The memorable date of Russia - September 2 - the Day of the end of the Second World War (1945) was established by the Federal Law of July 23, 2010 "On Amendments to Article 1.1 of the Federal Law "On Days of Military Glory and Memorable Dates of Russia", on compatriots who showed selflessness, heroism, devotion to one’s homeland and allied duty to the member states of the anti-Hitler coalition in implementing the decision of the Crimean (Yalta) conference of 1945 on Japan.

The international legal basis for establishing a memorial date is the Act of Surrender of Japan.

At the final stage of World War II, the Manchurian strategic offensive operation of Soviet troops was carried out (August 9 - September 2) with the aim of defeating the Japanese Kwantung Army, liberating the northeastern and northern provinces of China (Manchuria and Inner Mongolia), the Liaodong Peninsula, Korea, and eliminating the bridgehead aggression and Japan's large military-economic base on the Asian continent. The Kwantung Army was opposed by Soviet troops of the Transbaikal, 1st and 2nd Far Eastern Fronts in cooperation with the Pacific Fleet, the Amur Military Flotilla and the troops of the Mongolian People's Republic.

On August 9, 1945, Soviet troops launched an offensive. On August 10, Mongolia entered the war against Japan. Soviet aviation attacked military targets in Harbin, Changchun and Jilin (Jilin), troop concentration areas, communications centers and enemy communications in the border zone. The Pacific Fleet, having entered the Sea of ​​Japan, cut communications connecting Korea and Manchuria with Japan, and launched air and naval artillery attacks on naval bases in Yuki, Racine and Seishin.

The troops of the Trans-Baikal Front overcame the waterless desert-steppe regions and the Greater Khingan mountain range, defeated the enemy in the Kalgan, Thessaloniki and Hailar directions, and on August 18-19 reached the approaches to the most important industrial and administrative centers of Manchuria. From August 18 to 27, airborne assault forces were landed in Harbin, Jirin, Changchun, Mukden, Port Arthur, Pyongyang and other cities. On August 19, the mass surrender of Japanese troops began.

With the defeat of the Kwantung Army and the loss of its military-economic base in Northeast China and North Korea, Japan lost its real strength and capabilities to continue the war.

The Second World War ended completely and finally when, on September 2, 1945, at 9:04 a.m. (Tokyo time), Japanese Foreign Minister Mamoru Shigemitsu, as a representative of the Emperor and the Japanese government, arrived on board the American battleship Missouri, which arrived in the waters of Tokyo Bay. , and the Chief of the General Staff, General Yoshijiro Umezu, signed the “Act of Unconditional Surrender of Japan.”

On behalf of all the allied powers that were at war with Japan, the Act was signed by General Douglas MacArthur (USA); on behalf of individual countries - Admiral Chester Nimitz (USA), Lieutenant General Kuzma Derevyanko (USSR), General Su Yongchang (China), Admiral Bruce Fraser (Great Britain). Representatives of Canada, France, Australia, New Zealand, and the Netherlands also signed on behalf of their countries.

Japan fully accepted the terms of the Potsdam Declaration (1945). According to the Act, hostilities on its part ceased immediately, all Japanese and Japanese-controlled armed forces unconditionally surrendered; weapons, military and civilian property were preserved without damage. The Japanese government and general staff were ordered to immediately release Allied prisoners of war and interned civilians. All Japanese civilian, military, and naval officials were required to obey and carry out the instructions and orders of the Supreme Command of the Allied Powers. The power of the emperor and the government of Japan to govern the state was subordinate to him. The Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers was given the right “to take such steps as he deems necessary to implement the terms of surrender.”

Under the terms of the Potsdam Declaration, Japanese sovereignty was limited to the islands of Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku and Hokkaido, as well as smaller islands of the Japanese archipelago - at the direction of the allies. The islands of Iturup, Kunashir, Shikotan and Habomai went to the Soviet Union.

In order to monitor the implementation of the Act, by decision of the Moscow meeting (1945) of the foreign ministers of the USSR, USA and Great Britain, the Far Eastern Commission and the Allied Council for Japan were created.

World War II lasted six years from September 1, 1939 to September 2, 1945. 61 states with a population of 1.7 billion people were drawn into it; military operations were carried out on the territory of 40 states, as well as in sea and ocean theaters.

The Second World War was the most destructive and bloody of wars. Over 55 million people died in it. The Soviet Union suffered the greatest casualties, losing 27 million people.

