Levels of general and vocational education in the Russian Federation. Levels of education in Russia

The education system in the Russian Federation

According to the Federal Law of December 29, 2012 No. 273-FZ "On Education in the Russian Federation", the education system includes 2 main types - general and professional education, which in turn are divided into the following levels:

General educationconsists of four levels:

preschool education is provided by licensed institutions for children up to the age of 6 - 7, that is, before they officially go to school.

Primary general education for children aged 7 to 10 includes grades 1-4.

Basic general (incomplete secondary) education for children aged 11 to 15 takes 5 years and includes grades 5-9.

Average total (complete secondary) education students receive in the upper grades of secondary school for 2 years of study - grades 10-11 - and complete it at the age of 17-18 years.

The program of secondary general education is compulsory and is considered mastered after completion of education in 11 grades and passing by each student of the state final certification. Certification is carried out in the form unified state exam (USE) in Russian language and mathematics (mandatory exams), as well as in additional subjects from the list established by law (from 1 or more) at the choice of the graduate. The results of passing are accepted as entrance tests for admission to the university. Graduates who successfully pass the exam receive certificate of secondary general education , and to obtain a certificate, it is enough to pass the exam in the Russian language and mathematics. This gives the holder the right to continue education at the level of secondary vocational education. Access to higher education is provided based on the results of the Unified State Examination with elective exams - the number and subjects are determined by the applicant depending on the requirements of the university in the chosen direction.

Professional education includes 5 levels:

Secondary vocational education can be obtained through two types of programs:

Training programs for qualified workers and employees;

Training programs for mid-level specialists.

Graduates of secondary vocational educational organizations after graduation receive a diploma of secondary vocational education.

After completing the educational program of the first type, graduates are granted access to the labor market, as well as the right to continue their studies in the programs of the second type and higher education (subject to obtaining secondary general education).

Educational organizations implementing programs of the second type can be both independent educational organizations and structural subdivisions of the university. As a rule, in this case, the programs are well coordinated with the programs of universities in the relevant areas.

Currently in Russia there is a multi-stage system higher education , as a subspecies of vocational education, consisting of the following levels:

Higher education - bachelor's degree (240 credits). The bachelor's degree is awarded after completing a 4-year study program. Bachelor's programs are developed in various areas. The bachelor's degree provides applied education, since the holder receives a sufficient amount of professional knowledge, skills and abilities for employment in positions requiring higher education (without specifying the level). However, a bachelor's degree is a condition for admission to master's programs. The state final certification includes the defense of the thesis and the passing of the state final exams. After successfully passing the certification, a bachelor's degree is issued.

Higher education - specialty (300-360 credits). The qualification of a specialist in Russia is a legacy of the former single-stage system of higher education and, in its essence, corresponds to a master's degree. Holders get the opportunity for professional activities that require a higher level of higher education than a bachelor's degree. And they are also given access to master's programs in areas other than those already received in the specialty, and to training programs for highly qualified personnel (postgraduate education). The term of study for obtaining the qualification of a specialist is at least 5 years. The state final certification for obtaining the qualification of a specialist includes the defense of a project or thesis and the passing of state final exams. Obtaining the qualification of a specialist is confirmed by a diploma of a specialist. The level of higher education - specialty is equivalent to the level of higher education - magistracy.

Higher education - magistracy (120 credits) is a two-year course of study, focused mostly on research activities (up to 50% of the student's workload) compared to the specialist's programs. But, first of all, the magistracy is an in-depth training in analytical and professional-practical activities in a specific area, including the development of elements of scientific and pedagogical work. The State Educational Standard defines only the general requirements for master's degree programs, without establishing requirements for the content of education. Universities have the right to independently make decisions on the content of master's programs depending on the specialty, as well as independently establish the admission procedure for applicants (conducting exams, interviews, etc.). Access to master's programs is available to holders of a bachelor's degree, as well as specialist qualifications. Holders of higher education degrees who wish to enter a master's program in another specialty must pass additional examinations that reflect the requirements for passing the chosen master's program. The state final certification for obtaining a master's degree includes the defense of a master's thesis and the passing of state final exams, the results of which are issued a master's degree.

