Russian scientist Nobel Prize winner Academician Alferov. Zhores Alferov: the flagship of domestic electronics

Zhores Ivanovich Alferov

The very personality of Zhores Ivanovich destroys the myth that all electronics was invented in America or Japan - anywhere but not here. Yes, these countries are far ahead of us now. But it all started with the discoveries of the Leningrad scientist, which he made in 1962-1974 and which led to qualitative changes in the development of all electronic technology. The current Nobel Prize is awarded both to his "former" merits to physics, and modern - the creation of ultra-fast supercomputers.

Zhores Ivanovich Alferov was born on March 15, 1930 in Vitebsk. The boy was named Jaurès after Jean Jaurès, the founder of the newspaper "Humanite", the founder of the French Socialist Party. Father, Ivan Karpovich, started as a worker, and after graduating from the Industrial Academy in 1935, he worked in various cities of the country: Stalingrad, Novosibirsk, Barnaul, Syasstroy near Leningrad. The whole family traveled with him - mother Anna Vladimirovna and older brother with the same unusual name - Marx.

The Alferovs spent the war years in the city of Turinsk, Sverdlovsk Region, where Ivan Karpovich worked as the director of a powder pulp plant. In 1944, a funeral came to the family: Marx died in the battle of Korsun-Shevchenko.

With the end of the war, the Alferovs returned to the ruins of Minsk.

“My choice of physics, of course, is not accidental,” recalls Alferov. - In post-war Minsk, in the only Russian male secondary school No. 42 in the ruined city at that time, there was a wonderful physics teacher - Yakov Borisovich Meltserzon. We did not have a physics classroom, and Yakov Borisovich gave us lectures on physics, in which we, in fact, a rather "hooligan" class, never played naughty, because Yakov Borisovich, in love with physics, was able to convey this attitude to his subject to us . In his lessons, you could hear a fly fly by. He could not accept that physics can not be interested and not loved! He recommended me to go to study in Leningrad.

I, struck by his story about the operation of a cathode oscilloscope and the principles of radar, went to study on his advice in Leningrad at the Electrotechnical Institute (LETI).

At LETI, an institute that played an outstanding role in the development of domestic electronics and radio engineering and in education in these areas, I was very lucky to have my first supervisor. In the third year, believing that mathematics and theoretical disciplines are easy for me, and I need to learn a lot by "hands", I went to work in the vacuum laboratory of Professor B.P. Kozyrev. There I began experimental work under the guidance of Natalia Nikolaevna Sozina, alas, now deceased - a person of rare kindness, who had recently defended her thesis on the study of semiconductor photodetectors in the infrared region of the spectrum. So, in 1950, half a century ago, semiconductors became the main business of my life.

And I did my diploma with her. During the execution of my thesis, devoted to the production of films and the study of the photoconductivity of bismuth telluride, in December 1952, distribution took place, and Natalia Nikolaevna really wanted me to stay at the LETI department for joint work. But I dreamed of Phystech, the institute of Abram Fedorovich Ioffe, whose monograph "Basic Concepts of Modern Physics" became a reference book for me. At LETI, our faculty received three vacancies at LFTI - the then abbreviation of the Physico-Technical Institute - and one of them went to me. My joy knew no bounds. And I think that my happy life in science was predetermined by this distribution.”

On March 5, 1953, Alferov created the first transistor, and in 1961 he defended his Ph.D. thesis, devoted mainly to the development and research of powerful germanium and partially silicon rectifiers. On the basis of these works, domestic power semiconductor electronics arose.

“I formulated the general new principles for controlling electronic and light fluxes in heterostructures (electronic and optical limitations and features of injection) only in 1966 and, in order to avoid classification, in the title of the article I spoke primarily about rectifiers, and not about lasers,” recalls Zhores Ivanovich . - At the beginning of our studies of heterostructures, I repeatedly had to convince my young colleagues, now members of my laboratory (in 1967, I was elected head of the department by the LPTI scientific council) that we were far from the only ones in the world who were engaged in an obvious and natural task for nature. : semiconductor physics and electronics will develop on the basis of hetero-, not homo-structures. But, starting from 1968, a very tough competition really began, primarily with the three laboratories of the largest American firms - Bell Telephone, IBM and RCA.

In 1968-1969 all the main ideas of controlling electronic and light fluxes in classical heterostructures based on the gallium arsenide-aluminum arsenide system were practically implemented. In addition to fundamentally important fundamental results - one-sided effective injection, the "overinjection" effect, diagonal tunneling, electronic and optical confinement in a double heterostructure, which soon became the main element in the study of low-dimensional electron gas in semiconductors - it was possible to practically realize the main advantages of using heterostructures in semiconductor devices: lasers, light-emitting diodes, solar batteries, dinistors and transients... Of course, the most important was the creation of low-threshold lasers operating at room temperature based on the double heterostructure (DHS) proposed by us back in 1963. The approach implemented by Panish and Hayashi at Bell Telephone and by Kressel at RCA was much narrower and was based on the use of a single pAlGaAs-pGaAs heterostructure in lasers. Obviously, they did not believe in the possibility of obtaining efficient injection in heterojunctions and, although the potential advantages of DHS were known, they did not risk its implementation.

Solar batteries based on heterostructures were created by us already in 1970. And when the Americans published the first works, our batteries were already flying on satellites and their industrial production was launched. Their advantage in space has been brilliantly proven by many years of operation on the Mir orbital station ...

But it was a very difficult road. At first, I had one or two people who worked with me. There were situations when we went in a dead end direction. My graduate student woke me up at five in the morning and said: you are forcing us into a lost cause. Your dad is an old Bolshevik, and you are acting by the same methods - you are pushing us into these heterotransitions like he did into the revolution! But then it turned out that we were right.”

"For the study of semiconductor heterostructures, laser diodes and ultrafast transistors" Alferov was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for 2000.

Research in this area led Alferov first to systems with a low-dimensional electron gas - the so-called quantum wells, then to quantum wires, now the scientist is engaged in quantum dots. A method has already been found for creating ensembles of such quantum dots in the process of growing heterostructures. This provides enormous advantages for lasers, in particular, the possible gain increases dramatically. Therefore, in a relatively small volume, large gains are achieved, and the threshold at which generation begins will be lower. The possibility of using quantum dots in other devices is also being considered.

Despite all the difficulties, Alferov believes in the future of Russian science: “But for this, everyone must understand now: the future of Russia is science and technology, and not the sale of raw materials. Four Nobel laureates have already graduated from our institute: Nikolai Semyonov, Lev Landau, Pyotr Kapitsa and myself. And the future of the country is not for the oligarchs, but for one of my students.”

Alferov gave part of his Nobel Prize for the development of the scientific and educational center of the Institute of Physics and Technology.