(Additional

To the 65th anniversary of the end of World War II

On September 2, 1945, World War II ended.
And all of humanity finally took a deep breath.
Peace on earth!

The history of Russia is rich in significant events. In all centuries, heroism, the courage of Russian soldiers, the power and glory of Russian weapons have been an integral part of the greatness of the Russian state. In addition to military victories, there are events worthy of being immortalized in people's memory. The victories of Russian weapons over the enemies of the Fatherland have always been widely celebrated by the Russian public. In the pre-October period, the Russian Orthodox Church established the so-called “victorian days”, on which prayer services and other festive events were held. These were special days when society, honoring the army and navy, paid tribute to the military feat, glory and valor of its defenders, and service people, rising above everyday life, had a special understanding of the meaning of military service, and felt more deeply their involvement in the glorious deeds of our ancestors.

Reviving one of the best Russian military traditions, in 1995 the law “On the Days of Military Glory (Victory Days) of Russia” was adopted, the list of which included part of the “victory days” and the most outstanding events in military history of both the pre-October and Soviet periods.

Since 2010, restoring historical justice, changes have been made to Article 1.1 of the Federal Law “ON DAYS OF MILITARY GLORY AND MEMORABLE DATES OF RUSSIA” - September 2 is the Day of the end of the Second World War (1945).

On September 2, 1945, the act of surrender of Japan was signed on board the American battleship Missouri. The Second World War is over. In fact, it began in Manchuria back in 1931, and ended here.

The interests of restoring peace throughout the world required the rapid elimination of the Far Eastern hotbed of war. The Soviet Union could not remain aloof from the solution of this most important task due to the obligations that existed between it and its allies.

For the Soviet Union, this last campaign was short-lived - just 24 days - and victorious. The population learned about it only from the solemn reports of the Sovinformburo, where unforgotten names were heard - Mukden, Port Arthur... The war was distant and almost unnoticeable. Preparations for it took place in deep secrecy, and it itself turned out to be semi-secret. 8.2 thousand Soviet soldiers died in battles - negligible against the backdrop of the multimillion-dollar hecatombs of the Great Patriotic War. And the last campaign of World War II dissolved in the glory of triumph on May 9. Even in history textbooks they talked about it briefly and indistinctly. The Day of Victory over Japan - the day of the end of World War II - never became a holiday for Russia, as if it did not take part in that long and terrible war...

In the spring of 1945, the redeployment of troops of the USSR and its allies began to the Far East. The forces of the United States and England were quite sufficient to defeat Japan. But the political leadership of these countries, fearing possible losses, insisted on the USSR entering the war in the Far East. The Soviet Army was given the goal of destroying the striking force of the Japanese - the Kwantung Army, stationed in Manchuria and Korea and numbering about a million people. In accordance with its allied duty, on April 5, 1945, the USSR denounced the Soviet-Japanese neutrality treaty of 1941 and on August 8 declared war on Japan. By the beginning of the offensive of the Soviet armed forces, the total strength of the strategic group of Japanese ground forces located in Manchuria, Korea, South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands was 1.2 million people, about 1,200 tanks, 5,400 guns and up to 1,800 aircraft. To defeat the strong Kwantung Army in May-June 1945, the Soviet command additionally transferred 27 rifle divisions, 7 rifle and tank brigades, 1 tank and 2 mechanized corps to the 40 divisions available in the Far East. As a result, the combat strength of the Red Army troops in the Far East almost doubled, amounting to more than 1.5 million people, 26 thousand guns and mortars, more than 5,500 tanks and self-propelled artillery units, about 3,800 combat aircraft. The ships of the Pacific Fleet were also supposed to take part in military operations against militaristic Japan.

On August 9, a group of Soviet troops consisting of the Transbaikal (commander - Marshal R.Ya. Malinovsky), 1st (commander - Marshal K.A. Meretskov) and 2nd (commander - General M.A. Purkaev) Far Eastern Fronts, and Also, the Pacific Fleet (commander - Admiral I.S. Yumashev) and the Amur Military Flotilla (commander - Rear Admiral N.V. Antonov), numbering 1.8 million people, launched military operations. For strategic leadership of the armed struggle, on July 30, the Main Command of Soviet Forces in the Far East was created, headed by Marshal A.M. Vasilevsky. The offensive of the Soviet fronts developed quickly and successfully. During 23 days of stubborn battles on a front stretching over 5 thousand km, Soviet troops and naval forces, successfully advancing during the Manchurian, South Sakhalin and Kuril landing operations, liberated Northeast China, North Korea, the southern part of Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands . Soldiers of the Mongolian People's Army also took part in the war with Japan along with Soviet troops. Soviet troops captured about 600 thousand enemy soldiers and officers, and many weapons and equipment were captured. Enemy losses were almost double those suffered by the Soviet army.