Higher education - training of highly qualified personnel (postgraduate education) is carried out based on the results of mastering the programs for training scientific and pedagogical personnel in graduate school (adjuncture), residency programs, assistantship-internships. The duration of training is determined by the relevant program and is 3-4 years. The training ends with the passing of candidate examinations and the preparation of a candidate's dissertation. The holders receive an appropriate diploma. Obtaining this level of education does not automatically lead to the award of the degree of Candidate of Sciences, but only increases the level of knowledge, skills and abilities of the holder and provides an opportunity for a deeper and more qualified approach to the creation of a scientific qualification work (dissertation) for the degree of Candidate of Sciences. Also, the development of this level of higher education provides an opportunity to work in positions for which Russian legislation defines mandatory requirements (high school teacher, researcher, etc.).

Degrees

The assignment of academic degrees is regulated by the Federal Law of August 23, 1996 No. 127-FZ “On Science and State Scientific and Technical Policy” and other by-laws. Academic degrees are not included in the education system, because are the result of official recognition by the state and society of the achievements of the owner in the scientific and research fields of activity. At the same time, the condition for obtaining a scientific degree is the presence of a previous higher education, so they act as a logical continuation of increasing the level of education of the holder and are closely connected with the educational system of Russia.

Traditionally, there are two levels of academic degrees in Russia: PhD and PhD . A scientific degree is awarded to persons who have defended a scientific qualification work (dissertation). Based on the results of a successful dissertation defense, a diploma is issued conferring the degree of candidate of science or doctor of science.

For a degree PhD usually requires 3-4 years of postgraduate study (adjuncture, etc.) after obtaining a specialist or master's degree, preparing a dissertation, and then defending it and awarding a degree. However, obtaining a PhD degree is possible without postgraduate studies. To do this, the holder of a higher education (specialist or master's degree) can be transferred to the appropriate scientific positions and must prepare a dissertation within no more than 3 years. After defending his dissertation, he is awarded the degree of Candidate of Sciences.

Academic degree PhD is awarded after receiving the degree of Candidate of Sciences and can be obtained in two ways, as well as the degree of Candidate of Sciences - by continuing doctoral studies for up to 3 years and preparing a doctoral dissertation, and then defending it and awarding a scientific degree, or without completing training, provided employment in relevant scientific positions for the preparation of a doctoral dissertation for no more than 2 years, its subsequent defense and the award of a doctoral degree.

The education system includes:

1) federal state educational standards and federal state requirements, educational standards, educational programs of various types, levels and (or) directions;
2) organizations engaged in educational activities, teachers, students and parents (legal representatives) of underage students;
3) federal state bodies and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation exercising state management in the field of education, and local government bodies exercising management in the field of education, advisory, advisory and other bodies created by them;
4) organizations providing educational activities, assessing the quality of education;
5) associations of legal entities, employers and their associations, public associations operating in the field of education.

Continuous replenishment, refinement of knowledge, acquisition and understanding of new information, development of new skills and abilities become the most important prerequisites for increasing the intellectual level of a person, his standard of living, an urgent need for any specialist. The education system includes a number of levels, which are discrete in nature, but due to continuity, its continuity is ensured.

Continuity allows a person to smoothly move from one stage of development to the next, from one to the next, higher level of education.

According to the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education", Russian education is a continuous system of successive levels, at each of which there are state, non-state, municipal educational institutions of various types and types:

· preschool;
general education (primary general, basic general, secondary (complete) general education);
· initial vocational education;
secondary vocational education;
higher professional education;
postgraduate professional education;
additional education for adults;
additional education for children;
For orphans and children left without parental care (legal representatives);
special (correctional) (for students, pupils with developmental disabilities);
other institutions that carry out the educational process.

Preschool education(nursery, kindergarten). It is optional and usually covers children from 1 year old to 6-7 years old.

Comprehensive school. Education from 7 to 18 years. There are different types of schools, including special schools with in-depth study of certain subjects and for teaching children with developmental disabilities.

