FOREWORD
In 1962, the country adopted the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) as a mandatory information classification, and since 1963, mandatory indexing has been introduced in scientific and technical publishing houses, editorial offices of scientific and technical journals, scientific and technical information bodies, and scientific and technical libraries. all publications on UDC, i.e. all information materials in the field of natural and technical sciences are published with UDC indices. Reference and information funds (CIF) are organized according to the same system. UDC can be used to organize both highly specialized SIFs and diversified ones; it is the only international universal system that makes it possible to disclose in sufficient detail the content of reference and information funds and provide a quick search for information. The possibility of a unified systematization of information materials makes the UDC system the most convenient in the process of information exchange between countries.
UDC meets the most essential requirements for classification: internationality, universality, mnemonicity, the ability to reflect new achievements in science and technology without any major changes in its structure. The UDC covers all areas of knowledge, its sections are organically linked in such a way that a change in one of them entails a change in the other.
Decimal UDC is called because the decimal principle is used for its construction: division of each class into ten (or less) subclasses.
To designate classes (sections), Arabic numerals are used, which are absolutely unambiguous for all people, regardless of what language they speak and what alphabet they use. The language of numbers is clear to everyone, easy to remember, so this makes the UDC a publicly available international system. The decimal principle of the UDC structure makes it possible to expand it almost unlimitedly by adding new digits to the existing ones, without breaking the entire system as a whole. UDC indices can be linked to each other in all sorts of combinations, due to which an innumerable number of concepts can be reflected in the classification scheme.
The use of determinants expands the limits of the system almost without limit and opens up great opportunities for fractional classification of material.
The development of UDC tables is carried out by the international UDC Consortium (UDC Consortium), which is working to improve it in accordance with the development of science and technology.
In our country, the Universal Decimal Classification has been widely used as a unified classification system, which has made it possible to ensure uniformity in the organization of reference and information funds in scientific and technical information bodies, scientific and technical libraries of the country. In addition, its application contributes to wider cooperation between Russia and other countries in the field of scientific and technical information.
The 3rd complete edition of UDC tables, consisting of seven issues, was carried out in the country in 1979-1986.
Since 1997, on the basis of the machine database of complete UDC tables created at VINITI, the 4th edition of the UDC has been carried out. L=1>
BRIEF HISTORICAL INFORMATION ABOUT
The universal decimal classification has existed for about 100 years. During this period, it has undergone great changes, has been criticized more than once, but, despite this, it still has no equal in terms of breadth of distribution. Originating as a classification system for international bibliography, UDC is currently used in many countries around the world to systematize printed works, various types of documents and organize file cabinets. The use of UDC in information retrieval systems determines the further prospects for its development.
The emergence of UDC is closely connected with the creation and development of "" Melville Dewey. In 1876, the first, very short, edition of the tables of this classification was published. enjoys wide popularity in the USA and some European countries, where it is still used mainly in public libraries. Its indices are affixed to cards issued by the US Library of Congress.
In 1895, the First International Bibliographic Conference was convened in Brussels, at which a decision was made to create a "Universal Bibliographic Repertoire" - a card catalog of literature available throughout the world in all branches of knowledge. To carry out this great task, the International Bibliographic Institute (IBI) was organized.
The initiators of the creation of the "Repertoire", as well as the organizers and leaders of the MBI were Paul Otlet (1868-1944) and Henri La Fontaine (1854-1943). They also have the merit of creating the UDC, which was based on the "Decimal Classification" by M. Dewey.
Work on the creation of the classification lasted 12 years. It was carried out both along the line of further detailing the headings of the M. Dewey system, and along the path of improving its structure. New and ordered old indices were added, the wording of the headings was modified, the appearance of the indices was somewhat changed, the necessary methodological instructions and explanations were introduced. The main addition that qualitatively distinguishes the new classification from the M. Dewey system was the introduction of general and special determinants and signs that allow creating new indices.
In 1905, in Brussels, the first consolidated edition of the tables of the new decimal classification was published in French. These tables were called "Guide to the universal bibliographic repertoire" (Manuel du repertoire bibliografique universel").
In 1933, the second complete edition of the tables of decimal classification was completed in French, now it was called "Universal Decimal Classification". Having lost contact with the "Repertoire", it acquired an independent meaning. The second edition was preceded by a large amount of work by the MBI to bring the tables in line with the level of development of science and technology, and supplement them with new concepts. The leadership of this work, together with P. Otlet and A. La Fontaine, was carried out by F. Donker-Dievis.
In 1931, the International Bibliographic Institute was renamed the International Institute of Documentation, and in 1938 it was transformed into the International Federation for Documentation IDF (Federation Internationale de Documentation). The IFD has determined as its goal the development of the theory of documentation, the organization of documentation of all types and in all branches of knowledge. A large place was still given to the problems of classification. Under the control of the IFD, full, medium, abbreviated and trade publications of the UDC were published in many languages of the world. Since 1992, work on the UDC has been transferred to a specially created international UDC Consortium (UDC Consortium), which includes national publishers of UDC and MFD tables. In 2000, VINITI became a member of the Consortium and its governing board. L=1>
Properties and principles of UDC
The universal decimal classification, which appeared as a result of the further development of the "Decimal Classification" by M. Dewey, retained at its core the hierarchical structure inherent in the latter. At the same time, a number of features and techniques were introduced into the UDC, which are characteristic of facet or analytic-synthetic classification, for example, auxiliary tables of general and special determinants, which make it possible to uniformly build section indices in accordance with the categories of place, time, language, etc. or group documents on the process, types of products, etc.
The universal decimal classification as a whole is characterized by several basic properties. The name itself speaks of two of them: universality and decimal. In addition, it should be noted the multidimensionality, both inherent in the structure of the main table, and arising from the use of auxiliary tables and methods of forming indexes that carry elements of standardization.
In numerous sections of this system, a lot of concepts are ordered in all branches of knowledge or activity. In other words, UDC covers the entire universe of knowledge. At the same time, the UDC is not a conglomeration of individual industry classifications. Although the sections of the classification corresponding to individual industries differ in their internal structure, determined by the specifics of the industry, the system is perceived as a single whole due to the existence of a single hierarchical code, common rules for constructing indices and the indispensable display of the relationships of this section and its dependence on others using the methodological apparatus (" related areas", links). UDC is universal and in use. Due to the abundance of means and methods of indexing, easily reduced fractionality, it is successfully used to systematize and subsequently search for a wide variety of sources of information in funds of various sizes and purposes - from small narrowly focused collections of special documentation to large industry and multi-industry reference and information funds. L=3>
The universal decimal classification is based on systematic principle.
In the UDC, the same subject is found in different places depending on the branch of knowledge and on the aspect in which it is considered. For example, "oil" appears in several sections. Section 547 Organic chemistry we find the concept of "Chemistry of Petroleum"; in 553 Mineral deposits- "Oil fields"; in 622 Mining- "Oil production"; in 662 Explosives. Fuel- "Oil as fuel", etc. L=3>
This phenomenon, called multiple localization of concepts, reflects multidimensionality UDC as a property inherent in the very structure of the classification scheme. This property should always be kept in mind when indexing by UDC.
Multi-aspect indexing of the content of documents and queries is provided, in addition to the UDC structure itself, by using general and special identifiers that reflect time, place, language, parameters, equipment, processes, etc., as well as by applying some rules for combining indices. L=3>
One of the main distinguishing features of the Universal Decimal Classification is hierarchical structure most sections of the main and auxiliary tables according to the principle of division from general to particular using a numeric decimal code. The universe of knowledge is divided by analogy with decimal fractions.
