-- [ Page 8 ] --
(O. Serova) 5) And here and there the first yellow leaf, spinning, melts onto the road. (F. Tyutchev) 6) The mighty stream of the Volga, rushing down, scattered thousands of sprays. (K. Paustovsky) 7) Cranes chirped and built their triangles and descended to rest on the low bank of the Pine. (M. Prishvin) 8) Yellow leaves floated like islands and, clinging to snags, stopped. (K. Paustovsky) 404. Read the sentences. Find single deep parts in them. Where do they stand in relation to the verb-predicate? What question do they answer and what part of the sentence are they? In what cases are single gerunds not isolated? Why? Make a conclusion.
1) Tatiana writes, leaning on her elbows. (A. Pushkin) 2) Turning pale, the dawn subsides. (I. Nikitin) 3) Roses turn pale, opening up. (BUT.
Block) 4) Trembling, swaying, pines. (V. Bryusov) 5) They dined (not) in a hurry and almost silently. (G. Markov) 6) You enter the hall dancing (L. Tolstoy) 7) The wind hummed (not) ceasing. (V. Veresaev) 8) A nightingale worked among the foliage. Worked hands (not) indefatigably. (E. Vinokurov) 9) From morning until late at night, Fedor worked (not) indefatigably.
(M. Gorky) 10) The clock, hissing, struck twelve times in the hall.
(I. Bunin) 405. Read the sentences. Find isolated circumstances. Ask them a question. How are isolated circumstances expressed? What are these circumstances? Explain the placement of punctuation marks.
Bis_8.indd 335 26.09.2011 17:01: 1) Despite the mud, the morning was great. (A. Chekhov) 2) This time, despite the frost, my mother agreed to go out to the assembled peasants and took me out. (S. Aksakov) 3) Judging by the clock, the sun had already risen for more than an hour, but the fog completely hid it. (V. Obruchev) 4) These islands, due to the cold climate, are covered all the time with thicknesses of ice and snow ... (V. Obruchev) 5) The night, as usual, was warm and very clear, thanks to the north wind that carried away the fog. (V. Obruchev) 6) Recently I was in Gurzuf near the Pushkin rock and admired the view, despite the rain. (A. Chekhov) 406. 1. Read the text. Title it. Determine the type and style of speech. What role do isolated circumstances play in creating the expressiveness of a text?
Walking with bare tanned feet, I crept along the meadow stitches, fished in the river ... And again I lean over the water, reflecting the high summer sky. Still running, murmuring on the stones, a familiar stream. Creep along the bottom, green beards of algae sway. A small fish, like then, glided like a silver arrow along the bottom and disappeared ... I wash myself in the stream, and in the mirror of water I see a gray head, my reflected face. Drops of clear water flow from the hands.
Playing with flowery bunnies, a stream flows along the rocky bottom. And suddenly, as if alive, a pensive boy with a fair-haired head burnt out in the sun appears in my memory. Rolling up his trousers, he wandered along the stream here. Above his head, velvety-blue dragonflies stopped, froze in the air, fluttering their wings ... Visions of distant childhood visit me. Lying on the bank of a stream, I look into the sky, where, under the branches swayed by the wind, a deep, boundless expanse opens up. White fluffy clouds float in the sky. The same white golden clouds floated then. The foliage on the trees rustled in the same way, and in the depths of the blue sky, spreading its wings, a hawk-buzzard swam. Perhaps, on the bank of the stream, he still sees a tired traveler, Bis_8.indd 336 09/26/2011 17:01: lying down to rest in the green shade of trees.4 (I. Sokolov Mikitov) 2. Find isolated circumstances expressed by the gerund and participle . Ask them questions. Explain why they require isolation.
407. 1. Read the text. Determine its topic, main idea.
How can it be titled? What style, type of speech do you attribute it to?
On what basis did you determine this?
