Competent oral speech is the key to successful communication. The ability to correctly express your thoughts will help not only when applying for a job or in business negotiations, but also in everyday life. But in order to perfectly master oral speech, it is necessary to know and observe the orthoepic norms of the Russian language. This is what our article will be devoted to.
What is orthoepy?
The word "orthoepy" consists of two Greek roots - "orthos" and "epos", which are translated as "correct" and "speech". That is, the science of correct speech - that's what orthoepy is.
Graphic abbreviations
Graphic abbreviations include initials next to the surname, volume or distance designations, for example, liters (l), meters (m), also pages (s) and other similar abbreviations that serve to save space in printed text. All these truncated words when reading must be deciphered, that is, you need to pronounce the word in full.
The use of graphic abbreviations in a conversation can be assessed as a speech error or irony, which may be appropriate only in certain circumstances.
Names and patronymics
Orthoepic norms of the Russian language also regulate the pronunciation of names and patronymics. Note that the use of patronymics is typical only for our language. In Europe, such a concept does not exist at all.
The use of the full name and patronymic of a person is necessary under different circumstances, both verbally and in writing. Especially often such appeals are used in a working environment and official documents. Such an appeal to a person can also serve as a marker of the degree of respect, especially when talking with older and older people.
Most of the Russian-speaking names and patronymics have several pronunciations, which can vary, among other things, from the degree of closeness with the person. For example, when meeting for the first time, it is desirable to pronounce the name and patronymic of the interlocutor clearly, as close as possible to writing.
However, in other cases, the orthoepic norms of the Russian language (pronunciation norms) provide for a method of use that has historically developed in oral speech.
- Patronymics ending in "-evna", "-ievich". In female versions, it is necessary to observe the written form, for example, Anatolyevna. In men's - let's say a short version: Anatolyevich / Anatolievich.
- On "-aevich" / "-aevna", "-eevich" / "-eevna". For both male and female options, a short version is allowed: Alekseevna / Alekseevna, Sergeevich / Sergeich.
- On "-ovich" and "-ovna". In the male version, the contraction of the form is permissible: Alexandrovich / Alexandrich. In women's - necessarily full pronunciation.
- In female patronymics formed from names ending in "n", "m", "v", [s] is not pronounced. For example, instead of Efimovna - Efimna, Stanislavovna - Stanislavna.
How to pronounce borrowed words
The orthoepic norms of the Russian language also regulate the rules for the pronunciation of foreign words. This is due to the fact that in a number of cases the laws of the use of Russian words are violated in borrowed ones. For example, the letter "o" in unstressed syllables is pronounced the same as if it were in a strong position: oasis, model.
Also, in some foreign words, the consonants before the softening vowel "e" remain hard. For example: code, antenna. There are also words with a variable pronunciation, where you can pronounce "e" both firmly and softly: therapy, terror, dean.
In addition, for borrowed words, the stress is fixed, that is, it remains unchanged in all word forms. Therefore, if you encounter difficulties with pronunciation, it is better to refer to the orthoepic dictionary.
Accentological norm
Now let's take a closer look at the orthoepic and accentological norms of the Russian language. To begin with, let's figure out what an accentological norm is. This is the name of the rules for placing stress in a word.
In Russian, the stress is not fixed, as in most European ones, which not only enriches speech and increases the possibilities of a language game, but also provides great opportunities for violating the accepted norm.
Let's consider the function that unfixed stress performs. So it is:
- makes it possible for the stylistic coloring of words (silver - silver) and the emergence of professionalisms (compass - compAs);
- provides for a change in the etymology (meaning) of the word (meli - meli, Atlas - atlas);
- allows you to change the morphological features of the word (pines - pines).
Also, the placement of stress can change the style of your speech. So, for example, the word "girl" will refer to the literary, and "girl" - to the neutral.
There is also a class of such words, the variability of stress in which does not carry any semantic load. For example, Butt - butt, barge - barge. The emergence of these exceptions is due to the lack of a single norm and equal existence of the dialect and the literary language.
Also, the stress in some words may just be an obsolete form. For example, music - music, employee - employee. In fact, you are only changing the accent, but in fact you are starting to speak with an outdated syllable.
Most often, the placement of stress in a word has to be remembered, since the existing rules do not regulate all cases. In addition, sometimes a violation of the literary norm can become an individual author's technique. This is often used by poets to make a line of poetry sound more even.
However, one should not assume that accentology is included in the orthoepic norms of the Russian language. Stress and its correct formulation is too extensive and complex a topic, so it is usually taken out in a special section and studied separately. Those who wish to get acquainted with the topic in more detail and exclude violations of the norm of setting stresses from their speech are advised to acquire an orthoepic dictionary.
