195/65 R15 91 T XL
195 is the tire width in mm.
65 - Proportionality, i.e. profile height to width ratio. In our case, it is equal to 65%. Simply put, with the same width, the larger this indicator, the higher the tire will be and vice versa. Usually this value is simply called “profile”.
Since the tire profile is a relative value, it is important to consider when choosing rubber that if you instead of the size 195/65 R15 if you want to put tires with a size of 205/65 R15, then not only the width of the tire will increase, but also the height! Which in most cases is unacceptable! (except when both of these sizes are indicated in the car's operating book). You can calculate the exact data on changing the outer dimensions of the wheel in a special tire calculator.
If this ratio is not indicated (for example, 185/R14С), then it is equal to 80-82% and the tire is called full profile. Reinforced tires with this marking are usually used on minibuses and light trucks, where a large maximum wheel load is very important.
R - means a tire with a radial cord (in fact, almost all tires are made this way now).
Many mistakenly believe that R- stands for the radius of the tire, but this is precisely the radial design of the tire. There is also a diagonal design (indicated by the letter D), but recently it has practically not been produced, since its performance is noticeably worse.
15 - diameter of the wheel (disk) in inches. (It is the diameter, not the radius! This is also a common mistake). This is the “landing” diameter of the tire on the disk, i.e. is the inside size of the tire or the outside of the rim.
91 - load index. This is the level of maximum permissible load on one wheel. For passenger cars, it is usually done with a margin and is not a decisive factor when choosing tires (in our case, IN - 91 - 670 kg.). For minibuses and small trucks, this parameter is very important and must be observed.
Additional information indicated in the marking on the sidewall of the tire:
XL or Extra Load- a reinforced tire, the load index of which is 3 units higher than that of conventional tires of the same size. In other words, if a given tire has a load index of 91 marked XL or Extra Load, then this means that with this index, the tire is able to withstand a maximum load of 670 kg instead of 615 kg (see the table of tire load indices).
M+S or M&S tire marking (Mud + Snow) - mud plus snow and means that the tires are all-season or winter. Many summer tires for SUVs are labeled M&S. However, these tires must not be used in winter, as winter tires have a completely different rubber compound and tread pattern, and the M&S badge indicates good flotation performance.
All Season or AS all season tires. Aw (Any Weather) - Any weather.
Pictogram * (snowflake)— rubber is designed for use in harsh winter conditions. If this marking is not on the sidewall of the tire, then this tire is intended for use only in summer conditions.
Aquatred, Aquacontact, Rain, Water, Aqua or a pictogram (umbrella) - special rain tires.
outside and inside; asymmetric tires, i.e. It is important not to confuse which side is the outside and which is the inside. When installing, the Outside inscription must be on the outside of the car, and Inside on the inside.
RSC (RunFlat System Component) - tires run flat- these are tires on which you can continue to drive a car at a speed of no more than 80 km / h with a FULL drop in pressure in the tire (in case of a puncture or cut). On these tires, depending on the manufacturer's recommendations, you can drive from 50 to 150 km. Different tire manufacturers use different designations for RSC technology.
For example: Bridgestone RFT Continental SSR, Goodyear RunOnFlat, Nokian Run Flat, Michelin ZP etc.
rotation or arrow this marking on the sidewall of the tire indicates a directional tire. When installing the tire, you must strictly observe the direction of rotation of the wheel, indicated by the arrow.
Tubeless (TL)- tubeless tyre. In the absence of this inscription, the tire can only be used with a camera. Tube Type - indicates that this tire must be used only with a tube.
Max Pressure; maximum allowable tire pressure. Max load- the maximum allowable load on each wheel of the car, in kg.
Reinforced or letters RF in a standard size (for example 195/70 R15RF) means that it is a reinforced tire (6 layers).
Letter FROM at the end of the size (for example 195/70 R15C) denotes a truck tire (8 layers).
Radial this marking on the rubber in the standard size means that it is a radial construction tire. Steel means that a metal cord is present in the tire structure.