· Elementary education(grades 1-4) is usually part of secondary education, except in small villages and outlying areas. Primary school or the first level of general secondary school covers 4 years, most children enter school at the age of 6 or 7 years.
· Basic general education (grades 5 - 9). At the age of 10, children finish primary school, move to secondary school, where they study for another 5 years. After completing the 9th grade, they are issued a certificate of general secondary education. With it, they can apply for admission to the 10th grade of a school (lyceum or gymnasium), or enter, for example, a technical school.
· Complete general education (grades 10 - 11). After studying for another two years at school (lyceum or gymnasium), the guys take final exams, after which they receive a certificate of complete secondary education.

Professional education. Vocational education is represented by educational institutions of primary, secondary and higher vocational education.

· Initial vocational education. Such education can be obtained in vocational lyceums or other institutions of primary vocational education after graduating from the 9th or 11th grade.
· Secondary vocational education. The institutions of secondary vocational education include various technical schools and colleges. They are accepted there after 9th and 11th grades.
· Higher professional education.

Higher education is represented by universities, academies and higher institutions. According to the federal law of August 22, 1996 No. 125-FZ “On higher and postgraduate professional education”, the following types of higher educational institutions are established in the Russian Federation: university, academy, institute. Graduates of these educational institutions receive either a diploma specialist(term of study - 5 years), or degree bachelor(4 years) or master's(6 years). Higher education is considered incomplete if the period of study is at least 2 years.

Postgraduate education system: postgraduate and doctoral studies.

Educational institutions can be paid and free, commercial and non-commercial. They can conclude agreements among themselves, unite into educational complexes (kindergarten - elementary school, lyceum-college-university) and educational and scientific production associations (associations) with the participation of scientific, industrial and other institutions and organizations. Education can be received with or without interruption from work, in the form of family (home) education, as well as external studies.

preschool education in Russia is designed to ensure the intellectual, personal and physical development of a child from one year to 7 years, strengthening his mental health, developing individual abilities and the necessary correction of developmental deficiencies.

Preschool education is carried out:

In institutions of preschool education
In institutions of general education (pre-school)
in institutions of additional education for children (centers and associations of early child development)
at home in the family.

The regulatory and legal activities of preschool educational institutions of the Russian Federation are regulated by the Model Regulations on a preschool educational institution. The system of preschool education, its educational institutions are designed to meet the needs of the population, families with children of preschool age, in educational services. This is emphasized in the Concept of preschool education, proclaimed in the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education" and the Model Regulations on a preschool educational institution. Preschool educational institutions are singled out as an independent type of educational institutions and the possibility of their species diversity is determined. The educational program of preschool education is singled out as an independent educational program from general education programs. At the same time, the educational programs of preschool and primary general education are successive. Preschool institutions in Russia are characterized by multifunctionality, heterogeneity, freedom in choosing the priority direction of the educational process, the use of educational programs.

Since the beginning of 2005, for the first time in 85 years of its existence as state institutions, Russian kindergartens have lost funding from the federal budget. Their content is now entirely entrusted to local authorities. Municipalities have limited room to maneuver between budget deficits and parents' ability to pay.

From January 1, 2007, as part of measures to improve the demographic situation, parents whose children attend state and municipal kindergartens began to receive such compensation. Compensations in state and municipal institutions are calculated as follows: 20% of the maintenance fee for the first child, 50% for the second child and 70% for the third and subsequent children. The amount of compensation is determined on the basis of the amount actually paid by the parents for the maintenance of the child in these institutions.

Economic difficulties in the country have caused a number of negative processes in the functioning of the system of preschool educational institutions. In Russia, now more than a third of young families with a child are not provided with preschool institutions. Parents are entrusted with the functions of the first teachers and the duty to lay the foundations for the physical, moral and intellectual development of the child's personality in early childhood.

It is impossible not to point out such a problem as the low wages of preschool education workers, which in turn becomes an obstacle to attracting young specialists to this area.

Comprehensive secondary school - an educational institution that aims to provide students with a systematic knowledge of the fundamentals of science, as well as the relevant skills and abilities that are necessary for further professional training and higher education. Educational institutions providing general secondary education include general education schools, lyceums and gymnasiums, where education lasts 11 years. Usually they enter a general educational institution at the age of 6 or 7; graduate at 17 or 18.