“The scientific and educational center that Alferov created in St. Petersburg deserves another Nobel Prize. For the experience of supporting science in a country where the state did not need it for a whole decade, it was not funded. They come to the center as schoolchildren, study according to an in-depth program, then - institute, graduate school, academic education, - says member of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences, academician, director of the Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics Yuri Gulyaev. - When scientists began to leave the country in droves, and almost all school graduates began to prefer business to education and science, there was a terrible danger that there would be no one to pass on the knowledge of the older generation of scientists. Alferov found a way out and literally accomplished a feat by creating this kind of "greenhouse for future scientists."

In the FTI, they say about Alferov: he always achieves everything he wants. The main thing for him is to define a clear and precise goal. Zhores Ivanovich started not only in academic affairs: “You won’t get bored with him,” his comrades say. - Zhores Ivanovich especially loves to sing. True, he has no data for this, with which he himself agrees. Nevertheless, he always sings in full voice and always the whole song to the end.

The first time Alferov married very young and divorced at the age of thirty. Despite everything, he spoke only positively about his ex-wife. The scientist left her the received room in a communal apartment, and he again moved to a hostel. He took only a motorcycle with him. Today, by the way, the scientist drives a Volvo.

In the late sixties, while on vacation in Sochi, he met his second wife, Tamara Georgievna, a philologist by education. Six months later they got married. “At the same time, I had to move from Moscow to St. Petersburg, which previously seemed completely impossible. I could not resist Zhora, - now Tamara Georgievna recalls. - He called every day, and on weekends he flew to the capital for a couple of hours, just to see, give flowers and say that he "loves and waits."

In 1972, a memorable year for the academician - he was then awarded the Lenin Prize - his son Ivan was born. First, he followed in his father's footsteps and graduated from the Electrotechnical Institute. But later he went into business. Which made my father very upset. Attempts to “reason” with the son did not lead to anything.

The favorite resting place of the famous scientist is the village of Komarovo. On the shore of the Gulf of Finland, the academician has a dacha built back in the Stalin years.

Zhores Alferov is, without exaggeration, the greatest living Soviet and Russian physicist, the only surviving Nobel Prize winner in physics living in Russia, the patriarch of parliamentary politics.

A family

Zhores Alferov grew up in the family of Belarusian Ivan Karpovich Alferov and Jewish woman Anna Vladimirovna Rosenblum. The elder brother Marx Ivanovich Alferov died at the front.

Zhores Alferov is married for the second time to Tamara Darskaya. From this marriage, Alferov has a son, Ivan. It is also known that Alferov has a daughter from his first marriage, with whom he does not maintain relations, and an adopted daughter, Irina, the daughter of his second wife from his first marriage.

Biography

The beginning of the war did not allow young Zhores Alferov to study at school, and he continued his studies immediately after the end of the war in the destroyed Minsk, in the only working Russian male secondary school No. 42.

After graduating from school with a gold medal, Zhores Alferov went to Leningrad and without entrance exams was enrolled in the Faculty of Electronic Engineering Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute named after V.I. Ulyanova (LETI).

In 1950, student Zhores Alferov, who specialized in electrovacuum technology, began working in the vacuum laboratory of Professor B.P. Kozyrev.

In December 1952, during the distribution of students to his department at LETI, Zhores Alferov chose the Leningrad Institute of Physics and Technology (LFTI), which was led by the famous Abram Ioffe. At LPTI, Alferov became a junior researcher and took part in the development of the first domestic transistors.

In 1959, Zhores Alferov received his first government award, the Badge of Honor, for his work in the USSR Navy.

In 1961, Alferov defended a secret dissertation on the development and research of powerful germanium and silicon rectifiers, and received the degree of candidate of technical sciences.

In 1964, Zhores Alferov became a senior researcher Phystech.

In 1963, Alferov began studying semiconductor heterojunctions. In 1970, Alferov defended his doctoral dissertation, summarizing a new stage of research on heterojunctions in semiconductors. In fact, he created a new direction - the physics of heterostructures.

In 1971, Zhores Alferov was awarded his first international award, the Ballantyne Medal, established by the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia. In 1972 Alferov became a laureate Lenin Prize.

In 1972, Alferov became a professor, and a year later - the head of the basic department of optoelectronics of the Electrotechnical Institute, opened at the Faculty of Electronic Engineering of the Phystech. In 1987, Alferov headed the Phystech, and in 1988, in parallel, he became the dean of the Faculty of Physics and Technology of the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute (LPI), which he opened.

In 1990, Alferov became vice-president of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

On October 10, 2000, it became known that Zhores Alferov became the laureate Nobel Prize in Physics- for the development of semiconductor heterostructures for high-speed and optoelectronics. He shared the prize itself with two other physicists, Kremer and Jack Kilby.

In 2001, Alferov became a laureate of the State Prize of the Russian Federation.

In 2003, Alferov left the post of head of the Phystech, remaining the scientific director of the institute. In 2005, he became chairman of the St. Petersburg Physics and Technology Scientific and Educational Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Zhores Alferov is a world-renowned scientist who created his own scientific school and trained hundreds of young scientists. Alferov is a member of a number of scientific organizations in the world.

Politics

Zhores Alferov since 1944 was a member Komsomol, and since 1965 - a member CPSU. Alferov entered politics in the late 1980s. From 1989 to 1992 Alferov was a People's Deputy of the USSR.

In 1995, Zhores Alferov was elected a deputy State Duma second convocation from the movement "Our home is Russia". In the State Duma, Alferov headed the subcommittee on science of the Committee on Science and Education of the State Duma.

Most of the time, Alferov was a member of the Our Home is Russia faction, but in April 1999 he joined the People's Power parliamentary group.

In 1999, Alferov was again elected to the State Duma of the third, and then in 2003 - and the fourth convocation, passing through party lists CPRF without being a party member. In the State Duma, Alferov continued to be a member of the parliamentary committee on education and science.

In 2001-2005, Alferov headed the presidential commission for the import of spent nuclear fuel.

In 2007, Alferov was elected to the State Duma of the fifth convocation from the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, becoming the oldest deputy of the lower house. Since 2011, Alferov has been a member of the State Duma of the sixth convocation from the Communist Party of the Russian Federation.

Run for president in 2013 RAS and, having received 345 votes, took second place.

In April 2015, Zhores Alferov returned to the Public Council under Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation. Alferov left the post of chairman of the public council under the Ministry of Defense in March 2013.

The scientist said that the reason for leaving was disagreements with the minister Livanov on the role of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He explained that the minister spoke in a completely different way about the role and significance of the RAS". Also, the Nobel laureate believed that Livanov either did not understand the traditions of effective cooperation between the Russian Academy of Sciences and universities, or " deliberately trying to break science and education".

