In the Amur Region, on the Bureya River, the Nizhne-Bureya Hydroelectric Power Station is currently being built - the largest hydroelectric power station in Russia, the construction of which was already started in the post-Soviet era.
It's been 3 years since I came here. Let's see what has changed since then and how the construction of this important facility is being carried out, the electricity of which will go to the needs of a number of existing and prospective consumers - for example, such as the Vostochny cosmodrome, the Power of Siberia gas pipeline and various mining industries in the Far East.
1. Nizhne-Bureiskaya HPP (lower layout) is part of the Bureysky hydropower complex. The design of the station began in the 1980s, but work soon stopped due to lack of funding.
After the construction of the Bureiskaya hydroelectric power station (middle model) upstream of the Bureya, they returned to the issue of building the Nizhne-Bureyskaya station, and on August 27, 2010, construction was launched
2. The Nizhne-Bureiskaya HPP is the counter-regulator of the Bureiskaya HPP. That is, its task (except for energy generation) is to smooth out fluctuations in the level of the river after the Bureyskaya hydroelectric power station. The fact is that during the day and year the needs for electricity are different. In the morning, when the load in the power system increases sharply, the station gains power, and the amount of water discharged down through the hydroelectric units increases. At the same time, at night, with a decrease in loads in the power system, the load on the station and water discharges decrease.
When the amount of discharged water changes, significant fluctuations in the levels in the river occur. To prevent them, a counter-regulating hydroelectric power station is being built with a relatively small reservoir, in which uneven discharges are leveled out.
3. In addition, the Nizhne-Bureiskaya HPP will also play a large flood control role, smoothing out the peaks of discharges from the Bureisky reservoir. Thanks to the Nizhne-Bureya reservoir, flooding of settlements is prevented
4. The design capacity of the Nizhne-Bureiskaya HPP is 320 MW, the average annual output is 1.65 billion kWh. The station consists of an earth dam 400 meters long and a maximum height of 42 meters, two concrete dams and a power plant building. A modern closed-type switchgear (KRUE) with a voltage of 220 kV is being built to supply the power of the station to the power system.
5. The HPP building, 97 meters long, is located on the right bank of the river. Next to it, 4 power transformers are being built, from which electricity will be transmitted to the complete switchgear (KRUE 220 kV)
6. General view of the station from the observation deck
In September 2014, this place looked like this:
7. The Nizhne-Bureya reservoir, which is being filled now (upper pool). Filling began in March 2017, and in April 2016 the river was blocked
3 years ago it looked like this:
8. The Bureya River, on which the station stands, is a tributary of the Amur. Its mouth is about 60 km from here.
9. Let's go to the construction site. The building of the hydroelectric power station, cranes and power transformers, which were mentioned above
10. Executive Director of Nizhne-Bureyskaya HPP JSC Alexander Sergeevich Garkin
11. In the engine room there are 4 hydraulic units of 80 MW each. They were manufactured by Power Machines, the leading Russian manufacturer of power equipment, with some design changes following the results of the 2013 flood.
An early project involved the placement of three hydroelectric units, but later the decision was changed in favor of four, but with a lower capacity.
The first and second hydraulic units in May 2017 successfully passed comprehensive testing. For 72 hours they carried a maximum load of 40 MW. This was the final stage of testing before commissioning.
12. During the tests, the main equipment (generators and block transformers), auxiliary equipment (protection and automation), as well as power output equipment (KRUE 220 kV) worked without any accidents or failures. This indicates the high quality of installation and work done.
14. ...and the fourth units of the station, the installation of which is now being completed. It is planned that all hydroelectric units of the Nizhne-Bureyskaya HPP will begin operation in the third quarter of 2017
16. A few more views of the machine room
18. The construction of the station (one of the priorities of the RusHydro investment program) is proceeding at a rapid pace and is now nearing completion.
