Dialectisms are words used only by the inhabitants of a particular locality. Now dialect words are rare even in the speech of rural residents. The dialect words most commonly used in our time are included in the explanatory dictionaries of the Russian literary language. A mark is given next to the word region(regional).

There are special dialect dictionaries. In the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" by V. I. Dal there are many dialect words collected by him in different parts of our country.

Dialect words are sometimes used in literary works to convey the peculiarities of the speech of the inhabitants of a certain area. The above dictionary contains many examples of dialect words that children can write out for a Russian lesson in grade 6.

Dictionary of dialect and obsolete words and phrases for schoolchildren of the 6th grade.

Altyn - a coin of three kopecks.
Andel is an angel.
Archangel is an archangel.
Arshin is a measure of length equal to 0.71 meters.
Badag - batog, stick, staff, whip.

Bazheny - beloved, from the word "bazhat" - to love, to desire.
Baika - a lullaby, a refrain when a child is put to sleep; from the verb baikat - to lull, rock, lull.
Balamolok - talker; from balamolit - to chat.
Balki are sheep.
Barenki are sheep.
Basalai - dandy, dandy, rake, bouncer.
Basque - beautiful, handsome, elegant.
Bayat - to speak, tell.
Bozhatka - godmother, named mother.
Birch, birch bark, birch bark - made of birch bark.
Painful - painful.
Brazumentochka, prozumentochka, prozument - from the word braid - braid, ribbon, usually embroidered with gold or silver, galloon.
Brany - woven with patterns.
Bude, will be - full, enough, enough.
Buka is a fantastic creature that scares children.

Vadit, vyvazhivat - educate, feed.
Vasiliev evening - New Year's Eve, December 31, according to Art. Art.
Basil's Day is a Christian holiday in honor of Basil of Caesarea, coinciding with the New Year (January 1, old style).
Suddenly a row - a second time, another time, a second time.
Vereiki, Vereya - one of the pillars on which the gates are hung.
Lent is the seven-week fast before Easter.
World-wide, world-wide - a child born out of wedlock.
Vyazyga - a picky or absurd person; dorsal string (chord) of red fish, eaten.

Gaitan - a lace on which a pectoral cross is worn; generally lace, braid.
Galile - here: to serve the ball or ball in play.
Govena - from fasting: fasting, eating nothing, preparing for church confession.
Gogol is a bird from the breed of diving ducks.
Year - to live, stay, stay somewhere for a whole year.
Golik is a broom without leaves.
Golitsy - unlined leather mitten.
A grosz is a coin worth half a penny.
Gulyushki are pigeons.
Barn - a place for storing bread in sheaves and threshing, covered current.
Granature, set - dense silk fabric.
The hryvnia is a silver ingot that served as a monetary and weight unit in Ancient Russia.
Gunya - dilapidated, torn clothes.

Dolon - palm.
Doselny - the past.
Woody - small.
Drag, dangle - grow, get denser, get healthy, get stronger.

Egary, Egoriev's Day - a holiday in honor of the Christian Saint George the Victorious. The people celebrated two Egories: autumn (November 26) and spring (April 23, according to the old style).
Hedgehog - food.
Elen is a deer.
Yolkha, slokha - alder.

Belly - livestock, wealth, life.
Harvest - harvest time, time to harvest bread from the field; the field from which the grain is harvested.

Fun - beloved, dear.
Zavichat (bequeath, zavetat) - command, severely punish or order.
The conspiracy is the last day before fasting, when you can eat fast food.
Zaroda, zaroda - a stack, stack of hay, straw, sheaves, elongated.
Cornerstone - the nickname of an illegitimate child.
Matins is an early, morning church service.
Winter Christmas time - the time from Christmas to baptism: from December 29 to January 6, according to Art. Art.
Zipun is a peasant working caftan. Zybka - a cradle, a cradle.