Income

According to the declaration of Zhores Alferov, in 2012 he earned 17,144,258.05 rubles. He owns two land plots of 12,500.00 sq. m, two apartments with an area of 216.30 sq. m, a cottage with an area of 165.80 sq. m and a garage.

Rumors

After the reform of the Russian Academy of Sciences, which began in 2013, Alferov was called its main opponent. At the same time, Alferov himself did not sign the statement of the scientists included in Club "July 1", his name is not under the Appeal of Russian scientists to the top leaders of the Russian Federation.

In July 2007, Zhores Alferov became one of the authors of the appeal of academicians of the Russian Academy of Sciences to the President of Russia Vladimir Putin, in which scientists opposed the "growing clericalization of Russian society": academicians opposed the introduction of the specialty "theology" and against the introduction of a compulsory school subject "Fundamentals of Orthodox Culture".

Zhores Ivanovich Alferov
RAS, April 10, 2001
Date of birth: March 15, 1930
Place of birth: Vitebsk, Byelorussian SSR, USSR
Country:USSR → Russia
Scientific area:
semiconductor physics
Academic degree: Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (1970)
Academic title: Professor (1972), Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1979), Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991)
Alma mater: LETI

Zhores Ivanovich Alferov(Belarusian Zhares Ivanovich Alferaў; born March 15, 1930, Vitebsk, Byelorussian SSR, USSR) - Soviet and Russian physicist, the only living one living in Russia - Russian Nobel Prize winner in physics (2000 prize for the development of semiconductor heterostructures and the creation fast opto- and microelectronic components). Laureate of the Lenin Prize (1972), State Prize of the USSR (1984), State Prize of the Russian Federation (2001). Organizer, chairman of the international committee and laureate (2005) of Russia's largest monetary award "Global Energy".

Vice President of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 1991, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1979, Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1972), from 1989 to the present - Chairman of the Presidium of the St. Petersburg Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vice President Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1990-1991.

Foreign member of the US National Academy of Sciences (1990), US National Academy of Engineering (1990), foreign member of the GDR Academy of Sciences (1987). Foreign member of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus (1995), honorary member of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova (2000), honorary member of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan (2004), honorary member of the National Academy of Sciences of Armenia (2011).
Member of the State Duma of the Russian Federation (since 1995). In 1989 he was elected a People's Deputy of the USSR from the USSR Academy of Sciences, in December 1995 Alferov was elected to the State Duma of the second convocation from the Our Home is Russia movement, in 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011 he was re-elected as a deputy of the State Duma of the Russian Federation, passing through the party lists of the Communist Party, not being a member of the Communist Party.

Born in the Belarusian-Jewish family of Ivan Karpovich Alferova and Anna Vladimirovna Rosenblum. The father of the future scientist was born in Chashniki, his mother came from the town of Kraisk (now the Logoisk district of the Minsk region of Belarus). The name was given in honor of Jean Jaurès. He spent the pre-war years in Stalingrad, Novosibirsk, Barnaul and Syasstroy.
During the Great Patriotic War Alferov family moved to Turinsk (Sverdlovsk region), where his father worked as the director of a pulp and paper mill, and after graduation returned to war-torn Minsk. The elder brother - Marx Ivanovich Alferov (1924-1944) - died at the front. He graduated with a gold medal from secondary school No. 42 in Minsk and, on the advice of physics teacher Yakov Borisovich Meltserzon, studied for several semesters at the Belarusian Polytechnic Institute (now BNTU) in Minsk at the Faculty of Energy, after which he went to enter Leningrad, at LETI. In 1952 he graduated from the Faculty of Electronic Engineering of the Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute named after V. I. Ulyanov (Lenin) (LETI), where he was admitted without exams.

Since 1953, he worked at the A.F. Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, where he was a junior researcher in the laboratory of V.M. Tuchkevich and took part in the development of the first domestic transistors and germanium power devices. Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (1961). As a member of the CPSU, Alferov was actively involved in party and economic activities, was the secretary of the party organization of the Physico-Technical Institute, a member of the Leningrad city committee of the CPSU. Supervised a number of works by a team of physicists Dmitry Tretyakov and Rudolf Kazarinov in the field of semiconductor physics. It is believed that these works became the basis for Alferov's Nobel Prize (2000). Physicist Rudolf Kazarinov was also nominated for the award, but did not receive it.

In 1970, Alferov defended his dissertation, summarizing a new stage of research on heterojunctions in semiconductors, and received a doctorate in physical and mathematical sciences. In 1972, Alferov became a professor, and a year later - head of the basic department of optoelectronics at LETI. Since the early 1990s, Alferov has been studying the properties of low-dimensional nanostructures: quantum wires and quantum dots. From 1987 to May 2003 - director of the FTI. A. F. Ioffe.

In 2003, Alferov left the post of head of the FTI. A.F. Ioffe in connection with the achievement of the age limit (75 years) and until 2006 served as chairman of the academic council of the institute. However, Alferov retained influence on a number of scientific structures, among which: FTI im. A. F. Ioffe, Research and Development Center for Microelectronics and Submicron Heterostructures, Scientific and Educational Complex (NOC) of the Institute of Physics and Technology and the Physics and Technology Lyceum. Since 1988 (the moment of foundation) Dean of the Faculty of Physics and Technology of St. Petersburg State Pedagogical University.

In 1990-1991 - Vice-President of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Chairman of the Presidium of the Leningrad Scientific Center. Since 2003 - Chairman of the Scientific and Educational Complex "St. Petersburg Physical and Technical Scientific and Educational Center" of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1979), then of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Honorary Academician of the Russian Academy of Education. Vice President of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Chairman of the Presidium of the St. Petersburg Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Chief editor of "Letters to the Journal of Technical Physics".

He was the editor-in-chief of the journal Physics and Technology of Semiconductors, a member of the editorial board of the journal Surface: Physics, Chemistry, Mechanics, and a member of the editorial board of the journal Science and Life. He was a member of the board of the Knowledge Society of the RSFSR.

He was the initiator of the establishment in 2002 of the Global Energy Prize, until 2006 he headed the International Committee for its award. It is believed that the award of this prize to Alferov himself in 2005 was one of the reasons for his leaving this post.

He is the rector-organizer of the new Academic University.

On April 5, 2010, it was announced that Alferov was appointed scientific director of the innovation center in Skolkovo.

Since 2010 - co-chairman of the Advisory Scientific Council of the Skolkovo Foundation.

In 2013, he ran for the presidency of the Russian Academy of Sciences and, having received 345 votes, took second place.