21. Works inside the station
22. Equipment testing, testing of the most complex electronic systems. And now the engineer does not walk around with a notebook, as before, copying the readings of the instruments - the equipment is working. In normal operation, it is not necessary to be at some equipment
23. Computerized control panel - the think tank of the Nizhne-Bureyskaya HPP
24. Systems completely duplicate each other, which reduces the risk of failures and accidents
26. And this is KRUE-220 (complete switchgear for 220 kV). Such equipment is located not in the open air, but in a special chamber. The use of switchgear makes it possible to greatly reduce the area and volume of the switchgear compared to the same outdoor switchgear - an open switchgear
27. Work outside. At the transformer site
29. The 123-meter spillway concrete dam is designed to discharge water flows that exceed the capacity of the station's turbines. Its height is 48 meters. The dam is equipped with five surface spillways blocked by segment gates.
The maximum throughput through the dam is 13,332 m³/s
30. The spillway is a fantastic sight! Water is capable of generating about 1.5 billion kWh of electricity per year
31. Everything boils and rumbles, you can listen to the sounds of water endlessly
32. View of the dam from the upstream
34. Nizhne-Bureya reservoir. Its length is 90 km, the average width is 1.7 km, the maximum width is 5 km, and the average depth is 13 m.
The resettlement of the population from the flood zone of the reservoir of the Nizhne-Bureyskaya HPP is not currently being carried out - everything was done during the construction of the Bureyskaya HPP.
As for animals and plants, with the support of RusHydro, a set of compensatory measures was carried out, including the creation of the Bureysky nature park, improvement of living conditions for animals and birds, and the transfer of rare plants from the flood zone. Operation “Mazai”, which has no analogues in Russia, was carried out to rescue wild animals from the flood zone. Let's talk about all this separately.
The only facility that is not located in the Svobodnensky district, but is inextricably linked with the cosmodrome, is the new Nizhne-Bureyskaya HPP with a capacity of 320 MW. The Vostochny cosmodrome will become one of the main consumers of the generated energy from this hydroelectric power station.
On August 27, 2010, the construction of the Nizhne-Bureiskaya HPP on the Bureya River in the Amur Region was launched. The station is located downstream of the powerful Bureyskaya HPP and acts as its counter-regulator. Electric power from the Nizhne-Bureyskaya HPP will be supplied to such facilities as the second stage of the Eastern Siberia-Pacific Ocean oil pipeline, the Elga coal deposit, and the Vostochny cosmodrome.
Construction is being carried out in an area that is very familiar to every Far East - very close to the Moscow-Vladivostok stele on the Chita-Khabarovsk highway.
1.
The Nizhne-Bureiskaya HPP does not look like a gigantic structure. It is being built as a counter-regulator of the upper - Bureyskaya hydroelectric power station, therefore it is more modest in size. But she has a big responsibility. If the Amur Region is overtaken by abnormal floods, as was the case in 2013, this hydroelectric power plant will equalize the work of the Bureyskaya HPP.
2.
On April 19, the last 15 meters of the river were blocked at the Nizhne-Bureiskaya HPP: dozens of dump trucks dumped huge concrete blocks into the river. From that moment on, all the water went through the spillways of the hydroelectric power station.
3.
According to the executive director of the station, Alexander Garkin, construction is in full swing. Of the 650,000 cubic meters of concrete, 602,600 have already been laid today, so the HPP will be launched on time.
4.
Construction of the earthen body of the dam of the Nizhne-Bureya hydroelectric power station on the Bureya River near the village of Novobureisk.
5.
Construction does not stop even in the most severe weather.
6.
With the launch of the Nizhne-Bureiskaya HPP, the appearance of the energy-intensive Vostochny cosmodrome will not affect ordinary consumers in any way.
Compromise between environmentalists and builders
7.
Such large-scale constructions do not pass without a trace for nature. Ecologists started talking about this six years ago. The new reservoir of the Nizhne-Bureya hydroelectric power station could flood the unique valley of the Bureya River, where Red Books live and grow. This area was decided to "resettle".
8.
