Read the text fragment below and complete tasks B1-B7, C1.
Prince Andrei, who thought that it was all the same to him whether Moscow was taken or not taken in the same way as Smolensk was taken, suddenly stopped in his speech from an unexpected convulsion that seized him by the throat. He walked several times in silence, but his eyes shone feverishly, and his lip quivered when he began to speak again.
If there were no generosity in the war, then we would go only when it is worth it to go to certain death, as now. Then there would be no war because Pavel Ivanovich offended Mikhail Ivanovich. And if the war is like now, then the war. And then the intensity of the troops would not be the same as now. Then all these Westphalians and Hessians led by Napoleon would not have followed him to Russia, and we would not have gone to fight in Austria and Prussia, without knowing why. War is not a courtesy, but the most disgusting thing in life, and one must understand this and not play war. This terrible necessity must be understood strictly and seriously. All in this: put aside lies, and war is war, not a toy. Otherwise, war is the favorite pastime of idle and frivolous people ... The military estate is the most honorable. And what is war, what is needed for success in military affairs, what are the morals of a military society? The purpose of the war is murder, the weapons of war are espionage, treason and encouragement, the ruin of the inhabitants, robbing them or stealing for the food of the army; deceit and lies, called stratagems; morals of the military class - lack of freedom, that is, discipline, idleness, ignorance, cruelty, debauchery, drunkenness. And despite that - this is the highest class, revered by all. All kings, except for the Chinese, wear a military uniform, and the one who killed the most people is given a big reward ... They will converge, like tomorrow, to kill each other, kill, maim tens of thousands of people, and then prayers of thanksgiving will be served for having died many people (of which the number is still being added), and proclaim victory, believing that the more people are beaten, the greater the merit. How God watches and listens to them from there! Prince Andrei shouted in a thin, squeaky voice. “Ah, my soul, lately it has become hard for me to live. I see that I began to understand too much. And it’s not good for a person to eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil ... Well, and not for long! he added. “However, you are sleeping, and it’s time for me too, go to Gorki,” Prince Andrei suddenly said.
Oh no! Pierre answered, looking at Prince Andrei with frightened, condoling eyes.
Go, go: before the battle you need to get enough sleep, - repeated Prince Andrei. He quickly approached Pierre, hugged him and kissed him. "Goodbye, go," he shouted. - See you, no ... - And he hastily turned around and went into the barn.
It was already dark, and Pierre could not make out the expression that was on the face of Prince Andrei, whether it was malicious or gentle.
Pierre stood for some time in silence, considering whether to follow him or go home. "No, he doesn't need to! - Pierre decided by himself, - and I know that this is our last meeting. He sighed heavily and drove back to Gorki.
(L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace")
When completing tasks B1-B6, write down your answer in the answer sheet No. 1 to the right of the number of the corresponding task, starting from the first cell. The answer must be given in the form of a word or a combination of words. Write each letter in a separate cell legibly. Write words without spaces, punctuation marks and quotation marks.
IN 1. Name the battle on the eve of which a conversation takes place between Prince Andrei and Pierre.
IN 2. Specify the genre to which "War and Peace" belongs.
AT 3. In this episode, the image of Prince Andrei is revealed objectively in connection with the laws of the era. What literary trend of the second half of the 19th century considered this principle to be the main one in depicting reality?
AT 4. A significant part of this episode is occupied by a detailed statement of Prince Andrei about the war. What is the name of such a statement?
AT 5. This episode shows the internal state of Prince Andrei. What is the term for the depiction of the spiritual life of a person in a work of art?
AT 6. In the speech of Prince Andrei, there are emotional and evaluative definitions (“terrible necessity”, “idle and frivolous people”). What is the name of this medium of artistic expression?
To complete tasks C1, use the answer sheet No. 2. Write down the task number first, and then give a coherent answer to the question in the amount of 5-10 sentences.
C1. How was Tolstoy's thought about the inhuman character of war embodied in this episode?
Part 2.
Read the poem below and complete tasks B7-B11, C2.
CLOUD
The last cloud of the scattered storm!
Alone you rush through the clear azure,
You alone cast a sad shadow,
You alone grieve the jubilant day.
You recently circled the sky,
And lightning menacingly hugged you;
And you gave a mysterious thunder
And watered the greedy earth with rain.
That's enough, hide! The time has passed
The earth was refreshed and the storm passed
And the wind, caressing the leaves of the trees,
Drives you from the calm heavens.
(A.S. Pushkin)
AT 7. What is the name of the type of rhyme that Pushkin uses in the poem "Cloud"?
AT 8. Indicate the name of the artistic device used by Pushkin in the following lines:
One you rushing through the clear azure,
One you cast a gloomy shadow
One you you grieve the jubilant day.
AT 9. What is the name of the technique of "humanization" of the phenomena of the natural world, which Pushkin resorts to, drawing the image of the "last cloud of the scattered storm"? Specify a term.
AT 10 O'CLOCK. What is the artistic technique based on the opposition of heterogeneous phenomena (“a dull shadow” - “a jubilant day”)?
AT 11. What is the artistic means that is repeatedly used in the poem and enhances the emotional sound of images (“clear azure”, “greedy earth”, “dull shadow”, etc.)?
To complete tasks C2, use the answer sheet No. 2. First write down the task number, and then give a coherent answer to the question in the amount of 5-10 sentences.
C2. Which of the Russian poets followed the Pushkin tradition in depicting nature and man?
Part 3
To complete the task of part 3, use the answer sheet No. 2. Give a full detailed answer to the problematic question (in the amount of at least 200 words), attracting the necessary theoretical and literary knowledge, relying on literary works, the position of the author and, if possible, revealing your own vision of the problem
C3. How do you understand the critic's words about the image of Akaky Akakievich: through "cold, vicious humor" sounds "common, universal, Christian love"? (According to the story of N.V. Gogol "The Overcoat")
Prince Andrei, who thought that it was all the same to him whether Moscow was taken or not taken in the same way as Smolensk was taken, suddenly stopped in his speech from an unexpected convulsion that seized him by the throat. He walked several times in silence, but his eyes shone feverishly, and his lip quivered when he began to speak again:
– If there was no generosity in the war, then we would go only when it is worth it to go to certain death, as now. Then there would be no war because Pavel Ivanovich offended Mikhail Ivanovich. And if the war is like now, then the war. And then the intensity of the troops would not be the same as now. Then all these Westphalians and Hessians led by Napoleon would not have followed him to Russia, and we would not have gone to fight in Austria and Prussia, without knowing why. War is not a courtesy, but the most disgusting thing in life, and one must understand this and not play war. This terrible necessity must be understood strictly and seriously. All in this: put aside lies, and war is war, not a toy. Otherwise, war is the favorite pastime of idle and frivolous people ... The military estate is the most honorable. And what is war, what is needed for success in military affairs, what are the morals of a military society? The purpose of the war is murder, the weapons of war are espionage, treason and encouragement, the ruin of the inhabitants, robbing them or stealing for the food of the army; deceit and lies, called stratagems; morals of the military class - lack of freedom, that is, discipline, idleness, ignorance, cruelty, debauchery, drunkenness. And despite that - this is the highest class, revered by all. All kings, except for the Chinese, wear a military uniform, and the one who killed the most people is given a greater reward ... They will come together, like tomorrow, to kill each other, kill, maim tens of thousands of people, and then they will serve thanksgiving prayers for having beaten many people (of which the number is still being added), and proclaim victory, believing that the more people are beaten, the greater the merit. How God watches and listens to them from there! Prince Andrei shouted in a thin, squeaky voice. “Ah, my soul, lately it has become hard for me to live. I see that I began to understand too much. And it’s not good for a person to eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil ... Well, and not for long! he added. “However, you are sleeping, and it’s time for me too, go to Gorki,” Prince Andrei suddenly said.