Each class (the first stage of division) contains a group of more or less related sciences, for example, class 5 - mathematics and natural sciences, class 6 - applied sciences: engineering, agriculture, medicine.
Subsequent detailing is due to the lengthening of the indices.
UDC indices are constructed in such a way that each subsequent figure does not change the meaning of the previous ones, but only clarifies, denoting a more particular concept. For example, the index of the concept "Chemical corrosion" 620.193.4 is formed as follows:
6 Applied sciences
62 Engineering. Technique in general
620 Material testing. commodity science
620.1 Material testing. Material defects. Material protection
620.19 Defects in materials and their detection. Corrosion
620.193 Corrosion. Corrosion resistance
620.193.4 Chemical corrosion. Impact of various aggressive environments
As already mentioned, according to the hierarchy from the general to the particular, not only the main, but also auxiliary tables of general and special determinants are built, for example,
special qualifiers
62-5 Regulation and control of machines and processes
62-55 Regulators
62-555 Regulators actuated by physical processes
62-555.5 by radiation
62-555.56 selenium photocells
general material qualifiers
03 Materials
034 Metals
034.2 Non-ferrous metals in general
034.21 Gold, gold alloys L=3>
At present, when detailing sections, the number 0, as a rule, is not used due to possible confusion with the special qualifier.0; the number 9 is usually reserved for the concept of "others", "others". Thus, eight digits are actively used. In the case when the number of classified concepts exceeds eight places in a row, the ninth section can be split further, and the resulting hundredths (if necessary, thousandths) indexes are equated in value to tenths (the so-called octave principle). L=3>
When detailing more or less large sections, the UDC is widely (although it cannot be argued that it is always strictly and consistently) applied standard designation of certain concepts, as well as typical and similar subdivisions: general determinants, special determinants, typical (sliding) endings, parallel subdivision, building an index using the "(apostrophe) sign, etc. All these tools and techniques allow us to present the UDC in a more compact , sometimes two-dimensional, easier to see, and reduce the volume of tables.The mnemonics achieved with their help greatly facilitate the mastery of the system and the necessary memorization of indexes in the work.
Typical endings. At the beginning of some sections of the UDC, you can find a list of digital designations that begin with ellipsis. These are endings that can be attached, if necessary, to the indices of this section in order to obtain further uniform standard detailing. For example, under section 661.8 Metal compounds. Salt. mineral paints- in addition to the indices of the main series, denoting compounds of individual metals:
661.832 Potassium compounds
661.833 Sodium compounds
661.847.9 Zinc compounds
there is a list of typical endings:
661.8...1 Compounds of particular importance
3 Halogen compounds. cyanide compounds. hydrides
32 Chlorine compounds
Any of the endings given in the list can be used to obtain the index of the compound of a particular metal by directly attaching (subject to the rule of putting a dot every three characters) to the index denoting the compounds of this metal. For example, having
indexes can be created:
661.832.321 Potassium chloride
661.833.321 Sodium chloride
661.847.932.1 Zinc chloride
661.832.532 Potassium sulfate
661.833.532 Sodium sulfate
661.847.953.2 Zinc sulfate
Using a list of typical endings, you can build the necessary detail for the compounds of each of the metals, and this detail will be standard and mnemonic. L=3>
Parallel subdivision. This is a method of detailing a section similar to the indexes of another section in cases where the base of the division coincides. A parallel (similar) subdivision is used due to the multiple localization of concepts, for example, the classification of wood by tree species in section 674 Woodworking industry carried out similarly to the botanical classification in section 582 Plant taxonomy
674.031.5/.9 ≈ 582.5/.9
In many cases, a parallel subdivision is based on the formal coincidence of the division base of two or more sections. For example, detailing section 621.918.4 Rasps carried out similarly to section 621.918.2 Files the shape of the instrument.
621.918.4 ≈ 621.918.2
Parallel subdivision is carried out in accordance with the methodological instructions. The latter is given either textually: "subdivide as ...", or with the help of the congruence sign ≈ and the section index, similar to which the division is made. Let us explain the technique of forming an index by the congruence sign using an example. With an index of 656.33 Operation of railways of special design given an indication of 656.33 ≈ 625.3. To obtain the index of the concept "Operation of a narrow gauge railway" in section 625.3 Railways of special design find index 625.31 Narrow gauge railways and, adding its ending (in this case, the number 1) to the index 656.33, we get the index 656.331 Operation of narrow gauge railways. When an index is formed by the sign of congruence, the beginning of the index, which corresponds to the section that serves as the model indicated with the sign ≈, is discarded, and only the end of the index given in the tables is used. L=3> L=2>
Components of UDC
Tables of the Universal Decimal Classification are divided into main and auxiliary. In addition, editions of the UDC, as a rule, include an alphabetic-subject index as the third integral part.
The division of tables into main and auxiliary ones is based on the features of the concepts reflected in them. As a rule, the main table includes concepts specific to certain areas of science, technology, art, etc., which have only their inherent features. Auxiliary tables (general and special determinants) include recurring concepts that are common to all or many sections, or used within one section. These concepts, attached to the main ones, clarify their content or form. At the same time, general determinants contain concepts that are used in all or many sections, and special ones are used only within one or more sections that are close in content.
As already noted, the hierarchical structure of the UDC is based on the "Decimal Classification" by M. Dewey. The indexes of the main UDC table reflect various areas of knowledge. Heads the main series UDC class 0 General section. Its content is: science in general, writing, information, culture, journalism, museum work, bibliography, librarianship, etc. The author of the "Decimal Classification" interpreted it as an introductory section to the scheme as a whole.
Groups of classes at the beginning and end of the main series are assigned to the humanities: classes 1/3 (philosophy, logic, psychology, religion, politics, economics, etc.) and classes 7/9 (art, philology, history, geography).
Mathematics and the natural sciences group is in class 5, while the applied sciences group, which includes engineering, medicine and agriculture, is assigned to class 6.
Classes 5 and 6 are closely related, and when indexing, it is often difficult to choose an index. In these cases, one should be guided by the fact that class 5 Maths. Natural Sciences reflects questions of a theoretical nature, the study of the general laws of physics, chemistry, biology, etc., and class 6 Applied Science. The medicine. Technique devoted to the practical use of these laws, their implementation in technology, medicine, and agriculture.
The hierarchical principle of division from general to particular is the main method of detailing.
In addition to the hierarchy, when detailing a number of subsections, facet analysis methods are used. An example is the construction of section 667.6 Coatings. Paints and varnishes. Coating technology. In this section, formulations, and then finished coatings, are subdivided into different subdivisions (facets).
667.633 Paints and varnishes by composition
667.634 Paints and varnishes by application or treatment
667.635 Paints and varnishes according to the method of drying coatings
667.636 Paints and varnishes by type of substrate
667.637 Paints and varnishes by properties and purpose, etc.
There are also collective headings in the UDC, the subsections of which are built according to the enumeration method. This method is often used at lower levels.
In some cases, instead of developing a decimal classification section, an indication is given to apply for further detailing some already existing special classification or scale. For example, in section 66-97 Thermal parameters, the temperature value can be indicated in degrees of any generally accepted scale by attaching a letter symbolizing this scale and the temperature value:
66-97F32 Temperature 32 degrees Fahrenheit
In UDC, the sign * (asterisk, asterisk) is used to attach indices of other classifications to UDC indices. For example, place qualifiers use different geographic classifications appended with an asterisk *(asterisk).