The academic year begins on September 1 and ends at the end of May or June. There are two main ways of dividing the academic year.

division by four quarters. Between each quarter there are holidays (“summer”, “autumn”, “winter” and “spring”).
division by three trimester. The trimesters are divided into 5 blocks with weekly holidays between them and with summer holidays between the III and I trimesters.

At the end of each quarter or trimester, a final grade is given for all subjects studied, and at the end of each year, an annual grade. With unsatisfactory annual grades, the student may be left for the second year.

At the end of the last grade, as well as at the end of the 9th grade, students take exams in some subjects. Based on the results of these examinations and annual grades, grades are given in the matriculation certificate. In those subjects for which there are no exams, an annual grade is put in the certificate.

Most schools have a 6-day working week (day off - Sunday), 4-7 lessons daily. With this system, lessons are 45 minutes long. It is also possible to study 5 days a week, but with more lessons (up to 9), or with more shorter lessons (35-40 minutes each). Lessons are separated by breaks of 10-20 minutes each. In addition to teaching in the classroom, students do homework (for younger students, homework may not be at the discretion of the teacher).

Compulsory education up to grade 9, education in grades 10 and 11 is optional for all children. After the 9th grade, the graduate receives a certificate of basic secondary education and can continue his studies at a vocational school (vocational school, professional lyceums), where, among other things, it is also possible to complete a complete secondary education program, or at a specialized secondary (technical school, college, a number of schools: medical, pedagogical), where he can receive a secondary specialized education and qualifications, as a rule, a technician or a junior engineer, or even immediately start working. After the end of the 11th grade, the student receives a certificate of complete secondary education - a certificate of complete general education. For admission to a higher educational institution, a complete secondary education is usually required: a high school certificate, or a document on the completion of a secondary vocational school, or a technical school diploma, as well as the result of the Unified State Examination (USE).

Since 2009, the Unified State Examination has acquired the status of compulsory and is the only form of state (final) certification of school graduates.

In the system of general education, there may also be specialized secondary schools or separate classes (pre-profile and profile): with in-depth study of a number of subjects - a foreign language, physical and mathematical, chemical, engineering, biological, etc. They differ from ordinary ones with an additional teaching load in subjects specializations. Recently, a network of full-day schools has been developing, where children not only receive general education, but a large amount of extracurricular work is carried out with them, circles, sections and other associations of additional education for children operate. The school has the right to provide additional educational services to a student only in the event that an Agreement for the provision of additional educational services is concluded with his parents (legal representatives), from the moment such an agreement is concluded and for the period of its validity. Additional educational services are provided in excess and cannot be provided in return or as part of the main activity.

In addition to general education schools in Russia, there are institutions of additional education for children - musical, artistic, sports, etc., which do not solve the problems of general education, but are focused on the development of children's creative potential, their choice of life self-determination, profession.

professional education implements professional educational programs for primary, secondary and higher professional education:

· initial vocational education aims to train skilled workers in all major areas of socially useful activity on the basis of basic general education. For individual professions, it can be based on secondary (complete) general education. Can be obtained in vocational and other schools;
· secondary vocational education (SVE) - aims to train mid-level specialists, meet the needs of the individual in deepening and expanding education on the basis of basic general, secondary (complete) general or primary vocational education.

The following types of secondary specialized educational institutions are established:

a) technical school - a secondary specialized educational institution that implements the main professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic training;
b) college - a secondary specialized educational institution that implements basic professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic training and programs of secondary vocational education of advanced training.

In other words, a technical school and a college teach in specialties in which a secondary vocational education can be obtained in 3 years (in some specialties - in 2 years). At the same time, the college also requires training in advanced training programs (4 years).

· higher professional education - aims to train and retrain specialists of the appropriate level, meet the needs of the individual in deepening and expanding education on the basis of secondary (complete) general, secondary vocational education.

In the Russian Federation, there are three types of higher education institutions where you can get higher education: institute, academy and university.

The Academy is distinguished by a narrower range of specialties, as a rule, they are for one branch of the economy. For example, the academy of railway transport, agricultural academy, mining academy, economic academy, etc.