1944 - member of the Komsomol.
1965 - Member of the CPSU.
1989-1992 - People's Deputy of the USSR,
1995-1999 - Deputy of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of the 2nd convocation from the movement "Our Home - Russia" (NDR), Chairman of the Subcommittee on Science of the Committee on Science and Education of the State Duma, member of the NDR faction, since 1998 - member of the People's Power parliamentary group.
1999-2003 - Deputy of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of the 3rd convocation from the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, member of the Communist Party faction, member of the Committee on Education and Science.
2003-2007 - Deputy of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of the 4th convocation from the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, member of the Communist Party faction, member of the Committee on Education and Science.
In 2007-2011 - Deputy of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of the 5th convocation from the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, member of the Communist Party faction, member of the State Duma Committee on Science and High Technologies. The oldest deputy of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of the 5th convocation.
Since 2011 - Deputy of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of the 6th convocation from the Communist Party.
Member of the editorial board of the radio newspaper Slovo.
Chairman of the Editorial Board of the journal "Nanotechnologies Ecology Production".
Established the Education and Science Support Fund to support talented young students, promote their professional growth, and encourage creative activity in conducting scientific research in priority areas of science. The first contribution to the Fund was made by Zhores Alferov from the funds of the Nobel Prize.

On October 4, 2010, Alexei Kondaurov and Andrey Piontkovsky published an article on the Grani.Ru website entitled “How do we defeat kleptocracy”, where they proposed to nominate a single candidate from the right and left opposition from the Communist Party of the Russian Federation for the presidency. As candidates, they proposed to nominate one of the Russian elders; at the same time, along with Viktor Gerashchenko and Yuri Ryzhov, they also proposed the candidacy of Zhores Alferov.
views
Alferov at the opening of the III International Nanotechnology Forum Rusnanotech 2010 at Expocentre Fairgrounds

One of the authors of the Open Letter of 10 academicians to Putin against clericalization.
He opposes the teaching of the subject of the Fundamentals of Orthodox Culture in schools, at the same time arguing that he has "a very simple and kind attitude towards the Russian Orthodox Church", and that "the Orthodox Church defends the unity of the Slavs" [source not specified 32 days].
Does not consider it possible to admit outstanding Russian scientists who are not integrated into the system of RAS institutes as members of the RAS; was an opponent of the election of Nobel laureates Andrei Geim and Konstantin Novoselov as corresponding members of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
He demonstrated the social stratification of Russian society that existed in the 2000s by picking up a glass of wine and saying: “It belongs to the contents - alas! - only ten percent of the population. And the leg on which the glass is held is the rest of the population.
Discussing the problems of modern Russian science with a correspondent of the Argumenty i Fakty newspaper, he noted: “The lag in science is not a consequence of any weakness of Russian scientists or a manifestation of a national trait, but the result of a foolish reform of the country.”
A staunch opponent of the reform of the Russian Academy of Sciences that began in 2013, Alferov has repeatedly expressed his attitude to this bill: "The Academy of Sciences in organizational and structural terms is a conservative institution in the best sense of the word." He considers it necessary to retain the right to manage the property of the Academy for the leadership of the Russian Academy of Sciences: “Who benefits from the idea of changing the status of the Academy - is it not those who covet this property? Won't the federal body proposed in the draft law become "Academservice" - like the well-known "Oboronservis"?

Awards and prizes
Awards of Russia and the USSR

Full Cavalier of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland":
Order of Merit for the Fatherland, 1st class (March 14, 2005) - for outstanding services in the development of domestic science and active participation in lawmaking
Order of Merit for the Fatherland, II degree (2000)
Order of Merit for the Fatherland, III degree (June 4, 1999) - for his great contribution to the development of domestic science, the training of highly qualified personnel and in connection with the 275th anniversary of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" IV degree (March 15, 2010) - for services to the state, a great contribution to the development of domestic science and many years of fruitful activity
Order of Lenin (1986)
Order of the October Revolution (1980)
Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1975)
Order of the Badge of Honor (1959)
Medals
State Prize of the Russian Federation in 2001 in the field of science and technology (August 5, 2002) for the series of works "Fundamental research on the formation processes and properties of heterostructures with quantum dots and the creation of lasers based on them"
Lenin Prize (1972) - for fundamental research on heterojunctions in semiconductors and the creation of new devices based on them
USSR State Prize (1984) - for the development of isoperiodic heterostructures based on quaternary solid solutions of A3B5 semiconductor compounds

Foreign awards

Order of Francysk Skaryna (Republic of Belarus, May 17, 2001) - for his great personal contribution to the development of physical science, the organization of Belarusian-Russian scientific and technical cooperation, the strengthening of friendship between the peoples of Belarus and Russia
Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise (Ukraine, May 15, 2003) - for a significant personal contribution to the development of cooperation between Ukraine and the Russian Federation in the socio-economic and humanitarian spheres
Order of Friendship of Peoples (Belarus)

Other awards

Nobel Prize (Sweden, 2000) - for the development of semiconductor heterostructures for high-speed optoelectronics
Nick Holonyak Award (U.S. Optical Society, 2000)
Hewlett-Packard Prize (European Physical Society, 1978) - for new work in the field of heterojunctions
A.P. Karpinsky Prize (Germany, 1989) - for his contribution to the development of physics and technology of heterostructures
A.F. Ioffe Prize (RAS, 1996) - for the series of works "Photoelectric converters of solar radiation based on heterostructures"
Demidov Prize (Scientific Demidov Foundation, Russia, 1999)
Kyoto Prize (Inamori Foundation, Japan, 2001) - for advances in the creation of semiconductor lasers operating in continuous mode at room temperature - a pioneering step in optoelectronics
V. I. Vernadsky Prize (NAS of Ukraine, 2001)
Prize "Russian National Olympus". Title "Legend Man" (Russian Federation, 2001)
International Energy Prize "Global Energy" (Russia, 2005)
H. Welker Gold Medal (1987) - for pioneering work on the theory and technology of devices based on compounds of III-V groups
Ballantyne Medal (Franklin Institute, USA, 1971) - for theoretical and experimental studies of double laser heterostructures, thanks to which small laser radiation sources were created that operate in a continuous mode at room temperature
A. S. Popov Gold Medal (RAS, 1999)
Gold Medal (SPIE, 2002)
GaAs Symposium Award (1987) - for pioneering work in the field of semiconductor heterostructures based on group III-V compounds and the development of injection lasers and photodiodes
Golden Plate Award (Academy of Achievement, USA, 2002)
XLIX Mendeleev Reader - February 19, 1993
Title and medal of Honorary Professor of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (2008)
Award "Honorary Order of RAU". He was awarded the title "Honorary Doctor of the Russian-Armenian (Slavonic) University" (GOU VPO Russian-Armenian (Slavonic) University, Armenia, 2011).

Literature

Khramov Yu. A. Physicists: Biographical reference book. 2nd ed. / Ed. A. I. Akhiezer. - M.: Nauka, 1983. - S. 11-12. - 400 s.