In cases where the detailing given in the table does not fully satisfy, the systematizer has the right to independently introduce alphabetic (nominal, alphabetic) divisions (see Table Ih). For example,
629.114.6Moskvich Passenger cars of brand "Moskvich" L=3>
Special qualifiers
Earlier it was said that special qualifiers serve to designate concepts common to one or more industries.
There are three types of special determinants according to their distinctive symbols:
1/-9 hyphenated qualifiers (except -0 Common hyphenated qualifiers);
01/.09 qualifiers with zero point;
"1/"9 determiners with an apostrophe.
Special determinants with a hyphen and a point zero perform a dual role:
1) a special determinant, in conjunction with the initial index of the section in which it is given, denotes the general concept of a given branch of knowledge, for example,
62-52 Automatically controlled, regulated or controlled machines and processes (Engineering. Technique)
66.011 Calculation of processes... (Chemical technology)
2) the same determinant in conjunction with any detailed index of this section performs an analytical function, clarifying the specific concept expressed by this index, for example,
621.979-52 Automatic presses
where 621.979 Presses
or 661.25.011 Calculation of sulfuric acid production processes
where 661.25 Manufacture of sulfuric acid
The -1/-9 qualifiers (hyphenated qualifiers) are extensively developed in section 62 Engineering. Technology in general. These determinants contain a number of concepts for the characteristics of machines and apparatus in terms of dimensions, shape, components, mode of action and control, etc., as well as characteristics of substances in terms of their state of aggregation, products in terms of shape, processes in terms of parameters, etc. Qualifiers 62-1/-9 are used not only in section 62, but by a special methodological instruction they apply to the entire class 6, and are also partially used in classes 5 and 6.
Special qualifiers 62-1 / -8 are usually attached to indices denoting machines, apparatus, installations, etc., for example,
621.51-155 Radial compressors
621.924-187.4 Precision grinders
621.941.2-229.323 Lathe chucks
621.9.06-529 CNC machine tools
621.791.5.034-621.5 Acetylene welding torches
621.43-66 Solid fuel internal combustion engines.
To indices denoting technological processes, production, special determinants 62-1 / -8 can only be attached using: (relative sign). Thus, a document describing the technology of casting piston rings will receive the index 621.74.04:62-242.3
Special qualifiers 62-9 Operating characteristics, parameters and conditions (processes and installations) and 62-52 Automatically controlled, regulated or guided machines and processes are used with both process indexes and equipment indexes, for example,
621.785.92-973 Deep cold heat treatment
62-973 Very low temperature (deep cold)
664.143.83-932 Continuous caramel polishers
Special qualifiers 62-4 are used to designate objects, products, materials according to their shape, configuration, condition.
Determinants.01/.09 (determinants with point zero) are available in various sections of the UDC. In class 6, most often they denote processes, equipment, products of a particular production.
The determinants "1/"9 (determinants with an apostrophe), unlike -1/-9 and .01/.09, perform a synthetic function and serve for the complex designation of individual constituent elements, properties and other characteristics. In some cases they are presented in the form of tables, in others they must be formed from the main indices. So, in section 678.6 Synthetic polycondensates the determinants "1/"7 are given in the form of a ready-made table, in section 669 Metallurgy qualifiers "2/"8 are obtained from 669.2/.8 (for details on the method of formation of synthetic determinants, see UDC, auxiliary table II Special qualifiers).
Special qualifiers are most often developed and used in the main table and are given directly in the section in which they are applied. In auxiliary tables of general determinants, special determinants are developed and used less frequently, mainly in form and place determinants.
Special qualifiers are marked with a vertical bar in the margins of the tables so that they can be easily found. L=3>
The general determinants of the UDC reflect the general categories and features used throughout the table (time, place, language, form, etc.) and serve as a standard designation of these general categories and features. They can be attached to any index of the main UDC table, however, they are not used separately from the index, on their own.
The presence of detailed tables of common determinants, which give the system flexibility and multidimensionality, is a great advantage of UDC.
The indexing technique is understood as a set of techniques and rules for the formation of search images of documents (ODD) or queries (POZ), i.e., techniques and rules for the formation of UDC indices for concepts reflecting the content of a document or query.
The main task of the indexing technique is to ensure the uniformity of approaches to creating search images of documents. The uniformity of indexing makes it possible to provide a fast, complete and sufficiently accurate search for most queries typical for a given fund, and contributes to the proper organization of funds.
The subject of the general methodology is the development of methods and rules for indexing, selection of concepts in AML, arising from the features of the classification scheme as a whole. The specificity of individual thematic sections of the tables, reflecting the features of the distribution of concepts in these areas of knowledge, requires the introduction of special rules and methods for indexing documents on the topics of these sections. Consideration of such indexing features, typical for individual sections or subsections of the classification scheme, is the subject of industry practices.
Since the ultimate goal of indexing is to improve the efficiency of information retrieval, the main criterion for evaluating indexing is expressed in search efficiency. Indexing is always an attempt to more or less adequately reflect objective reality. Therefore, the measure of discrepancy with objective reality can be a measure of the quality of indexing. This measure gives an idea only of the capabilities of a given IEL and is usually expressed in terms of noise, recall, accuracy, and relevance of the ISI implemented using this IEL.
Let's move on to the consideration of the rules of the general methodology for indexing documents by UDC, which proceed primarily from the structure of the classification scheme itself.
Rule one.
UDC is a single integrated system, and not the sum of branch, private, local schemes. The entire sum of human knowledge and practice is considered in the UDC as a certain community of interrelated, interdependent concepts, which is subdivided according to a single principle into classes, sections, subsections, etc., according to the principle of their most frequent use in human practical activity.
The following rule follows from the principle of system integrity: there are no “own” and “foreign” sections and subsections in the UDC. All sections, all parts of the scheme are equal and should be equally used for indexing, regardless of their "proximity" or "remoteness" from the profile section for this fund.
The assignment of one or another concept to one or another subsection of the UDC is conditional, as any classification scheme is conditional. In practice, this means that it makes no sense to first index all the documents selected for your collection in your industry, and then, through the relation sign, add an index that reflects the main content (main subject) of the document. It should be immediately indexed by the main content of the document. For example, a device for measuring electric current - an ammeter - should receive the index 621.317.714 in any industry. Ammeters. L=2>
Rule two.
The principle of integrality of the UDC entails the multiplicity of localization of concepts in the UDC tables, i.e., the repetition of the same concept in different sections, depending on the aspect in which this concept is considered. Thus, the concept of "copper" is found in the sections of inorganic chemistry, mineralogy, minerals, mining, metallurgy, etc. In these sections, respectively, copper is considered as a chemical element, as a mineral, from the point of view of its deposit, its extraction, metallurgy, etc. d.
The plurality of localization of concepts is revealed in the alphabetical-subject index (APU) to the UDC tables. As mentioned earlier, in the APU, with a concept that occurs several times, the aspect of its consideration, sections, etc. is indicated.
A rule follows from the multiplicity of localizations: when indexing a document, it is necessary to clearly define the aspect in which a given subject is considered in order to select an index in the UDC table accordingly to this aspect.
This means that it is not enough to find the index of this concept in the table, you should immediately find out to which branch of knowledge it belongs, in what aspect this concept is considered. L=2>
Rule three.
All general qualifiers can never be used as basic indexes, while special qualifiers can be used in combination with an index of the main table as main indexes, especially in cases where this concept is not present in the main index tables.