The university covers a wide range of specialties from different fields. For example, a technical university or a classical university.

Either of these two statuses can be assigned to an educational institution only if it conducts extensive and recognized at a certain level of scientific research.

For the status of “institute”, it is enough for an educational institution to conduct training in at least one specialty and conduct scientific activities at its own discretion. However, despite these differences, the legislation of the Russian Federation does not provide for any advantages or restrictions for graduates of accredited institutes, academies or universities.

A license gives an educational institution the right to conduct educational activities. A license is a state document allowing a university (or its branch) to train specialists in the field of higher professional education. The license is issued by the Federal Service for Supervision of Education and Science. Both non-state and state universities are required to have a license. This document is issued for 5 years. After the expiration of the license, the activity of the university is illegal. The university or branch license must have applications. The annexes to the license indicate all the specialties in which the university or branch has the right to train specialists. If the specialty for which the admission of students is announced is not in the application, then teaching students in this specialty is illegal.

In the Russian Federation, there are various forms of ownership of educational institutions: state (including municipal and subjects of the federation) and non-state (whose founders are legal entities or individuals). All accredited educational institutions, regardless of their form of ownership, have equal rights to issue state-recognised diplomas and deferment from conscription for military service.

Postgraduate professional education provides citizens with the opportunity to improve the level of education, scientific and pedagogical qualifications on the basis of higher professional education.

To obtain it, the following institutes have been created at educational institutions of higher professional education and scientific institutions:

postgraduate studies;
doctoral studies;
residency;

The education system in the Russian Federation is a complex of training programs regulated by state education standards, and educational networks that implement them, consisting of institutions independent of each other, subordinate to supervisory and governing bodies.

How it functions

The Russian education system is a powerful combination of four cooperating structures.

Federal standards and educational requirements that define the information component of the curriculum. Two types of programs are being implemented in the country - general education and specialized, that is, professional. Both types are divided into basic and additional.

The main general educational programs include:

preschool;
initial;
basic;
medium (full).

The main professional programs are divided as follows:

secondary professional;
higher professional (bachelor's degree, specialist's degree, master's degree);
postgraduate vocational training.

The modern education system in Russia involves several forms of education:

within the walls of classrooms (full-time, part-time (evening), part-time);
intrafamily;
self-education;
external student

A combination of the listed training forms is also allowed.

Scientific and educational institutions. They function to implement training programs.

An educational institution is a structure engaged in the implementation of the educational process, that is, the implementation of one or more training programs. The educational institution also provides the maintenance and education of students.

The scheme of the education system in the Russian Federation looks like this:

Educational institutions are:

state (regional and federal subordination);
municipal;
non-state, that is, private.

All of them are legal entities.

Types of educational institutions:

preschool;
general education;
primary, general, higher vocational training and postgraduate vocational education;
military higher vocational education;
additional education;
special and corrective training of the sanatorium type.

III. Structures exercising management and control functions.

IV. Associations of legal entities, public groups and public-state companies operating in the education system of the Russian Federation.

Structure

Institutions are the main link in the education system of the Russian Federation. Educational institutions conduct educational work according to specially developed plans and sets of rules.

Briefly, the education system in the Russian Federation cannot be described, since it is diverse and consists of different components. But all of them are included in the complex, designed at each educational level to carry out the consistent development of individual and professional quality indicators of the individual. Educational institutions and all kinds of training form the Russian system of continuous education, which combines the following types of training:

state,
additional,
self-education.

Components

Education programs in the pedagogical system of the Russian Federation are integral documents developed taking into account:

GEF, which account for more than 70% of the content of educational programs;
national-regional requests.

Federal State Educational Standards - Federal State Educational Standards - contain requirements, compliance with which is mandatory for institutions with state accreditation.

Vocational education

The development of the education system in Russia cannot be imagined without a full-fledged personality formation, which is achieved by mastering deep knowledge, professional skills, skills and solid competencies in one or more professions. Reforming vocational education is designed to ensure progress for every student.

The main areas for improving vocational education include:

strengthening and expanding the material basis of vocational education;
creation of practice centers at enterprises;
involvement in the training of professional production professionals;
improving the quality of training of specialists.