Alferov, Zhores

Member of the State Duma of the Russian Federation, Vice President of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Nobel Prize winner

Full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vice-President of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Rector of the St. Petersburg Academic University of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Specialist in the field of semiconductor physics, semiconductor and quantum electronics, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000. Deputy of the State Duma of the Russian Federation of five convocations: in 1995 he was elected from the movement "Our Home - Russia", and in 1999, 2003, 2007 and 2011 - from the Communist Party.

Zhores Ivanovich Alferov was born on March 15, 1930 in the city of Vitebsk, Byelorussian SSR,. His parents, Ivan Karpovich and Anna Vladimirovna - Belarusian and Jewish, themselves came from the town of Chashniki, Vitebsk region. In 1912, eighteen-year-old Ivan Karpovich, Alferov's father, arrived in St. Petersburg and worked for two years as a loader in the port, as a laborer at an envelope factory, and as a worker at the Old Lessner plant (later the Karl Marx plant). During the First World War, Alferov's father was a hussar, a non-commissioned officer of the Life Guards, and was twice awarded the St. George Cross. In September 1917, he joined the RSDLP(b) and during the Civil War he commanded a cavalry regiment in the Red Army, and after it ended, he switched to economic work. It was Ivan Alferov who gave his sons "communist names", naming the elder Marx in honor of Karl Marx, and the younger - Jaures in honor of Jean Jaures, founder of the newspaper L "Humanite and leader of the French Socialist Party,,,.

Alferov's pre-war childhood years were spent in Stalingrad, Novosibirsk, Barnaul and Syasstroy (a city near Leningrad), where his father worked after he graduated from the Industrial Academy in 1935. The beginning of the Great Patriotic War coincided with the appointment of Father Alferov as director of a powder pulp plant located in the Urals - in the city of Turinsk, Sverdlovsk Region. There, during the war years, Alferov studied at a local school, and in the summer he worked at a factory. Alferov's older brother first entered the energy department of the Ural Industrial Institute, but after a few weeks he went to the front. In 1944, the 20-year-old guard junior lieutenant Marks Alferov died during the Korsun-Shevchenko operation,.

In 1950, the third-year student Alferov, who specialized in electrovacuum technology, began working in the vacuum laboratory of Professor B.P. Kozyrev. His supervisor was Natalia Nikolaevna Sozina, a specialist in semiconductor photodetectors in the infrared region of the spectrum, thanks to which he began experimental research on semiconductors. Under the guidance of Sozina, Alferov completed his thesis on the production of films and the study of the photoconductivity of bismuth telluride (BiTe), but in December 1952, during the distribution of students to his department at LETI, he preferred the Leningrad Institute of Physics and Technology (LFTI). For more than thirty years, Phystech was led by its founder, Abram Fedorovich Ioffe, whose monograph "Basic Concepts of Modern Physics" was a reference book for Alferov,,,. Alferov later learned that two months before his assignment, Ioffe had left the Physicotechnical Institute and headed an independent laboratory of physical and mathematical sciences of the USSR Academy of Sciences, which in 1954 was transformed into the Institute of Semiconductors of the USSR Academy of Sciences (IPAN), where almost all of the "semiconductor the elite of Soviet scientists.

At LPTI, Alferov became a junior researcher in the laboratory of V.M. Tuchkevich and took part in the development of the first domestic transistors and germanium power devices. In the late 1940s, American scientists created the first point transistor and a transistor with p-n junctions, in fact, only demonstrating the possibility of using the transistor effect. In November 1952, the Americans published a message about a method that was suitable for the industrial production of transistors, and already on March 5, 1953, Alferov made the first reliably working transistor. In 1959, for work commissioned by the Soviet Navy, he received his first government award - the Badge of Honor. In 1961, Alferov defended his dissertation on the development and research of high-power germanium and silicon rectifiers, and received the degree of candidate of technical sciences. At the same time, the filed application for a copyright certificate was classified. The secrecy stamp was removed only after the publication of a similar proposal by Herbert Kremer in the USA, and Alferov's application was allowed for publication even later,,,.

In 1963, Alferov began studying semiconductor heterojunctions. A heterojunction is a connection of two semiconductors of different chemical composition, a semiconductor structure with several heterojunctions is called a heterostructure, and a heteropair is a compound on the basis of which a heterostructure is created. Thus, the heterostructure is a crystal in which the chemical composition and, accordingly, the physical properties change. In nature, heterostructures do not exist, so they are sometimes called crystals made by man (man-made crystals), as opposed to homostructures - crystals "created by God" (God-made crystals). In 1964, Alferov became a senior researcher at the Physicotechnical Institute,.

In 1966, Alferov formulated new general principles for controlling electron and light fluxes in heterostructures (electronic and optical limitations and features of injection). At the same time, in order for the work not to be classified, in the title of the article he mentioned only rectifiers, but not lasers. In 1967, when the LPTI Academic Council elected Alferov as head of the sector, he had to convince his colleagues that in the future semiconductor physics and electronics would develop precisely on the basis of heterostructures. Starting from 1968, Phystech employees began to compete successfully with their foreign colleagues, primarily scientists from the three laboratories of the largest American firms - Bell Telephone, IBM, and RCA. In 1968-1969, all the main ideas for controlling electron and light fluxes in classical heterostructures based on the gallium arsenide-aluminum arsenide (GaAs-AlAs) system were practically implemented: one-way effective injection, the "overinjection" effect, diagonal tunneling, electronic and optical limitations in double heterostructure. In addition, Soviet physicists managed to practically realize the main advantages of using heterostructures in semiconductor devices - lasers, light-emitting diodes, solar cells, dinistors and transistors.

In 1970, Alferov defended his dissertation, summarizing a new stage in the research of heterojunctions in semiconductors, and received a doctorate in physical and mathematical sciences,. According to experts, thanks to Alferov, a new direction was actually created - the physics of heterostructures, electronics and optoelectronics based on them. We owe the appearance of a laser "needle" in CD players to the first semiconductor laser operating at room temperature, which was created at the Physicotechnical Institute in the same 1970. Subsequently, components based on heterostructures began to be used in many modern devices: LEDs and fiber optic communication lines, mobile phones and solar panels,,.

In 1971, Alferov was awarded his first international award - the Ballantyne Medal, established by the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia to reward the best work in the field of physics and called the "minor Nobel Prize". Before him, among the Soviet scientists, only Academician Pyotr Kapitsa (1944) received this award, and after that, Academicians Nikolai Bogolyubov (1974) and Andrei Sakharov (1981). In 1972, Alferov became a laureate of the Lenin Prize,,. In 1979 he was elected an Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1984, he was awarded the USSR State Prize for the development of "isoperiodic heterostructures based on quaternary solid solutions of A3B5 semiconductor compounds", . In 1990, Alferov became Vice President of the USSR Academy of Sciences and Chairman of the Presidium of the Leningrad Scientific Center (later - Vice President of the Russian Academy of Sciences and Chairman of the Presidium of the St. Petersburg Scientific Center).

