would seek not to improve their products, but to destroy the rival.

Why is competition mutually beneficial? Because rivals strive to become better, increase their potential, thereby contributing to progress. Monopoly in any industry is destructive, because it does not stimulate growth, it allows you to stay in place and not move forward.

A clear example of the lack of competition in the economy is the policy of "War Communism" pursued by Lenin at the beginning of the 20th century. The absence of small and large private owners, and, consequently, of competition between them, led the Russian economy to decline.

Very often competition is used as a psychological factor. From the point of view of biology, competition - as a driving form of evolution - is inherent in every person, that is, everyone has an inherent desire to prove themselves better than a rival. Each of the competitors is trying to master the best qualities, skills, features. This has a positive effect both on the development of the personal qualities of one person, and on the improvement of production as a whole.

Summing up, I think it is safe to say that competition is not only not a war, but even an engine of development. It is largely due to this open type of rivalry that high labor rates are observed in every sphere of society, high quality production is achieved by organizations and individuals. That is, we can talk about the positive impact of competition on society.

“Each person should be given an equal right to pursue his own benefit, and the whole society benefits from this” (A. Smith)

I agree with this statement by A. Smith. It perfectly reflects the basic principle of a market economy. The main principle of a market economy is competition. And, as you know, competition is the engine of progress.

What do we mean by competition? Competition is rivalry between people for their own benefit. Competition helps to establish order in the market, which guarantees the production of a considerable number of quality goods. The higher the level of competition between sellers, the better and more profitable for us buyers.

For example, cell phones appeared on the market about fifteen years ago. Then it seemed an unthinkable luxury, and not everyone was able to afford it. But now almost everyone has a mobile phone. What is it connected with? First, with the development of new technologies. Secondly, of course, the phenomenon of competition makes itself felt clearly and, as a result, lower prices for telephones. In this case, the buyer remains the winner, and therefore the whole society wins.

Only in conditions of equal competition can we talk about the benefits of society. After all, only if all members of society receive the benefit they aspired to, then the wealth of society increases. The same point of view was held by the Italian economist Vilfred Pareto.

The desire to "grab" the best piece is at the head of the competition. Both sellers and buyers are trying to get the maximum benefit for themselves, and as a result of all these efforts, we benefit society. So Adam Smith was absolutely right in his statement and I fully support him.

“Economic freedom, social responsibility and environmental responsibility are absolutely essential to prosperity.” (Charter of Paris for a New Europe, 1990)

When I read this phrase for the first time, it was difficult for me to understand its essence. But as soon as I took it apart, I began to understand its meaning.

Let's start from the beginning: what is economic freedom? It can be described as a kind of human opportunity for the free right to choose certain conditions of life: the choice of a life path and their goals, where to direct their knowledge and skills, opportunities; free choice of the method of distribution of their expenses, place of residence, place of work. True, for all these actions he will bear personal responsibility. And all this, of course, is controlled by law.

What is social responsibility? Looking through the dictionary the meaning of the word "responsibility", we can see that the word is interpreted as a certain state, in which there is a feeling of anxiety for what has been done. That is, in general, social responsibility can be considered as the action of an object that takes into account the interests of society, and at the same time takes full responsibility for the impact of their activities on people and society.

And the final link is a responsible attitude to environmental protection. I believe that any self-respecting person, and indeed any part of society, should be attentive to what surrounds us. Especially when it is dependent on this surrounding world.

Based on the foregoing, it becomes clear that I fully agree with the author's statement. I also believe that these three points are small but sure steps towards a long and pleasant path to prosperity. After all, only when the understanding of the preservation of nature and all that majestic that we and nature have built reaches the mind of every person, only then can we boldly assert that we are on the right track, that we are moving towards meeting our goal. And until everyone understands the importance of the problem, we will not be able to start fighting it. After all, as they say: one in the field is not a warrior.

“Trading is great! Every kingdom is enriched by merchants, and without merchants no small state can exist ... ”(I. T. Pososhkov)

I think everyone will agree with this expression. After all, trade in the modern world is one of the most popular areas of business. And not only in the modern world. She was popular before.

Crafts and trade have always developed in cities first of all. Even in ancient times, the Russian lands established their relations with neighboring states through trade. Bargaining has always been a means of enrichment: states exchanged goods that they did not produce on their own land, which they could only get abroad. Such relationships are beneficial both for one party, which purchases the product, and for the other, which sells it.