Ecologists, officials and representatives of RusHydro first sat down at the negotiating table two years before the launch of the HPP. The council decided to create the natural park "Bureisky" around the flood zone - the first park of its kind in modern Russia.
9.
Yuri Gafarov was one of those ecologists who built feeders and nests for animals to lure them away from the flood zone, and then replanted the plants during the sultry Amur summer.
"We managed to build new nests for mandarin ducks and Far Eastern storks, erect feeders for wild boars and replant unique ferns growing in the river valley,” says Gafarov. HPS.
10.
"I am engaged in industrial mountaineering. First Zeyskaya, then Bureyskaya, now here is the Nizhne-Bureiskaya hydroelectric power station. I myself am from the Amur Region. In winter, of course, it is cold here, but the food is good, so we do not freeze. We have enough energy. The task has been set, we must carry it out. Dress warmly and let's go. In extreme cases, we make a greenhouse, everything is covered with it from above, and we are already working under it, "says one of the builders of the station Alexei.
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13.
Assembling the rotor of a hydraulic unit at the Nizhne-Bureyskaya hydroelectric power station
14.
"And I have been working at the hydroelectric power station for six years now. I myself am from Khakassia. Our team is engaged in the assembly and installation of hydroturbine equipment. This is the regulatory part, one of the most important. I like it here. First the Boguchanskaya hydroelectric power station, now Nizhne-Bureiskaya. apartments, so the conditions are normal," says Mikhail Sinegubov, an installer of hydraulic units. After the conversation, he deftly climbs the blades of a huge "propeller" and disappears into the turbine.
Installation and assembly of the turbine of the hydroelectric unit at the Nizhne-Bureya hydroelectric power station.
15.
Preparatory work for the construction of the Nizhne-Bureiskaya HPP began in the 1980s, but was soon stopped due to lack of funding. After the completion of the main work on the construction of the Bureyskaya HPP, it became possible to return to the issue of constructing a counter-regulating power plant.
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Many work so much that they no longer remember their seniority: “I was born and raised here, in the village of Ust-Kivda, 30 km from here, at the mouth of the Bureya. the third HPP: Boguchanskaya, Bureiskaya, and now Nizhne-Bureyskaya. I didn’t even count my seniority, mama mia, only history knows!” - Shouts installer Nikolai Molochenko under the roar of a jackhammer.
19.
Most of the workers are already building a second or even a third hydroelectric power station. Despite the fact that many were born in the Bureya district, they live in RusHydro hostels, which are built in close proximity to the facilities.
spillway dam
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Excavators dismantle lintels
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30.
In 2014, His Grace Bishop Lukian visited the site of the Nizhne-Bureyskaya HPP under construction, where he met with its General Director Alexander Garkin. The archpastor decided to give the hydroelectric power station under construction a gift in the form of a growth monument of the golden angel, which the administration of the enterprise installed at the highest point of the hydroelectric power station.
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33.
The administrative building of the Nizhne-Bureya hydroelectric power station under construction on the Bureya River near the village of Novobureisk.
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Hydraulic installations are represented by hydroelectric power plants (HPP) and pumped storage power plants (PSPP). Their placement largely depends on natural conditions, for example, the nature and regime of the river. In mountainous areas, high-pressure hydroelectric power stations are usually built, while on lowland rivers, installations with a lower pressure, but a large flow of water, operate. Hydraulic construction in plains conditions is more difficult due to the predominance of soft foundations under dams and the need to have large reservoirs to regulate the flow. The construction of hydroelectric power stations on the plains causes flooding of adjacent territories, which causes significant material damage. The construction of hydroelectric power stations requires solving a whole range of problems (land irrigation, development of water transport and fisheries, environmental protection), and the best solution is the cascade principle of construction, when hydroelectric power stations are "strung" on the river. It is advantageous to build hydroelectric power stations on mountain rivers with a large drop and water flow. Russian HPPs are mostly flat, and therefore, low-pressure and inefficient. On the whole, 1/5 of the economically justified potential of hydropower resources has been used in Russia at present.