In 1972, Alferov became a professor, and a year later - the head of the basic department of optoelectronics of the Electrotechnical Institute, opened at the Faculty of Electronic Engineering of the Phystech. On the whole, he tried to revive the idea of the synthesis of science and education, in particular, the "union of physical science and physical technology". Back in 1919, at the Ioffe Polytechnic Institute, he organized the Faculty of Physics and Mechanics, where the leading employees of the Phystech taught mainly. However, in 1955, during the next reform of Nikita Khrushchev, the faculty was closed. In 1987, Alferov became the director of the Physicotechnical Institute, and in 1988 he was also the dean of the Faculty of Physics and Technology of the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute (LPI), which he opened. As a result, a powerful scientific and educational base emerged, which included the Department of Optoelectronics of the Electrotechnical Institute, the Faculty of Physics and Technology of the LPI, and the Physics and Technology Lyceum, opened by Alferov at the Institute of Physics and Technology. Later they were housed in the same building of the Scientific and Educational Center, opened in St. Petersburg on September 1, 1999,,,,,.

Since the early 1990s, Alferov has been studying the properties of low-dimensional nanostructures: quantum wires and quantum dots. In 1993-1994, he and his colleagues for the first time in the world created heterolasers based on structures with quantum dots - "artificial atoms", and in 1995 an injection heterolaser based on quantum dots was demonstrated, operating in a continuous mode at room temperature. Alferov's research laid the foundations for a fundamentally new electronics based on heterostructures with a very wide range of applications, called "zone engineering". Technologies of a new generation of quantum-sized lasers based on short-period superlattices with a record low threshold current density have been developed; concepts for obtaining semiconductor nanostructures with size quantization in two and three dimensions were created; demonstration of the unique physical properties of structures based on quantum dots was carried out, and injection lasers were created on their basis. According to experts, these studies, for example, will lead to the emergence of a new generation of technology that, with its ultra-small size, will be able to transmit a significantly large amount of information,.

On October 10, 2000, it became known that Alferov would be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics. He received the prize itself exactly one month later, sharing it with two other physicists - Kremer and Jack Kilby. Moreover, Alferov and Kremer were awarded the Nobel Prize for the development of semiconductor heterostructures for high-speed and optoelectronics, and Kilby for his fundamental contribution to the creation of integrated circuits,,.

In 2001, Alferov became a laureate of the State Prize of the Russian Federation.

In 2001, Alferov became the founder and president of the Education and Science Support Fund (the so-called Alferov Fund). In 2002, he became the organizing rector of the Academic University of Physics and Technology, the first higher educational institution included in the RAS system. In 2003, Alferov left the post of head of the Phystech, remaining the scientific director of the institute,,,,. In 2005, he became chairman of the St. Petersburg Physics and Technology Scientific and Educational Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and this led to a conflict between the FTI and Alferov, which, according to Kommersant, was caused by property disputes between the scientific center and the institute; Alferov himself denied the existence of any disagreements, however, in 2006 he was dismissed from the post of chairman of the scientific council of the Physicotechnical Institute and instead became the scientific director of the Center for Physics of Nanoheterostructures of the Physicotechnical Institute, but Alferov was not mentioned in this capacity on the website of the institute Alferov. In 2007, Alferov headed the Council on Nanotechnology, created at the Russian Academy of Sciences,,,,,,,,,.

For many years, Alferov was not only an academician, but also a parliamentarian. In 1989, he was elected People's Deputy of the USSR from the Academy of Sciences of the USSR,. In December 1995, Alferov was elected to the State Duma of the second convocation from the movement "Our Home - Russia" (NDR), in the lists of which he took sixth place. Most of the time, Alferov was a member of the NDR faction, but in April 1999 he joined the People's Power parliamentary group. In 1999 and 2003, he was re-elected as a deputy of the State Duma of the third and fourth convocations, passing through the party lists of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, in which he took tenth and fifth places, respectively,,,,,,,. The inclusion of Alferov, who was not a member of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, on the party list was explained by experts, among other things, by an attempt by the communists to win over the intelligentsia, not associated with the leftist movement. In all three compositions of the State Duma, Alferov worked in the parliamentary committee on education and science,,. In 2001-2005, Alferov headed the presidential commission on the import of spent nuclear fuel (SNF): he advocated the import of spent nuclear fuel into Russia, proposing to direct the proceeds from this to the needs of scientists,.

In early 2007, contrary to initial information, the list of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation in the upcoming elections to the St. Petersburg Legislative Assembly was headed not by Alferov, but by the first deputy chairman of the party, Ivan Melnikov. The scientist himself explained the changes that had taken place by his great employment in connection with the reform of the Russian Academy of Sciences and by the fact that, being a non-partisan, he was not going to actively engage in politics. Some experts suggested that during the formation of the list in the leadership of the Communist Party there could be a relapse of "soviet anti-Semitism" (Alferov's mother is Jewish), but a more plausible explanation was also put forward, according to which a personal conflict could occur between the scientist and communist leader Gennady Zyuganov.

In July 2007, Alferov became one of the authors of the appeal of RAS academicians to Russian President Vladimir Putin. Academicians opposed the "increasing clericalization of Russian society": appealing to the Russian constitution, which proclaimed the secular nature of the state and the principle of separation of the church from the state education system, they opposed the inclusion of the specialty "theology" in the list of scientific specialties of the Higher Attestation Commission, as well as against the introduction of a new compulsory school subject - "Fundamentals of Orthodox Culture". The document, called the "Ginzburg-Alferov appeal" (Vitaly Ginzburg is one of the authors of the appeal, a Nobel laureate and academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences), caused a great public outcry. Soon, the Union of Orthodox Citizens came out with an open letter to the leadership of Russia in defense of teaching the "Fundamentals of Orthodox Culture" in schools. Its representatives accused Ginzburg of a long-standing and biased struggle with the church, while Alferov was called a communist, whose worldview is incompatible with the Christian one. A continuation of the scandal was the appeal of the Orthodox-patriotic movement "People's Cathedral" to the Moscow prosecutor's office with a demand to prosecute Ginzburg for "inciting interreligious hatred",,.

In August 2007, it became known that, according to the results of preliminary voting held in the regional branches of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Alferov took second place in the top three candidates on the party's federal list to participate in the election of deputies to the State Duma of the fifth convocation. The first place went to Zyuganov, and the third - to the pilot-cosmonaut, Hero of the Soviet Union Svetlana Savitskaya,. On September 22, 2007, the Congress of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation approved the final lists of candidates from the party for the elections to the State Duma. The federal list was headed by Zyuganov, the second and third were Alferov and the leader of the Agro-Industrial Union Nikolai Kharitonov,.