One clear, cold morning, Ivan Petrovich Berestov went for a ride on horseback, just in case, taking with him a pair of three greyhounds, a stirrup, and several yard boys with rattles. At the same time, Grigory Ivanovich Muromsky, tempted by the good weather, ordered to saddle his stubby filly. Approaching the forest, he saw his neighbor, proudly sitting on horseback, in a chekmen lined with fox fur, and waiting for a hare, which the boys shouted and rattled out of the bushes. There was nothing to do. Muromsky, as an educated European, rode up to his opponent and greeted him. Berestov reluctantly answered. At this time, the hare jumped out of the forest and ran through the field. Berestov and the stirrup yelled at the top of their voices, let the dogs go, and galloped after them at full speed. Muromsky's horse, which had never been on a hunt, was frightened and suffered. Muromsky, who proclaimed himself an excellent rider, gave her free rein and was inwardly pleased with the opportunity to save him from an unpleasant companion. But the horse, galloping to a ravine, which it had not noticed before, suddenly rushed to the side, and Muromsky did not sit still. Having fallen quite heavily on the frozen ground, he lay, cursing his stubby mare, which, as if coming to her senses, immediately stopped, feeling herself without a rider. Ivan Petrovich galloped up to him, asking if he had hurt himself. Meanwhile, the groom brought the guilty horse, holding it by the bridle. He helped Muromsky climb onto the saddle, and Berestov invited him to his place. Muromsky could not refuse, feeling obligated, and so about Bis_8.indd 337 09/26/2011 17:01: Berestov returned home at once with glory, having hunted down a hare and leading his opponent wounded and almost a prisoner of war.
Neighbors, having breakfast, got into a rather friendly conversation.
Muromsky asked Berestov for a droshky, for he confessed that because of the bruise he was not able to ride home. Berestov accompanied him to the very porch, and Muromsky left, taking his word of honor from him the next day to come to dine in a friendly way in Priluchino. Thus, the old and deep-rooted enmity seemed ready to end from the shyness of the short filly. (According to A. Pushkin) 2. Write out sentences with special circumstances. Underline them. Explain why they separate.
3. Find definitions in the text. How are they expressed? In what cases is it necessary to separate them with commas?
§38. Separate additions Additions with prepositions except, instead of, besides, beyond, including, except, excluding, along with, etc. can be isolated. with inclusion, exclusion, substitution values. The isolation of these phrases, as well as the circumstances expressed by nouns with prepositions, is associated with their semantic load, prevalence, and the speaker's desire to emphasize their role in the sentence.
408. Write down sentences. Find isolated terms. What part of the sentence are they? Determine their meaning. What is the purpose of separating them with commas?
1) It began to rain, and the whole company, with the exception of the princess, returned to the living room. (I. Turgenev) 2) I have not breathed such air anywhere, except in our places. (K. Paustovsky) 3) Everything on earth was described, with the exception of such rare and hellish places as Kara-Bugaz. (K. Paustovsky) 4) Contrary to the prediction of my companion, the weather cleared up and promised Bis_8.indd 338 26.09.2011 17:01: we have a quiet morning. (M. Lermontov) 5) Many of us, in addition to bookcases, also have a cherished shelf. (V. Inber) 6) Throughout May, with the exception of a few clear, sunny days, it rained continuously. (M. Sholokhov) 7) Dust and heat were everywhere, except for our favorite place in the garden. (L. Tolstoy) 409. 1. Read the text. What style would you classify it as? On what basis did you determine this?
The role of flora and fauna in human life can hardly be overestimated. The development of natural resources began with the development of biological resources.
In addition to plant resources, the resources of the animal world are also allocated.
The plant world gives man, along with food and feed, fuel and raw materials. Since ancient times, people have used the fruits of wild plants - berries, nuts, fruits, mushrooms. He learned to breed plants useful to him, to cultivate them.
Meadows, pastures, hayfields are an excellent fodder base for animal husbandry. Thousands of plants, including herbs and shrubs, raw materials for the production of medicines. Medicinal plants have been used in medicine for a long time and very successfully, many of which came to it from folk recipes.
The forest gives a person, in addition to edible fruits, wood - ornamental and construction, chemical raw materials.