The modern education system in the Russian Federation implies the expansion of the professional component.

Regulations

The main document regulating the activities of educational institutions is the Law “On Education in the Russian Federation” adopted in 2012. It outlines the attitude to the learning process and regulates its financial component. Since the education system is at the stage of reform and improvement, new decrees and orders appear from time to time, and the list of regulations is constantly updated, but today it includes:

The Constitution of the Russian Federation.
Target program for the development of education.
Federal Laws “On Higher and Postgraduate Education”, “On Amendments to Legislative Acts on Levels of Higher Vocational Education”.
Orders of the Ministry of Education and Science "On Leading Universities and Organizations", "On the Implementation of the Bologna Program".
Approximate provisions on the organization of the educational process.
The concept of modernization of the education system in Russia.
Decree "On cooperation with foreign organizations in the field of education."
Model provisions on additional training.

The list also includes laws, decrees, decrees and orders relating separately to each "floor" of the educational system.

Management of the educational system in the Russian Federation

At the top level is the Ministry of Education and Science, which is engaged in the development of the doctrine of the educational sphere and the drafting of legal documents. Further federal agencies and municipal-level executives are located. Collectives of local self-government monitor the implementation of the published acts in the structures of education.

Any management organization has its own clearly defined powers, which are transferred from the highest level to the lowest, which does not have the right to implement certain actions in educational policy. This does not mean delegating the right to finance certain events without the consent of a higher structure.

Inspection of the general observance of legislative provisions is carried out by the state-public system of education management in the Russian Federation. The organizations included in it are mainly engaged in the functioning of schools and monitoring the implementation of the principles:

humane and democratic approach to management;
consistency and integrity;
truthfulness and completeness of information.

In order for the policy to be consistent, the country has a system of education authorities at the following levels:

central;
non-departmental;
republican;
autonomous-regional;
autonomous district.

Thanks to the combination of centralized and decentralized management, it is possible to ensure the work of administrators and public organizations in the interests of the collectives. This creates a springboard for the implementation of management regulations without duplication and leads to increased coordination of actions of all departments of the educational system.

In every country, the educational process plays an undeniably important role in the formation of personality. The main goal of education is the upbringing and training of a person, the acquisition of new knowledge and skills, experience and competence. Various types of education contribute to the professional, moral and physical development of the individual.

What are the types of education in Russia?

The Law "On Education" states that the educational process is a continuous, sequentially connected level system.

There are the following main stages of education:

preschool;
primary school;
basic school;
secondary school (complete).

Note: according to the law "On Education", from 01.09.2013. preschool education is a part of general education, and the terms “general” and “school” have ceased to be equivalent (synonymous) concepts from a legal point of view.

2. Professional:

secondary vocational;
higher (bachelor's degree, specialist's degree, master's degree);
training of highly qualified personnel.

General education

Pre-school (or pre-school) education is intended for children up to 7 years of age, the purpose of which is the upbringing, general development, education of children, as well as the control and care of them. It is carried out in specialized institutions: nurseries, kindergartens, early development centers or at home.

Primary general school education lasts 4 years (from grades 1 to 4), giving the child basic knowledge in basic subjects.

The main one is 5 years (from grade 5 to grade 9), which involves the development of the child in the main scientific areas. After the 9th grade, students pass mandatory tests in the form of the Unified State Examination in certain subjects.

These two levels of schooling are compulsory for all children according to their age. After the 9th grade, the student has the right to leave the school and continue his studies at the chosen secondary special educational institution (hereinafter referred to as the SPSS) (responsibility for such a decision lies with the parents or guardians).

Full school education implies a further two-year high school education, the main purpose of which is to prepare future graduates for entering a university.

Professional education

SPUZ are subdivided into technical schools and colleges. In educational institutions (state and non-state), students are trained in existing specialties for 2-3 (sometimes 4) years. Some SPUZs can be entered after grade 9, others after grade 11 (medical colleges).

In Russian universities, higher education can be mastered after receiving secondary school education (after 11 grades) under bachelor's and specialist's programs. After successfully mastering these programs, you can continue your studies in the magistracy.

According to the Bologna system of education, soon the specialist should cease to exist.