Conclusion
It would seem that it can be difficult to speak your native language? In fact, most of us have no idea how many norms of the Russian language are violated daily.
Introduction
Orthoepy (from the Greek orthos - correct and epos - speech) is a science that studies the pronunciation norms of oral speech.
Native speakers learn pronunciation norms from birth; we do not need to explain how to say correctly: zu[b] or zu[p]. But foreigners studying Russian face difficulties. In English, for example, there is no stunning of consonants at the end of a word, the sound [d] in the word friend sounds loud. So the English also read the Russian words plant, year, fruit. We, without noticing, strive to stun the consonants in English words: This is my frien[t] Bo[p].
Pronunciation features are so firmly seated in our minds that even people who have lived in another country for a long time usually speak with an accent. By accent, it is easy for a specialist to determine where the speaker came from. But even those who speak the same language since childhood often speak it differently. Everyone knows examples of northern okanya (m[o]l[o]ko, s[o]baka) or South Russian fricative [ ?].Orthoepic features can complicate the perception of speech, distract the attention of listeners.
Maintaining uniformity in pronunciation is essential. Spelling errors always interfere with the perception of the content of speech. Pronunciation, corresponding to orthoepic norms, facilitates and speeds up the process of communication. Therefore, the social role of correct pronunciation is very great, especially at the present time, when oral speech has become the means of the widest communication in various spheres of human activity.
Modern Russian literary language
The Russian national language is the language of the Russian nation, of all Russian people. The level of its development reflects the level of development of the people, conveys the features of the national culture. All social trends and processes can be traced in the national language, it serves a wide variety of communicative spheres, therefore the national language includes all the diversity of its territorial and social varieties. These are local dialects, and vernacular, and jargon of different strata of society. The literary language is also a part of the national language, its highest, written form.
The literary language is the main written form of the national language.
The time of existence of the modern Russian literary language is often defined as follows: from Pushkin to the present day. A. S. Pushkin is called the creator of the Russian literary language in the general form in which we use this language now. How did it happen that one person could so influence the entire national language?
Pushkin, as is often the case with people of genius, caught the trends that emerged in the language of that time, was able to comprehend, systematize and approve these trends in literature. Of course, literature in Russia existed even before Pushkin. But the language of pre-Pushkin literature was very different from the language spoken by people. On the one hand, church literature was strong, written in the Old Slavonic language, which even then many did not understand. On the other hand, secular literature is focused on confronting harsh reality, and therefore is often distinguished by excessive ornate syllable. And, finally, scientific literature (philosophical, political) generally existed not in Russian, but mainly in French, German, and English.
In everyday communication, the speech of educated people, who speak more French than Russian, sharply differentiated from the colloquial speech of peasants and urban residents. It can be said that the richness of the Russian language was not realized and not used by the educated part of the then Russian society. Remember, for example, Pushkin's Tatyana, who1:
... didn’t know Russian well,
Didn't read our magazines
And expressed with difficulty
In your native language.
Pushkin's innovation was especially clearly manifested in the central work of his work, the novel in verse "Eugene Onegin". The poet describes the life of people as it is. Here Eugene begins to settle in the estate of the late uncle:
He settled in that peace,
Where is the village old-timer
For forty years I quarreled with the housekeeper,
He looked out the window and crushed flies.
But Tatyana meets with relatives:
“How Tanya has grown! How long ago
I think I baptized you?
And so I took it!
So, Pushkin's contribution to the formation of the modern literary language is to involve colloquial speech in literary works, to simplify the syntax, to strive for the accuracy of word usage and the expediency of choosing a word, as well as to use the entire richness of the language to achieve communicative and aesthetic goals.
2. Orthoepy and accentology of the Russian literary language
Orthoepy (from the Greek orthos - “correct” and epos - “speech”) is the science of correct literary pronunciation1.
Orthoepic norms are the rules for pronouncing vowels and consonants.
The pronunciation norms of the modern Russian literary language have evolved over the centuries, changing. Moscow and subsequently St. Petersburg were the capitals of the Russian state, the centers of the economic, political and cultural life of Russia, therefore it turned out that the Moscow pronunciation was taken as the basis for the literary pronunciation, on which some features of the St.
For successful mastering of orthoepic norms it is necessary:
) learn the basic rules of Russian literary pronunciation;
) learn to listen to your own speech and the speech of others;
) listen and study the exemplary literary pronunciation, which radio and television announcers, masters of the artistic word must master;
) consciously compare your pronunciation with the exemplary one, analyze your mistakes and shortcomings;
) correct mistakes by constant speech training in preparation for public speaking.
) incomplete (colloquial colloquial), which is common in everyday communication.