2. Explain the punctuation marks in the sentences of the fourth paragraph.
3. Write down the words and phrases related to the scientific vocabulary. With what academic disciplines that you study at school is the content of this text related?
What information could you add to the resource story 4.
fauna of Russia? What sources do you use for this? Write a short message about this, including sentences with separate clarifying additions with prepositions except, along with, instead of, etc.
Bis_8.indd 339 26.09.2011 17:01: 410. Write down the sentences using missing punctuation marks. Underline their additions. Do I need to separate them with commas?
1) Soon the birds were completely silent except for one of some stubborn ones. (I. Goncharov) 2) In addition to the monotonous sound of an ax, nothing disturbed the calmness of the sad forest. (D. Grigorovich) 3) Everyone except Varya loudly applauded the singers.
(A. Stepanov) 4) In addition to his handsome and pleasant appearance, he was distinguished by good manners. 5) No one except his valet saw him without powder. (I. Turgenev) 6) Very slowly, Alexey opened his eyes and saw a brown, shaggy spot in front of him instead of a German. (B. Polevoy) 7) The mood of the crew was upbeat as usual. (A. Novikov-Priboy) §39. Specifying members of a sentence 411. Read and compare the sentences in the two columns. Determine what parts of the sentence are the underlined words? Track the intonation with which the isolated parts of the sentence are pronounced.
1) Behind the meadows, in the blue 1) Behind the meadows, in the blue grove, grove, the cuckoo cuckooed. in the alley of the garden, in the old lilac, a cuckoo was forging (I. Bunin).
2) Books: textbooks, dictionaries, then 2) Books, for example, textbooks of poems - filled nicknames, dictionaries, filled the entire rack.
the whole rack.
3) In a clearing, near the forest 3) In a clearing, near the forest edge, near the road, on the edge of the field, I saw blue, I saw blue flowers.
flowers. (K. Paustovsky) I. Separate members are called clarifying members of the sentence, which explain, clarify, specify the meanings of other members of the sentence (specified).
Bis_8.indd 340 09/26/2011 17:01: Both the main and secondary members of the proposal can be clarified and explained. But most often the circumstances of the place or time are specified, less often - the mode of action, as well as definitions.
The same question can be posed to the clarifying isolated members as to the member of the sentence being specified, but more specific - where and how? where exactly? when exactly?
In oral speech, clarifying members are distinguished by intonation, and in writing - by commas, in the case of a bright emotional coloring - by a dash: Here, in the forest region, my love for living, joyful nature, for my native land was born. (I. Sokolov-Mikitov);
In the summer, in the evening dawns, a steppe golden eagle flies to the top of the mound from under the cloak. (M. Sholokhov);
This story is short, three printed sheets. (I. Turgenev).
Depending on the meaning, certain words can be considered both as clarifying and as not specifying. Compare: Far away, in the forest, blows of an ax were heard (the listener is outside the forest). - Far away in the forest, blows of an ax were heard (the listener is also in the forest).
II. The words explaining the meaning of the preceding members of the sentence, both main and secondary, are separated.
The explanatory members of the sentence name the same concept as the previous word, but in a different way. They can join those specified with the help of special unions: that is, or (in the meaning of that is), exactly, namely, otherwise (in the meaning of that is), or otherwise: From the forest ravine came the cooing of wild pigeons, or turtledoves. (S. Aksakov);
In this respect, even one very important event for both of them happened, namely, Kitty's meeting with Vronsky. (L. Tolstoy) Sometimes a dash is placed before an explanatory phrase instead of a comma: I want only one thing - to warn you, Mikhail Savich. (A. Chekhov) Connecting words are also separated, which contain additional explanations or comments. They can join with the help of special words: even, especially, in particular, in particular, mainly, for example, including, moreover, etc.: Grandmother in general was very fond of mushrooms, milk mushrooms in particular. (S. Aksakov) Bis_8.indd 341 09/26/2011 17:01: 1 Which members of a sentence are usually specified?