With special determinants, the situation is different. If, for example, it is necessary to index a work devoted to mathematical problems of the reliability of technical devices, then the special determinant -192 Reliability from section 62 Technique must be used as the main index, appending to it through the ratio sign the main index 51 Maths. As a result, we get a composite index 62-192:51 Mathematical problems of reliability of technical devices, in which the special determinant 62-192 plays the role of an index of the main table.
At the same time, when indexing a document devoted to the problems of reliability of diesel engines, for example, the same special qualifier acts in its main role as a special qualifier with a hyphen from section 62 Technique. The index of the document "Reliability of diesel engines" will be 621.436-192, i.e. again a complex index composed of the main index as 621.436 Diesels and a special determinant 62-192 Reliability. Special qualifiers 62-592 are also used as the main ones, since there are no indexes for the concept "Brakes" in the main tables, etc. L=2>
Rule four.
A number of preferred uses of UDC indices.
"1/"9 (special qualifiers with apostrophe);
01/.09 (special qualifiers with zero point);
1/-9 (special qualifiers with a hyphen);
03; -05 (general qualifiers).
This means that, starting indexing any concept, one should first of all turn to the main tables UDC 0/9. An indexed concept can be found there either completely, or partially, or not found at all. In the first case, no further search is necessary. In other cases, the search for indices should be continued in the second position of the row, in the tables of special determinants with the apostrophe "1/"9. In the second position, again the same three possibilities: the indexed concept is found either completely, or partially, or not found at all. If found, then no further search is necessary. In other cases, one should continue searching in the third position of the series, then in the fourth position, in tables of special qualifiers with a hyphen, for example from section 62. In these four positions, the indexed concept must be found. However, it should be remembered that it can be both the indexed concept itself and the parent concept that includes it. The necessary detailing of the indexed concept, the main index for which was found in the first four positions of the series, can be carried out at the expense of the fifth position of the series and further at the expense of all other types of general determinants. L=2>
Rule five.
The presence in UDC tables of different indices for similar concepts often complicates the work of the systematizer, is the source of ambiguous indexing of the same document by different people. Indeed, if we turn to the tables for examples, it is easy to see that most machine parts have two or more indices; the same applies to certain technological processes, etc., for example,
621.822 Bearings - main index
62-233.2 Bearings - spec. determinant
62-233.27 Ball bearings - spec. determinant
621.822.7 Ball bearings - main index
62-72 Lubricators - spec. determinant
621.896 Lubricators - main index
UDC tables are divided into main and auxiliary. This division is based on differences in the semantic role of concepts. Since the UDC, like any library and bibliographic classification, is a tool to improve search efficiency through targeted systematization of documents within a particular collection, the use of different indices for the same concept is a reflection of the different semantic roles of the same concepts. In the above cases, it is also a matter of reflecting various concepts that have only a similar verbal formulation. So, the concept of "bearings", which is the main subject of content in the indexed document, which describes the features, for example, the production of bearings, is the main one and should be reflected in the main index UDC 621.822. In another case, when describing, for example, the performance characteristics of a bearing, which is a part of a screw press, the indexed concept "bearing" is a recurring feature for technical devices and machines. In this sense, it is an auxiliary, informationally ambiguous (non-informative) concept, which should be reflected in the special determinant 62-233.2. It will receive informational unambiguity (informativeness) only as a result of a combination with the main, informationally unambiguous concept (in our example, "screw press"), which is reflected as a combination of the main index 621.979.15 Screw presses and a special determinant 62-233.2 Bearings in index 621.979.15-233.2 Screw Press Bearings. Such a reflection of the indexed concept allows you to concentrate documents about the machine and its parts in one place in the catalog (file cabinet) and separate these documents from those that deal with the problems of the part itself, regardless of the specific machine, device where it is used. Such a division is not only legitimate, but necessary. Specialists in screw presses, as a rule, are only interested in the question of using bearings in these presses, while specialists, for example, in a bearing plant, consider bearings as production objects.
Rule five can be formulated as follows:
In the event that a concept in the UDC is represented by both an index and a determinant, the main informative concepts of the subspecific, species, generic, suprageneric and higher levels (for example, polar bear, bears, canine family, mammals, animals) are indexed mainly by main indices or special determinants used as the main indices. Auxiliary, repetitive concepts, usually reflecting a part, detail, block, component, organ, one of the signs, etc., are indexed mainly by determinants that are attached to the index of the main concept. L=2>
Rule six.
Formation of complex indexes.
A complex index is understood to mean an index formed by a combination of the main index with a general or special determinant, as well as indexes formed using an apostrophe and a slash.
The order of attaching the determinants, in other words, the order of the elements of a complex index, corresponds to the semantic relationships between the concepts of the main content of the document and therefore cannot be strictly regulated by the indexing rules. The main criterion for the correctness of following the elements of a complex index is the correspondence of the meaning of the index to the meaning of the content of the document, while observing the general rules for indexing according to UDC.
Experience shows that in most cases it is possible to adhere to the following sequence of attaching determinants to the main index or a special determinant used as the main index: "1/"9; .01/.09; -1/-9; -03 or -05; (0...); (...); "..."; =...; (=...). That is, in the first place after the signs of the main index, a special determinant with an apostrophe is placed, then with a dot zero.01 / .09 (if alphanumeric detailing of the main index is not used in this fund), then - a special determinant with a hyphen -1/- 9. Of the general determinants, the general determinants of form (0...) are closest to the main index, then place (...), time "...", language =... Ethnic determiners (=...) close the sequence e.g. 621.313.2.047.5-182.8(088.83)(493)"1972"=133.1 Belgian patent 1972 on replaceable brush holders of DC electrical machines, where
621.313.2 DC electrical machines
621.3.047.5 Brush holders (special identifier with zero point)
62-182.8 removable, replaceable, interchangeable (special qualifier with a hyphen)
(088.83) Patent (general form determinant)
(493) Belgium (common placefinder)
"1972" 1972 (general time determinant)
133.1 French (general language qualifier)
The above example should be understood only as an illustration of the recommended sequence for attaching elements of a complex index, but not as an example of indexing patents according to UDC. It is easy to see that the recommended sequence is mainly based on a number of preferred use of UDC indices (rule four) and on the recommended sequence of detailing concepts using UDC. However, it should be emphasized that if the content of the document so requires, the recommended sequence of attaching elements of a complex index may be violated. For example, the subject of the document "Reliability of miniature radios" is indicated by the index 621.396.62-181.4.019.3, where
621.396.62 Radio receivers, radio receivers
62-181.4 Miniature
621.3.019.3 Reliability
If the determinants are interchanged, then the resulting index will not correspond to the meaning of the document, because it will mean "miniature reliability of radio receivers."
Deviation from the general rules is possible if it is necessary to allocate certain types of documents from the general fund - such as directories, patents, standards, etc., in order to create specialized file cabinets. Thus, we are talking about separating certain types of documents from the general flow of documents entering this fund and creating specialized file cabinets (funds) of these types, which is necessary to provide answers to the bulk of requests in the conditions of this particular enterprise or organization. In these cases, general determinants that characterize the type of document, nationality, language, etc., are placed in the first place. Examples:
(03)621.313 Card file of reference publications (according to
(03)621.315.5/.61 various issues)
(083.74/.75)621.313 Card file of regulatory and technical
(083.74/.75)621.315.5/.61 documentation (GOST, OST,
(083.74/.75)621.317.7 normals, etc.)