The complete style is characterized by:
) compliance with the requirements of orthoepic norms;
) clarity and distinctness of pronunciation;
) correct arrangement of verbal and logical stress;
) at a moderate pace;
) correct speech pauses;
) neutral intonation.
With an incomplete pronunciation style, there is 1:
) excessive abbreviation of words, loss of consonants and whole syllables, for example: right now (now), a thousand (one thousand), a kilogram of a tomato (kilograms of tomatoes), etc .;
) fuzzy pronunciation of individual sounds and combinations;
) inconsistent pace of speech, unwanted pauses.
If in everyday speech these features of pronunciation are acceptable, then in public speaking they must be avoided.
Accentology (from lat. accentus - “stress” and gr. logos - “word, concept, teaching”)2 is a section of linguistics that studies the stress system of a language.
Accentological norms of the Russian literary language are the rules for placing stress in words.
Word stress is the selection of one of the syllables of a non-single word. The stressed vowel in a syllable is distinguished by greater duration, strength and tone movement.
3. Orthoepic and accentological norms of literary pronunciation to be followed
In Russian, the main norm for the pronunciation of vowels is reduction - the weakening of the sound of unstressed vowels. Stressed vowels are pronounced with full articulation, unstressed - with weakened, less clear and long than stressed ones. Moreover, the farther the sound is from the stressed syllable, the weaker this sound.
The vowels [o] and [a] in the first pre-stressed syllable are pronounced as weakened [^]: ravine, castle. In other unstressed syllables, this is a very short obscure sound, close at the same time to [a] and [s]. Conventionally, it is denoted by [b]: g[b]l[^]va, d[b]p[^]goy. In some dialects in place [b] one can clearly hear [s], in others [a], such features of speech are called, respectively, yak and akan.
The pronunciation [o] in unstressed syllables is typical for some foreign words: oasis, poet, radio, cocoa, surnames Voltaire, Flaubert, Shope
The vowels e and i in the first pre-stressed syllable denote a sound that is middle between [i] and [e]: straight, log.
The main laws of pronunciation of consonants are stunning and assimilation. We have already given examples of stunning. Here are a few more: pillar, pilaf, cottage cheese. In words ending with the letter r, sometimes you can hear the sound [x]: smo [x] (instead of smo [k]). This is mistake. The only word in which such a stun option is literary is God. The use of the fricative [x] will also be the norm, for example, in the phrase “Be afraid of Bo[x] a!”. The pronunciation of [g] in the word [g] Lord is also correct. The sound [x] is in the Greek language, it was also in Old Slavonic, and in Russian it was supplanted by the explosive [g], preserved only in a few words of Christian themes.
Stunning is also noted in the middle of a word, before a deaf consonant: lo [sh] ka, ry [n] ka. And before the voiced consonants, the deaf ones are also pronounced loudly: to do, to give. This phenomenon is called assimilation. Before [l], [m], [n], [r], [c] there is no assimilation. Words are pronounced the way they are written.
You should pay attention to the combination of ch, since mistakes are often made when pronouncing it. In the words absentee, eternal, careless, the pronunciation of this combination does not cause difficulties. But, for example, in the word bakery, options are already possible: [ch] or [shn]. In accordance with the norms of the Russian language, the double pronunciation of ch in words is permissible: milky, decent. In the words diner, creamy pronunciation [shn] is obsolete. But in many words it remains the only possible one: mustard plaster, of course, scrambled eggs, birdhouse, in patronymics Ilyinichna, Fominichna, etc.
Difficulties are often caused by the pronunciation of hard or soft consonants before e in loanwords. If the words have long been mastered by the Russian language, then, as a rule, the consonants before e are pronounced softly: museum, overcoat, rector, theory. But sometimes the hardness of consonants is preserved: plug, square, model, dumping, energy. A short list of such words is given in the textbook "Russian language and culture of speech", published in our academy. The word manager is used so often in modern Russian that the old norm [mene]dzher is gradually giving way to the new [mane]dzher.
A common orthoepic error is associated with the indistinguishability of the letters e and e in writing. Remember: scam, guardianship, bigamy, but bigamy; mockery, nonsense.
And in the word bile, both options are acceptable. The norms of orthoepy are adjoined by accentological norms - the rules for setting stress.
Stress in Russian is free. It can fall on any syllable, which is different from the stress in some other languages, such as French or Polish. In addition, the stress in Russian can be mobile, that is, move in different forms of one word: for example, Order - OrderA.
Thanks to freedom and mobility, stress can perform a semantic function (distinguish words and word forms).