Trade is one of the surest ways to determine the level of culture of the people. If it occupies one of the most important places in the life of the people, then the level of its culture is quite high. In any country, trade plays a very important role - bringing goods to the buyer. It links producers of goods from different countries, and shows that these countries are dependent on each other.

An example is the modern world. Not a single person can do without trade, even in everyday life. We go to grocery stores every day. Each of us buys new things in stores, whether it be clothes, electronics, or even simple household items. And it is even impossible to imagine what we would do if things could not be so easily purchased in stores. It is impossible to imagine our life without trade.

The thought of I. T. Pososhkov is certainly true. States would not be so closely interconnected if they did not maintain economic relations. Trade is a big deal. Without it, countries and cities would not have the opportunity to develop.

Undoubtedly, trade is of great importance in the life of every person, and in the life of every state.

"Economics is not just the science of the use of limited resources, but also the science of the rational use of limited resources" (G. Simon)

I agree with G. Simon's statement. Economics is a really important science about the rational use of limited resources, because it teaches us how to use our financial resources, which are limited by many factors, more correctly, more accurately and more profitably. Economics suggests how to overcome these factors, reduce them or exist with them and find compromises.

Economics, as a science, is very important. If not for her, we would not be able and would not know how to profitably use our financial capabilities: how to increase our capital, increase its volume, how and in what situation to save.

For example, if the financial resources of charitable foundations are spent on solving malaria problems, then in three years (according to scientists' estimates), 500,000 people can be saved and the problem closed. If you spend money on the prevention of AIDS, you can stop the epidemic and save later on expensive ineffective treatment of the sick. Or if we consider the rational use of financial resources from a household point of view: a mother buys herself a jacket on sale for an amount half as much as from a new collection, and buys a shirt for her son with the remaining money. In such a situation, as they say, both the wolves are fed and the sheep are safe.

Economics is a science that studies the use of various kinds of limited resources in order to meet the needs of people and the relationship between various parties that arise in the process of managing.

Economy - a set of production relations corresponding to a given stage of development of the productive forces of society, the dominant mode of production in society.

Economics is an art, and everyone is trying to use the economy correctly and for good, but not everyone can master it. Ownership of the economy is a talent that is given to man by nature. Not everyone can masterfully manipulate numbers, formulas, lay out and compose logical chains to improve their financial picture, environment and situation; only a smart and talented person can calculate actions several steps ahead in order to avoid mistakes and not lose everything that is available at this stage.

The purpose of the economy is the use of resources in such a way as to obtain a positive or useful result: either an increase in these very resources, or the satisfaction of human needs in a rational and profitable way.

“Money either dominates its owner or serves him.” Horace.

The famous poet Horace in this statement raises the question of the influence and role of money in the life of a person and society. The problem put forward by the author is relevant in the modern world. The meaning of Horace's statement is that money can both serve a person and dominate him. If a person skillfully manages them, then in the future he will be able to increase his capital. However, money can make a person greedy and covetous if it dominates him.

Money is a commodity of a special nature, playing the role of a universal equivalent. If a person wants money to serve him, then he must be well versed in economics, know the functions of money: it can be a measure of the value of goods, a means of circulation, a means of accumulation.

Many cases can be found in history when rich nobles brought their fortune to bankruptcy, and peasants became prosperous thanks to their work.

An example of the negative impact of money on a person is Chichikov from the work of N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls". All his life he earned money, this was the purpose of his life, he ruined himself because he could not properly dispose of them.

Summing up, I would like to note that it is not money that should influence a person, but on the contrary, a person must be able to influence money, be able to use it correctly.

“The well-being of the state is ensured not by the money that it annually releases to officials, but by the money that it annually leaves in the pockets of citizens.” (I. Eötvös)

I. Eötvös wanted to say that the well-being of the citizens of any country does not depend on how much it will allocate funds to officials, who, in turn, must monitor the appropriate distribution of these funds, but on how much of the allocated money will reach and remain in the pockets of citizens .