(085)621.313 Card file of branded materials
(085)621.315.5/.61
(088.83)621.313 Patent file (for various
(088.83)621.315.5/.61 questions)
(088.83)621.317.7
It is obvious that if the determinants of the place are placed in the first place, then the card indexes (fund) can be organized by countries. If other determinants are put in the first place, then each time you can get a different organization of file cabinets (funds), the most convenient for the conditions and requests in a given organization (in an enterprise). Even more opportunities open up when using several determinants and variations of their places in a complex UDC index, for example,
(088.83)621.313(44) French electric machine patents
(088.83)621.313(450) Italian electrical machine patents
(088.83)621.313(73) US Electrical Machine Patents
Such an organization of patent materials is convenient for obtaining overviews of patents of various countries for a specific product, product, etc., especially if abstract express reviews are required, which are widely used in systems of direct management service, selective service, etc. The same form of organization of patent file cabinets (funds) are convenient for searching when checking for patent purity.
Another example:
(088.83)(44)621.313 French patents for electrical machines
(088.83)(44)621.313.2 French patents for DC electrical machines
(088.83)(44)621.314.21/.23 French patents for transformers
(088.83)(44)621.315.2/.3 French patents for wires and cables
(088.83)(44)778.148 French patents for microphotocopy readers
(088.83)(450)621.313 Italian patents for electrical machines
(088.83)(450)621.313.2 Italian patents for DC electrical machines
(088.83)(450)621.314.21/.23 Italian patents for transformers
(088.83)(450)621.315.2/.3 Italian patents for wires and cables
(088.83)(450)778.148 Italian patents for microphotocopy readers
In addition, such an organization of patent collections is convenient for comparing the level of patent activity in different countries, identifying trends and thematic areas of patenting in them. Thus, based on the results of the analysis of queries served by this fund, this card file can change the place of the determinant in a complex index for organizing the fund in a special context.
It is also possible in the UDC to intercolate common determinants, i.e., include common determinants in the main index, if this is required by the rational construction of the fund. So, if any organization constantly has a large number of requests for the organization of the production of ballistic missiles in the United States, then the complex index that is customary in construction does not make it possible to put together all the materials specifically for the United States. Intercolation of the US common locator (73) allows this to be done, for example,
658(73).26:629.762.2 Power-to-weight ratio of US ballistic missile enterprises
658(73).284:629.762.2 Communications and signaling facilities at US ballistic missile manufacturing facilities
658(73).52.011.56:629.762.2 Automation of production at US ballistic missile manufacturing facilities
658(73).7:629.762.2 Material and technical supply of enterprises for the production of ballistic missiles in the USA, etc.
It is advisable to use the intercolation method in specialized file cabinets on a narrow topic in cases where the organization of the material should allow you to quickly issue all the documents available in the fund for a given narrow thematic area (request). At the same time, the formulation of requests makes it possible to single out one feature that mainly limits the selection of materials in a specialized file cabinet. The country (in our example, the USA) is reflected in the UDC by a common determinant. Intercolation of special determinants is not applied.
Complex indices formed using the spread sign / (slash) can be obtained by the systematizer only when the sequence of indexed concepts matches the sequence of the same concepts in the UDC tables. A complex index formed using the spread sign / (slash) is not reversible.
Complex indexes using slashes are wider in meaning than their original components. In principle, the / sign can be replaced by the + sign, for example, the indices 621.37+621.38+621.39 can be replaced by the index 621.37/.39.
The use of determinants with an apostrophe for the formation of complex indices is limited to strictly defined subsections of the UDC tables and is specified in the guidelines for each of them. The technical role of the sign "(apostrophe) is often to replace the repeating part of the appended index with it. Complex indexes formed using these determinants are irreversible even in terms of the value of the original components. The rules for creating complex indexes using determinants with an apostrophe are specific for each of the subsections of tables, where their use is permitted.They are set out in sufficient detail for practice in auxiliary table II and in the relevant sections of the UDC.These qualifiers can be used to designate concepts "synthesized" by adding the designations of components, properties and other characteristics, for example,
546.763"32"226 Potassium chromium alum
629.735.33.022"412 Aircraft with double fuselage, double hull
669.35"24"28 Copper Nickel Molybdenum
681.327.45"17 Checkers for punched cards
Thus, the wide possibilities for creating complex UDC indices make it possible to open documentary funds in accordance with the requirements of consumers of information, but the implementation of these possibilities depends entirely on the experience, knowledge and initiative of employees of NTI bodies and libraries and relies primarily on a systematic analysis of requests. L=2>
Rule seven.
Formation of composite indices UDC.
Composite indices in the UDC are indices formed from two or more simple or complex indices using the relation signs: and::. Since composite indexes are mainly created by the systematizers themselves, it is here that in practice there is the greatest discrepancy in indexing.
P. Otlet, when introducing the relation sign in the UDC, formulated a general rule for the formation of composite indexes: the index reflecting the main subject of the document is placed in the first place of the composite index. The components (indices) attached with a colon only clarify and detail the basic concept reflected in the first index. The composite index should be able to further develop (detail) the indexed topic (subject) due to the detalization of the second index. A number of practical conclusions follow from this general rule.
The value of a composite index is always narrower than the value of its individual components, for example,
621.794.62:669.1 Phosphating of ferrous metals
624.21:624.19 Tunnel bridges
624.21:625.1 Railway bridges
An index attached with a relation sign clarifies and details the meaning of the concept reflected by the first index, for example,
621.317.715:621.385 Lamp galvanometers
621.317.725:621.385 Lamp voltmeters
621.74:669.2/.8 Casting of non-ferrous metals
621.873.3:629.35 Truck cranes
The properties of materials, products and their tests are indicated by attaching indices of the corresponding properties with a sign of relation to the index of a given material, product, machine, device, etc., for example,
669.295.017:539.4 Titanium strength
621.822.5:539.538 Wear resistance of plain bearings
621.67:539.433 Vibration resistance of centrifugal pumps
678.01:536.2 Thermal conductivity of macromolecular substances
669.295.017:620.178.37 Titanium fatigue test at low temperatures
Technology issues (production, manufacturing, obtaining, assembly, processing, etc.) of specific materials, machines, devices, etc. are reflected in technology indices, to which indices of materials, machines, devices, etc., are attached with a relation sign. , for example,
621.785:669.136 Heat treatment of cast iron
621.923.5:621.833 Gear honing
621.793.6:669.268:669.36 Diffusion chromium plating of copper
If the document deals with issues of technology and technological equipment, the index denoting technology is placed first in the composite index, and the index of technological equipment is attached to it after the ratio sign, for example,
621.923.014.5-185.4: High speed grinding with diamond stones
Concepts that are formally absent in UDC tables can be denoted by composite indices. The index of the most significant distinctive feature of this concept is attached to the index of the main, basic, concept with the help of a relation sign. This is possible in those cases when the indexed concept in its essence is one way or another a modification, one of the types, the result of a transformation or interaction of concepts that have already been reflected in the UDC tables. First of all, this applies, for example, to the concepts of new materials. There are no indexes for construction, electrical and radio technical sound-absorbing materials in the UDC. Guided by the fact that the main feature of such materials is that they exhibit the effect of sound absorption to a greater extent than is typical for other building, electrical and radio engineering materials, composite indices can be proposed:
621.315.5/.61:534.286.2 Electrical and radio sound absorbing materials
Obviously, by analogy with the examples given, it is possible to create composite indexes for materials with a wide variety of properties. The perspective of such a classification solution is also clear. Any new material has properties, the manifestations of which as the corresponding physical or chemical phenomena have already been established in science in due time. The creation of new materials and theoretical studies of physical and chemical phenomena and properties make their wide use in the national economy possible. Therefore, in the overwhelming majority of cases, on the basis of knowledge of the special properties of a new material and its main field of application, it is possible to obtain a composite index for it using the corresponding divisions of the physics or chemistry subsections of the UDC tables. In a similar way, indices can be formed for some new areas in science and technology, for example,
621.35:621.38 Chemotronics
621.35:621.382.2 Electrochemical diodes
681.327.5"12:535 Optical reading, optical readers from media with characters printed on the surface (paper, photographic film, etc.)