For example: book (cover with armor) - book (assign to someone);
drive (from the verb to bring, for example, to the police) - drive (technical device);
These same characteristics of Russian stress lead to the fact that sometimes we find it difficult to choose the correct pronunciation. This is especially true for words that we use infrequently: sparkle or sparkle? white or white? girlish or girlish? (In these words, both options are valid.) Such words are called accent options. The difficulty of using accent variants lies in the fact that there are no uniform rules for their use. In some cases, both options exist within the literary pronunciation: barge and barge, fonts and fonts, poor and poor, aggravate and aggravate. In other cases, there is one preferred option, and the other belongs to a limited area of \u200b\u200buse. For example, in the following words, the first option is common, and the second is obsolete: bills - bills, combiner - combiner, ChristianIn - Christianin,
Previously, these options were also the norm, you can hear them in the speech of older people, but today they are no longer relevant and are falling into disuse. And in the next group of words, on the contrary, the second accent variant exists in colloquial speech. This option has never been the norm, but perhaps someday, under the influence of most speakers, it will become it: hunk - hunk, camphor - camphor, keta - keta. It happens that one of the accent options becomes a part of professional speech. Many have heard a line from a song about sailors: “We are not talking about a compass, but a compass ...”. Here are more examples:
complex - complex (math.) 1, diopter - diopter (med.) 2, fingerprinting - fingerprinting (forensic), report - report (in the speech of sailors), foil - foil (eng., military).
In dictionaries, such variants are accompanied by special marks, by which you can understand whether the word is normative or obsolete, or colloquial, or used only in certain professional circles. But still, most words have a clearly defined stress rate, and if invalid options are given in the dictionaries, they carry the prohibitive mark not. sounding (not sounding and not sounding), pullOver (not pullover).
They often make mistakes in the words sorrel, tunica, mulberry, seal (not seal) (the correct participle is sealed), rinsed.
In participles and adjectives, often an accentological mistake is adjacent to the indistinguishability of e and e. In the following words, ё is written and, naturally, the corresponding sound is stressed:
longhaired
newborn
convicted
offered
The current state of the Russian accent system is characterized by:
) strengthening the grammatical function of stress, as a result of which there is a clearer opposition of the grammatical forms of the word (r.p.s.
) fixing outdated accent options for stable combinations of words and phraseological turns (in the morning, on the forehead).
) in some cases, the stress performs a semantic function (happily - happily, castle - castle).
In order to avoid mistakes in setting the stress, it is necessary to know not only the norm, but also the types of its variants. Three cases of correlation of accentological variants are possible:
only one option is the norm, the rest are prohibited (document, Ukrainian),
one option is the norm, the second option is acceptable (cottage cheese and cottage cheese, cooking and cooking),
both options are equal (salmon and salmon).
In many nouns, the stress is fixed in all forms, it can be fixed either on the base or on the ending (bant, tulle, ski track, bench). There are five groups of nouns with mobile stress:
) the stress from the stem in the singular moves to the ending in the plural for masculine nouns, which have endings in the plural form
and / s, -a / i (ball - balls, poplar - poplar);
) the stress from the ending in the singular moves to the stem in the plural for feminine nouns on -a / ya and the neuter gender on -o (goat - goats, window - Windows);
) the stress from the stem in the singular moves to the ending in the oblique plural of feminine and masculine nouns ending in a soft consonant (horse - horse, dove - pigeons);
) the stress from the ending in the singular moves to the stem in three plural cases (nominative, genitive, accusative) for feminine nouns on -a / ya (wave - waves);
) the stress moves from the ending in the singular to the stem in the accusative case of the singular, in the plural there is no stable pattern of stress movement (cheekA - cheek).
In adjectives, the stress is the least stable in short forms. In most adjectives, the stress in the short form falls on the same syllable as in the full form (golden - golden, trouble-free - trouble-free). Mobile stress is characteristic of adjectives with monosyllabic stems (white - white, white, important - important, important). The short form of the plural is stressed depending on the ratio of the short forms of the feminine and the neuter. If the stress coincides in these forms, then it is also preserved in the plural (bogAta, bogAto - bogAty). If these forms are stressed on different syllables, then in the plural the stress is placed according to the model of the neuter form (pale, pale - pale).
The stress in the forms of the comparative degree is determined by the short form of the feminine gender. If in this form the stress falls on the ending, then in the form of a comparative degree it appears on the suffix -ee (visible - more visible, needed - needed). If in a short form the stress is on the basis, then in the form of a comparative degree it remains there (beautiful - more beautiful).
The predominant type of stress in verbs is a fixed stress falling on the root or suffix. Some groups of verbs are characterized by mobility of stress in the forms of the present tense (walk - walk). In the past tense, the stress is usually the same as in
infinitive (run - ran, ran). If the form of the infinitive ends in -ch, -sti, the stress in all forms of the past tense (except for the masculine) falls on the ending (vesti - led, led, led).