Hydraulic power plants (HPPs) are in second place in terms of the amount of generated energy (in 2008-18%). . Hydroelectric power plants are a very efficient source of energy, since they use renewable energy sources, they are easy to manage (the number of personnel at HPPs is 15-20 times less than at GRES) and have a high efficiency factor (more than 80%). As a result, the energy produced at HPPs is the cheapest, the cost of energy produced at HPPs is 5-6 times lower than at TPPs. But HPPs also have a number of disadvantages: they require a very large investment of time and money for their construction, they are subject to the seasonality of the river regime, direct dependence on water resources, environmental pollution, and large areas of valuable riverine lands are flooded by reservoirs. Hydropower resources tied to rivers are unevenly distributed throughout the country. The most significant potential hydropower resources are located in the regions of Central and Eastern Siberia, which have a mountainous terrain, many small and medium-sized rivers, as well as such river giants as the Yenisei, Angara, Lena, Amur. In the rest of the country, in terms of hydropower potential, the mountainous republics of the North Caucasus, the western macroslope of the Ural Range and the Kola Peninsula stand out. The arid regions of southern Russia and the plains of Western Siberia have the minimum potential. The hydropower potential in a significant part of the country's territory is not used at all. In the regions of Siberia, only the Angarsk and Yenisei cascades of HPPs make it possible to use part of the potential of the largest rivers. In the rest of Siberia, the use of free energy of water movement has only a point character (Novosibirsk, Ust-Khantai, Zeya, Vilyuiskaya hydroelectric power stations, etc.). On the European territory of the country, the maximum possible amount of electricity is extracted in the lower reaches of the Volga, although the potential for hydropower is not so great here due to the flat terrain. At the same time, the larger in total capacity, but dispersedly distributed potential of the rivers of the Caucasus and the western Urals is used to a lesser extent. It should be emphasized that the energy-deficient economy of Primorye does not have hydroelectric power stations at all, although this region has large hydropower resources. Apparently, this is due to the extreme variability of the river regime in the monsoon climate with regularly passing typhoons, which leads to a significant increase in the cost of construction due to security problems.
Of the total potential size of Russia's hydropower resources, the Far East zone accounts for 53%, the East Siberian region - 26%, and the Central region - 1%. . There are practically no hydropower resources in the Central Black Earth region.
The development of hydro resources is most effective in the eastern regions of the country, which is determined by a combination of high water content of the rivers, the mountainous terrain of the territory, the narrowness of rocky channels, and, consequently, the creation of a large water pressure. As a result, the cost of energy is 5-6 times lower than in the European regions of the country. Hydroelectric power stations in the eastern regions played a primary role in the development of natural resources and the development of productive forces. Based on them, TPKs specializing in energy-intensive industries were created.
Active construction of hydroelectric power stations in Russia began in the 1920s. in the process of implementing the GOELRO plan. Soviet hydroelectric construction was characterized by the construction of cascades of hydroelectric power stations. A cascade of hydroelectric power stations is a group of hydroelectric power stations located along the river. In cascades of hydroelectric power plants, power plants are located in steps along the river, and each of them uses the energy of the water runoff. HPP cascades have been built on the Volga and Kama, on the Irtysh, on the Angara and Yenisei, on the small rivers of Karelia and the Kola Peninsula, on the tributaries of the Amur, on the Vilyui, and on the Svir. On large lowland rivers, hydrosystems have been created, consisting of a dam, a reservoir, and locks. The construction of hydropower facilities allows simultaneously solving several problems: generating electricity, irrigating land, providing water to the economy, improving navigation conditions, and supporting fish farming and fishing.