Japan's military-economic potential was seriously undermined by the successful military operations of members of the anti-Hitler coalition in the Far Eastern theater of operations (Pacific Ocean, Indochina, Indonesia, Philippines) in 1944 - the first half of 1945. After the Japanese rejected the ultimatum of unconditional surrender, the United States launched a nuclear strike on the cities of Hiroshima (August 6) and Nagasaki (August 8). The world's first atomic bomb killed more than 100 thousand and injured about half a million people. This US action made no strategic sense. It was driven by US claims to world domination and was designed to intimidate the enemy and demonstrate to all countries the military power of this state.

The Soviet Union fulfilled its allied duty with honor. The fact that the allies intended, in the event of the USSR’s non-participation in the war against Japan, to achieve at the cost of 1.5 - 2 million lives of soldiers of their armies and over 10 million lives of the Japanese in 1.5-2 years, thanks to the entry of the Soviet Union into the war and brilliantly carried out operations of the Far Eastern campaign of the USSR Armed Forces, was achieved with minimal casualties in less than a month. Japan capitulated.

With the consent of the allies, the USSR received the southern part of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands. For more than 40 years they belonged to Japan after its victory in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905).

The victory of the USSR and the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition over Nazi Germany and militaristic Japan in the Second World War was of world-historical significance and had a huge impact on the entire post-war development of mankind. The Patriotic War was its most important component. The Soviet Armed Forces defended the freedom and independence of the Motherland, participated in the liberation of the peoples of eleven European countries from fascist oppression, and expelled the Japanese occupiers from Northeast China and Korea.

September 2 is celebrated in the Russian Federation as “The Day of the End of World War II (1945).” This memorable date was established in accordance with the Federal Law “On Amendments to Article 1(1) of the Federal Law “On Days of Military Glory and Memorable Dates of Russia”, signed by Russian President Dmitry Medvedev on July 23, 2010. Military Glory Day was established in memory of compatriots who showed dedication, heroism, devotion to their homeland and allied duty to the countries that were members of the anti-Hitler coalition in implementing the decision of the Crimean (Yalta) conference of 1945 on Japan. September 2 is a kind of second Victory Day for Russia, victory in the East.

This holiday cannot be called new - on September 3, 1945, the day after the surrender of the Japanese Empire, Victory Day over Japan was established by Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. However, for a long time this holiday was practically ignored in the official calendar of significant dates.

The international legal basis for establishing Military Glory Day is the Act of Surrender of the Empire of Japan, which was signed on September 2, 1945 at 9:02 am Tokyo time on board the American battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay. On the Japanese side, the document was signed by Foreign Minister Mamoru Shigemitsu and Chief of the General Staff Yoshijiro Umezu. Representatives of the Allied Powers were Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers Douglas MacArthur, American Admiral Chester Nimitz, Commander of the British Pacific Fleet Bruce Fraser, Soviet General Kuzma Nikolaevich Derevyanko, Kuomintang General Su Yong-chang, French General J. Leclerc, Australian General T. Blamey, Dutch Admiral K. Halfrich, New Zealand Air Vice-Marshal L. Isit and Canadian Colonel N. Moore-Cosgrave. This document put an end to the Second World War, which, according to Western and Soviet historiography, began on September 1, 1939 with the attack of the Third Reich on Poland (Chinese researchers believe that the Second World War began with the attack of the Japanese army on China on July 7, 1937).

Do not use prisoners of war for forced labor;

Provide units located in remote areas with additional time to cease hostilities.