In the group of verbs with monosyllabic stems, the stress in the past tense moves to the ending in the feminine form (byl - byla, were).
Conclusion
Russian literary language orthoepic
The language norm is the rules for the use of speech means in a certain period of development of the literary language, that is, the rules for pronunciation, word usage, the use of traditionally established grammatical, stylistic and other linguistic means adopted in social and linguistic practice.
The characteristic features of the norms are the relative stability, prevalence, general use, universal validity, compliance with the capabilities of the language system.
The sources of the norm are cultural traditions, the internal properties of the language and the trends of its development, the recognition of the norm by authoritative writers and journalists, the degree of use, prevalence, general use, general obligatoryness. The value of the norm lies in the fact that it ensures the uniformity of the use of a speech unit, restrains language changes and regulates the speech behavior of people.
The culture of speech involves the observance of language norms with varying degrees of obligation.
Orthoepic norms are pronunciation norms of oral speech. They include pronunciation norms and stress norms.
Pronunciation norms determine the choice of acoustic variants of the phoneme. The basic laws of pronunciation of consonants are stunning and assimilation.
Stress norms determine the choice of options for the placement and movement of a stressed syllable among non-stressed ones. The features and functions of stress are studied by a section of linguistics called accentology. Stress in Russian is free, it can fall on any syllable, so it is called heterogeneous.
List of used literature
1.Big orthoepic dictionary of the modern Russian language / / Ed. Kasatkin. - M.: AST-Press, 2012.
.Dobrycheva A.?A. Russian speech culture: textbook. allowance. - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: publishing house of SakhGU, 2013.
.Esakova M.N. Russian language and culture of speech. Norms of the modern Russian literary language: textbook. guide for translators. - M. : FLINTA: Nauka, 2012.
.Kamenskaya O. G., Kan R. A., Strekalova E. T., Zaporozhets M. N. Russian language and culture of speech.: Textbook for students. - M .: Publishing House of the Togliatti State. un-ta, 2005.
.Russian language and culture of speech: Course of lectures / G.K. Trofimova - M.: Flinta: Science, 2004 - S. 50
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Dialects
Dialects are variations in the system of one language. They are not characterized by global differences in phonetics, vocabulary, syntax, grammar and other aspects of the language, but private ones. Naturally, only one version of a language cannot normally exist and develop. Dialects arise because people living in different territories, but speaking the same language, are exposed to different linguistic influences from neighbors, immigrants, etc. What orthoepy and dialects are is easier to understand with examples: remember the softened "g" that is often pronounced in the Kuban - the influence of Ukrainian, or the "letter by letter" pronunciation of St. Petersburg is a consequence of too many literate people.
Literary Russian speech
In Russia, as elsewhere, there is a great variety of dialects. They are even classified into species and subspecies! The most famous are probably Vologda and Kuban. Literary speech is considered to be the pronunciation common in St. Petersburg and Moscow.
Basic rules of orthoepy of the Russian language
a) stun. in Russian sometimes they become noisy (that is, completely deaf) before, in fact, noisy and at the end of a word. Examples: in the word mushroom we pronounce "p", although we write "b" (end of the word);
b) before sonants, voiced and vowels, as well as at the beginning of a word, sounds are sometimes voiced ("s" in the word request).
We will consider the pronunciation separately, since it is it that differs most in different dialects:
a) akanye is the transformation of "o" into "a" in an unstressed position. The opposite phenomenon - okanye - is common in Vologda and other northern dialects (for example, we say "malAko" instead of "milk");
b) hiccup - "e" turns into "and" in an unstressed position (we say vilikan, not giant).
c) reduction - that is, the reduction of vowels in over- or pre-stressed positions, that is, their faster and more crumpled pronunciation. There is no clear difference, as with a stun or a hiccup. One can only observe on our own that we pronounce some vowels longer than others (marmalade: the last "a", if you listen carefully, is pronounced much longer than the first).
What is orthoepy for different languages of the world?
Morphological orthography is common in Russian - that is, the uniformity of the morpheme throughout the entire process of word formation (exceptions are alternations in roots and the spelling "ы" after prefixes to a consonant). In Belarusian, for example, the system is phonetic: as we speak, so we write. Therefore, for Belarusian schoolchildren to understand what orthoepy is, it is much easier and much more important. Or, for example, in some languages of the world (Finnish, Turkish) words are very, very long - it is impossible to pronounce many different vowels in one word. Consequently, the vowels all adjust to one - shock. Over time, this principle passed into writing.
Correct speech
It is even more difficult to master and constantly use than to write correctly, but, nevertheless, this skill is one of the most important for an intelligent person.