- Oh no! Pierre answered, looking at Prince Andrei with frightened, condoling eyes.
- Go, go: before the battle you need to get enough sleep, - Prince Andrei repeated. He quickly approached Pierre, hugged him and kissed him. "Goodbye, go," he shouted. - See you, no ... - And he hastily turned around and went into the barn.
It was already dark, and Pierre could not make out the expression that was on the face of Prince Andrei, whether it was malicious or gentle.
Pierre stood for some time in silence, considering whether to follow him or go home. "No, he doesn't need to! Pierre decided by himself, “and I know that this is our last meeting.” He sighed heavily and drove back to Gorki.
(L.N. Tolstoy, "War and Peace".)
Name the battle on the eve of which a conversation takes place between Prince Andrei and Pierre.
Specify the genre to which "War and Peace" belongs.
In the speech of Prince Andrei, there are emotional and evaluative definitions (“terrible necessity”, “idle and frivolous people”). What is the name of this medium of artistic expression?
A significant part of this episode is occupied by a detailed statement of Prince Andrei about the war. What is the name of such a statement?
This episode shows the internal state of Prince Andrei. What is the term for the depiction of the spiritual life of a person in a work of art?
In this episode, the image of Prince Andrei is revealed objectively in connection with the laws of the era. What literary trend of the second half of the 19th century considered this principle to be the main one in depicting reality?
8. How L.N. Tolstoy about the inhuman nature of the war?
9. What brings together the image of the war in L.N. Tolstoy and Russian writers of the 20th century? (Include the names of writers and the titles of their works in your answer.)
Shortly after the little princess, a massive, stout young man with a cropped head, wearing glasses, light trousers in the fashion of the time, with a high frill and in a brown tailcoat, entered. This fat young man was the illegitimate son of the famous Catherine's nobleman, Count Bezukhov, who was now dying in Moscow. He has not served anywhere yet, he has just arrived from abroad, where he was brought up, and was the first time in society. Anna Pavlovna greeted him with a bow, referring to people of the lowest hierarchy in her salon. But, despite this inferior greeting, at the sight of Pierre entering, Anna Pavlovna displayed anxiety and fear, similar to that which is expressed at the sight of something too huge and unusual for the place. Although Pierre was indeed somewhat larger than the other men in the room, this fear could only relate to that intelligent and at the same time timid, observant and natural look that distinguished him from everyone in this living room.
- C "est bien aimable à vous, monsieur Pierre, d" être venu voir une pauvre malade11, Anna Pavlovna told him, exchanging frightened glances with her aunt, to whom she brought him. Pierre murmured something incomprehensible and continued to look for something with his eyes. He smiled joyfully, cheerfully, bowing to the little princess as if he were a close friend, and went up to his aunt. Anna Pavlovna's fear was not in vain, because Pierre, without listening to his aunt's speech about her majesty's health, moved away from her. Anna Pavlovna stopped him in fright with the words:
"You don't know Abbe Morio?" He is a very interesting person…” she said.
– Yes, I heard about his plan for eternal peace, and it is very interesting, but hardly possible...
- Do you think? .. - Anna Pavlovna said, in order to say something and turn again to her occupations as a mistress of the house, but Pierre did the opposite impoliteness. Before he, without listening to the words of his interlocutor, left; now he stopped his interlocutor with his conversation, who needed to leave him. Bending his head and spreading his big legs, he began to prove to Anna Pavlovna why he believed that the abbot's plan was a chimera.
"We'll talk later," said Anna Pavlovna, smiling.
And, having got rid of a young man who did not know how to live, she returned to her occupations as a mistress of the house and continued to listen and look, ready to give help to the point where the conversation was weakening. Just as the owner of a spinning shop, having seated the workers in their places, paces around the establishment, noticing the immobility or the unusual, creaking, too loud sound of the spindle, hastily walks, restrains or sets it in its proper course, so Anna Pavlovna, pacing around her drawing room, approached a mug that was silent or talked too much, and with one word or movement, it again started a regular, decent conversational machine. But among these worries, one could still see in her a special fear for Pierre. She looked at him solicitously as he approached to listen to what was said about Mortemart, and went to another circle where the abbe was speaking. For Pierre, brought up abroad, this evening of Anna Pavlovna was the first he saw in Russia.
1 It is very kind of you, Monsieur Pierre, that you have come to visit the poor sick woman (fr.).
(L.N. Tolstoy, "War and Peace")
What is the name of the means of creating the image of the hero, based on the description of his appearance: "... a massive, fat young man with a cropped head, glasses, light trousers in the then fashion, with a high frill and in a brown tailcoat"?
Indicate the genre to which the work of L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace".
- “Just as the owner of a spinning workshop, having put the workers in their places, walks around the establishment ... so Anna Pavlovna, walking around her living room, approached a mug that was silent or talked too much ...” What is the name of the artistic technique highlighted in this quote?
Enter the name of Anna Pavlovna, the owner of the salon.
Name the city where the events described by the author take place.
Establish a correspondence between the three main characters appearing in this fragment and the facts of their future fate.
CHARACTERS FACTS
A) Pierre Bezukhov 1) arranges an evening on the day of the Battle of Borodino
B) Anna Pavlovna 2) gives carts to the wounded in Moscow
C) the little princess 3) is captured
4) dies
Indicate a term that denotes a sharp clash of characters depicted in this episode.
8. Why does Pierre stand out sharply among the other guests of Anna Pavlovna?
9. Which of the heroes of Russian literature, like Pierre Bezukhov, differed sharply from the society in which he was? Justify your answer by indicating the authors and their works.