The main HPP cascades are located in:
- · East Siberian economic region (Angaro-Yenisei cascade);
- Volga region (Volga-Kama cascade)
The most powerful in Russia is the Angara-Yenisei HPP cascade (with a capacity of about 22 million kW), consisting of five stations, four of which are the largest in Russia. These are Sayanskaya (6.4 million kW) and Krasnoyarskaya HPPs (6.0 million kW) on the Yenisei, Bratskaya (4.3 million kW) and Ust-Ilimskaya (4.3 million kW) HPPs on the Angara. The Irkutsk hydroelectric power station also operates at the hangar, and the construction of the Boguchanskaya hydroelectric power station continues. (table 4)
Powerful hydroelectric power plants in the European part of the country have been built on flat rivers, in soft soil conditions. The Volga-Kama cascade of HPPs has a large capacity (about 11.5 million kW), which includes 11 power plants. The largest in its composition are the Volzhskaya (2.5 million kW) and Volgogradskaya (2.3 million kW) HPPs.
The Bureyskaya HPP in the Far East, where only the first stage is operating so far, will also have a capacity of more than 2 million kW. Powerful power plants operate on the Ob (Novosibirsk), Don (Tsimlyansk in the Rostov region), Zeya (Zeiskaya in the Amur region).
Pumped-storage stations (PSPPs) are also a type of hydroelectric power station. In the European part of the country, the development of this type of power plants is very promising. PSPPs require the construction of not one, but two reservoirs at different levels. During the peak of energy consumption (during the day) they work like ordinary hydroelectric power plants, and during the recession of consumption (at night), pumped storage power plants extinguish consumption peaks and ensure greater uniformity in the operation of other stations. PSPs are built near large cities where there is the greatest difference between peaks and troughs in energy consumption. They can be built on any river, but they only work in conjunction with stations of other types. In Russia, the Zagorskaya PSP with a capacity of 1.2 million kW has been built (a large PSP is located near the city of Sergiev Posad in the Moscow Region) and the Central PSP (3.6 million kW) is under construction.
The economic potential of the regions of the European part of Russia has been largely used, while in the eastern regions, which have huge hydropower resources, its use is small (with the exception of Eastern Siberia). Hydroconstruction in Siberia and the Far East is difficult.
Currently, the development of hydropower in Russia is focused on the construction of small and medium-sized hydropower plants that do not require significant investment and do not create environmental tension.
Eastern macroregion option 1
1. What transport route is used for inter-district transportation in the Eastern zone?
1) North Siberian Railway 2) Trans-Siberian Railway 3) BAM 4) South Siberian Road 4) South Siberian Railway
2. Indicate the largest city of the Eastern zone
1) Vladivostok 2) Khabarovsk 3) Krasnoyarsk 4) Novosibirsk
3. Indicate the river on which the largest hydroelectric power plants of the Eastern zone are built
1) Angara 2) Amur 3) Lena 4) Yenisei
4. Name the areas of the Eastern zone where there is a significant increase in population
1) north of the Far East 2) north of Eastern Siberia 3) north of Western Siberia 4) south of Eastern Siberia
5. What branch of the economy is represented in the Trans-Baikal region?
1) cattle breeding 2) poultry farming 3) sheep breeding 4) reindeer breeding
6. What industry is common for the cities of Bratsk, Shelekhov, Krasnoyarsk?
1) light industry 2) mechanical engineering 3) ferrous metallurgy 4) non-ferrous metallurgy
7. Point out the wrong statement
1) the urban population sharply predominates in the Far East 2) the industry of specialization of the Eastern zone is mechanical engineering 3) a significant part of people migrate from the northern regions to the south 4) coal, oil, gas are mined on Sakhalin
8. Specify the largest aluminum production centers in Russia
1) Irkutsk Cheremkhovo 2) Krasnoyarsk, Bratsk 3) Chita, Ust-Ilimsk 4) Minusinsk Norilsk
2. Indicate three answers out of six offered:
Specify three centers of non-ferrous metallurgy of the Eastern zone
3.Set match:
4. Define the region according to the description:4.1. This region, located in the Asian part of the country, has a coastal position. It borders on the most populated country in the world. The administrative center is located on the banks of one of the longest rivers in Russia. One of the leading sectors of the economy is the timber and woodworking industry.