In addition to secondary vocational and higher education, there are types of education that train highly qualified personnel in graduate school (or postgraduate studies) and residency. There are also programs of assistantship-internship for the preparation of creative and pedagogical figures of the highest qualification.

#Students. Trusting Alyosha - video

Unfortunately, in the modern world, most people do not reach the possible level of development, and because of this, a person himself, other people, the state, and society lose a lot.

The right to education - a basic and natural human right - aims to satisfy a person's need for information and directly in training and education. The need for information and education is on a par with the primary needs of a person: physiological, to ensure safety and security.

The legal definition of education is given in the preamble of the Law of July 10, 1992 N 3266-1 "On Education", where it is understood as a purposeful process of education and training in the interests of a person, society, state, accompanied by a statement of the achievement by a citizen (student) of educational levels established by the state (educational qualifications). It follows from the above definition that education is characterized by the presence of two components (processes) - education and training, as well as confirmation of the achievement of the appropriate educational qualification by the student.

It can be noted that education should be a unity of learning processes, upbringing and results.

A more extended concept of education is contained in the draft Concept of the Model Educational Code for the CIS Member States.

In it, education is understood as the process of upbringing and education in the interests of the individual, society, state, focused on the preservation, improvement and transfer of knowledge, transmission of culture to new generations in order to ensure sustainable socio-economic and spiritual development of the country, continuous improvement of the moral, intellectual, aesthetic and the physical state of society.

Education is understood as "a purposeful process of education and training in the interests of a person, society, state."

Education in Russia is a system. In Art. 8 of the Law "On Education" states that education in the Russian Federation is a system. Any system is a form of organization of a certain number of elements, "something whole, which is a unity of regularly arranged and interconnected parts."

System (from the Greek systema - a whole made up of parts; connection) - a set of elements that are in relationships and connections with each other, forming a certain integrity, unity. In modern science, the study of systems of various kinds is carried out within the framework of a systems approach, general systems theory, and various special systems theories.

The provision of the Law on the systematic nature of Russian education is one of the key ones. Only in the interrelation and coherence of all links of this system is it possible to get rid of unnecessary duplication, "gaps" and inconsistencies between the various levels and educational programs of the Russian educational system and, ultimately, to make the educational service of high quality, and the process of its provision to the population - effective.

In this regard, the remark of V.B. Novichkov that the legislator recklessly did not include individuals in the "set of interacting elements" of the education system of individuals, because it is the person, and not society, not the state, that is the root cause, the starting point, the central link of the entire education system, in the absence of which the system itself cannot be conceived . The humanistic orientation of the entire legal system of modern Russia, obviously, in the near future will lead to the inclusion of a person in the educational system as an independent subsystem. The introduction of this fourth subsystem will make it possible to more accurately define the rights, duties and responsibilities of all parties involved in educational legal relations.

One way or another, at present the Russian education system includes three subsystems (or three elements of the system):

content subsystem. This concept traditionally includes state educational standards and educational programs, since it is these elements that represent the content side of education in a particular country. The presence of detailed and clear standards in all segments of the educational system, as a rule, indicates a high systemic nature of education in general in a given country. According to this indicator, Russia is far from the first place.

functional subsystem. This subsystem of Russian education includes educational institutions that implement educational programs and state educational standards, regardless of the form of ownership, type and kind.

Organizational and managerial subsystem. The organizational and managerial subsystem in Russia is in the vast majority of cases three-tiered, since responsibility for managing the continuous process of implementing state educational standards is usually divided between three main governing entities - federal government bodies, regional government bodies and local government educational institutions (administrations of educational institutions). Moreover, such a three-tier management subsystem is fair in relation, among other things, to private educational institutions operating in the Russian Federation. The exception is municipal educational institutions - in this case, the organizational and managerial subsystem is a four-tier one: in addition to the three above-mentioned managing entities, municipal educational authorities are added, which, within their competence, have the right to give mandatory instructions to the administrations of municipal educational institutions, as well as exercise other powers (Art. 31 of the Law on Education) .