Pierre, having come forward, like a domestic person, went into the office of Prince Andrei and immediately, out of habit, lay down on the sofa, took the first book that came across from the shelf (these were Caesar's Notes) and began, leaning on his elbows, to read it from the middle.
– What did you do with Mademoiselle Scherer? She will be completely ill now, ”said Prince Andrei, entering the office and rubbing his small white hands.
Pierre turned his whole body so that the sofa creaked, turned his animated face to Prince Andrei, smiled and waved his hand.
– No, this abbot is very interesting, but he just doesn’t understand the matter in such a way ... In my opinion, eternal peace is possible, but I don’t know how to say it ... But not by political equilibrium.
Prince Andrei was apparently not interested in these abstract conversations.
- You can’t, mon cher11, everywhere you say everything you just think. So, have you finally decided on something? Will you be a cavalry guard or a diplomat? asked Prince Andrei after a moment's silence.
Pierre sat down on the sofa, tucking his legs under him.
You can imagine, I still don't know. I don't like either one.
“But you have to make a decision, don’t you? Your father is waiting.
Pierre, from the age of ten, was sent abroad with the tutor-abbot, where he stayed until the age of twenty. When he returned to Moscow, his father released the abbot and said to the young man: “Now you go to Petersburg, look around and choose. I agree to everything. Here's a letter for you to Prince Vasily, and here's some money for you. Write about everything, I will help you in everything. Pierre had been choosing a career for three months and did nothing. Prince Andrei told him about this choice. Pierre rubbed his forehead.
“But he must be a Freemason,” he said, referring to the abbot whom he had seen at the party.
- All this is nonsense, - Prince Andrei stopped him again, - let's talk about the case. Were you in the Horse Guards?
- No, I wasn't, but that's what came to my mind, and I wanted to tell you. Now the war against Napoleon. If it were a war for freedom, I would understand, I would be the first to enter the military service; but helping England and Austria against the greatest man in the world... that's not good.
Prince Andrei only shrugged his shoulders at Pierre's childish speeches. He pretended that such nonsense was not to be answered; but it was really difficult to answer this naive question with anything other than what Prince Andrei answered.
“If everyone fought only according to their convictions, there would be no war,” he said.
“That would be fine,” said Pierre.
Prince Andrew chuckled.
- It may very well be that it would be wonderful, but this will never happen ...
“Well, why are you going to war?” Pierre asked.
- For what? I dont know. So it is necessary. Besides, I'm going…” He stopped. “I am going because this life that I lead here, this life is not for me!
__________________________________________
1 My dear (fr.).
(L.N. Tolstoy, "War and Peace")
Indicate the genre to which "War and Peace" by L.N. Tolstoy.
What term is used to designate the expressive detail accented by the author, which carries a significant semantic and emotional load, for example, “little white hands” of Prince Andrei?
What is the name of Prince Vasily, to whom Pierre's father sends a letter.
What kind of comic, based on hidden mockery, is used in Prince Andrei's remark: “What did you do with mademoiselle Scherer? She's going to be really sick now…"?
Establish a correspondence between the three main characters appearing in this fragment and the facts of their future fate. For each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
| CHARACTERS | FACTS OF FURTHER FATE |
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Pierre does not want to fight Napoleon, and Prince Andrei, on the contrary, is going to war, because he is not satisfied with the life he leads. What is the name of such a compositional technique of opposing characters?
9. What heroes of Russian literature, like Pierre and Andrei, argue about life and social order? Indicate the authors and titles of the works in your answer.
At that moment, all the interests that occupied Napoleon seemed so insignificant to him, his hero himself seemed so petty to him, with this petty vanity and joy of victory, in comparison with that high, just and kind sky that he saw and understood - that he did not could answer him.
Yes, and everything seemed so useless and insignificant in comparison with that strict and majestic structure of thought, which caused in him a weakening of forces from the flow of blood, suffering and the imminent expectation of death. Looking into the eyes of Napoleon, Prince Andrei thought about the insignificance of greatness, the insignificance of life, which no one could understand the meaning of, and the even greater insignificance of death, the meaning of which no one could understand and explain from the living.
The emperor, without waiting for an answer, turned away and, driving off, turned to one of the chiefs:
“Let them take care of these gentlemen and take them to my bivouac; have my doctor Larrey examine their wounds. Goodbye, Prince Repnin. - And he, touching the horse, rode on at a gallop.
There was a radiance of self-satisfaction and happiness on his face.
The soldiers who brought Prince Andrei and removed from him the golden icon that they came across, hung on his brother by Princess Marya, seeing the kindness with which the emperor treated the prisoners, hastened to return the icon.
Prince Andrei did not see who and how put it on again, but on his chest, over and above his uniform, suddenly appeared a small icon on a small gold chain.
“It would be nice,” thought Prince Andrei, looking at this icon, which his sister hung on him with such feeling and reverence, “it would be nice if everything was as clear and simple as it seems to Princess Marya. How good it would be to know where to look for help in this life and what to expect after it there, beyond the grave! How happy and calm I would be if I could now say: Lord, have mercy on me!.. But to whom shall I say this? Either the power - indefinite, incomprehensible, which I not only cannot refer to, but which I cannot express in words - great all or nothing, - he said to himself, - or is this the God who is sewn up here,
in this amulet, Princess Mary? Nothing, nothing is true, except for the insignificance of everything that is clear to me, and the greatness of something incomprehensible, but the most important!
The stretcher moved. At every push he again felt unbearable pain; the feverish state intensified, and he began to rave. Those dreams of a father, wife, sister and future son and the tenderness that he experienced on the night before the battle, the figure of a small, insignificant Napoleon and above all the high sky - were the main basis of his feverish ideas.
A quiet life and calm family happiness in the Bald Mountains seemed to him. He was already enjoying this happiness when suddenly little Napoleon appeared with his indifferent, limited and happy look from the misfortune of others, and doubts, torments began, and only heaven promised peace.
(L.N. Tolstoy, "War and Peace")
What literary genre does War and Peace belong to?
What is the name of the literary movement whose principles are embodied in War and Peace?
What is the name and surname of the old prince - the owner of the Lysyye Gory estate.
The phrase "It would be nice ... if everything was as clear and simple as it seems to Princess Mary" is the beginning of Prince Andrei's statement, addressed to himself and not spoken aloud. What is the name of the technique used here?
What is the name of the question that does not require an answer: "But to whom will I tell this?"
Establish a correspondence between the characters of "War and Peace" and related plot situations.
For each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
| CHARACTERS | STORY SITUATIONS |
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What is the name of the opposition technique in a work of art (“insignificant” Napoleon and “high sky”)?