And mother - to catch.
Kaby - if.
Kamka is a silk patterned fabric.
Loaf - round big bread.
To cast - to dirty, dirty, harm.
Rolled wire - felt boots.
Kaftan is an old men's outerwear.
China is a type of cotton fabric.
Koval is a blacksmith.
Peel, peel - skin.
Kolyada is a mythological creature.
Kokoshnik is the headdress of Russian women.
Gingerbread man, kolobok - a product made of dough of a round, spherical shape.
Box - a chest woven from a bast or curved from a rag; sleigh lined with bast.
Pigtail, braid - here: the tail of the rooster.
Bonfire - the tough bark of plants suitable for yarn (hemp flax).
Kostroma, Kostromushka - a mythological creature depicted by a girl or a scarecrow.
Cats - women's shoes, a kind of half boots, boots, shoes with high fronts.
Kochedyk - an awl, a tool for making bast shoes.
Kochet is a rooster.
Croma - a loaf of bread, a crust; beggar's sum.
Kuzhel, kuzhen - tow, a bunch of flax prepared for yarn.
Kuzhnya - basket, braid, box.
Kulazhka, kulaga - a tasty dish: steamed malted dough.
Kumach is a scarlet cotton fabric.
Kunya (fur coat) - from marten fur.
To mock - to mock, to mock.
Kut is the corner of a peasant's hut.
Kutia is a cult food served at wakes and on Christmas Eve (porridge made from barley, wheat, rice with raisins or other sweets).

Gore, gore - quadrangular multi-colored inserts in the sleeves of women's shirts.
To lie under the images (icons) - the dead were laid under the icons.
Lohan - wooden utensils for household needs.
Lubya, bast, bast - the subroot layer of linden and some other trees, from which baskets are made, bast shoes are woven.
Luchok - arc, bow.
Bast is the fibrous inner part of the bark of linden and some other deciduous trees.
Lytat - shy away from work, run away from business.
Lyadina, lyada - wasteland, abandoned and overgrown land.

Fry - from small: kid, child,
Maslenitsa - a holiday of seeing off winter among the ancient Slavs, timed by the Christian church to the week before Lent; during Shrove Tuesday, pancakes were baked, cheese and butter were plentifully eaten, and various entertainments were arranged.
Mizgyro is a spider.
Mouse (tree) - possibly distorted: mast (tree).

Nadolba - a pillar, a pedestal along the road.
Nadolon, nadolonka - a piece of fabric, leather, sewn onto a mitten from the side of the palm.
A daughter-in-law is a married woman in relation to her husband's relatives.
Night - last night.
Needed, necessary - poor, beggar, miserable, meager.

Mass is a church service for Christians.
Drop - drop, lose.
Barn - a building in which sheaves were dried.
Ovsen (avsen, batssen, tausen, usun, the personification of the New Year.
Clothing - the remains of hay from a haystack or the bottom layer of hay, straw in luggage
Ozimye is a field sown with winter crops.
Ozorbdy - germ, stack. Surround - die.
Opara - sourdough for bread dough.
Oprbska - from clearing; to liberate - here: to liberate.
Yell - plow the land.
Ochep (Ocep) - a flexible pole on which a cradle was hung.

To harm - to harm, to pollute.
Dad, folder - bread (children's language).
Brocade - gold or silver fabric; silk fabric woven with gold and silver.
Parchevnik - old clothes made of brocade.
Easter is a Christian spring holiday in honor of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ.
Plow (floor, hut) - revenge, sweep.
Pelegovat - to touch with the fingers, to move the hands in vain.
before, before, before, before, before, at first
Perelozhek, fallow - a field that has not been plowed for several years.
A pestle is a pusher for grinding something in a mortar.
Pester is a basket woven or sewn from birch bark or bast.
Petun is a rooster.
A story - a flooring over a barnyard where hay was stored, a roof over a barnyard.
A povoynik is a headdress of a married woman.
Chaser - whip.
Graveyard - cemetery, burial ground.
Podgrebica - a building above the cellar.
Pozhnia is a meadow during haymaking.
Half a shelf - a shelf for storing food, utensils.
Polushka is an old coin worth a quarter of a penny.
To commemorate - to participate in the rite of commemoration of the deceased.
A commemoration is a ritual meal in memory of the deceased.
More polite - og clear: friendly, courteous.
Spinner - supryadki, gatherings, evening parties; good yarn.
A helper is a helper.
Postav - each individual dish at the table, meal, change.
A chain is a chain.
Honor - respect.
Hole - hole.
Pulanok - according to the performer's explanation - a sparrow.
Bullet - snot.

Get out of paper - have fun, disperse, roam.
Stripping, stripping - a clergyman, deprived of dignity, title.
Ripachok ribachok - from rpbushi: rags, rags, tattered clothes, cast-offs.
Christmas is a Christian holiday (December 25 old style) dedicated to the birth of Jesus Christ.
Horn - a dressed cow horn with a dried nipple tied from a cow's udder - for feeding a baby.