In the elections held on December 2, 2007, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation successfully overcame the electoral barrier, gaining 11.57 percent of the votes of Russian voters. Alferov once again became a deputy of the State Duma of the Russian Federation,. On December 24, 2007, as the oldest member of the lower house of parliament, he opened the first plenary session of the State Duma of the fifth convocation.

In January 2008, Alferov was appointed Head of the Nanotechnology Section at the Department of Nanotechnology and Information Technology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In 2009, the St. Petersburg Physical-Technological Scientific and Educational Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences headed by him received a new name, becoming the St. Petersburg Academic University - the Scientific and Educational Center for Nanotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Alferov became the rector of the university,,.

At the beginning of 2010, the press began to actively discuss plans for the construction in the Moscow region of the Russian analogue of Silicon Valley - the "innovation city" in Skolkovo. In April of the same year, the Vedomosti newspaper reported that Alferov would become the Russian co-chairman of the scientific and technical council responsible for science in the new innovation city.

In October 2011, Alferov was again included in the federal part of the list of candidates from the Communist Party of the Russian Federation in the elections to the State Duma of the sixth convocation. According to the results of the voting, which took place in December of the same year, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation won 19.19 percent of the votes of Russian voters, Alferov again received a deputy mandate and became a member of the Communist parliamentary faction.

In July 2012, it became known that Alferov, at the suggestion of the Minister of Education Dmitry Livanov, would head the Public Council under the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.

Alferov wrote more than five hundred scientific papers, including four monographs, and became the editor-in-chief of the journal Letters to the Journal of Technical Physics. He is the author of more than fifty inventions. In addition to the awards already mentioned, he was awarded the Hewlett-Packard Prize of the European Physical Society (1972), the Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1975), the Order of the October Revolution (1980), the Order of Lenin (1986), the GaAs Symposium Award (1987), the H. Welker medal (1987), A.P. Karpinsky (Germany, 1989) and A.F. Ioffe (RAS, 1996), the national non-governmental Demidov Prize of the Russian Federation (1999), A.S. Popov (RAS, 1999), the Nick Holonyak Prize (USA, 2000), the Kyoto Prize for Advanced Achievements in Electronics (2001), the V.I. Vernadsky (Ukraine, 2001) and the international award "Global Energy" (2005), established on his initiative in 2002,,,. In 2002, Alferov received the Belarusian Order of Francysk Skaryna, and in 2003 - the Ukrainian Order of Yaroslav the Wise,. In addition, he was awarded many medals of the USSR and the Russian Federation. In 1999, Alferov received the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" III degree, in 2000 - the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" II degree,, the 75th anniversary of the scientist in 2005 was awarded the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" I degree, and in 2010 he was awarded the 4th Class Order of Merit for the Fatherland.

Alferov became an honorary doctor of many universities, as well as an honorary member of many Russian and foreign academies,. He is the only Russian scientist who was elected a foreign member of the US Academy of Sciences ("for heterostructures") and a foreign member of the US National Academy of Sciences of Engineering ("for the development of the principles of the theory and technology of heterostructures"). Alferov received the title of Honored Power Engineer of the Russian Federation (1996). In 2001 he was awarded the title of honorary citizen of the city of St. Petersburg, in 2002 - Minsk, and in 2004 - San Cristobal (Venezuela). In 2001, a minor planet (asteroid) was named after Alferov.

Alferov is married with a second marriage to Tamara Darskaya. From this marriage, Alferov has a son, Ivan. Alferov's son was engaged in applied astronomy for some time, and then went into business (according to data for 2000, he traded equipment for timber companies). It is also known that Alferov has a daughter from his first marriage, with whom he does not maintain a relationship, and his adopted daughter Irina is the daughter of his second wife from his first marriage,.

Used materials

Zhores Alferov will head the Public Council under the Ministry of Education and Science. - RIA News, 05.07.2012

The State Duma of the 6th convocation started work today. - Echo of Moscow, 21.12.2011

The CEC of the Russian Federation announced the official results of the elections to the State Duma. - RBC, 09.12.2011

On registration of the federal list of candidates for deputies of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of the sixth convocation, nominated by the Political Party "Communist Party of the Russian Federation". - Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation (www.cikrf.ru), 14.10.2011. - № 45/374-6

Biography

Zhores Ivanovich Alferov (Belarusian Zhares Ivanavich Alferaў; born March 15, 1930, Vitebsk, Byelorussian SSR, USSR) - Soviet and Russian physicist, the only living one living in Russia - the Russian Nobel Prize winner in physics (2000 prize for the development semiconductor heterostructures and the creation of fast opto- and microelectronic components). Vice President of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 1991. Chairman of the Presidium of the St. Petersburg Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1979; corresponding member 1972). Laureate of the Lenin Prize (1972), State Prize of the USSR (1984), State Prize of the Russian Federation (2001). Member of the CPSU since 1965.

Foreign Member of the US National Academy of Sciences (1990) and the US National Academy of Engineering (1990), Foreign Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Academies of Sciences of the Republic of Belarus (1995), Moldova (2000), Azerbaijan (2004), Honorary Member of the National Academy of Sciences of Armenia (2011 ).

Member of the State Duma of the Russian Federation (since 1995). In 1989 he was elected a People's Deputy of the USSR from the USSR Academy of Sciences, in December 1995 Alferov was elected to the State Duma of the second convocation from the Our Home is Russia movement, in 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011 he was re-elected as a deputy of the State Duma of the Russian Federation, passing through the party lists of the Communist Party, not being a member of the Communist Party.

Born in the Belarusian-Jewish family of Ivan Karpovich Alferov and Anna Vladimirovna Rosenblum. The father of the future scientist was born in Chashniki, his mother came from the town of Kraisk (now the Logoisk district of the Minsk region of Belarus). The name was given in honor of Jean Jaurès. He spent the pre-war years in Stalingrad, Novosibirsk, Barnaul and Syasstroy.

During the Great Patriotic War, the Alferov family moved to Turinsk (Sverdlovsk region), where his father worked as the director of a pulp and paper plant, and after the war ended, he returned to Minsk, which was destroyed by the war. The elder brother - Marx Ivanovich Alferov (1924-1944) - died at the front. He graduated with a gold medal from secondary school No. 42 in Minsk and, on the advice of physics teacher Yakov Borisovich Meltserzon, studied for several semesters at the Belarusian Polytechnic Institute (now BNTU) in Minsk at the Faculty of Energy, after which he went to enter Leningrad, at LETI. In 1952 he graduated from the Faculty of Electronic Engineering of the Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute named after V. I. Ulyanov (Lenin) (LETI), where he was admitted without exams.