8. Why can this episode in the fate of Prince Andrei be called a turning point?
9. What heroes of Russian literature, like Prince Andrei, changed their views on life after suffering mental upheavals, and in what way can these heroes be compared with Andrei Bolkonsky?
- Well, start! Dolokhov said.
“Well,” said Pierre, still smiling.
It was getting scary. It was obvious that the deed, which had begun so easily, could no longer be prevented by anything, that it proceeded by itself, already independently of the will of the people, and had to be accomplished. Denisov was the first to come forward to the barrier and proclaimed:
- Since the "opponents" refused to "imitate", wouldn't you like to start: take pistols and, according to the word t "and begin to converge.
“G ... "az! Two! T" and! ... Denisov shouted angrily and stepped aside. Both walked along the trodden paths closer and closer, recognizing each other in the fog. The opponents had the right, converging to the barrier, to shoot whenever they wanted. Dolokhov walked slowly, without raising his pistol, peering with his light, shining, blue eyes into the face of his opponent. His mouth, as always, had a semblance of a smile on it.
- So when I want - I can shoot! - said Pierre, at the word three, he went forward with quick steps, straying from the beaten path and walking on solid snow. Pierre held the pistol, stretching his right hand forward, apparently afraid of lest he kill himself with this pistol. He diligently put his left hand back, because he wanted to support his right hand with it, but he knew that this was impossible. After walking six steps and straying off the path into the snow, Pierre looked around at his feet, again quickly looked at Dolokhov and, pulling his finger, as he had been taught, fired. Not expecting such a strong sound, Pierre flinched at his shot, then smiled at his own impression and stopped. The smoke, especially thick from the fog, prevented him from seeing at first; but the other shot he was waiting for did not come. Only Dolokhov's hurried steps were heard, and his figure appeared from behind the smoke. With one hand he held on to his left side, with the other he clutched a lowered pistol. His face was pale. Rostov ran up and said something to him.
- No ... no ... t, - Dolokhov said through his teeth, - no, it’s not over, - and taking a few more falling, hobbling steps to the very saber, he fell on the snow beside it. His left hand was covered in blood, he wiped it on his coat and leaned on it. His face was pale, frowning and trembling.
- It's a pity ... - began Dolokhov, but could not immediately pronounce ... - Please, - he finished with an effort.
Pierre, barely holding back his sobs, ran to Dolokhov, and was about to cross the space separating the barriers, when Dolokhov shouted: - To the barrier! - and Pierre, realizing what was happening, stopped at his saber. Only 10 steps separated them. Dolokhov lowered his head to the snow, greedily bit the snow, raised his head again, corrected himself, drew up his legs and sat down, looking for a firm center of gravity. He swallowed cold snow and sucked it; his lips trembled, but still smiling; his eyes shone with the effort and malice of the last gathered strength. He raised his pistol and took aim.
“Sideways, cover yourself with a pistol,” Nesvitsky said.
- Okay, "wait!" - unable to stand it, even Denisov shouted to his opponent. Pierre, with a meek smile of regret and remorse, helplessly spreading his legs and arms, stood straight in front of Dolokhov with his broad chest and looked sadly at him. Denisov, Rostov and Nesvitsky closed their eyes. at the same time they heard a shot and Dolokhov's angry cry.
- Past! - shouted Dolokhov and powerlessly lay down on the snow with his face down. Pierre clutched his head and, turning back, went into the forest, walking entirely in the snow and aloud saying incomprehensible words:
"Stupid... stupid!" Death... a lie... - he kept grimacing. Nesvitsky stopped him and took him home. Rostov and Denisov carried the wounded Dolokhov. Dolokhov, silently, with closed eyes, lay in the sleigh and did not answer the questions that were put to him; but, having entered Moscow, he suddenly came to himself and, raising his head with difficulty, took Rostov, who was sitting beside him, by the hand. Rostov was struck by the completely changed and unexpectedly enthusiastic tender expression of Dolokhov's face.
- Well? How do you feel? Rostov asked.
- Bad! but that's not the point. My friend, - said Dolokhov in a broken voice, - where are we? We are in Moscow, I know. I'm fine, but I killed her, killed her... She can't take it. She won't bear...
- Who? Rostov asked.
- My mother. My mother, my angel, my adored angel, mother, - and Dolokhov began to cry, squeezing Rostov's hand. When he calmed down somewhat, he explained to Rostov that he was living with his mother, that if his mother saw him dying, she would not be able to bear it. He begged Rostov to go to her and prepare her.
Rostov went ahead to carry out the assignment and, to his great surprise, found out that Dolokhov, this brawler, Dolokhov, lived in Moscow with an old mother and a hunchbacked sister and was the most tender son and brother.
(L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace")
Indicate the term used in a work of art to refer to the contradiction underlying the development of the action, in this case, the quarrel that led Pierre and Dolokhov to a duel.
What is the name of a means of artistic expression in literary criticism, which is a figurative definition that expresses the author's attitude to the characters: Pierre's "meek smile", Dolokhov's "evil cry", etc.?
What means of characterizing the hero is created with the help of a detailed description of his appearance: “Dolokhov walked slowly, peering with his bright, shining, blue eyes into the face of his opponent ...
Which of the three literary genres, traditionally distinguished by a number of features (the subject of the image, the way of the image, etc.), does the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
What is the term for the opposition technique, which allows the author to designate the complexity and inconsistency of Dolokhov's character: “a brawler, a bully-Dolokhov ... was the most tender son and brother”?
What stylistic device, characteristic of L.N. Tolstoy, helps the reader to feel the sincerity of Dolokhov's feelings: “... I killed her, I killed ... She will not bear it. She will not bear... My mother. My mother, my angel, my beloved angel, mother…”?
8. What is the ambiguity of Dolokhov's character?
9. What heroes of Russian literature, according to the authors, show qualities of character that are unexpected for other characters and readers?
Kutuzov had a life experience that taught him to believe only in "patience and time." The belief in the inevitability of fate, the solution of which must be patiently awaited, determines all of Kutuzov's behavior. He calmly contemplates the course of events and, by his very appearance, instills calmness in people, confidence that "everything will be as it should be." Kutuzov firmly believed in the victory of Russia. Tolstoy argues that a military or political leader can be useful if, having felt how events are developing, he tries to inspire his faith in their favorable outcome to the masses. This power of Kutuzov's faith and insight is connected with his national spirit. He is related to all the people and it is no coincidence that the word “father” is often repeated when applied to Kutuzov.