On the night of August 15, the “young tigers” (a group of fanatical commanders from the department of the War Ministry and the capital’s military institutions, led by Major K. Hatanaka) decided to disrupt the adoption of the declaration and continue the war. They planned to eliminate the "peace supporters", remove the text with a recording of Hirohito's speech about accepting the terms of the Potsdam Declaration and ending the war by the Empire of Japan before it was broadcast, and then persuade the armed forces to continue the fight. The commander of the 1st Guards Division, which guarded the imperial palace, refused to take part in the mutiny and was killed. Giving orders on his behalf, the “young tigers” entered the palace and attacked the residences of the head of government Suzuki, Lord Privy Seal K. Kido, Chairman of the Privy Council K. Hiranuma and the Tokyo radio station. However, they could not find the tapes with the recording and find the leaders of the “peace party”. The troops of the capital garrison did not support their actions, and even many members of the “young tigers” organization, not wanting to go against the emperor’s decision and not believing in the success of the cause, did not join the putschists. As a result, the rebellion failed within the first hours. The instigators of the conspiracy were not tried; they were allowed to commit ritual suicide by cutting open the abdomen.

On August 15, an address from the Japanese Emperor was broadcast on the radio. Given the high level of self-discipline among Japanese government and military leaders, a wave of suicides occurred in the empire. On August 11, the former Prime Minister and Minister of the Army, a staunch supporter of the alliance with Germany and Italy, Hideki Tojo, tried to commit suicide with a revolver shot (he was executed on December 23, 1948 as a war criminal). On the morning of August 15, “the most magnificent example of the samurai ideal” and the Minister of the Army, Koretika Anami, committed hara-kiri; in his suicide note, he asked the emperor for forgiveness for his mistakes. The 1st Deputy Chief of the Naval General Staff (previously the commander of the 1st Air Fleet), the “father of kamikaze” Takijiro Onishi, Field Marshal of the Imperial Japanese Army Hajime Sugiyama, as well as other ministers, generals and officers committed suicide.

The cabinet of Kantaro Suzuki resigned. Many military and political leaders began to favor the idea of ​​a unilateral occupation of Japan by US troops in order to preserve the country from the threat of the communist threat and preserve the imperial system. On August 15, hostilities between the Japanese armed forces and the Anglo-American troops ceased. However, Japanese troops continued to offer fierce resistance to the Soviet army. Parts of the Kwantung Army were not given the order to cease fire, and therefore the Soviet troops were also not given instructions to stop the offensive. Only on August 19, a meeting took place between the commander-in-chief of the Soviet troops in the Far East, Marshal Alexander Vasilevsky, and the chief of staff of the Kwantung Army, Hiposaburo Hata, where an agreement was reached on the procedure for the surrender of Japanese troops. Japanese units began to surrender their weapons, a process that dragged on until the end of the month. The Yuzhno-Sakhalin and Kuril landing operations continued until August 25 and September 1, respectively.

On August 14, 1945, the Americans developed a draft of “General Order No. 1 (for the Army and Navy)” on accepting the surrender of Japanese troops. This project was approved by American President Harry Truman and on August 15 it was reported to the allied countries. The draft specified the zones in which each of the Allied powers had to accept the surrender of Japanese units. On August 16, Moscow announced that it generally agreed with the project, but proposed an amendment - to include all the Kuril Islands and the northern half of Hokkaido in the Soviet zone. Washington did not raise any objections regarding the Kuril Islands. But regarding Hokkaido, the American president noted that the Supreme Allied Commander in the Pacific, General Douglas MacArthur, was surrendering Japanese armed forces on all the islands of the Japanese archipelago. It was specified that MacArthur would use token armed forces, including Soviet units.

The American government from the very beginning did not intend to let the USSR into Japan and rejected allied control in post-war Japan, which was provided for by the Potsdam Declaration. On August 18, the United States put forward a demand to allocate one of the Kuril Islands for the American Air Force base. Moscow rejected this brazen advance, declaring that the Kuril Islands, according to the Crimean Agreement, are the possession of the USSR. The Soviet government announced that it was ready to allocate an airfield for landing American commercial aircraft, subject to the allocation of a similar airfield for Soviet aircraft in the Aleutian Islands.

On August 19, a Japanese delegation led by Deputy Chief of the General Staff, General T. Kawabe, arrived in Manila (Philippines). The Americans notified the Japanese that their forces must liberate the Atsugi airfield on August 24, the Tokyo Bay and Sagami Bay areas by August 25, and Kanon Base and the southern part of Kyushu Island by mid-day on August 30. Representatives of the Imperial Japanese Armed Forces requested a delay in the landing of the occupying forces by 10 days in order to strengthen precautions and avoid unnecessary incidents. The request of the Japanese side was granted, but for a shorter period. The landing of the advanced occupation forces was scheduled for August 26, and the main forces for August 28.