2 What is the meaning of isolated qualifying terms?
3 What parts of speech can they be expressed in?
412. Read the sentences. Find clarifying terms in them.
What do they serve? What value do they bring? Explain punctuation marks.
1) In the corner of the yard, under the mountain ash, a table is set for dinner.
(M. Gorky) 2) He shook his curls and self-confidently, almost with a challenge, looked up. (I. Turgenev) 3) Once, on a weekday, in the morning, my grandfather and I were raking snow in the yard. (M. Gorky) 4) Around on the left bank, half a verst from the water, at a distance of seven or eight versts from one another, there are villages.
(L. Tolstoy) 5) A long, several miles long, shadow lay from the mountains on the steppe. (L. Tolstoy) 6) I found myself in Sormovo, in a house where everything was new. (M. Gorky) 413. Complete the sentences by selecting words from reference materials to clarify the circumstances. Write down your sentences with punctuation marks.
1) Not far from this place there was a small village.
2) I have been to a birch grove in autumn. 3) Clouds floated above.
4) A cloud was gathering ahead. 5) I will be back tomorrow. 6) The boy got up and went to the right.
Words for reference: across the blue sky, along the coast, over a meandering stream, about mid-September, on the horizon, at seven o'clock.
414. Complete the sentences with suitable clarifying members of the sentence. Write down the resulting sentences with punctuation marks. With what intonation are the clarifying parts of the sentence pronounced?
1) Watercolor, or ..., hung on the wall. 2) The display, that is..., suddenly went out. 3) I really enjoy playing sports, Bis_8.indd 342 09/26/2011 5:01 pm: especially... 4) The illustration, otherwise... was very interesting. 5) In autumn, the trees in the forest, in particular..., turned golden yellow. 6) By the arrival of birds, especially ..., you can predict the beginning of spring. 7) Linguistics, or ..., studies related and unrelated languages.
415. Write down, placing the missing punctuation marks and inserting the missing letters. Highlight qualifying and qualifying words. Which sentence members are they?
1) Here (c) far from prying eyes, a young birch was flattering. (M. Isakovsky) 2) Six niches for statues were made on the back blank wall of this portico or ha (l, ll) gallery, which Odintsov was going to write out (from) abroad. (I. Turgenev) 3) On the other side, beyond the river, a nightingale wailed. (I. Krylov) 4) Even a small river has merit on earth.
(V. Peskov) 5) The most early-ripening mushrooms, such as birch and russula, reach full development in three days. (S. Aksakov) 6) Two hundred meters wide river of flowers and grass crossed the forest.
(V. Soloukhin) 7) The storm began in the evening at ten o'clock. (S. Aksakov) 8) It was not for nothing that in the spring, during the days of the first flight of birds, it made me wander. (I. Sokolov-Mikitov) 416. 1. Read the text. Determine its main idea. How can it be titled?
Central Russian native nature was my first teacher.
I had to pass a variety of exams in my life - in calligraphy and in Latin and in anatomy, to be a participant in many competitions. But only a great teacher - nature has not yet given me any mark. She teaches me to this day.
Over the years, living in the city, we forget about the earth, grass, seeds. Many are content only to see a piece of the sky in the window frame and listen to dispassionate "weather reports".
And how wonderful it is when you yourself can guess the weather by the sunset, and by the hubbub, and by the flight of birds.
Bis_8.indd 343 26.09.2011 17:01: I always strive from the city to the open.
Woe to him who is blind and deaf to nature, to the forest, to the morning dawns. You have to be vigilant. To see not only what is “on the surface”. (S. Konenkov) 2. Find sentences with clarifying members in the text. What part of the sentence are they? What shades of meaning do they bring? Explain punctuation.
3. Which statement does not match the content of the text?
1) I always strive from the city to the open.
2) Nature teaches me even today.
3) I like to live in the city.
4) Living in the village, we forget about the land.
4. What do you think is the key word in this text? Why? Prove it.
5. Find sentences with homogeneous members in the text. Explain the punctuation marks. Make diagrams.
What do you think taught the people's artist Sergey Ko 6.
nenkova nature? Reflect on this.