Orthoepic norms of the Russian language- this is a whole set of rules that regulate pronunciation. It is thanks to orthoepic norms that the language acquires beauty, sonority and melody. Orthoepy (Greek orthos - correct, epos - speech) is not only a section of the language that regulates and classifies everything orthoepic norms, these are also the norms of the language themselves, which have developed over many centuries.
The Russian language that we first heard in childhood became so relatively recently, as modern language norms formed by the middle of the 17th century, and they were based on the norms of the Moscow urban spoken language. Since that time, despite the constant development of the Russian language, orthoepic norms have undergone relatively minor changes.
Orthoepy is a section that is mandatory for study, since knowing orthoepic norms not only future poets and writers need it - it is necessary in everyday life. The person who allows spelling errors, can cause misunderstanding of others, or, worse, indignation and irritation. On the other hand, the correct pronunciation indicates the level of education of the speaker. So, consider the basic rules of ideal literary pronunciation.
Pronunciation of vowels.
Clearly and clearly in Russian only those vowels that are under stress. The pronunciation of other sounds in the word is regulated reduction law (lat.reducere - reduce). This law explains the less clear and less clear pronunciation of unstressed vowels in a word. Consider the manifestation of the law of reduction.
Sounds [about] and [a] are pronounced like [a] if they are at the beginning of a word, but in an unstressed position: d[a]horns, [a]laziness, [a]drive. In other cases, when the letter "about" is in an unstressed position and follows a solid consonant, it is read as a short obscure reduced sound, something in between [s] and [a](depending on position): g [b] lova, st [b] ron, t [b] lokno. It's the sound [b] in transcription, this reduced sound is conditionally indicated. If there is a soft consonant at the beginning of the word , then the following letters "a" , "e" and "i" read as a cross between [e] and [and](the lips at the same time stretch, as if to pronounce [and] but pronounced [e]): p [and e] ro - pen, s [and e] ro - gray, [and e] language - language.
After a solid consonant, preposition, or in a continuous phrase, the letter "and" pronounced sound [s]: laughter [s] tears - laughter and tears, pedagogical [s] institute - pedagogical institute, to [s] vanu - to Ivan. In the case of the phrase "laughter and tears" "and" can also be pronounced like [and], if the phrase is not pronounced together, but an intonational pause is made at the place of the union.
Orthoepic norms for the pronunciation of consonants.
When pronouncing consonants, other laws apply as orthoepic norms: assimilation and stuns. So, if a voiced consonant is at the end of a word or before a deaf , then he is stunned: dru [k] - friend, hand [f] - sleeve, smo [x] - could. As you can already understand, as a result of stunning [G] pronounced like [to], [b] how [P], [in] how [f], [h] how [With]. In combinations "gk" and "gch" [g] is read as [X]: le [hk] o, le [hh] e. If the situation is radically opposite, that is, there is a deaf consonant before the voiced consonant, then, on the contrary, it is likened to the voiced vowel corresponding to it: pro[s"]ba, [h]give.
Separately, it must be said about the combination "ch". This combination in the old Moscow pronunciation always sounded like [sn]. Today, in most cases, it is still pronounced as [h], but there are a few exceptions:
- In female patronymics: Lukini[shn]a, Kuzmini[shn]a.
- In single words: Skvore[shn]ik, bore[shn]o, yai[shn]itsa and etc.
Consonant pronunciation [h] in the words "what" and "something" is usually considered a sign of some dialect, because normally "h" stunned and replaced by [w]. Also changing "G" on the [in] in the words “who”, “what”, “some”, etc. To the sound [ tss] the ending of the verbs “-tsya” and “-tsya” changes: dare[cc]a, return[cc]a.
Words of foreign origin.
Orthoepic norms of the literary language in case the word is of foreign origin, for the most part remain the same as in the case of native Russian words. But still there are some features of the pronunciation of borrowed words:
- Lack of sound reduction [about]: m[o]del, [o]asis.
- Despite the softening of most consonants before "e", softening does not occur in some words: ant[e]nna, gene[e]tika.
- In some words of foreign origin, both options are allowed - both consonant softening and no softening: therapist, terror, claim, etc..
stress in Russian is not static and can change due to a change in the form of a word, case, and much more. In order to find out the correct pronunciation of a particular word, as well as to find out which syllable will be stressed correctly, you can look at orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language. Such dictionaries can become real helpers for those who want to learn how to speak correctly and beautifully.