Kutuzov, Pierre, Prince Andrei, and Tolstoy's other favorite heroes are on the verge of great revelations. The war is leading them to them, Borodino. Tolstoy called Lermontov's "Borodino" the seed of his novel. In this poem, he saw the expression of the people's spirit, the people's view of the course of the Patriotic War. To show the readers of the battle of Borodino, Tolstoy chose Pierre. It is to him that the great and simple truth, to which he goes from the beginning of the novel, should be revealed.
The moment is approaching when the essence of each person must finally be revealed, the price of his life must be determined.
What was Prince Andrei thinking about before the battle? There are two streams in his mind. On the one hand, he thinks about himself, about his death, the possibility of which he feels. And then the external life seems to him false, deceptive. There is a final reassessment of values. What had previously been dear to him now turned out to be empty and rude: "glory, the public good, love for a woman, the fatherland itself." And another series of thoughts - on a completely different plane: thoughts about the motherland, about love, about the injustice of this world, to which, if you follow the first stream of thought, he does not care. Andrei lost faith in everything that seemed to him the most important thing in life before. According to Tolstoy, the ethological result of the development of every person who has served in the state apparatus of autocratic Russia, in the tsarist army, who has known the true value of secular society.
Prince Andrew believes that the battle will be won. According to Prince Andrei, his success depends on the feeling that is in him, in every soldier. Prince Andrey believes in this powerful moral feeling that unites people who experience the same grief. He hates everything that leads people to division, to wars; he believed in the power of uniting people in the face of danger. Andrei believes that the moment has come when Russia needs moral, spiritual strength. And Kutuzov possesses them. The opposition of the Kutuzov, folk principle to the egoistic, selfish-rational determines the composition of the novel. With Kutuzov - Prince Andrei, merchant Ferapontov, Denisov, soldiers. Against Kutuzov - Alexander I, Boris Drubetskoy, Berg. Those who are with Kutuzov are absorbed in the general, those who are against him are divided, they think only about the personal. The war is hard for Kutuzov, hateful for Prince Andrei. Prince Andrei considers war to be a crime.
Tolstoy himself considers it a crime. He cannot justify the murders even with patriotic feelings. Tolstoy's pictures of war arouse disgust and horror at war. These dead and wounded, who, as it seems to Pierre, catch him by the legs; and a pool of blood in which a young officer sits; and the fear of being captured, when Pierre convulsively squeezes the Frenchman's neck and it seems to him that the Frenchman's head has come off - all this creates a gloomy atmosphere of murders not illuminated by any idea. These pictures are painted by an artist who already has thoughts in him, which later led him to a worldview, the core of which will be the call "Thou shalt not kill!". Before being mortally wounded, the feeling of life becomes more palpable in Prince Andrei. His last thoughts: “I can’t, I don’t want to die, I love life, I love this grass, earth, air ...” Wounded in the stomach, he rushed to the side - it was a rush to life, a rush to something that he had not before understood, fortunately, the simple enjoyment of life and love for it.
Plekhanov once remarked that "Tolstoy most of all experienced a feeling of horror before death precisely when he most of all enjoyed the consciousness of his unity with nature." “All the interests of the present immediately become indifferent to Prince Andrei. He begins, for the last time in his life, to think about the general questions of being. All his life, Prince Andrei was looking for his place in society and all his life he was convinced how false and unnecessary everything that society offered him. The proximity of death finally opens his eyes to the truth. When Prince Andrei saw Anatole on the next operating table, his sick mind was pierced by the thought: “Compassion, love for brothers, for those who love us, for those who hate us, love for enemies, yes, that love that God preached on earth, which Princess Marya taught me and which I did not understand; that's why I felt sorry for life, that's what was left to me if I were alive. But now it's too late. I know it!". The whole path of Prince Andrei led him to this conclusion.
Andrei, like all the positive heroes of Tolstoy, mastering the world with reason, does not believe in the power of reason. Analyzing thought all the time leads Prince Andrei to the denial of some pieces of life. The world is falling apart. There remains only one principle that can save the world and the person in it: the love of all for all. The mind is incapable of accepting such an all-encompassing, irrational love. He demands revenge on his personal enemy and the enemy of the fatherland. The mind refuses to believe in a God who teaches universal love. When a thinking person sees evil in everything, he becomes angry himself. An evil feeling arises in Prince Andrei whenever he is disappointed in the next ideals: in secular society, in glory, in the public good, in love for a woman. But somewhere in the depths of his soul there always lived a longing for love for people.
And now, when death began to destroy his body, this thirst for love covers his entire being. And Prince Andrei formulates this thought that completes his entire path: the meaning of life is in all-encompassing love. For the first time, the mind not only follows the feeling, but also renounces itself. The whole path of Andrei Bolkonsky is the path of intermittent mutual negation of hatred and love. Tolstoy, convinced of the futility of hatred, ends this path with the triumph of love in him and the complete renunciation of hatred. This result, according to Tolstoy, is inevitable for every person striving for unity and burdened by separation. In revealing the main idea of the novel - the idea of the need for unity, the image of the path of Prince Andrei plays an important role. Only in love, excluding all hatred, is the path to this unity. Such is the meaning of Prince Andrei's quest.
It is no coincidence that after the disclosure of these thoughts of Prince Andrei about love as the only truth of life, Tolstoy writes about Napoleon. Those beginnings of inhumanity, cruelty, selfishness, which Andrei came to deny by the end of the Battle of Borodino, are finally revealed in Napoleon. Until the end of his life, Napoleon could not understand goodness, beauty, or truth. The battle of Borodino revealed the best that was in Prince Andrei, and the worst that was in Napoleon.
Need to download an essay? Press and save - "What was Prince Andrei thinking about before the battle? . And the finished essay appeared in the bookmarks.| The degree of aggressive impact according to the table. 16, 17, 18 | Humidity conditions of the premises Humidity zone (according to SNiP II-3-79) | Protection |
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OPTION 1
Part 1
Read the fragment of the work below and complete tasks 1-9.
Shortly after the little princess, a massive, stout young man with a cropped head, spectacles, light trousers in the fashion of the time, with a high frill, and in a brown tailcoat, entered. This fat young man was the illegitimate son of the famous Catherine's nobleman, Count Bezukhoi, who was now dying in Moscow. He had not served anywhere yet, had just arrived from abroad, where he had been brought up, and was in society for the first time. Anna Pavlovna greeted him with a bow, which belonged to the people of the lowest hierarchy in her salon. But, despite this inferior greeting, at the sight of Pierre entering, Anna Pavlovna displayed anxiety and fear, similar to that which is expressed at the sight of something too huge and unusual for the place. Although, indeed, Pierre was somewhat larger than the other men in the room, but this fear could only relate to that intelligent and at the same time timid, observant and natural look that distinguished him from everyone in this living room.