We repeat the spelling Ob..soble (n, nn) th, x..rakt..ristics, k..ncretization, pr..education, travel..procession, (many) centuries old, raz..enchantment, (n. .) patiently, b..sp.. hundred (n, nn) oh, Petersburg. in (o, oo) fermentation, bl.. slick, sh.. luxe, pr.. l.. zhenie, oil .. noy, two (n, nn) eleven, (velvet) blue, white .. extremely .. th pr..stor, l..karstve (n, nn) th, crew (?), (medium ..) Russian, part (?) nickname.
Checking Yourself 1 Point out the sentence in which the mistake was made.
1) I lowered the mat, wrapped myself in a fur coat and dozed off, I lull the canoe with the singing of a storm and the rolling of a quiet ride. (A. Pushkin) Bis_8.indd 344 26.09.2011 17:01: 2) The commandant of the Lower Lake Fortress, a quiet and modest young man, was familiar to me. (A. Pushkin) 3) Unexpected incidents that had an important impact on my whole life suddenly gave my soul a strong and good shock. (A. Pushkin) 2 How can you continue the sentence:
Knowing the rules for punctuation, 1) you will have good grades in the quarter.
2) Do your homework correctly.
3) not enough to write correctly.
3 Which sentence is complicated by a separate member with an explanatory meaning:
1) On Saturday, after pancakes, we go skiing from the mountains. (I. Shmelev) 2) Heavy clusters of lilacs breathed, dew of grief. (Sun. Rozhdestvensky) 3) Across the entire width of the Lena, ice floes, or, in a local way, hummocks, stuck out in different directions. (V. Korolenko) 4 1. Read the text. Determine his style and type of speech. By what signs did you set it up?
Two days later I sailed to Krasnovidovo.
The Volga has just opened. From above, along the muddy water, gray, loose ice floes stretch, swaying. The boarder overtakes them, and they rub against the sides, creaking, crumbling from the blows of sharp crystals. The riding wind plays, driving a wave ashore, the sun dazzlingly sparkles, reflecting in bright white beams from the bluish-glass sides of the ice floes. The boarder, heavily loaded with barrels, bags, boxes, goes under sail. On the steering wheel is a young peasant Pankov, smartly dressed in a tanned sheepskin jacket, embroidered on his chest with multi-colored lace.
His face is calm, his eyes are cold, he is silent and bears little resemblance to a peasant. Kukushkin, a disheveled peasant in a tattered coat, girded with a rope, in a wrinkled priestly hat, stands with a hook in his hands, standing on the prow of the plank, legs spread.
Bis_8.indd 345 9/26/2011 5:01 pm: It's cold. The March sun is still warm. Dark branches of bare trees sway on the shore. In some places, in the crevices and under the bushes of the mountain shore, snow lies in pieces of velvet. Everywhere on the river there are ice floes, as if a herd of sheep is grazing. I feel like I'm in a dream.
The doshchanik swims under the shore. The river swung wide to the left, invading the sandy shore of the meadow side. You see how the water rises, splashing and shaking the coastal bushes, and light streams of spring waters noisily roll towards it along the hollows and crevices of the earth. The sun is smiling. Yellow-nosed rooks shine in its rays with black steel plumage, cawing troublesomely, building nests. In the hot sun, a bright green bristle of grass touchingly makes its way from the earth to the sun. The body is cold, but in the soul there is a quiet joy, and tender sprouts of bright hopes also arise. Very cozy in the spring on earth. (According to M. Gorky) 2. Write out the sentences, distributing them into groups: a) with isolated definitions, b) with isolated circumstances, c) with clarifying members of the sentence. What questions do they answer? What do they matter? Indicate how the isolated members of the sentence are expressed. Explain why they require punctuation. What conditions does it depend on? Formulate the rules.
3. Find applications and inconsistent definitions in the text. Which of them are not isolated? Why? Which application requires commas to separate?