Sazhen is an old Russian measure of length, equal to 2.13 m.
To swindle - to be cowardly, to go astray, to lie.
Semik is a national holiday celebrated on Thursday of the seventh week after Easter.
Hay girls - courtyard serf girls, servants.
Sibirka - a short caftan in the waist with a stand-up collar.
Skolotochek, skolotok - a child born out of wedlock.
Malt - bread grain, germinated in warmth, dried and coarsely ground; used for making beer, mash, kvass.
Solop, salop - women's outerwear, a kind of raincoat.
Magpies - a holiday in honor of the forty martyrs, March 9, according to Art. Art.
Christmas Eve is the eve of the church holidays of Christmas and baptism.
Candlemas is a Christian holiday in honor of Christ (February 2, O.S.).
Stretu - towards.
The wall is a shadow.
A pod is a pod.
Sugreva - dear, dear, cordial.
Susek - a chest for grain in a barn.
Wort is a sweet broth made from flour and malt.
Shlyuzit, khlyuzit - - prevaricate, deceive, from khlyuzd: a deceiver, a swindler.
Syta - water sweetened with honey, honey decoction.

Tiun - clerk, manager, judge.
Oatmeal - crushed oatmeal; oatmeal food.
Tonya is a net, a fishing net.
Tochivo - a peasant canvas, a whole tube, in a piece.
Trali - trawls, nets in the form of a bag for catching fish.
Reeds are marsh thickets or marsh plants.
Tuesok, tues - a kind of bucket with a birch bark lid.
Tukachok, tukach - upholstered, threshed sheaf.
Tikmanka - a poke in the head with the knuckles.
Tour - a stove pillar in a hut, the base of which is painted with paints.

Ustoek, ustoi - cream on settled milk.
Fork - a kind of iron pitchfork, with the help of which pots are put in and taken out of the oven.
Flail - threshing tool for threshing sheaves.
A child is a child, a child.
Sheludi - scabs, scabs, rash.
Shendrovat - distorted: to be generous - to go home with songs on New Year's Eve, receiving a reward from the owners for this.
The damask is a silk sundress.
The brother-in-law is the wife's brother.
Yalovitsa is a non-calf cow, a heifer.
Yarka - a young sheep

Every native speaker of the Russian language knows and uses commonly used words in speech. These words are familiar to everyone, and determining their meaning is not difficult. Every linguist knows that dialects are part of a language. They are territorially limited. And the meaning of this or that dialectism is not always clear. From the article you will learn what words are called dialectisms and their types, as well as examples of sentences from speech and literary texts with dialectisms.

Before giving an explanation of dialectism, it is necessary to say about the type of vocabulary to which these words belong. In other words, dialect vocabulary is regional words that are limited in use on a territorial basis.

Among dialectisms there are subspecies:

1. Dialect words according to the phonetic feature: fresh meat (should be fresh), do (should be doing). They are distinguished by a special phonetic design.
2. Dialect words on a grammatical basis: along (along). These words are distinguished by a combination of a root with an unusual or.
3. Lexical: wire rod (felt boots). They always have a synonymous word in the literary language with a different root.

All lexical dialectisms can be conditionally divided into several subgroups:

• Actually dialect language units. They have words equivalent in meaning in the literary language, but not the same root. Example: shulyushka (broth).
• Semantic. This group consists of lexemes that have a different meaning in the literary language. For example, greedy for work (diligent, diligent).
• Ethnographic. That is, used in everyday life of the area: razletayka (light jacket).
• Phraseologisms. These are indivisible phrases. For example: "There is a mind - there is not enough darkness."

Examples of lexical dialectisms:

No. p / p	dialectism	interpretation
1.	goose	Goose
2.	pokeda	bye
3.	bonfire	scold
4.	promise	promise
5.	square	Mass of bushes
6.	go down	cool down
7.	roam	rage
8.	get busy	to contact
9.	Lavitsa	the outside
10.	petun	rooster
11.	barkan	carrot
12.	clean	sober
13.	stumble	sit back
14.	whale	earring
15.	tippyatok	boiling water
16.	Vanka	Vania
17.	paneva	skirt
18.	cats	sandals
19.	guess	recognize by sight
20.	wild rosemary	Dahurian rhododendron
21.	plow	sweep
22.	dark	very much
23	fail	side
24.	nor	Nora
25.	wonderful	a lot of
26.	dozhzhok	rain

Dialectisms of artistic speech

As already noted, dialect words are used as words known to a certain circle of people. For this reason, a natural question arises as to how dialectisms can be used in artistic speech.