Composite indices for new directions in science and technology should always be considered as a temporary solution. With the further development of a new direction, if a sufficiently extensive literature on this issue appears, it usually receives an independent main index over time.
A composite index can be inverted, or is said to be reversible. This means that the elements of a composite index can be swapped. The specified property, depending on the task and purpose of a particular fund, makes it possible to collect documents in the desired section. So, documents on the topic "Foundries" can be indexed in two ways: either 621.74:658.2, or 658.2:621.74.
Double-colon indices:: are a hard and irreversible construct. As mentioned earlier, the :: sign is used only in cases where the inversion of the components of a composite index in a particular fund is undesirable or significantly changes its meaning. L=2> L=1>
ORGANIZATION AND MAINTENANCE OF SYSTEMATIC CATALOGS AND CARD FILE ON
The main purpose of the systematic catalog and bibliographic card indexes, organized according to the UDC in the NTI bodies and scientific and technical libraries, is to satisfy thematic requests. The latter may be of a systematic or substantive nature. And both kinds of queries can be answered by a systematic catalog. However, queries of a subject nature (when a given topic should be considered from the point of view of different disciplines, i.e., in a complex way) are satisfied with the help of an alphabetical-subject index to the catalog, namely, with the help of its nested headings.
There are no fundamental differences in the method of compiling a systematic catalog and systematic bibliographic card indexes. The only difference is that the catalogs reflect the funds of a particular SIF or library, and the bibliographic card indexes - literature, regardless of whether it is in this fund.
The most important requirements for the organization of material in systematic catalogs or file cabinets include compliance with the principle of uniformity: literature on any issue should always be included in the same section of the catalog. If this principle is not respected, then, firstly, the catalog or file cabinet will lose one of its most valuable search qualities - accuracy and completeness, and secondly, the search will be lengthy.
All cards in a systematic catalog or card index must be selected by indexes, homogeneous topics (cards) are highlighted with separators.
Separators are designed both for small headings and for general sections of the catalog, and some of them may not have cards directly behind them; in other words, they lead not so much a group of cards as separators logically subordinate to them and thus form a system. Therefore, speaking about the number of cards behind the separator, we mean their last step.
Specialist readers most often need information on specific issues and there is a need to collect it according to the appropriate fractional indices. From this we can make a false conclusion that the question of the number of cards behind the separators should not seem to exist, because each, even the smallest question, should be singled out. But here there is another danger: there will be so many delimiters ("a forest of delimiters") that it will be difficult for the reader to navigate, and therefore, nevertheless, the headings of the catalog or card index must be enlarged. The optimal number of cards behind the separator is 50.
The choice of the type of arrangement of cards and the organization of systematic catalogs and file cabinets is largely determined by the type and profile of the fund, reader requests, etc.
The cards behind the separators can be arranged in one of three ways: in the order of fractional indices; in alphabetical order of cards; according to the enlarged indexes of cards. The first method is convenient in that the APA can refer the reader directly to the fractional index, which, with such a method of arrangement, it is advisable to write on top, on the right side of the card.
When the cards are arranged according to the enlarged indices indicated on the separators, but within each such heading, they are selected in reverse chronological order by year of publication, i.e., first the latest literature on this issue, and then the older one.
With a very detailed selection of headings for small topics, the question of how best to select cards - alphabetically or in reverse chronological order - loses its meaning. All material within the rubric, regardless of this, is easily visible. But it is still necessary to establish a certain order and strictly adhere to it, regardless of the number of cards behind the separators.
It was noted above that the separators in a catalog or card index head not only a group of cards behind each of them, but also other separators and, as a whole, constitute a system of separators. This system helps the user to independently navigate in the catalog, find the necessary literature. In order to properly orientate it in the catalogue, the separators should, as far as possible, show the staggered structure of the systematic catalogue, the class hierarchy and the genus-species relationships that exist between the subdivisions of the catalogue. This is achieved by carefully thought-out use of dividers of a certain shape, with middle and side protrusions. The latter can be placed with a ledge to the right and left, thus three forms of separators are obtained: middle, left and right. These forms can be completed by trimming the tabs of the dividers a bit or by cutting out tabs with wider tabs from the cards, although this is rarely done in libraries. Middle separators should be used to separate relatively large sections, subdividing them into two more steps with left and right separators. In what order to apply the side forms of separators is a matter of local importance, and it is solved differently in different CIFs. Thus, it is possible to arrange three hierarchical divisions with delimiters of a conditioned form. When there are more than three steps within one catalog box, one has to go for some coarsening of design: to represent two steps of the class hierarchy with one form of separators.
On the ledges of the separators, you should write the index and its heading, on the middle separators, below the ledge, list the main divisions of this section and links to adjacent divisions of the UDC. Such references and references must be made on the side dividers, although it is usually impractical to list the divisions of the next step there.
The systematic catalog is closely related to all other catalogs of the library. Such a connection is achieved by using a single card form in all catalogs and indicating the full catalog index in the alphabetical catalog (if there are two alphabetical catalogs, in the service catalog). This helps uniform indexing of different editions of the same book and books that are similar in subject matter. Therefore, with any reclassification and correction of indices, it is necessary to reflect these corrections in the alphabetical catalog. This process slows down the reclassification, but it is necessary for the correct maintenance of a systematic catalog.
A systematic catalog, a bibliographic card file require constant attention: a complete or partial revision of the classification, updating cards or separators. Without systematic work, the catalog quickly becomes obsolete and loses its value. There are the following types of work with a catalog or file cabinet:
replenishment with cards of new arrivals; if necessary, the wording is changed or the inscriptions on the separators are corrected;
current edition; in larger CIFs, a division of labor is used: the cards are placed by a technical worker (on the edge or with a colored bookmark), and the editor checks the correct placement and determines the need for changes and additions to the separators;
planned edition, i.e. a complete revision of the entire catalog or card index, or large sections with simultaneous detailing of headings, reclassification and corrections in accordance with changes and additions to the UDC. L=1> L=0>
UDC is a universal decimal classification. With the help of UDC, they carry out:
- Systematization of information;
- Search for the necessary information on specific topics;
- Group new articles, publications, books on topics of sections.