MO- Mercedes Original - means the tires are developed with the participation of Daimler specialists / AO- Audi Original etc.
Letter E(in a circle) - the tire meets the European requirements of ECE (Economic Commission for Europe). DOT (Department of Transportation - US Department of Transportation) is an American quality standard.
Temperature A, B or C heat resistance of tires at high speeds on a test bench (A is the best indicator).
Traction A, B or C- the ability of the tire to brake on a wet roadway.
Treadwear; relative expected mileage compared to a specific US standard test.
TWI(Tread Wear Indiration) - indicators of tire tread wear. The marking on the TWI wheel can also be with an arrow. Pointers are located evenly in eight or six places around the entire circumference of the tire and show the minimum allowable tread depth. The wear indicator is made in the form of a protrusion with a height of 1.6 mm (the minimum tread value for light vehicles) and is located in the tread recess (usually in the drainage grooves).
Foreign brands fill the media space, so each of us at least once came across such a value as Ltd. In this article, we will learn what the decryption of Ltd, the abbreviation LLC, means, and also find out where these abbreviations are used.
How stands for
There are three identical concepts: LLC, Ltd and LLC. The decoding of each value denotes a limited liability company, however, these symbols have differences. First, LLC (from the abbreviated Limited Liability Company / Limited Liability Company) is used in the United States. Second, Ltd (short for limited) is used in the UK. Thirdly, LLC is an abbreviation used in the CIS countries (Russia, Kazakhstan). Do not confuse these three designations, because in Russia it is forbidden to indicate Ltd or LLC instead of the usual LLC.
A little about the meaning
The Ltd decoding is actively used in all English-speaking countries, which include many European countries, the USA, and Australia. The abbreviated value can also be seen on the documents of international companies. Most often it is used in Ireland, Portugal, the Czech Republic and England, especially along with the widely used abbreviation PLC. Often other values are put on documents, such as Inc., Corp., LDC, iBC, & Co, SA, LP and other abbreviations. The decoding Ltd in English accurately indicates the traditional type of entrepreneurship. In the United States of America, the abbreviation is used as part of the company name, which may not be crossed out or left out. Just like in Russia, every registered entrepreneur is required to indicate abbreviations and meanings, such as LLC, LLP or IP.
What does
Decoding Ltd in Russian: limited (from the word Limited). In everyday life, the phrase Limited Company is used, which is a company with limited rights. It is an important definition of the legal and organizational form. Each country has a set of rules and regulations that are spelled out in the charter or in the legislation.
An LLC, or Ltd, is a company that is divided into several shares. As a rule, all capital is distributed among the legal owners of the firm. At the same time, all LLC participants have limited liability, but are representatives of a legal entity based on the state organizational and legal form.
Detailed description
First, a limited liability company in its structure resembles a joint-stock company. Secondly, any person who is both an individual and a legal entity can join an Ltd.
Decryption Ltd is a multi-member enterprise. They are not responsible for the founders themselves, and vice versa. LLC - an organization in which there may be several founders, but the number of participants should not exceed 50 people. For example, an IP - an individual enterprise - is opened only for one owner - the founder, and if the number of participants exceeds the norm, then under the law this type of legal activity is considered a joint-stock company.
Since several persons can participate in a limited liability company, the main documents are the charter and the contract. As a rule, the conditions of the latter may vary depending on the wishes of the founders. The law does not prohibit anyone who wants to change the status of their activities. So, any individual entrepreneur can invite several participants and be renamed Ltd.
Where is used
Like LLC Ltd (the value is indicated above), it must be used on all documents of the organization without fail. This is because this value is a sign of both organizational unity and property isolation. A three-letter document allows members to use their organization to reach out to other societies and organizations.
Where the symbol is used without decoding Ltd:
- When contacting an organization or vice versa, if the founders compose a letter. Then it is used which fits together with a bunch of Ltd (LLC).
- When specifying the address and other contact details. As a rule, the legal address at which the organization is registered with the specified value is used, or the current address where the company is located.
- Ltd fits into the authorized capital, and when indicating the activities of the company.