The answer to the question will be the works themselves. The author uses dialect words for various artistic purposes. They can emphasize the theme of the story or novel, the typical character traits and worldview of the protagonist, the skill of the writer:

• Kokoshnik, kichka, paneva, amshannik, greenery, trunk, push apart, proshamshil - in the works of I. Turgenev.
• Gorenka, Konik, Gamanok, Izvolok, Gudoven - in the works of I. Nikitin
• Seal, dubas, stance, feet, belly, battle - in the works of D. Mamin-Sibiryak.
• Povet, log, pimy, midge, juice, kerzhak, urema - in the works of P. Bazhov.
• Elan - "Pantry of the sun" M. Prishvin.
• Okoyom - from the "Meshcherskaya Side" by K. Paustovsky.
• Shouting - from the poem "Motherland" by A. Surkov.

For example, he uses dialect words to convey the peculiarities of peasant speech. Sometimes in his texts dialectisms belong to the author's speech. This is done in order to emphasize the aesthetics and originality of the language of Lev Nikolayevich.

Uses dialectisms to show the area of ​​their use. It is noteworthy that in the works of Turgenev all such words are provided with an interpretation. Thus, Ivan Sergeevich is trying to show that dialectisms are not part of the vocabulary of the Russian literary language.

Konstantin Paustovsky uses dialect words in his own works in order to individualize his characters. Using them, Konstantin Paustovsky achieves ethnographic authenticity and artistic persuasiveness in his works.

Modern writers also use dialect words everywhere. They do this in order to create some kind of allusion to the text. Moreover, they do not give interpretations to such words.

In modern journalism, the use of dialect words is often enough to emphasize local features, as well as the features of the speech of the hero of the essay.

Worth remembering! Publicism should strive for a careful selection of language means, so the use of dialect words should always be justified to the maximum.

Sentences with dialect words:

• Peter cooked porridge-slivukha on the fire.
• The frog always screams for good reason.
• Nadys I spent the night with my aunt.
• Boiled a pot of potatoes.
• The food is boring, it's sweet.
• Stood on the side of the market square.
• Friends treated him like a jerk.
• Grandma could not cope with the grip in any way.
• Voice songs were sung in the evenings by girls.
• Lush shangi lay on a towel.
• You need to run faster so that the storm does not catch you.
• The dog ran along the mound along the veksha.
• Chupaha-chuapahoy.
• I'll cut it right away.
• Lithovka needs to be knocked out so that it will sharpen up already.
• Kochet walks around the yard.

Dialectisms in Literature:

No. p / p	Example	Author
1.	They stuffed the oskom ... blueberries ripened ...	N. Nekrasov
2.	It smells of loose dragons ...	S. Yesenin
3.	And there are goats in the ravines.	I. Turgenev
4.	Along the oseks something chevelichchya.	A. Yashin
5.	In an old fashioned…. shushune.	S. Yesenin
6.	I look at the pale sky, at the fall ...	V.Rasputin
7.	Her teals were completely torn.	V.Rasputin
8.	The hummock was thrown by a formidable river, struggling with the Siberian frosts.	V. Rasputin
9.	In a bowl of kvass…	S. Yesenin
10.	Grumbling, grandfather put on malachai.	V. Shishkin
11.	Yarnik is growing more and more according to wishes.	V.Rasputin
12.	Yegor stood on the stove, stretched out his hands ...	K. Sedykh
13.	Enough to freak out.	K. Sedykh
14.	I was a little zapoloshnoy, forgive the fool.	V.Rasputin
15.	It is necessary to dig up Burakov.	V.Rasputin

Dictionary of dialect words

Dialect words are a rather interesting phenomenon in the lexical system of a language. In order not to lose them, special dictionaries are created.

The collection of dialect words began in the 19th century. The Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, edited by V.I. Dahl included a great many dialect words and phraseological units.

In the 20th century, a dictionary by D. Ushakov was published. It also has a lot of dialectisms.

After that, there was a systematization of quotation cards from the works of domestic writers and poets. As a result of this painstaking work, the Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language was created.

Note! At the present time, the Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects has withstood 13 editions.