Having mentioned the expedient distribution, we would like to believe in the honesty of our officials, as the state apparatus of executive power. Recall that the state is an organization of sovereign power in society, which has a special apparatus of coercion and the right to legislate. And the state apparatus is a system of special bodies and institutions through which the state administration of society and the protection of its main interests are carried out. So, officials should monitor the rational distribution of funds allocated by the government. But very often, unfortunately, we are faced with what we see and hear in the media, how officials steal the very money whose task is to improve any of the spheres of society. And therefore the statement made by I. Eötvös is very relevant today. Let's not forget about the money itself, or money. Money is a specific commodity that is the universal equivalent of the value of other goods or services. Functions of money: 1.Measure of value, 2.Means of payment, 3.Means of circulation, 4.World money, 5.Means of accumulation.
I agree with this quote, I. Eötvös emphasized very subtly that the state will flourish if the people prosper, but this will not be achieved if such a phenomenon as corruption takes place in modern society. Corruption (in the modern concept) is a term that usually denotes the use by an official of his powers and rights entrusted to him for personal gain, contrary to the law and moral principles. What kind of welfare of the whole state can we talk about if each of us seeks to profit at the expense of another person? We will never be able to call such a full-fledged, well-founded.
Let's turn to history, remember, the most striking example is the well-known country of Singapore, which occupies one of the leading positions in the ranking of countries with a minimum level of corruption. From 1959 to 1990, Singapore, deprived of rich natural resources, was able to solve many internal problems and made the leap from a third world country to a highly developed country with a high standard of living.
In the modern world, this list is headed by England, then New Zealand, and so on.
We come to the conclusion that if the state wants to prosper, then it needs to take care of every citizen inhabiting this country, individually, it is necessary to fight corruption and all its manifestations. It is necessary to pursue a purposeful policy in the direction of the development of the country.

"Almost all taxes on production are ultimately borne by the consumer"

(David Ricardo)

I agree with the statement of David Ricardo, since I believe that taxes on producers of goods are those taxes that contribute to the high cost of goods produced.

The essence of taxes on production is that production pays taxes to finance the state budget. The mandatory payment of taxes consists of the calculation of the tax and its payment.

Article 52 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation establishes the procedure for calculating tax. How taxes are calculated depends on costs, expenses, losses, and economic rules that determine income, value, and taxation. The taxpayer bears full responsibility for the timely and correct calculation of the amount. When calculating the amount of tax, the following elements of taxation should be taken into account:

Taxable period

tax rate

tax base

tax incentives

The payment of taxes implies that the taxpayer must pay the tax at a certain time, which is established by the state. The declaration must contain information on income, expenses and all information on production for a given period. After that, a document confirming its payment is issued.

A tax is a payment that is mandatory and free of charge, with the help of which the financial budget of the state is provided.

Production is a type of activity of an individual or organization that provides material benefits that are needed for the development of society.

A consumer is a person who wants to purchase a type of service to satisfy his needs.

Cost is the price of a good or service.

Payment is the amount to be paid.

For example, VAT leads to an increase in prices for goods, and this leads to a decrease in the production program, profits, and because of this, the state of the enterprise in the market worsens.

Since ancient times, we have known that for many years in history that the peasants, artisans, merchants and inhabitants of the colony must pay taxes to the state.

Taxes take into account the characteristics of the country and the stage of economic development of the state.

"The surest profit is that which is the result of thrift." (Publius Sir. Economics.)

Publius Cyrus - Roman mimic poet under Caesar and Augustus, a younger contemporary and rival of Laberius, by this statement he wanted to say that only the person who carefully spends his wealth can make a good profit. After all, if a person scatters his wealth, he can sink very quickly and not even notice that he has become poor. Therefore, everyone should be able to use wealth wisely.

I agree with the opinion of the author. The validity of the point of view of Publius Syra is confirmed by numerous examples from public life, personal experience and economic theory. Firstly, in economic theory there is a definition that profit is the amount of income where revenue exceeds the costs of economic activity, for the production of goods. And if this proceeds are spent carefully, then there will be more profits, and as a result, an enterprising person, at least slowly, but getting richer.

Secondly, I want to note that in the history of Russia in the 19th century, there are cases when rich nobles brought their fortune to bankruptcy in feasts and revelry, and some peasants, thanks to their hard work, and of course thrift, could even redeem themselves from the nobles.

Thirdly, I want to give an example from Dostoevsky's work "Crime and Punishment", where the heroine Alena Ivanovna, thanks to her enterprise, received a good profit, took care of it and met her old age comfortably.