On August 20, the Japanese in Manila were presented with an Act of Surrender. The document provided for the unconditional surrender of the Japanese armed forces, regardless of their location. Japanese troops were required to immediately cease hostilities, release prisoners of war and interned civilians, ensure their maintenance, protection and delivery to designated places. On September 2, the Japanese delegation signed the Instrument of Surrender. The ceremony itself was structured to highlight the United States' primary role in defeating Japan. The procedure for the surrender of Japanese troops in various areas of the Asia-Pacific region dragged on for several months.

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On September 2, 1945, the act of surrender of Japan was signed by representatives of the Soviet Union, USA, China, Great Britain, France and other allied states. This day marked the end of World War II.

Soviet-Japanese War (August 9 - September 2, 1945). The defeat of the Japanese Kwantung group by Soviet troops. The end of World War II.

Fulfilling allied obligations undertaken to the USA and Great Britain, as well as in order to ensure the security of its Far Eastern borders, the USSR entered the war against Japan on the night of August 9, 1945, which was a logical continuation of the Great Patriotic War.

With the defeat of Germany and its allies in Europe, the Japanese did not consider themselves defeated; their persistence caused an increase in pessimistic assessments of the American command. It was believed, in particular, that the war would not end before the end of 1946, and the losses of the allied forces during the landing on the Japanese islands would amount to more than 1 million people.

The most important element of the Japanese defense were the fortified areas of the Kwantung Army, stationed in the territory of occupied Manchuria (Northeast China). On the one hand, this army served as a guarantee of Japan’s unhindered supply of strategic raw materials from China and Korea, and on the other, it carried out the task of pulling Soviet forces from the European theater of war, thereby helping the German Wehrmacht.

Back in April 1941, a Soviet-Japanese neutrality pact was concluded, which somewhat reduced tensions between Japan and the USSR, but, simultaneously with the preparation of a strike against Anglo-American troops in the Pacific, the Japanese command was developing a plan of military operations against the Red Army under the code called "Kantokuen" (Special Maneuvers of the Kwantung Army). The danger of war on the Far Eastern borders of the USSR remained throughout the subsequent period. On April 5, 1945, the USSR government denounced the Soviet-Japanese neutrality treaty.

By the summer of 1945, the Japanese had 17 fortified areas, 4.5 thousand pillboxes and bunkers, numerous airfields and landing sites in Manchuria. The Kwantung Army had 1 million people, 1.2 thousand tanks, 1.9 thousand aircraft, 6.6 thousand guns. To overcome strong fortifications, not only courageous, but also experienced troops were needed. At the beginning of the war in the Far East, the Soviet command transferred here additional forces freed up in the west after the victory over Nazi Germany. By the beginning of August, the total number of Red Army formations in the Far Eastern theater of operations reached 1.7 million people, 30 thousand guns and mortars, 5.2 thousand tanks, more than 5 thousand aircraft, 93 ships. In July 1945, the Main Command of Soviet troops in the Far East was formed, it was headed by Marshal of the Soviet Union A. Vasilevsky.

On August 8, 1945, in Moscow, the Soviet government handed over a statement to the Japanese ambassador, which stated that due to Japan’s refusal to cease military operations against the United States, Great Britain and China, the Soviet Union, since August 9, 1945, considers itself in a state of war with Japan. On that day, the Red Army's offensive in Manchuria began in all directions almost simultaneously.

The high rate of advance of Soviet and Mongolian troops in the central part of Manchuria put the Japanese command in a hopeless situation. Due to the success in Manchuria, the 2nd Far Eastern Front part of its forces went on the offensive on Sakhalin. The final stage of the war against Japan was the Kuril landing operation, carried out by part of the forces of the 1st and 2nd Far Eastern Fronts and the Pacific Fleet.

The Soviet Union won victory in the Far East in the shortest possible time. In total, the enemy lost over 700 thousand soldiers and officers, of which 84 thousand were killed and more than 640 thousand captured. Soviet losses amounted to 36.5 thousand people, of which 12 thousand were killed and missing.

On September 2, 1945, in Tokyo Bay on board the American battleship Missouri, the Japanese rulers, in the presence of authorized representatives of the USSR, USA, China, Great Britain, France and other allied states, signed the Act of Unconditional Surrender of Japan. Thus ended the Second World War, which lasted six long years.