In 1970 Alferov defended his dissertation, summarizing a new stage of research on heterojunctions in semiconductors, and received a doctorate in physical and mathematical sciences. In 1972, Alferov became a professor, and a year later - head of the basic department of optoelectronics at LETI. Since the early 1990s, Alferov has been studying the properties of low-dimensional nanostructures: quantum wires and quantum dots. From 1987 to May 2003 - director of the FTI. A. F. Ioffe.

In 2003, Alferov left the post of head of the FTI. A. F. Ioffe and until 2006 served as chairman of the scientific council of the institute. However, Alferov retained influence on a number of scientific structures, among which: FTI im. A. F. Ioffe, Research and Development Center for Microelectronics and Submicron Heterostructures, Scientific and Educational Complex (NOC) of the Institute of Physics and Technology and the Physics and Technology Lyceum. Since 1988 (the moment of foundation) Dean of the Faculty of Physics and Technology of St. Petersburg State Pedagogical University.

He is the rector-organizer of the new Academic University.

Since 2001 President of the Education and Science Support Foundation (Alferov Foundation).

On April 5, 2010, it was announced that Alferov was appointed scientific director of the innovation center in Skolkovo.

Since 2010 - co-chairman of the Advisory Scientific Council of the Skolkovo Foundation.

In 2013, he ran for the presidency of the Russian Academy of Sciences and, having received 345 votes, took second place.

Political activity

views

One of the authors of the Open Letter of 10 Academicians to the President of the Russian Federation VV Putin against clericalization.
He opposes the teaching of the subject of the Foundations of Orthodox Culture in schools, at the same time arguing that he has a "very simple and kind attitude towards the Russian Orthodox Church", and that "the Orthodox Church defends the unity of the Slavs."
He demonstrated the social stratification of Russian society that existed in the 2000s by picking up a glass of wine and saying: “It belongs to the contents - alas! - only ten percent of the population. And the leg on which the glass is held is the rest of the population.
Discussing the problems of modern Russian science with a correspondent of the Argumenty i Fakty newspaper, he noted: “The lag in science is not a consequence of any weakness of Russian scientists or a manifestation of a national trait, but the result of a foolish reform of the country.”
After the reform of the Russian Academy of Sciences, which began in 2013, Alferov repeatedly expressed a negative attitude towards this bill. The scientist's address to the President of the Russian Federation said:
After the most severe reforms of the 1990s, having lost a lot, the RAS nevertheless retained its scientific potential much better than branch science and universities. Contrasting academic and university science is completely unnatural and can only be carried out by people pursuing their own and very strange political goals, very far from the interests of the country.

The Law on the reorganization of the Russian Academy of Sciences and other state academies of sciences proposed by D. Medvedev and D. Livanov and, as it is now obvious, supported by you, by no means solves the problem of increasing the efficiency of scientific research. I dare say that any reorganization, even much more reasonable than that proposed in the said Law, does not solve this problem.

Later, in a number of media, Alferov was called the main opponent of the reform (however, he himself did not sign the statement of scientists who entered the so-called Club on July 1; he did not actively appear in the press, like many employees of the Russian Academy of Sciences; his name is not under the Appeal, in which there are more than 1000 scientific workers called on the deputies who appropriated other people's scientific results and voted incompetently for the reform of the Russian Academy of Sciences to voluntarily resign).

Awards and prizes

Awards of Russia and the USSR

Full Cavalier of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland":
Order of Merit for the Fatherland, 1st class (March 14, 2005) - for outstanding services in the development of domestic science and active participation in lawmaking
Order of Merit for the Fatherland, II degree (2000)
Order of Merit for the Fatherland, III degree (June 4, 1999) - for his great contribution to the development of domestic science, the training of highly qualified personnel and in connection with the 275th anniversary of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" IV degree (March 15, 2010) - for services to the state, a great contribution to the development of domestic science and many years of fruitful activity
Order of Alexander Nevsky (2015)
Order of Lenin (1986)
Order of the October Revolution (1980)
Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1975)
Order of the Badge of Honor (1959)
Medals
State Prize of the Russian Federation in 2001 in the field of science and technology (August 5, 2002) for the series of works "Fundamental research on the formation processes and properties of heterostructures with quantum dots and the creation of lasers based on them"
Lenin Prize (1972) - for fundamental research on heterojunctions in semiconductors and the creation of new devices based on them
USSR State Prize (1984) - for the development of isoperiodic heterostructures based on quaternary solid solutions of A3B5 semiconductor compounds

Foreign awards

Order of Francysk Skaryna (Republic of Belarus, May 17, 2001) - for his great personal contribution to the development of physical science, the organization of Belarusian-Russian scientific and technical cooperation, the strengthening of friendship between the peoples of Belarus and Russia
Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, V degree (Ukraine, May 15, 2003) - for a significant personal contribution to the development of cooperation between Ukraine and the Russian Federation in the socio-economic and humanitarian spheres
Order of Friendship of Peoples (Belarus)

Other awards and titles

Nobel Prize (Sweden, 2000) - for the development of semiconductor heterostructures for high-speed optoelectronics
Nick Holonyak Award (Optical Society of America, 2000)
Hewlett-Packard Prize (European Physical Society, 1978) - for new work in the field of heterojunctions
A.P. Karpinsky Prize (Germany, 1989) - for his contribution to the development of physics and technology of heterostructures
A.F. Ioffe Prize (RAS, 1996) - for the series of works "Photoelectric converters of solar radiation based on heterostructures"
Demidov Prize (Scientific Demidov Foundation, Russia, 1999)
Kyoto Prize (Inamori Foundation, Japan, 2001) - for advances in the creation of semiconductor lasers operating in continuous mode at room temperature - a pioneering step in optoelectronics
V. I. Vernadsky Prize (NAS of Ukraine, 2001)
Prize "Russian National Olympus". Title "Legend Man" (Russian Federation, 2001)
International Energy Prize "Global Energy" (Russia, 2005)
H. Welker Gold Medal (1987) - for pioneering work on the theory and technology of devices based on compounds of III-V groups
Stuart Ballantyne Medal (Franklin Institute, USA, 1971) - for theoretical and experimental studies of double laser heterostructures, thanks to which small laser radiation sources were created that operate in a continuous mode at room temperature
A. S. Popov Gold Medal (RAS, 1999)
SPIE Gold Medal (SPIE, 2002)
GaAs Symposium Award (1987) - for pioneering work in the field of semiconductor heterostructures based on group III-V compounds and the development of injection lasers and photodiodes
Golden Plate Award (Academy of Achievement, USA, 2002)
XLIX Mendeleev Reader - February 19, 1993
Title and medal of Honorary Professor of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (2008)
Award "Honorary Order of RAU". He was awarded the title "Honorary Doctor of the Russian-Armenian (Slavonic) University" (GOU VPO Russian-Armenian (Slavonic) University, Armenia, 2011).
Awarded the title of "Honorary Professor of MIET" (NIU MIET 2015)

Portal for the student. Self-training