Anna Pavlovna told him, exchanging frightened glances with her aunt, to whom she was leading him. Pierre murmured something incomprehensible and continued to look for something with his eyes. He smiled joyfully, cheerfully, bowing to the little princess as if he were a close acquaintance, and went up to his aunt. Anna Pavlovna's fear was not in vain, because Pierre, without listening to his aunt's speech about her majesty's health, left her. Anna Pavlovna stopped him in fright with the words:
You don't know Abbe Morio? he is a very interesting person…” she said. Yes, I heard about his plan for eternal peace, and it's very interesting, but hardly possible...
Do you think? ... - said Anna Pavlovna, in order to say something and again turn to her occupations as a mistress of the house, but Pierre did the opposite impoliteness. First, he, without listening to the words of his interlocutor, left; now he stopped his interlocutor with his conversation, who needed to leave him. Bending his head and spreading his big legs, he began to prove to Anna Pavlovna why he believed that the abbot's plan was a chimera.
We'll talk later," said Anna Pavlovna, smiling.
And, having got rid of a young man who did not know how to live, she returned to her occupations as a mistress of the house and continued to listen and look, ready to give help to the point where the conversation was weakening.
(L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace")
1. What is the name of the noble family, the name day scene in whose house is sharply contrasted with the pictures of the evening at Anna Pavlovna Sherer.
Answer: ___________________.
2. Who is the only one of Anna Pavlovna's guests who will express sincere sympathy to Pierre?
Answer: ___________________.
3. The heroes of the above fragment exchange remarks. What is the name of this way of organizing artistic speech?
Answer: ___________________.
4. In the answer sheet, enter the name of the compositional element that allows Tolstoy to create a description of the appearance of Pierre Bezukhov.
Answer: ___________________.
5. Indicate the term that the literature refers to as a figurative and expressive means, which allowed the author to determine the main difference between Pierre and most of Anna Pavlovna's guests: "smart, timid, observant, natural."
Answer: ___________________.
6. What means of allegorical expressiveness does Tolstoy use, depicting Pierre's appeal to his aunt: "Pierre blew"?
Answer: ___________________.
7. Tolstoy contrasts Anna Pavlovna's "anxiety and fear" with how "joyfully, cheerfully smiled" Pierre. What is the name of this technique?
Answer: ___________________.
8. Formulate the main theme of the fragment and briefly comment on the words of the researcher: “The moral assessment of all the characters, which is obligatory for Tolstoy, comes in “War and Peace” primarily from the extent to which the natural force of life is manifested in each of them ...”
9. Why is the genre of L.N. Tolstoy is defined as an epic novel, and which classical writers of the 20th century chose the same genre for their works?
Nesvitsky, Zherkov and the officer of the retinue stood together outside the shots and looked either at a small group of people in yellow shakos, dark green jackets embroidered with cords, and blue trousers, swarming near the bridge, then at the other side, at blue hoods approaching in the distance and groups with horses, which could easily be recognized as tools.<...>
Oh! get the hussars! Nesvitsky said. - No further than a canister shot now.
In vain he led so many people, - said the retinue officer.
Indeed, - said Nesvitsky. - There would be two good fellows to send, anyway.
Ah, your excellency, - intervened Zherkov, not taking his eyes off the hussars, but all with his naive manner, because of which it was impossible to guess whether he was serious or not. - Ah, your excellency! How do you judge! Send two people, but who will give us Vladimir with a bow?
And so, at least they will beat you, but you can imagine a squadron and get a bow yourself.<...>
Well, - said the officer of the retinue, - this is buckshot!
He pointed to the French guns, which were being dismantled and hurried away. On the French side<...>smoke appeared, another, a third, almost at the same time, and at the moment when the sound of the first shot reached, a fourth appeared. Two sounds one after another, and a third.
Oh oh! gasped Nesvitsky, as if from burning pain, grabbing the retinue officer by the hand. - Look, one fell, fell, fell!
Two, it seems?
If I were a tsar, I would never have fought,” said Nesvitsky, turning away.<. >
Nikolai Rostov turned away and, as if looking for something, began to look at the distance, at the water of the Danube, at the sky, at the sun! How beautiful the sky looked, how blue, calm and deep! How bright and solemn the setting sun!
How gently and glossy the water shone in the distant Danube!
And even better were the distant mountains blue beyond the Danube, the monastery, the mysterious gorges, the pine forests flooded to the tops with mist. it's quiet and happy. “Nothing, I wouldn’t want anything so much, I wouldn’t want anything if I were only there,” thought Rostov, “in me alone and in this sun there is so much happiness, and here groans, suffering, fear and this ambiguity, this haste.".
L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace")
The answer to tasks 1-7 is a word, or a phrase, or a sequence of numbers. Write the answers first in the text of the work, and then transfer them to the answer sheet No. 1 to the right of the number of the corresponding task, starting from the first cell, without spaces, commas and other additional characters. Write each letter (number) in a separate box in accordance with the samples given in the form.
1. What kind of literature is "War and Peace"?
Answer: ___________________.
2. What term is usually used to designate the genre of "War and Peace"?
Answer: ___________________.
3. What is the name of a significant detail, which is a means
artistic characteristics (for example, yellow shakos noted by the author, dark green jackets embroidered with cords)?
Answer: ___________________.
4. Establish a correspondence between the characters and their future fate: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.
| BUT | B | AT |
5. In this fragment, the characters communicate with each other, exchanging remarks. What is the name of this type of speech?
Answer: ___________________.
6. In this fragment, war and pictures of nature are opposed. What is the name of a stylistic figure, a juxtaposition of sharply contrasting or opposite concepts and images to enhance the impression.
Answer: ___________________.
7. " affectionately glossy glittering water, mysterious gorges, drenched in mist pine forests. Name the trail used
L. N. Tolstoy
Answer: ___________________.
8. What topic, important for understanding the problems of the novel "War and Peace", is being developed in this fragment of the text?
9. How is the narrator's attitude to the war expressed in this fragment, and in what works of Russian literature do we meet with the same attitude?
Option number 3
By dusk, the cannonade began to subside. Alpatych came out of the basement and stopped at the door. The once clear evening sky was covered in smoke. And through this smoke a young, high-standing sickle of the moon shone strangely. After the former terrible rumble of guns had fallen silent over the city, silence seemed to be interrupted only by the rustle of steps, groans, distant screams and the crackling of fires, as it were spread throughout the city. The groans of the cook are now quiet. From both sides, black clouds of smoke from fires rose and dispersed. On the street, not in rows, but like ants from a ruined tussock, soldiers in different uniforms and in different directions passed and ran through. In the eyes of Alpatych, several of them ran into Ferapontov's yard. Alpatych went to the gate. Some regiment, crowding and hurrying, blocked the street, going back.