| N p / p | UDC code | UDC name, UDC table |
| 1. | 0 | General section |
| 2. | 00 | General questions of science and culture |
| 3. | 001 | Science and knowledge in general. Organization of mental labor |
| 4. | 001.1 | General ideas about science |
| 5. | 002.2 | The relationship between different branches of science |
| 6. | 002.3 | The Importance of Science |
| 7. | 002.4 | Special terminology. Scientific nomenclature |
| 8. | 002.5 | Scientific theories. Hypotheses. Systems |
| 9. | 002.6 | Laws of Science |
| 10. | 002.8 | Methodology |
| 11. | 002.9 | Dissemination of knowledge and pseudo-knowledge |
| 12. | 002 | Documentation. Books. Writing. Authorship |
| 13. | 003 | Systems of writing and writing |
| 14. | 004 | Computer science and technology. Computer Application |
| 15. | 004.2 | computer architecture |
| 16. | 004.3 | Computer hardware |
| 17. | 004.4 | Software |
| 18. | 004.5 | Human-computer interaction. User interface |
| 19. | 004.6 | Data |
| 20. | 004.7 | Computer networks |
| 21. | 004.8 | Artificial intelligence |
| 22. | 004.9 | Applied technology, which is based on computer systems. Applied Information Systems |
| 23. | 006 | Standardization and standards |
| 24. | 008 | Civilization. Culture. Progress |
| 25. | 01 | Bibliography and bibliographic indexes. Catalogs |
| 26. | 011 | Universal and general bibliographies |
| 27. | 012 | Bibliographies of works by individual authors and individual works by unknown authors |
| 28. | 013 | Bibliographies of certain groups (collectives) of authors |
| 29. | 014 | Bibliography of writings for specific features |
| 30. | 014 | (anonymous works, pseudonymous works, etc.) |
| 31. | 015 | Bibliography by place of publication |
| 32. | 016 | Industry bibliographies |
| 33. | 017 | directories in general. Catalogs are real |
| 34. | 018 | Catalogs are formal |
| 35. | 019 | Dictionary or cross directories |
| 36. | 02 | librarianship |
| 37. | 021 | Functions, Meanings, Value, Development of Libraries |
| 38. | 022 | Library space, building and surrounding areas. Equipment |
| 39. | 023 | Organization of work of libraries. Personnel. Library staff |
| 40. | 024 | Relations with readers (service). Regulation of the use of the library |
| 41. | 025 | Administrative departments of the library (formation of funds, reference and bibliographic work, book publisher) |
| 42. | 026 | Industry and Special Libraries |
| 43. | 027 | Generic Libraries |
| 44. | 028 | Reading (psychology of reading, methods and techniques of reading) |
| 45. | 030 | Reference publications of a general type (encyclopedias, dictionaries) |
| 46. | 050 | serial publications. Periodicals (yearbooks, almanacs, calendars) |
| 47. | 06 | Organization and other types of association (cooperation) |
| 48. | 070 | Newspapers. Press |
| 49. | 08 | Mixed edition. Proceedings. Collections |
| 50. | 087.5 | Popular science literature for children |
| 51. | 09 | Manuscripts. Rarities and rare editions |
| 52. | 091 | Manuscripts |
| 53. | 092 | Woodcut books |
| 54. | 093 | Incunabula |
| 55. | 094 | Other editions printed in a special, original way |
| 56. | 095 | Books with unusual bindings |
| 57. | 096 | Books with outstanding illustrations or valuable materials used |
| 58. | 097 | Books with owners' marks |
| 59. | 098 | Liquid types of books with remarkable characteristics |
| 60. | 099 | Other books with outstanding external features. Rare, antique books |
| N p / p | UDC code | UDC name, UDC table |
| 61. | 1 | Philosophy. Psychology |
| 62. | 101 | The essence and role of philosophy |
| 63. | 11 | Metaphysics |
| 64. | 12 | Separate problems and categories of philosophy |
| 65. | 13 | Philosophy of mind and spirit. Metaphysics of spiritual life |
| 66. | 14 | Philosophical systems and views |
| 67. | 155.9 | Psychology |
| 68. | 16 | Logics. Epistemology. Theory of knowledge. Methodology of logic |
| 69. | 17 | Philosophy of morality. Ethics. Practical Philosophy |
| 70. | 2 | Religion. Theology (theology) |
| 71. | 21 | natural theology. Theodicy. God. rational theology. Religious philosophy |
| 72. | 22 | Bible. holy letter |
| 73. | 23 | dogmatic theology |
| 74. | 24 | Practical theology |
| 75. | 25 | Pastoral theology (theology) |
| 76. | 26 | The Christian Church as a Whole |
| 77. | 27 | General History of the Christian Church |
| 78. | 28 | Christian churches, sects, denominations |
| 79. | 29 | Non-Christian religions |
| N p / p | UDC code | UDC name, UDC table |
| 80. | 3 | Social Sciences |
| 81. | 30 | Theory, methodology and methods of social sciences. Sociography |
| 82. | 31 | Demography, sociology, statistics |
| 83. | 311 | Statistics as a science. Theory of statistics |
| 84. | 314 | Demography. Population study |
| 85. | 316 | Sociology |
| 86. | 32 | Politics |
| 87. | 321 | Forms of political organization. State as political power |
| 88. | 322 | Relations between church and state. Politics regarding religion. Church politics |
| 89. | 323 | Internal affairs. Domestic politics |
| 90. | 324 | Elections. Plebiscites. Referenda. electoral companies. Corruption, abuse during elections. Election results |
| 91. | 325 | Opening of new territories. Colonization |
| 92. | 326 | Slavery |
| 93. | 327 | International relations. Global politics. International affairs. Foreign policy |
| 94. | 328 | Parliaments. Representation of the people. Governments |
| 95. | 329 | Political parties and movements |
| 96. | 33 | Economy. economic science |
| 97. | 330 | Economy as a whole |
| 98. | 331 | Work. Employment. Job. Labor Economics. Labour Organization |
| 99. | 332 | Regional economy. Territorial economy. The economy of the earth. housing economy |
| 100. | 334 | Forms of organization and cooperation in the economy |
| 101. | 336 | Finance |
| 102. | 338 | Economic situation. Economic policy. Management and planning in the economy. Production. Services. Prices |
| 103. | 339 | Trade. International economic relations. World economy |
| 104. | 339.1 | General issues of trade. Market |
| 105. | 339.3 | Domestic trade |
| 106. | 339.5 | International trade. international trade |
| 107. | 339.7 | International finance |
| 108. | 339.9 | The international economy as a whole. International economic links. world economy |
| 109. | 34 | Right. Jurisprudence |
| 110. | 340 | Law in general. Propaedeutics. Methods and Auxiliary Legislative Sciences |
| 111. | 341 | International law |
| 112. | 342 | State law. Constitutional law. Administrative law |
| 113. | 343 | Criminal law. Criminal violations |
| 114. | 344 | Special types of criminal law. Military, naval, air force law |
| 115. | 346 | Economic law. Legal basis for state regulation of the economy |
| 116. | 347 | Civil law. Judicial order |
| 117. | 349.2 | labor law |
| 118. | 349.3 | Social security law |
| 119. | 349.4 | Land law. The right to plan settlements |
| 120. | 349.6 | Legal problems of environmental protection |
| 121. | 349.7 | Atomic Law |
| 122. | 35 | State administrative management. Warfare |
| 123. | 351 | Areas of activity of state administrative bodies |
| 124. | 352 | The lower level of controls. Local authorities. Municipal administration. local authorities |
| 125. | 353 | Average level of governing bodies. Regional, provincial government. Regional bodies |
| 126. | 354 | The highest, highest level of government. Central, state administration |
| 127. | 355 | Military affairs in general |
| 128. | 356 | Infantry |
| 129. | 357 | Cavalry. Mounted troops. Motorized troops. Military transport units |
| 130. | 358 | Artillery. Armored troops. Engineering Troops. Military aviation. Various technical services and their functions |
| 131. | 359 | Naval Forces. Navy. Personnel, organization |
| 132. | 36 | Provision of spiritual and material vital needs |
| 133. | 364 | Social problems that give rise to the need to provide social assistance. Types of social assistance |
| 134. | 365 | The need for housing and its pleasure. Housing |
| 135. | 366 | Costumerism. Movement for the protection of the interests and rights of consumers |
| 136. | 368 | Insurance. Public security through risk sharing |
| 137. | 369 | Social insurance |
| 138. | 37 | Education. Upbringing. Studies. Leisure |
| 139. | 37.0 | Main types and principles of education |
| 140. | 371 | Organization of the system of education and upbringing. school organization |
| 141. | 372 | The content and form of activity in preschool education and primary education. Subjects of all levels of study and types of schools (methodology) |
| 142. | 373 | Types of comprehensive schools |
| 143. | 374 | Out-of-school education and training. Further education (self-education) |
| 144. | 376 | Education, study, training of special groups of persons. special schools |
| 145. | 377 | Specialized education. Vocational education. professional colleges. Polytechnic education |
| 146. | 378 | Higher education. Universities. Training of scientific personnel |
| 147. | 379.8 | Leisure |
| 148. | 39 | Ethnology. Ethnography. Customs. Traditions. Lifestyle. Folklore |
| 149. | 391 | Folk clothes. Folk costumes. National clothes. Folk decorations. Fashion |
| 150. | 392 | Customs, traditions in personal life |
| 151. | 393 | Death. Dealing with the dead. Burial. Ceremonies associated with burials |
| 152. | 394 | Public life. The life of the people |
| 153. | 395 | Ceremonial. Etiquette. Rules of behavior. social steps. Rank. Titles |
| 154. | 396 | Feminism. Woman and Society. Position of a woman |
| 155. | 397 | primitive peoples. Separate races, tribes in terms of their customs |
| 156. | 398 | Folklore in the narrow sense |
The abbreviation UDC classifier stands for Universal Decimal Classification - universal decimal classification. UDC is required for:
- systematization of information;
- search for the necessary information on a specific topic;
- grouping new articles, publications, books by thematic sections.