In its structural aspect, education, as well as training, is a triune process, characterized by such aspects as the assimilation of experience, the development of behavioral qualities, physical and mental development. Thus, education is determined by certain ideas about the social functions of a person.

preschool;

general education;

Institutions for orphans and children left without parental care;

Professional (initial, secondary special, higher, etc.);

Institutions of additional education;

Other institutions providing educational services.

Pre-school education is not compulsory and usually covers children from 3 to 6-7 years old.

General secondary school. Education from 7 to 18 years. There are different types of schools, including special schools with in-depth study of certain subjects and for teaching children with developmental disabilities.

Primary education usually forms part of secondary education, except in small villages and outlying areas. Primary school or the first level of general secondary school covers 4 years, most children enter school at the age of 6 or 7 years.

Basic general education. At the age of 10, children finish primary school, move to secondary school, where they study for another 5 years. After completing the 9th grade, they are issued a certificate of general secondary education. With it, they can apply for admission to the 10th grade of a school (lyceum or gymnasium), or enter, for example, a technical school.

Complete general education. After studying for another two years at school (lyceum or gymnasium), the guys take final exams, after which they receive a certificate of complete secondary education.

Higher education. Represented by universities, academies and higher institutions. According to the federal law of August 22, 1996 No. 125-FZ "On higher and postgraduate professional education", the following types of higher educational institutions are established in the Russian Federation: university, academy, institute. Graduates of these educational institutions receive either a specialist diploma (training period - 5 years), or a bachelor's degree (4 years), or a master's degree (6 years). Higher education is considered incomplete if the period of study is at least 2 years.

Professional education. Vocational education represented by educational institutions of primary, secondary and higher professional education.

Primary vocational education. Such education can be obtained in professional lyceums, technical schools or other institutions of primary vocational education after finishing the 9th or 11th grade.

Secondary vocational education. The institutions of secondary vocational education include various technical schools and colleges. They are accepted there after 9th and 11th grades.

Higher professional education. System of post-higher education: postgraduate and doctoral studies.

Modern reforms in the field of education, carried out against the background of the globalization of the economy and Russia's desire to enter a single educational space, are subordinated to the interests of a united Europe, which determines the dependence of states in various areas of public life.

Among the main documents aimed at creating a unified European educational system is the Bologna Declaration, signed in 1999 by the Ministers of Education of 29 countries.

The basis for the Bologna Declaration was the University Charter Magna Charta Universitatum (Bologna 1988) and the Sorbonne Declaration - "Joint Declaration on the Harmonization of the Architecture of the European System of Higher Education" (1998), which put forward the ideas of the fundamental principles of a single European space and a single higher education zones for the development of the European continent.

The Bologna Declaration of 1999 (signed by Russia in 2003) defines integration not only in the education systems of European states, but also in other areas. At the same time, education itself acts as a powerful factor in the rapprochement of national states and the formation of transnational public-state systems.

As you can see, the plans to create a unified educational environment largely determine the goals of not only educational, but also cultural, scientific, economic integration of the states of the European region, and in the future - the construction of supranational states of a homogeneous type of management.

Russia's entry into the Bologna process is one of the elements of global influence on the domestic policy of the state and at the same time a factor in the transformation of the Russian education system.

In the processes of globalization, Russia's interests in the European region can be significantly opposed to similar interests of European states. Moreover, in the available statements, Russia's intentions by the end of the first decade of the 21st century. to become part of the common European system of higher education are bound by political barriers, in which equal partnership in this area can only be granted to the countries of the European Union.

On the way to a free educational space, Russia is experiencing a lot of obstacles, not only external, but internal. The problems lie in the search for an education reform model adequate to a certain historical moment, taking into account not only world processes, but also the interests of Russia's sustainable development in the short and long term.

The task of the national education system in modern conditions is to go through the transition period quickly, competently and efficiently, to equip Russian citizens with such fundamental and practical knowledge that they need not only today, but will also be required in the future.

The development of the education system in Russia is determined by the world trends of globalization. Socio-economic changes in the country that have taken place in the last 15 years have led to an internal crisis in the educational system.

Russia takes an active part in the creation of a unified international educational space. Since the 1990s, a broad modernization of the Russian education system has been carried out, aimed at its democratization and development "as an open state-public system."

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