In ZABGU, Chita, the “Dictionary of Dialects of Transbaikalia” was published under the editorship of V.A. Pashchenko.

Dialect words in "Quiet Don"

Perhaps the most striking in terms of the use of dialectisms is M. Sholokhov's epic novel "". The Drofa publishing house in 2003 released a dictionary of dialect words found in the Quiet Don.

Consider quotes from this work:

• Gutara about him on the farm wonderful.
• What are you, you bastard.
• Evdokeya, prepare a snack.
• At the imperial review.
• What weapons went.
• The forehead is covered in blood.
• For their Natalia.
• Might go to the ground.
• Don't be afraid to break up.
• Catfish thumped on the water.
• Until Cherkassky does not stir.
• We will drive your grandmother into the ground.
• Gnawing a chicken deer.
• Gregory came out with empty hands.
• The sky is blue in autumn.
• I was not a sick woman.
• Order Grishka to come today.
• She winds up like that during the day.
• I went to visit Mokhova.
• With a cucumber, which women leave for seeds.
• Did Mishatka beat you?

This article talks about dialectisms. The definition of this concept is given. Examples of individual dialectisms and sentences with such words are given.

In general, speaking of dialect vocabulary, it is worth remembering that it is an adornment of living Russian speech.

Today, in the school course of literature and history, regional dialectisms are included for study. This is done in order to preserve and pass on to the descendants of the heritage of the language of the people.

Useful video

Summing up

In conclusion, I would like to quote lines from a poem by the Transbaikal poetess G.P. Zharkova:

But as before, quiet and pleasant,
Heard like a summer breeze
Distinctive from all, incredible,
Transbaikalians of our sayings.
“Boy, listen, I can smell the storm today,
Maybe we’ll wait for the mowing today,
Let's start later. Let's spend the night
But tomorrow will be, we'll see.

In artistic speech, dialectisms perform important stylistic functions: they help convey local color, the specifics of life, and culture; features of the characters' speech, and finally, dialect vocabulary can be a source of speech expression and a means of satirical coloring.

The use of dialectisms in Russian fiction has its own history. Poetics of the 18th century allowed dialect vocabulary only in low genres, mainly in comedy; dialectisms were a distinctive feature of the non-literary, predominantly peasant speech of the characters. At the same time, dialectal features of various dialects were often mixed in the speech of one hero. Sentimentalist writers, prejudiced against the rude, "muzhik" language, protected their style from the dialect vocabulary. Interest in dialectisms was caused by the desire of realist writers to truthfully reflect the life of the people, to convey the “common folk” flavor. I.A. Krylov, A.S. Pushkin, N.V. Gogol, N.A. Nekrasov, I.S. Turgenev, L.N. Tolstoy and others. In Turgenev, for example, words from the Oryol and Tula dialects are often found (bolshak, gutorit, poneva, potion, wave, doctor, buchilo, etc.). 19th century writers used dialectisms that corresponded to their aesthetic attitudes. Stylistically, the appeal to reduced dialect vocabulary could also be justified. For example: As if on purpose, all the peasants met all shabby (I.S. Turgenev) - here dialectism with negative emotional and expressive coloring in the context is combined with other reduced vocabulary (willows stood like beggars in rags; peasants rode on bad nags).

It is necessary to distinguish, on the one hand, the “citation” use of dialectisms, when they are present in the context as an element of another style, and, on the other hand, their use on an equal footing with the vocabulary of the literary language, with which dialectisms should stylistically merge. With the "citation" use of dialectisms, it is important to know the measure, to remember that the language of the work must be understandable to the reader. For example: All evenings, and even nights, [the guys] sit by the fires, speaking in the local language, and bake opalikhs, that is, potatoes (V.F. Abramova) - this use of dialectisms is stylistically justified. When evaluating the aesthetic value of dialect vocabulary, one should proceed from its internal motivation and organic nature in the context. In itself, the presence of dialectisms cannot yet testify to a realistic reflection of local color. As rightly emphasized by A.M. Gorky, “life needs to be laid in the foundation, and not stuck on the facade. The local flavor is not in the use of words: taiga, zaimka, shanga - it should stick out from the inside.