4.2 The republic is located in the Asian part of the country. In the south, the border coincides with the State Border of the Russian Federation. The republic is rich in minerals: there are large deposits of lead-zinc, molybdenum, tungsten, uranium ores, as well as deposits of coal and many other minerals. About 60% of the coastline of the deepest freshwater lake in the world is located on the territory of the Republic.
4.3. This region is located on the coast of one of the seas washing the territory of Russia from the east. A characteristic feature of nature is the wide distribution of permafrost. The unfavorable features of the EGP include the lack of railway communication with neighboring regions of the country.
5. Specify the features of the natural resource base of the Irkutsk region, thanks to which the enterprise will be supplied with raw materials.
NPO Chemical Metallurgical Company (CMC) in 2012 put into operation in Cheremkhovo (Irkutsk region) the first module of the metallurgical plant, which will use the technology of direct reduction of iron. It is assumed that the metallurgical plant for the production of "fast iron" in Cheremkhovo will consume about 1 million tons of hard coal from the Cheremkhovo coal basin.
6. What feature of the economy of the city of Bratsk contributed to the choice of a place for creating energy-intensive production, which is mentioned in the text?
By 2014, the East Siberian Metallurgical Company plans to build an electrometallurgical plant in the city of Bratsk, Irkutsk Region, which will process ferrous scrap and produce construction fittings. The newest equipment will be installed at the plant, which will allow combining metal processing and the production of finished products in one production module. The plant's capacity is 500 thousand tons of metal per year.
7. Zheleznogorsk Mining and Chemical Combine is located 60 km from Krasnoyarsk. Since 2008, the plant has begun industrial production of silicon, an element that is used in the electronics industry for the production of semiconductors, as well as in the energy sector for the production of solar batteries. The launch of this modern production allowed to preserve and effectively use the city's unique human resources potential. The choice of a place to create this production is also explained by the fact that such production is energy intensive.. What feature of the industry of the Krasnoyarsk Territory favors the placement of energy-intensive industries on its territory?
Eastern macroregion option 2
1.Choose one answer:
1. Specify the ports on the Northern Sea Route
1) Pevek, Tiksi 2) Magadan, Pevek 3) Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Khabarovsk 4) Anadyr, Dalnegorsk
2. Specify the millionaire cities of the Eastern zone:
1) Omsk, Irkutsk 2) Khabarovsk, Vladivostok 3) Novosibirsk, Omsk 4) Tyumen, Omsk
3.Which city is the largest center of copper and nickel production in the Eastern zone
4. What branches of specialization are common to the East Siberian and Far Eastern regions?
1) mechanical engineering, ferrous metallurgy 2) fishing industry, mechanical engineering 3) timber industry, non-ferrous metallurgy 4) light industry, mechanical engineering
5. Indicate the reason for the specialization of Eastern Siberia in the production of aluminum
1) availability of labor resources 2) the presence of large hydroelectric power plants 3) the presence of large coal deposits 4) the availability of a raw material base
6. Indicate an incorrect statement:
1) the seas surrounding the Far East provide 70% of the total Russian fish catch 2) the Far East has more than 40% of the country's coal reserves 3) the Far East is the leader in oil production in the country 4) the main gold-bearing regions of the country are located in the Far East
7. What coal basin is suitable for export deliveries?
1) Kansko-Achinsk 2) South Yakutsk 3) Kuznetsk 4) Lensky
8. What city - port is the center of the Pacific Navy?
1) Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky 2) Vladivostok 3) Nakhodka 4) Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
2. Choose three answers from the six offered:
Specify three HPPs of the Eastern zone
1) Surgut 2) Irkutsk 3) Ust-Ilim 4) Bilibino 5) Sayano-Shushenskaya 6) Mutnovskaya
3. Match
4. Define the region by description4.1 . This region is located in the eastern part of Russia. Its territory has access to the sea and to the state border with China. The administrative center, located on the banks of a navigable river, is an important transport hub. One of the main branches of the economy is the timber and woodworking industry.