With the help of the UDC classifier, it is easy to find any information in the field of art, literature and science. The UDC index is the basis for ordering the knowledge accumulated by mankind in traditional libraries, electronic databases and other information repositories.
This article provides two ways to quickly determine or decipher the UDC code.
Below is a list of the initial sections of the UDC table. Click on the title of the desired section to define the UDC for the book or article. Or read the article to the end to learn about another way..
The UDC code must be indicated in every scientific article - this rule is accepted in almost every country in the world, in particular in Russia. This code is mandatory in the Russian Federation for all book production and search for information on the exact and natural sciences.
The UDC is based on the decimal principle. Each of the classifiers is divided into 10 (sometimes less) subsections. Arabic numerals are used to designate each of them. The UDC Consortium is responsible for the development of the UDC classifier. Classifiers are regularly published by the All-Russian Institute of Scientific and Technical Information (VINITI). More information about UDC can be found on Wikipedia.
Determine UDC online
You can determine the UDC on the desired topic in the "Publishing Services" section.
Just select the section and subsection you need, match the code with the subject of your article, book, publication.
It is important to take into account that the classification of UDC codes is updated and refined all the time. On the Internet, you can stumble upon a somewhat truncated or outdated version.
UDC for article fast and free
To quickly find out the UDC for an article, use the site elibrary.ru. This is the Russian Science Citation Index (RSCI) - a scientific electronic library. Just use the search field on the title page of the RSCI to find articles on the desired topic and look at their UDC code, which will be indicated in the bibliographic description of the articles.
The definition algorithm is as follows:
- go to the site elibrary.ru;
- enter a keyword or phrase in the search field and add the current year: 2017 to find recent articles;
- in the list of found articles, click on the title of each publication in turn until you find a publication with UDC.
UDC for books
Our publishing house has entered into an agreement with the Russian State Library (RSL). UDC for published publications is assigned by experienced employees of the RSL, therefore, the UDC classification codes for the books published by us are the most relevant and complete.
BASIC INFORMATION
about the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC)
BRIEF HISTORICAL INFORMATION ABOUT UDC
STRUCTURE OF UDC AND QUALIFIERS
BASIC RULES FOR INDEXING BY UDC
ORGANIZATION AND MAINTENANCE OF SYSTEMATIC CATALOGS AND CARD FILE ON UDC
FOREWORD
In 1962, the country adopted the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) as a mandatory information classification, and since 1963, mandatory indexing has been introduced in scientific and technical publishing houses, editorial offices of scientific and technical journals, scientific and technical information bodies, and scientific and technical libraries. all publications on UDC, i.e. all information materials in the field of natural and technical sciences are published with UDC indices. Reference and information funds (CIF) are organized according to the same system. UDC can be used to organize both highly specialized SIFs and diversified ones; it is the only international universal system that makes it possible to disclose in sufficient detail the content of reference and information funds and provide a quick search for information. The possibility of a unified systematization of information materials makes the UDC system the most convenient in the process of information exchange between countries.
UDC meets the most essential requirements for classification: internationality, universality, mnemonicity, the ability to reflect new achievements in science and technology without any major changes in its structure. The UDC covers all areas of knowledge, its sections are organically linked in such a way that a change in one of them entails a change in the other.
Decimal UDC is called because the decimal principle is used for its construction: division of each class into ten (or less) subclasses.
To designate classes (sections), Arabic numerals are used, which are absolutely unambiguous for all people, regardless of what language they speak and what alphabet they use. The language of numbers is clear to everyone, easy to remember, so this makes the UDC a publicly available international system. The decimal principle of the UDC structure makes it possible to expand it almost unlimitedly by adding new digits to the existing ones, without breaking the entire system as a whole. UDC indices can be linked to each other in all sorts of combinations, due to which an innumerable number of concepts can be reflected in the classification scheme.
The use of determinants expands the limits of the system almost without limit and opens up great opportunities for fractional classification of material.
The development of UDC tables is carried out by the international UDC Consortium (UDC Consortium), which is working to improve it in accordance with the development of science and technology.
In our country, the Universal Decimal Classification has been widely used as a unified classification system, which has made it possible to ensure uniformity in the organization of reference and information funds in scientific and technical information bodies, scientific and technical libraries of the country. In addition, its application contributes to wider cooperation between Russia and other countries in the field of scientific and technical information.
The 3rd complete edition of UDC tables, consisting of seven issues, was carried out in the country in 1979-1986.
Since 1997, on the basis of the machine database of complete UDC tables created at VINITI, the 4th edition of the UDC has been carried out.
In many Russian scientific and technical publishing houses and editorial offices of journals, as well as when depositing manuscripts, authors are required to indicate the UDC. It is believed that the universal decimal system ( Universal Decimal Classification) allows you to provide an effective search for information in the field of science, literature and art. Although, in fact, many articles are found much more efficiently by keywords and abstracts.
The UDC uses the decimal principle: each classifier is divided into ten (or less) subsections, which are indicated by Arabic numerals. These codes are developed by the international UDC Consortium (UDC Consortium) www.forum.udcc.ru, and they are regularly published at the All-Russian Institute of Scientific and Technical Information (VINITI) www2.viniti.ru/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=62
You can look at the sample of the universal decimal classifier on the website http://teacode.com/online/udc/(to view the entire section, you need to click on the numbers with the code). You can also choose any other free web directory, such as www.udk-codes.net/ . And if you have found a publication similar on the topic with a code, then you can see the decoding of the UDK formulas at this link http://scs.viniti.ru/udc/
So, select the desired section that matches the subject and specifics of your article. Then enter the numbers in the upper left corner of the first page (back of the title page) of the text of the publication, as required by GOST 7.4-95 “System of standards for information, librarianship and publishing. Editions. output information". And it's all…