A more difficult problem is the use of dialectisms along with literary vocabulary. In this case, the fascination with dialectisms can lead to clogging the language of the work. For example: All wabit, bewitch; Odal Belozor swam; The slope with a twist ants - such an introduction of dialectisms obscures the meaning. When determining the aesthetic value of dialectisms in artistic speech, one should take into account what words the author chooses. Based on the requirement of accessibility, understandability of the text, the use of such dialectisms that do not require additional explanations and are understandable in context is usually noted as proof of the writer's skill. As a result of this approach, dialectisms that have become widespread in fiction often become “all-Russian”, losing touch with a specific folk dialect.

Writers should go beyond "inter-dialect" vocabulary and strive for non-standard use of dialectisms. An example of a creative solution to this problem can be the prose of V.M. Shukshin. There are no incomprehensible dialect words in his works, but the speech of the characters is always original, folk. For example, vivid expression distinguishes dialectisms in the story "How the old man died":

Yegor stood on the stove, slipped his hands under the old man.

Hold on to my neck... That's it! How easy it has become! ..

Got sick... (...)

In the evening I will come and visit. (...)

Don't eat, that's weakness, - the old woman noticed. - Maybe we can chop the trigger - I'll cook the broth? He's a slick, fresh one... Huh? (...)

No need. And we won’t sing, but we’ll decide the trigger. (...)

At least for a while, don’t be flustered! .. He’s standing there with one foot, but isho shakes something. (...) Are you really dying, or what? Maybe isho oklemaissya.(...)

Agnyusha," he said with difficulty, "forgive me... I was a little dim-witted...

For the modern language of fiction, the widespread use of dialectisms is uncharacteristic. This is due to the activation of the process of dissolution of local dialects in the literary Russian language, their convergence with it. This process captures the entire system of speech, but the vocabulary is the most permeable. At the same time, a complex, multi-stage restructuring of dialect vocabulary is observed: from the narrowing of the scope of use of individual dialectisms to their complete disappearance from the vocabulary of dialect due to changes in agricultural methods, the extinction of individual crafts, the replacement or disappearance of many social and everyday realities, and the like.

Sometimes, when reading works of Russian literature of the 17th-19th centuries, many people are faced with such a problem as a misunderstanding of individual words or even entire phrases. Why is this happening? It turns out that the whole point is in special dialect words that intersect with the concept of lexical geography. What is dialectism? What words are called dialectisms?

The concept of “dialectism”

Dialect is a word, which is used in a certain area, understandable to the inhabitants of a certain territory. Most often, dialectisms are used by residents of small villages or villages. Interest in such words arose among linguists as early as the 18th century. Chess, Dal, Vygotsky made a great contribution to the study of the lexical meanings of words in the Russian language. Examples of dialectisms indicate that they can be diverse in their appearance.

There are the following types of dialectisms:

• Phonetic. For example, only one letter or sound in a word is replaced. “bears” instead of “bags” or “Khvedor” instead of “Fyodor”;
• Morphological. For example, there is confusion of cases, numerical substitution. “Sister came”, “I have”;
• Word-building. The population during the conversation changes suffixes or prefixes in words. For example, goose - goose, pokeda - yet;
• Ethnographic. These words are used only in a certain area. They appeared on the basis of natural or geographical features. There are no more analogues in the language. For example, shanezhka - a cheesecake with potatoes or "ponyova" - a skirt;
• Lexical. This group is divided into subsections. She is the most numerous. For example, onions in the southern regions are called tsybuls. And the needle in the northern dialects is needles.

It is also customary to divide dialects into 2 dialects: southern and northern. Each of them separately conveys the whole flavor of local speech. Central Russian dialects stand apart, as they are close to the literary norms of the language.

Sometimes such words help to understand the order and life of people. Let's analyze the word "House". In the north, it is customary to call each part of the house in its own way. The canopy and the porch are the bridge, the rest rooms are the hut, the attic is the ceiling, the hayloft is the wind, and the fat is the room for pets.

There are dialecticisms at the syntactic and phraseological levels, but they are not studied separately by scientists.

Examples of “local” words in literature

It happens that previously the word was not used at all, only sometimes it was possible to hear dialectisms in artistic speech, but over time they become common and are included in the dictionary of the Russian language. Example, the verb "to rustle". Initially, it was used in the work of art “Notes of a Hunter” by I.S. Turgenev. It meant "onomatopoeia". Another word is "tyrant". That was the name of the man in the play by A.N. Ostrovsky. Thanks to him, this word is firmly entrenched in our everyday speech. Dialectal used to be such nouns as - tues, grip and owl. Now they have quite confidently occupied their niche in the explanatory dictionaries of the modern language.