4.2 . Most of the territory of this region is located in the taiga zone. A feature of its EGP is its position on the main transport routes connecting the European part of the country and Western Siberia with the Far Eastern regions of Russia. The basis of the economy is made up of several large hydroelectric power stations, next to which large aluminum plants and timber processing complexes have been built.
4.3. One of the extreme points of Russia is located on the territory of this autonomous region. It is washed by the waters of the seas belonging to the basins of two oceans. The average population density here is below the national average. The indigenous population, belonging to the small peoples of the North, is engaged in reindeer herding, fishing and sea animals. In recent years, the region's economy has been actively developing.
5. What feature of the natural resource base of the Khabarovsk Territory contributed to the decision to place the enterprise indicated in the text on its territory?
In December 2012, a plant for the production of planed sawn timber JV "Arkaim" was opened in the Khabarovsk Territory. The capacity of the enterprise is about 180 thousand m 3 products per year. The plant for the production of planed lumber is one of the six that will be built in the region in the near future. Among other objects - plants for the production of fuel pellets, glued beams, furniture panels, resins (glue). The total investment in the construction of a woodworking complex will be about 8 billion rubles.
6. The production of nitrogen fertilizers is raw material intensive. What feature of the natural resource base of the Irkutsk region allows you to increase the capacity for the production of nitrogen fertilizers at the plant in Angarsk?
Angarsk Nitrogen Fertilizer Plant LLC was established in August 2004 on the basis of the Angarsk Nitrogen Fertilizer Plant, whose history dates back to 1962. The main activity is the production of nitrogen fertilizers. At present, the enterprise intends to significantly increase the capacity for the production of nitrogen fertilizers, using raw materials mined in the Irkutsk region.
7. In the Lower Angara region, the construction of an energy and metallurgical complex is being completed, which will include an aluminum plant with a capacity of 600,000 tons and a hydroelectric power plant with a capacity of 3,000 MW. The first three turbines of the Boguchanskaya HPP were launched in the fall of 2012, and the first start-up complex of the Boguchansky aluminum smelter was put into operation in 2013.Explain why a new aluminum smelter is being built next to a hydroelectric power plant.
Answers:
1 optionOption 2
1.1-2
1.2-2
1.3-4
1.4-3
1.5-1
1.6-4
1.7-2
1.8-2
2- 134
3-1b2v3a
4.1-Khabarovsk Territory
4.2-Buryatia
4.3-Magadanskaya
5-Angara iron ore basin
6- the largest hydroelectric power station operates in Bratsk on the Angara River
7- In the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, on the Yenisei and Angara rivers, cascades of hydroelectric power plants have been built, providing the cheapest electricity. It is used for energy intensive industries.
1.1-1
1.2-3
1.3-2
1.4-3
1.5-2
1.6-3
1.7-2
1.8-2
2- 235
3-1a2c3b
4.1-Khabarovsk Territory
4.2-Irkutsk
4.3-Chukchi
5-Khabarovsk Territory is rich in forest resources
6- The Cheremkhovo coal basin is located in the Irkutsk region. In the process of coking these coals, coke oven gas is released, which serves as a raw material for the production of nitrogen fertilizers.
Zheleznogorsk Mining and Chemical Combine is located 60 km from Krasnoyarsk. Since 2008, the plant has begun industrial production of silicon, an element that is used in the electronics industry for the production of semiconductors, as well as in the energy sector for the production of solar batteries. The launch of this modern production allowed to preserve and effectively use the city's unique human resources potential. The choice of a place to create this production is also explained by the fact that such production is energy intensive.
7- Aluminum production - energy intensive production. Hydroelectric power plants produce the cheapest electricity, which will reduce costs and increase competitiveness.
Materials used to develop the test:
1) Control and measuring materials. geography. Grade 9 / Compiled by e. A. Zhizhina-4-eed.
2) website I will solve the OGE. Geography