I also want to note that my mother is very careful about the budget of our family. Therefore, we do not have shortages and problems in financial matters.

In modern life, people who save on needs they can live without also make a profit. These people, who don't waste money, are rational consumers. If you are not a rational consumer, there may be a situation that expenses will exceed income.

I think that the statement of Publius Syrah is relevant. I think that a thrifty person will always have prosperity, that is, profit.

“Whoever buys the excess eventually sells the necessary” (B. Franklin)

I fully agree with the words of one of the founding fathers of the United States, Benjamin Franklin. Given that in the modern world as a whole there is no shortage of goods, and new ones are also appearing. Old goods of the same type become cheaper, and people have the opportunity to purchase not only what is necessary, but also additional goods.

But it often happens that people spending money on an optional product also spends the funds that were allocated for necessary goods. To explore this topic, you need to refer to the definition of rational behavior of buyers. So, the rational behavior of buyers is the behavior that involves first realizing the need to purchase, then searching for information about a product or service, after evaluating possible purchase options, and finally making a purchase decision. That is, if the consumer realizes that he needs to buy, for example, food, then he is looking for a store with cheaper prices, is interested in discounts, and eventually buys what he needs.

But if the consumer realizes that while he does not need a product, for example, a new TV, but he currently has extra money, and he buys this TV, then his behavior will be irrational. Moreover, soon after buying a TV, he may need money, for example, for medicines, but he will not have them, and a person may get into debt.

Therefore, you need to make smart purchases. And if today you buy something that is not necessary, then tomorrow it may be enough for something vital.

"Palaces cannot be safe where huts are unhappy." (B.Disraeli)

I agree with the statement of Benjamin Disraeli, because the well-being of the "palaces" depends on the well-being of the "huts".

In this quote, palaces act as rich people, and huts act as poor people. This implies that when society is stratified into rich and poor, the rich cannot live in peace in a world where the poor from an unhappy life can either revolt, or simply cannot do their job efficiently. For example, if the working class revolts against the rich, then a lot of people, both workers and rich, can die. And if the rich pay little to their workers, then the workers, from exhaustion, will do their job poorly, as a result of which the rich will also receive little profit, which will affect their lives.

Benjamin Disraeli in this quote speaks of rich people as palaces, and compares poor people with huts. Rich people look just like palaces, they are as arrogant as palaces are high, they are dressed just like palaces are decorated. The poor people look like huts: they are modest, like small huts, dressed as inconspicuously as the huts are inconspicuous.

There are many cases in history when the poor could not withstand the onslaught of the rich, and a riot flared up. An example of this is the many revolutions that have taken place not only in Russia, but throughout the world. For example, the October Revolution of 1917, which began for reasons related to the worsening of the situation of the people in connection with the long-lasting world war, the unresolved labor, agrarian and national issues and general dissatisfaction with the activities (rather inactivity) of the provisional government.

Conclusion:

This quote is typical not only for the time when Benjamin Disraeli lived, but even now it is quite relevant. There are a lot of companies these days. Some of which go bankrupt quickly because the people who open them don't value the workers they hire and they leave. Others, on the contrary, flourish and prosper in the economic market, because employers do not allow the complete impoverishment of their people.

Block "PHILOSOPHY"

“A child at the time of birth is not a person, but only a candidate for a person” (A. Pieron).

It is necessary to understand what meaning A. Pieron put into the concept of man. At the time of birth, the child is already a person. He is a representative of a special biological species Homo Sapiens, possessing the inherent specific features of this biological species: a large brain, upright posture, tenacious hands, etc. At the moment of birth, a child can be called an individual - a specific representative of the human race. From birth, he is endowed with individual traits and properties inherent only to him: eye color, shape and structure of the body, the pattern of his palm. Now this can be defined as individuality. Why, then, does the author of the statement call the child only a candidate for a person? Apparently, the author had in mind the concept of "personality". After all, man is a biosocial being. If biological traits are given to a person from birth, then he acquires social traits only in a society of his own kind. And this happens in the process of socialization, when the child learns with the help of education and self-education the values ​​of a particular society. Gradually, he turns into a person, i.e. becomes the subject of conscious activity and has a set of socially significant features that are in demand and useful in society. It was then that he can be fully called a man.