Passing on the rural life of the Ryazan peasants, S. Yesenin in each of his poems uses any dialects. Examples of such words are as follows:

• in a dilapidated shushun - a type of women's outerwear;
• in a bowl kvass - in a barrel made of wood;
• dracheny - food from eggs, milk and flour;
• popelitsa - ashes;
• damper - a lid on a Russian stove.

A lot of "local" words can be found in the works of V. Rasputin. Each sentence from his story is replete with dialectisms. But they are all skillfully used, as they convey the character of the heroes and the assessment of their actions.

• to freeze - to freeze, to cool;
• pokul - bye, goodbye:
• to roar - to rage, to rage.

Mikhail Sholokhov in "Quiet Don" was able to convey the beauty of the Cossack speech through the dialect dialect.

• base - peasant yard;
• haidamak - robber;
• kryga - ice floe;
• chill - virgin soil;
• occupancy - water meadow.

In the author's speech of "Quiet Flows the Don" there are whole phrases that show us the way of families. The formation of dialectisms in speech occurs in various ways. For example, the prefix “for” says that the object or action should become the same as the original object. For example, twisted, harried.

Also in the "Quiet Don" there are many possessive pronouns, which are formed with the help of suffixes -in, -ov. Natalya's duck, Christon's back.

But there are especially many ethnographic dialects in the work: savory, Siberian, chiriki, zapashnik.

Sometimes, when reading a work of literature, it is impossible to understand the meaning of a word without context, which is why it is so important to read texts thoughtfully and completely. What words are called dialectisms, you can find out by looking at the Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects. In the usual explanatory dictionary, you can also find such words. Near them there will be a mark of the region, which means “regional”.

The role of dialects in the modern language

The role of such words is difficult to overestimate. They are designed to perform important functions:

The dialect is now mainly spoken only by the older generation. In order not to lose the national identity and value of such words, literary critics and linguists should do a lot of work, they should look for speakers of dialects and add the found dialectisms to a special dictionary. Thanks to this, we will preserve the memory of our ancestors and restore the link between generations.

The significance of works with dialect usage is very great. Indeed, despite the great difference with the literary language, they, although slowly, but enrich vocabulary Russian vocabulary fund.

Have there been incidents with you when, while reading the works of Russian classics, you did not understand what they were writing about? Most likely, this was not due to your inattention to the plot of the work, but because of the writer's style, which includes obsolete words, dialectisms.

V. Rasputin, V. Astafiev, M. Sholokhov, N. Nekrasov, L. Tolstoy, A. Chekhov, V. Shukshin, S. Yesenin liked to express themselves with words of this type. And this is only a small part of them.

Dialectisms: what is it and how many types exist

Dialects are words whose area of ​​distribution and use is limited to some territory. They are widely used in the vocabulary of the rural population.

Examples of dialectisms in the Russian language show that they have individual features regarding phonetics, morphology, and vocabulary:

1. Phonetic dialectisms.

2. Morphological dialectisms.

3. Lexical:

• actually lexical;
• lexico-semantic;

4. Ethnographic dialectisms.

5. Word-building dialectisms.

Dialectisms are also found at the syntactic, phraseological levels.

Types of dialectisms as separate features of the original Russian people

In order to recognize the original features of the dialect of the Russian people, it is necessary to consider dialectisms in more detail.

Examples of dialectisms:

• The replacement of one or more letters in a word is typical for phonetic dialectisms: millet - millet; Khvedor - Fedor.
• Word changes that are not the norm in terms of matching words in sentences are characteristic of morphological dialectisms: at me; spoke to smart people (substitution of cases, plural and singular).
• Words and expressions that are found only in a certain locality, which do not have phonetic and derivational analogues. Words whose meaning can only be understood from the context are called lexical dialectisms. In general, in the well-known dictionary use, they have equivalent words that are understandable and known to everyone. The following dialectisms (examples) are typical for the southern regions of Russia: beet - beets; tsibula - onion.
• Words that are used only in a particular region, which have no analogues in the language due to their correlation with the characteristics of the life of the population, are called "ethnographic dialectisms". Examples: shanga, shanga, shaneshka, shanechka - a dialectism denoting a certain type of cheesecake with a top potato layer. These delicacies are widespread only in a certain region; they cannot be characterized in one word from general use.
• Dialectisms that have arisen due to a special affixal design are called derivational: guska - goose, pokeda - yet.