- When specifying the founders and representatives. For example, if you need to enter the details of the general director, then the designation is also indicated.
Features and nuances
- A limited liability company must be registered by the tax authority of a locality or region.
- According to the law of any country where there is the concept of LLC or Ltd, the company must have its own authorized capital. For example, the minimum amount of such capital should not be less than 100 minimum wages or MCI.
- If the laws are violated, the company can be liquidated. This happens for several reasons. The most common problem of an LLC is ignoring the contribution of the rest of the authorized capital.
- There are certain risks for members of the company. For example, in the event of liquidation of an enterprise, participants may lose their contributions. They are notified about this when signing the memorandum of association.
- Each participant has the right to dispose of his share at his own discretion. He can sell it or transfer it to a third party.
The main feature of Ltd is that each participant can leave the company at any time, while the organization will be obliged to pay each person who leaves his earned share.
Buying a new tire is a real test for a car owner. And all because he has to look for answers to many questions, for example: what does this or that sign indicate, what is the difference between all-season and winter tires, what does M S mean on tires, how to understand tire markings and others?
In order to give a complete description of all the incomprehensible markers on the sidewall of the rubber, it will take too much time, and therefore today we will focus only on the marking of m s tires, leaving for another time a detailed description of the size values, and decoding suv for tires, and other important inscriptions on tires (their designation).
Features of tires M S
First, you need to define the concept. The literal decoding of the abbreviation M + S: snow + mud (the derivatives of the name in this case are the English synonyms Mud and Snow, respectively).
Unlike standard tires, this rubber boasts more features related to the following points:
- Developed protector. The specific tread pattern of tires marked M S allows them to move more confidently on snowy and wet roads, as well as to easily cover long distances off-road.
- rubber properties. The letters M S on the sidewall of the tires also indicate a stronger grip due to the use of softer rubber in the production, this factor minimizes such an unpleasant phenomenon as aquaplaning (complete or partial separation of the wheel from the road surface). The level of rolling resistance is also increased, providing more comfortable conditions during the trip.
There is only one small nuance: the designation M S, unfortunately, is not a symbol protected by law (any manufacturer can put it on the tire, next to the size, speed and load indices). So, the promised improved driving performance on snow and mud, which is indicated by the m s marker, may only be a "publicity stunt". However, eminent brands (Nokian, Bridgestone, Yokohama and other manufacturers who value their reputation) are responsible for each symbol that indicates certain qualities of a tire and is applied to its surface.
Seasonal tires M S
About 70% of motorists mistakenly believe that it is customary to designate only winter tires with the m s marking. This opinion may cause disappointment from the purchase of this product, since what this marker means for a particular brand of tire is known only to its manufacturer.
In principle, initially this class of tires was focused on operation in Europe, the climatic features of which are different from the conditions of Russian winters, and therefore its use as a set of tires for our cold season is possible only in two cases:
- Extended Features. A 100% guarantee that the purchased tires can really be attributed to the class of winter tires is given only by the presence next to the M S symbol of an additional sign in the form of a snowflake (against a mountain). This is exactly what m s winter tires mean, which means that they have been tested in conditions as close as possible to the Russian climate and have been approved by the Manufacturers Association of the USA and Canada (authoritative organizations that place high demands on car tires).
- Operation in the metropolis. Roads in large cities of the Russian Federation in winter are not much different from European highways (the same slush, mud, lack of an ice layer - thanks to the reagents), and therefore it is quite possible to drive in these megacities on tires m s even in cold weather. Despite the fact that the marking M S means improved performance of the tire, when driving both in snow and in mud - this is more like a rescue for a car enthusiast in the off-season, and not in a harsh winter (the all-season tire class suits them more).
Summarizing the above, several important conclusions can be drawn, namely:
- tires M S special(improved tread and non-standard material make them the owners of excellent driving performance);
- tires M S, not necessarily winter(possible and such options as: all-weather tires or tires for cars category suv - SUVs, crossovers).
That's all. It remains only to decide whether they are worth installing on your car.