Orthoepy(Greek orthopeia, from orthus - correct and йpos - speech). The term “orthoepy” has two main meanings: 1) “a set of norms of the literary language associated with the sound design of significant units: morphemes, words, sentences. Among these norms, there are pronunciation norms (the composition of phonemes, their implementation in different positions, the phonemic composition of individual phonemes) and the norms of supersegmental phonetics (stress and intonation)”; 2) a section of linguistics that studies the rules of oral speech.
The scope of the concept of “orthoepy” is not completely established: some linguists understand orthoepy narrowly - as a set of not only specific norms of oral speech (i.e. norms of pronunciation and stress), but also the rules for the formation of grammatical forms of a word: candles - candles, swaying - swaying, harder - harder. In our manual, in accordance with the definition given at the beginning of this paragraph, orthoepy is understood as a set of pronunciation and stress rules. The formation of grammatical forms is considered only if the form-distinguishing function is performed by stress.
Orthoepy is closely related to phonetics: the rules of pronunciation cover the phonetic system of the language, i.e. the composition of phonemes distinguished in a given language, their quality, changes in various phonetic conditions. The subject of orthoepy is the norms of pronunciation. Orthoepic norm- this is the only possible or preferred language option that corresponds to the pronunciation system and the basic laws of language development.
Orthoepy includes the following sections.
1. Orthoepic norms in the field of vowels and consonants.
2. Features of the pronunciation of borrowed words.
3. Features of the pronunciation of individual grammatical forms.
4. The concept of pronunciation styles. Their features.
Orthoepic norms
Orthoepic norms are also called literary pronunciation norms, since they serve the literary language, i.e. the language spoken and written by cultured people. The literary language unites all Russian speakers, it is needed to overcome the linguistic differences between them. And this means that he must have strict norms: not only lexical - norms for the use of words, not only grammatical, but also orthoepic norms. Differences in pronunciation, like other language differences, interfere with people's communication, shifting their attention from what is being said to how it is being said.
Pronunciation norms are determined by the phonetic system of the language. Each language has its own phonetic laws, according to which words are pronounced. For example, in Russian, the stressed sound [o] in an unstressed position changes to [a] ( in[about] du - in[a] Yes,t[about] chit - t[a] read); after soft consonants, stressed vowels [o, a, e] change to unstressed sound [i] ( m[I] co - m[and] sleep, in[yo] l - in[and] la, l[e] h - ow[and] zat); at the end of words, voiced consonants change to deaf (du [b] s - du[P], moro[h] s - moro[With]). The same change of voiced to deaf occurs before deaf consonants ( RU[b] it - RU[P] ka, how h it - how[With] to), and deaf consonants before voiced change to voiced ( to[With] it - to h bba, molo[t] it - molo[e] bba). Phonetics is the study of these laws. Orthoepic norms determine the choice of pronunciation options - if the phonetic system in this case allows several possibilities. So, in words of foreign origin, in principle, the consonant before the letter e can be pronounced both hard and soft, while the orthoepic norm sometimes requires a hard pronunciation (for example, [de] kada, [te] mp), sometimes - soft (for example [d "e] declaration, [t "e] temperament, mu[h "e] th). The phonetic system of the Russian language allows both the combination [shn] and the combination [ch "n], cf. bulo[h "n] and I and bulo[sn] and I, but the orthoepic norm prescribes to speak horse[sn] about, but not horse[h "n] about. Orthoepy also includes stress norms: pronounce correctly document, but not document,began, but not started,ringing, a not ringing, alphabet, but not alphabet).
The basis of the Russian literary language, and hence the literary pronunciation, is the Moscow dialect. It happened historically: it was Moscow that became the unifier of the Russian lands, the center of the Russian state. Therefore, the phonetic features of the Moscow dialect formed the basis of orthoepic norms. If the capital of the Russian state were not Moscow, but, say, Novgorod or Vladimir, then the literary norm would be “okane” (that is, we would now pronounce in[about] Yes, but not in[a] Yes), and if Ryazan became the capital - “yakane” (i.e. we would say in[l "a] su, but not in[l "and] su).
Orthoepic rules prevent a mistake in pronunciation, cut off unacceptable options. Pronunciation variants recognized as incorrect, non-literary, may appear under the influence of the phonetics of other language systems - territorial dialects, urban vernacular or closely related languages, mainly Ukrainian. We know that not all Russian speakers have the same pronunciation. In the north of Russia they “okayut” and “ekayut”: they pronounce in[about] Yes, G[about] in[about] rit, n[e] su), in the south - “kakayut” and “yakayut” (they say in[a] Yes, n[I] su), there are other phonetic differences.
A person who has not mastered the literary language since childhood, but who consciously masters literary pronunciation, may encounter pronunciation features in his speech that are characteristic of the local dialect that he learned in childhood. For example, people from the south of Russia often retain a special pronunciation of the sound [g] - they pronounce a voiced [x] in its place (a sound denoted by the sign [g] in transcription). It is important to understand that such pronunciation features are a violation of the norms only in the system of the literary language, and in the system of territorial dialects they are normal and correct and correspond to the phonetic laws of these dialects.