They are surrendering the city, leave, leave, - the officer who noticed his figure said to him and immediately turned to the soldiers with a cry:
I'll let you run around the yards! he shouted.
Alpatych returned to the hut and, calling the coachman, ordered
him to leave. Following Alpatych and the coachman, all Ferapontov's household went out. Seeing the smoke and even the lights of the fires, which were now visible in the beginning twilight, the women, who had been silent until then, suddenly began to wail, looking at the fires. As if echoing them, similar cries were heard at the other ends of the street. Alpatych with a coachman, with trembling hands, straightened the tangled reins and horses' lines under a canopy.
When Alpatych was leaving the gate, he saw ten soldiers in the open shop of Ferapontov pouring sacks and knapsacks with wheat flour and sunflowers with a loud voice. At the same time, returning from the street to the shop, Ferapontov entered. Seeing the soldiers, he wanted to shout something, but suddenly stopped and, clutching his hair, burst out laughing with sobbing laughter.
- Get it all, guys! Don't get the devils! he shouted, grabbing the sacks himself and throwing them out into the street. Some soldiers, frightened, ran out, some continued to pour. Seeing Alpatych, Ferapontov turned to him.
- Decided! Russia! he shouted. - Alpatych! decided! I'll burn it myself. I decided ... - Ferapontov ran into the yard.
Soldiers walked continuously along the street, filling it all up, so that Alpatych could not pass and had to wait. The hostess Ferapontova with the children was also sitting on the cart, waiting to be able to leave.
It was already quite night. There were stars in the sky and a young moon shone from time to time, shrouded in smoke. On the descent to the Dnieper, the carts of Alpatych and the hostess, slowly moving in the ranks of soldiers and other crews, had to stop. Not far from the crossroads where the carts had stopped, in an alleyway, a house and shops were on fire. The fire has already burned out. The flame either died away and was lost in black smoke, then it suddenly flashed brightly, strangely clearly illuminating the faces of the crowded people standing at the crossroads.
(L. Ya. Tolstoy "War and Peace")
1. Indicate the literary direction, the principles of which are embodied in L. N. Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace".
Answer:___________________.
2. What definition is added to the word "novel", characterizing the genre of "War and Peace"?
Answer:___________________.
Answer:___________________.
4. Establish a correspondence between the characters-nobles and their actions during the war.
For each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
Write your answer in numbers in the table and transfer it to the answer sheet No. 1.
| BUT | B | AT |
5. What term denotes the way of displaying the internal state of the characters, the thoughts and feelings that own them (“Alpatych with a coachman straightened the tangled reins with shaking hands”; “grabbing his hair, he laughed with sobbing laughter”)?
Answer: ___________________.
6. What is the name of an expressive detail that carries an important semantic load in a literary text (for example, a young month covered with smoke at the beginning and at the end of a fragment)?
Answer: ___________________.
AT 7. The fragment begins and ends with a description of the fire in Smolensk. Indicate the term that denotes the location and relationship of parts, episodes, images in a work of art.
Answer: ___________________.
8. What, from your point of view, can explain the "strange" behavior of the merchant Ferapontov in the above episode?
9. In what works of Russian classics does the theme of a man in war sound, and what brings these works closer to the novel by L. N. Tolstoy?
Option number 4
Prince Andrei, who thought that it was all the same to him whether Moscow was taken or not taken in the same way as Smolensk was taken, suddenly stopped in his speech from an unexpected convulsion that seized him by the throat. He walked several times in silence, but his eyes shone feverishly, and his lip quivered when he began to speak again:
– If there was no generosity in the war, then we would go only when it is worth it to go to certain death, as now. Then there would be no war because Pavel Ivanovich offended Mikhail Ivanovich. And if the war is like now, then the war. And then the intensity of the troops would not be the same as now. Then all these Westphalians and Hessians led by Napoleon would not have followed him to Russia, and we would not have gone to fight in Austria and Prussia, without knowing why. War is not a courtesy, but the most disgusting thing in life, and one must understand this and not play war. This terrible necessity must be understood strictly and seriously. All in this: put aside lies, and war is war, not a toy. Otherwise, war is the favorite pastime of idle and frivolous people ... The military estate is the most honorable. And what is war, what is needed for success in military affairs, what are the morals of a military society? The purpose of the war is murder, the weapons of war are espionage, treason and encouragement, the ruin of the inhabitants, robbing them or stealing for the food of the army; deceit and lies, called stratagems; morals of the military class - lack of freedom, that is, discipline, idleness, ignorance, cruelty, debauchery, drunkenness. And despite that - this is the highest class, revered by all. All kings, except for the Chinese, wear a military uniform, and the one who killed the most people is given a greater reward ... They will come together, like tomorrow, to kill each other, kill, maim tens of thousands of people, and then they will serve thanksgiving prayers for having beaten many people (of which the number is still being added), and proclaim victory, believing that the more people are beaten, the greater the merit. How God watches and listens to them from there! Prince Andrei shouted in a thin, squeaky voice. “Ah, my soul, lately it has become hard for me to live. I see that I began to understand too much. And it’s not good for a person to eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil ... Well, and not for long! he added. “However, you are sleeping, and it’s time for me too, go to Gorki,” Prince Andrei suddenly said.
- Oh no! Pierre answered, looking at Prince Andrei with frightened, condoling eyes.
- Go, go: before the battle you need to get enough sleep, - Prince Andrei repeated. He quickly approached Pierre, hugged him and kissed him. "Goodbye, go," he shouted. - See you, no ... - And he hastily turned around and went into the barn.
It was already dark, and Pierre could not make out the expression that was on the face of Prince Andrei, whether it was malicious or gentle.
Pierre stood for some time in silence, considering whether to follow him or go home. "No, he doesn't need to! Pierre decided by himself, “and I know that this is our last meeting.” He sighed heavily and drove back to Gorki.