Lexical dialectisms as a separate group

Due to their heterogeneity, lexical dialectisms are divided into the following types:

• Actually lexical: dialectisms that have a common meaning with general literary ones, but differ from them in spelling. They can be called peculiar synonyms of commonly understood and well-known words: beets - sweet potato; stitch - track.
• Lexico-semantic. Almost the exact opposite of proper lexical dialectisms: they have a common spelling and pronunciation, but differ in meaning. Correlating them, it is possible to characterize as homonyms in relation to each other.

For example, the word "peppy" in different parts of the country can have two meanings.

1. Literary: energetic, full of energy.
2. Dialect meaning (Ryazan): smart, neat.

Thinking about the purpose of dialectisms in the Russian language, we can assume that, despite the differences with general literary words, they replenish the stocks of the Russian literary vocabulary along with them.

The role of dialectisms

The role of dialectisms for the Russian language is diverse, but first of all they are important for the inhabitants of the country.

Functions of dialectisms:

1. Dialectisms are one of the most important means of oral communication for people living in the same territory. It was from oral sources that they penetrated into written ones, giving rise to the following function.
2. The dialectisms used at the level of district and regional newspapers contribute to a more accessible presentation of the information provided.
3. Fiction takes information about dialectisms from the colloquial speech of residents of specific regions and from the press. They are used to convey local features of speech, and also contribute to a more vivid transmission of the character of the characters.

Some expressions slowly but surely fall into the general literary fund. They become known and understood by everyone.

The study of the functions of dialectisms by researchers

P.G. Pustovoit, exploring the work of Turgenev, focused on dialectisms, examples of words and their meaning, he names the following functions:

• characterological;
• cognitive;
• speech dynamization;
• cumulation.

V.V. Vinogradov based on the works of N.V. Gogol identifies the following series of functions:

• characterological (reflective) - it contributes to coloring the speech of characters;
• nominative (naming) - manifests itself when using ethnographisms and lexical dialectisms.

The most complete classification of functions was developed by Professor L.G. Samotik. Lyudmila Grigoryevna singled out 7 functions for which dialectisms are responsible in a work of art:

Modeling;

nominative;

emotive;

Culminative;

Aesthetic;

phatic;

Characterological.

Literature and dialectisms: what threatens the abuse?

Over time, the popularity of dialectisms, even at the oral level, decreases. Therefore, writers and correspondents should use them sparingly in their work. Otherwise, the perception of the meaning of the work will be difficult.

Dialectisms. Examples of inappropriate use

When working on a work, you need to think over the relevance of each word. First of all, you should think about the appropriateness of using dialect vocabulary.

For example, instead of the dialect-regional word "kosteril" it is better to use the general literary "scold". Instead of "promised" - "promised".

The main thing is to always understand the line of moderate and appropriate use of dialect words.

Dialecticisms should help the perception of the work, and not hinder it. To understand how to use this figure of the Russian language correctly, you can ask for help from the masters of the word: A.S. Pushkin, N.A. Nekrasov, V.G. Rasputin, N.S. Leskov. They skillfully, and most importantly, moderately used dialectisms.

The use of dialectisms in fiction: I.S. Turgenev and V.G. Rasputin

Some works of I.S. Turgenev is difficult to read. Studying them, you need to think not only about the general meaning of the literary heritage of the writer's work, but also about almost every word.

For example, in the story "Bezhin Meadow" we can find the following sentence:

“With quick steps I walked a long “area” of bushes, climbed a hill and, instead of this familiar plain ˂…˃, I saw completely different places unknown to me”

An attentive reader has a logical question: “Why did Ivan Sergeevich put in brackets the seemingly ordinary and appropriate word “area”?”.

The writer personally answers it in another work “Khor and Kalinich”: “In the Oryol province, large continuous masses of bushes are called “squares”.

It becomes clear that this word is widespread only in the Oryol region. Therefore, it can be safely attributed to the group of "dialectisms".

Examples of sentences using terms of a narrow stylistic orientation used in the speech of residents of certain regions of Russia can be seen in the stories of V.G. Rasputin. They help him show the identity of the character. In addition, the personality of the hero, his character is reproduced precisely through such expressions.

Examples of dialectisms from the works of Rasputin:

• Cool down - cool down.
• To roar - to rage.
• Pokul - for now.
• Engage - get in touch.

It is noteworthy that the meaning of many dialectisms cannot be understood without context.