How can this assumption be confirmed? For example, on March 20, 1809 in Sorochintsy in the family of the landowner Vasily Gogol - Yanovsky, a son was born, baptized with the name Nikolai. It was one of the sons of the landowners born on that day, named Nicholas, i.e. individual. If he had died on his birthday, he would have remained in the memory of his loved ones as an individual. The newborn was distinguished by signs characteristic only for him (height, hair color, eyes, body structure, etc.). According to people who knew Gogol from birth, he was thin and weak. Later, he had features associated with growing up, an individual lifestyle - he began to read early, from the age of 5 he wrote poetry, studied diligently at the gymnasium, became a writer, whose work was followed by all of Russia. A bright individuality appeared in him, i.e. those features and properties, signs that distinguished Gogol. Apparently, this is exactly the meaning that A. Pieron put into his statement, and I completely agree with him. Being born, a person must go through a long, thorny path in order to leave a mark on society, so that descendants proudly say: “Yes, this person can be called great: our people are proud of him.”

"The idea of ​​freedom is connected with the true essence of man" (K. Jaspers)

What is freedom? Independence from the powers that be, which money and fame can give? Absence of a lattice or whip of an overseer? Freedom to think, write, create without regard to the generally accepted canons and tastes of the public?

This question can only be answered by trying to figure out what a person is. But here's the problem! Each culture, each epoch, each philosophical school gives its own answer to this question. Behind each answer is not only the level of a scientist who has comprehended the laws of the universe, the wisdom of a thinker who has penetrated the secrets of life, the self-interest of a politician or the imagination of an artist, but also a certain life position, a completely practical attitude to the world. And yet. From all the diverse, contradictory ideas about a person, one general conclusion follows: a person is not free. It depends on anything: on the will of God or the gods, on the laws of the Cosmos, the arrangement of stars and luminaries, on nature, society, but not on oneself.

But the meaning of Jaspers' expression, in my opinion, lies in the fact that a person does not conceive of freedom and happiness without preserving his personality, his unique, inimitable "I". He does not want to "become everything", but "wants to be himself in defiance of the universe", as the author of the famous "Mowgli" R. Kipling wrote. A person cannot be happy and free at the cost of trampling on his personality, renouncing his individuality. Truly indestructible in a person is the desire to create the world and himself, to discover something new, unknown to anyone, even if this is achieved at the cost of his own life.

Becoming free is not an easy task. It requires from a person the maximum tension of all spiritual forces, deep reflections about the fate of the world, people, about his own life; a critical attitude to what is happening around and to oneself; search for the ideal. The search for the meaning of freedom sometimes continues throughout life and is accompanied by internal struggles and conflicts with others. This is precisely where the free will of a person manifests itself, since from a variety of life circumstances, options, he himself has to choose what to prefer and what to reject, how to act in this or that case. And the more complex the world around us, the more dramatic life is, the more effort is required from a person to determine his position, to make this or that choice.

So, K. Jaspers turned out to be right, considering the idea of ​​freedom to be the true essence of man. Freedom is a necessary condition for his activity. Freedom cannot be "gifted", because unsuffering freedom turns out to be a heavy burden or turns into arbitrariness. Freedom won in the fight against evil, vices and injustice in the name of the affirmation of goodness, light, truth and beauty can make every person free.

“Science is ruthless. She shamelessly refutes favorite and habitual delusions ”(N.V. Karlov)

It is quite possible to agree with this statement. After all, the main goal of scientific knowledge is the desire for objectivity, i.e. to the study of the world as it is outside and independently of man. The result obtained in this case should not depend on private opinions, predilections, authorities. On the way to the search for objective truth, a person goes through relative truths and delusions. There are many examples of this. Once people were absolutely sure that the Earth has the shape of a disk. But centuries passed, and the journey of Fernando Magellan disproved this delusion. People learned that the Earth is spherical. The geocentric system, which existed for millennia, was also a delusion. The discovery of Copernicus debunked this myth. The heliocentric system he created explained to people that all the planets of our system revolve around the Sun. The Catholic Church for more than two hundred years forbade the recognition of this truth, but in this case, science, indeed, turned out to be ruthless to the delusions of people.

Thus, on the way to absolute truth, which is final and will not change over time, science passes through the stage of relative truths. At first, these relative truths seem final to people, but time passes and with the advent of new opportunities for a person in the study of a particular area, absolute truth appears. It refutes previously treated knowledge, forcing people to reconsider their previous views and discoveries.