(L.N. Tolstoy, "War and Peace".)
| 1. Name the battle on the eve of which a conversation takes place between Prince Andrei and Pierre. 2. A significant part of this episode is occupied by a detailed statement of Prince Andrei about the war. What is the name of such a statement? 3. In the speech of Prince Andrei, there are emotional and evaluative definitions (“ terrible need", " idle and frivolous of people"). What is the name of this medium of artistic expression? This episode shows the internal state of Prince Andrei. What is the term for the depiction of the spiritual life of a person in a work of art? 4. Establish a correspondence between the characters and their future fate: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column. 5. The words “War is not a courtesy, but the most disgusting thing in life,” said by Bolkonsky, are a complete thought, spoken or written down in a concise, memorable textual form and subsequently repeatedly reproduced by other people. Name the relevant term. 6. “... stopped in his speech from an unexpected convulsions that seized him by the throat ". What is the name of the use of not a literal (direct), but a figurative meaning of words. 7. N. G. Chernyshevsky introduced a concept that denotes a detailed reproduction in a work of art of the process of origin and subsequent formation of thoughts, feelings, moods, sensations of a person, their interaction, development of one from the other, showing the mental process itself, its patterns and forms. Name it. 8. How L.N. Tolstoy about the inhuman nature of the war? 9. What brings together the image of the war in L.N. Tolstoy and Russian writers of the 20th century? (Include the names of writers and the titles of their works in your answer.) |
Option number 5
Pierre, having come forward, like a domestic person, went into the office of Prince Andrei and immediately, out of habit, lay down on the sofa, took the first book that came across from the shelf (these were Caesar's Notes) and began, leaning on his elbows, to read it from the middle.
– What did you do with Mademoiselle Scherer? She will be completely ill now, ”said Prince Andrei, entering the office and rubbing his small white hands.
Pierre turned his whole body so that the sofa creaked, turned his animated face to Prince Andrei, smiled and waved his hand.
– No, this abbot is very interesting, but he just doesn’t understand the matter in such a way ... In my opinion, eternal peace is possible, but I don’t know how to say it ... But not by political equilibrium.
Prince Andrei was apparently not interested in these abstract conversations.
- You can't, mon cher
|
everywhere, say whatever you think. So, have you finally decided on something? Will you be a cavalry guard or a diplomat? asked Prince Andrei after a moment's silence.
Pierre sat down on the sofa, tucking his legs under him.
You can imagine, I still don't know. I don't like either one.
“But you have to make a decision, don’t you? Your father is waiting.
Pierre, from the age of ten, was sent abroad with the tutor-abbot, where he stayed until the age of twenty. When he returned to Moscow, his father released the abbot and said to the young man: “Now you go to Petersburg, look around and choose. I agree to everything. Here's a letter for you to Prince Vasily, and here's some money for you. Write about everything, I will help you in everything. Pierre had been choosing a career for three months and did nothing. Prince Andrei told him about this choice. Pierre rubbed his forehead.
“But he must be a Freemason,” he said, referring to the abbot whom he had seen at the party.
- All this is nonsense, - Prince Andrei stopped him again, - let's talk about the case. Were you in the Horse Guards?
- No, I wasn't, but that's what came to my mind, and I wanted to tell you. Now the war against Napoleon. If it were a war for freedom, I would understand, I would be the first to enter the military service; but helping England and Austria against the greatest man in the world... that's not good.
Prince Andrei only shrugged his shoulders at Pierre's childish speeches. He pretended that such nonsense was not to be answered; but it was really difficult to answer this naive question with anything other than what Prince Andrei answered.
“If everyone fought only according to their convictions, there would be no war,” he said.
“That would be fine,” said Pierre.
Prince Andrew chuckled.
- It may very well be that it would be wonderful, but this will never happen ...
“Well, why are you going to war?” Pierre asked.
- For what? I dont know. So it is necessary. Besides, I'm going…” He stopped. “I am going because this life that I lead here, this life is not for me!
(L.N. Tolstoy, "War and Peace")
__________________________________________
| |
5. What kind of comic, based on hidden mockery, is used in Prince Andrei's remark: “What did you do with mademoiselle Scherer? She's going to be really sick now…"?
Prince Andrei, who thought that it was all the same to him whether Moscow was taken or not taken in the same way as Smolensk was taken, suddenly stopped in his speech from an unexpected convulsion that seized him by the throat. He walked several times in silence, but his eyes shone feverishly, and his lip quivered when he began to speak again:
– If there was no generosity in the war, then we would go only when it is worth it to go to certain death, as now. Then there would be no war because Pavel Ivanovich offended Mikhail Ivanovich. And if the war is like now, then the war. And then the intensity of the troops would not be the same as now. Then all these Westphalians and Hessians led by Napoleon would not have followed him to Russia, and we would not have gone to fight in Austria and Prussia, without knowing why. War is not a courtesy, but the most disgusting thing in life, and one must understand this and not play war. This terrible necessity must be understood strictly and seriously. All in this: put aside lies, and war is war, not a toy. Otherwise, war is the favorite pastime of idle and frivolous people ... The military estate is the most honorable. And what is war, what is needed for success in military affairs, what are the morals of a military society? The purpose of the war is murder, the weapons of war are espionage, treason and encouragement, the ruin of the inhabitants, robbing them or stealing for the food of the army; deceit and lies, called stratagems; morals of the military class - lack of freedom, that is, discipline, idleness, ignorance, cruelty, debauchery, drunkenness. And despite that - this is the highest class, revered by all. All kings, except for the Chinese, wear a military uniform, and the one who killed the most people is given a greater reward ... They will come together, like tomorrow, to kill each other, kill, maim tens of thousands of people, and then they will serve thanksgiving prayers for having beaten many people (of which the number is still being added), and proclaim victory, believing that the more people are beaten, the greater the merit. How God watches and listens to them from there! Prince Andrei shouted in a thin, squeaky voice. “Ah, my soul, lately it has become hard for me to live. I see that I began to understand too much. And it’s not good for a person to eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil ... Well, and not for long! he added. “However, you are sleeping, and it’s time for me too, go to Gorki,” Prince Andrei suddenly said.
- Oh no! Pierre answered, looking at Prince Andrei with frightened, condoling eyes.
- Go, go: before the battle you need to get enough sleep, - Prince Andrei repeated. He quickly approached Pierre, hugged him and kissed him. "Goodbye, go," he shouted. - See you, no ... - And he hastily turned around and went into the barn.
It was already dark, and Pierre could not make out the expression that was on the face of Prince Andrei, whether it was malicious or gentle.
Pierre stood for some time in silence, considering whether to follow him or go home. "No, he doesn't need to! Pierre decided by himself, “and I know that this is our last meeting.” He sighed heavily and drove back to Gorki.
(L.N. Tolstoy, "War and Peace".)
Name the battle on the eve of which a conversation takes place between Prince Andrei and Pierre.
A significant part of this episode is occupied by a detailed statement of Prince Andrei about the war. What is the name of such a statement?
In the speech of Prince Andrei, there are emotional and evaluative definitions (“terrible necessity”, “idle and frivolous people”). What is the name of this medium of artistic expression?
This episode shows the internal state of Prince Andrei. What is the term for the depiction of the spiritual life of a person in a work of art?
How did L.N. Tolstoy about the inhuman nature of the war?
What brings together the image of the war in L.N. Tolstoy and Russian writers of the 20th century? (Include the names of writers and the titles of their works in your answer.)