There are other sources of non-literary pronunciation. If a person first encountered a word in a written language, in fiction or other literature, and before that he had never heard how it was pronounced, he may read it incorrectly, voice it: the literal appearance of the word may affect the pronunciation. It was under the influence of spelling that, for example, the pronunciation of the word appeared chu[f] stvo instead of correct chu[With] yours, [h] then instead of [w] then, pomo[sch] Nick instead of pomo[w] Nick.
The orthoepic norm does not always affirm only one of the pronunciation options as the only correct one, rejecting the other as erroneous. In some cases, it allows for variations in pronunciation. Literary, correct is considered as a pronunciation e[w"w"] at, in and[w"w"] at with a soft long sound [zh "], and e[lj] at, in and[lj] at- with a solid long; right and before[w"w"] and, and before[wa] and, and ra[w"w"] istit and ra[w "h"] istit, and [d] believe and [d"] believe, and P[about] Asia and P[a] Asia. Thus, unlike spelling norms that offer one option and forbid others, orthoepic norms allow options that are either evaluated as equal, or one option is considered desirable and the other acceptable. For example, Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language edited by R.I. Avanesov (M., 1997) the word swimming pool allows you to pronounce with both soft and hard [s], i.e. and ba[s "e] yin and ba[se] yin; this dictionary suggests pronouncing maneuvers, glider, but pronunciation is also allowed maneuvers, plener.
The emergence of many orthoepic variants is associated with the development of the literary language. The pronunciation is gradually changing. At the beginning of the 20th century spoke a[n"] gel, tse[R"] cow, ve[p "x], ne[R"] out. And even now in the speech of older people you can often find such a pronunciation. Very quickly, the solid pronunciation of the consonant [s] in the particle - Xia (camping) (dared[With] a, met[With]). At the beginning of the 20th century this was the norm of the literary language, as well as hard sounds [g, k, x] in adjectives on - cue, -gyi, -hi and in verbs on - nod, -gyrate, -cheat. The words high, strict, dilapidated, jump, bounce, shake off pronounced as if it were written strict, dilapidated, jump up, bounce. Then the norm began to allow both options - the old and the new: and dared[With] a and dared[with "] i, and strict[G] uy strict[G"] uy. As a result of changes in literary pronunciation, variants appear, some of which characterize the speech of the older generation, others - of the younger.
Orthoepic norms are established by scientists - specialists in the field of phonetics. On the basis of what do linguists decide which option should be rejected and which one should be approved? Orthoepy codifiers weigh all the pros and cons of each of the encountered options, while taking into account various factors: the prevalence of the pronunciation option, its compliance with the objective laws of language development (i.e., they look at which option is doomed and which has a future ). They establish the relative strength of each argument per pronunciation. For example, the prevalence of a variant is important, but this is not the strongest argument in its favor: there are common mistakes. In addition, orthoepy specialists are in no hurry to approve a new version, adhering to reasonable conservatism: literary pronunciation should not change too quickly, it must be stable, because the literary language connects generations, unites people not only in space, but also in time. Therefore, it is necessary to recommend the traditional, but living norm, even if it was not the most common
In the pronunciation of adjectives of the genitive singular of the middle and masculine gender, according to tradition, the consonant [r] is replaced by [v]: at the black [h "yaoґrnjv] stone, without the blue [s" yґn "bv] scarf.
In adjectives on - hy, -ky, -hy and in verbs on - nod, nod, nod the consonants G, K, X are pronounced softly, in contrast to the old Moscow pronunciation, which in these cases required a firm consonant:
Unstressed personal endings of verbs 1 and 2 of conjugation - ut, -yut, -at, -yat and suffixes of real participles of the present tense -usch-, -yusch-, -ash-, -yashch- in the language of our days are pronounced differently, their pronunciation is guided by spelling. The old Moscow norms required the pronunciation of these endings and suffixes only according to option 1 of the conjugation. Such pronunciations are now obsolete, but they can still be heard in the speech of the old intellectuals.
4. Pronunciation of postfixes -sya and -s in reflexive verbs. The old Moscow pronunciation was characterized by the pronunciation of solid [s] in these morphemes: fight [s], wash [s]. The only exceptions were gerunds in which a solid consonant was pronounced: fight [s "], knocking [s"]. In the modern language, it is recommended to pronounce [s "] in all cases, except for those when the postfix is preceded by the sound [s]: carried [s], shaking [s], but: leave [s" b], washed [s" b] .