4. Indicate the type of single-part sentence highlighted:
1) definite personal 3) generalized personal 2) indefinite personal 4) impersonal 5. Find in the text a sentence with homogeneous predicates. Oh, characterize this proposal, draw up its scheme.
How do you understand the meaning of the last sentence? What ho 6.
Bis_8.indd 346 26.09.2011 17:01: Sentences with appeals, introductory words and plug-in constructions §40. Introductory constructions and punctuation marks with them 417. 1. Read and compare the sentences in two columns. Which of them express the speaker's own attitude to what is happening, reported? What words express the speaker's confidence about what is being reported, doubt, assumption? Remember what these words are called. Make a conclusion in which sentences these words are part of the sentence.
1) This moonless night, Kazakh - 1) The bright future seemed to be elk, was just as magnificent - Green was very far away (K. Pauna, as before. (I. Turgenev)stovsky) 2) In a word, his success is perfect - 2 ) In a word, it’s possible for the shelves to be a riddle for me. story fight. (V. Shefner) (I. Turgenev) 3) You, perhaps, should 3) Exchange of feelings and thoughts to bless fate for what cannot be between us.
I don't want to take off my mask. (M. Ler- (M. Lermontov) montov) 2. Parse the sentences given in the right column.
Bis_8.indd 347 26.09.2011 17:01: 3. Make up schemes of the sentences given on the left and prove that the introductory word is not a member of the sentence.
I. Introductory words are words, combinations of words or whole sentences, with the help of which the speaker expresses his attitude to what he says: Undoubtedly, even great masters make mistakes.
(K. Fedin) - confidence;
There is so much snow here that it seems like it will never melt. (S. Marshak) - uncertainty;
Fortunately, I lived in Moscow for more than half a year. (I. Bunin) - a feeling of joy.
Introductory constructions are not members of the sentence.
They can be at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence.
Introductory words during pronunciation are distinguished by intonation (a pause and a relatively fast pace of pronunciation), and in writing - by commas.
II. Depending on the context, the same words sometimes act as introductory words, sometimes as members of the sentence. Compare: I don’t know for sure, but it seems that this whole trick was deliberate, and not improvised (F. Dostoevsky). - Probably heard, but you don’t want to say (M. Gorky). Sometimes you can check whether a word is introductory or a member of a sentence by excluding it from the composition of the sentence: without an introductory word, the structure of the sentence is preserved. However, often the sentences are two-valued and this method of verification does not give results. Compare: First of all, you need to talk about this (= first you need to talk). - First of all, is it necessary to talk about this?
(the connection of thoughts is established).
III. They are not introductory combinations on advice, on instructions, on demand, on decision, on decree, on order, on plan: According to the calendar, spring will come in March (I. Goncharov).
418. 1. Read the table that lists the most common introductory words and phrases.
Bis_8.indd 348 26.09.2011 17:01: Meanings Introductory words Examples of introductory words and phrases Confidence Of course, undoubtedly, undoubtedly, certainly, without a doubt, of course, really, of course, naturally Uncertainty It seems, it seemed, probably, throughout Apparently, perhaps, obviously, maybe, maybe, should, apparently, apparently, apparently, probably, probably, perhaps Various Unfortunately, fortunately, to not feeling happiness, to joy, to chagrin, to misfortune , surprisingly, sorry, as if on purpose, as luck would have it, to annoyance. to someone according to a message, according to opinion, according to advice, according to observations (of someone), according to tradition cape finally, on the one hand, with ley, assessment of the other side, in one word of the way, as they say, in short, to put it mildly, open the Literally speaking, it is better to say, in other words, on the contrary, however, in other words, by the way, by the way, so Bis_8.indd 349 09/26/2011 17:01: 2. Read the sentences below, observing the correct intonation. Point out the introductory words and determine what meanings they express. Complete the table with these examples.
1) The elk obviously walked in big leaps. (K. Paustovsky) 2) The fire, according to Leontiev, went sideways. (K. Paustovsky) 3) Fortunately, the lake turned out to be rich in fish, most of all perch. (G. Fedoseev) 4) The sounds gradually became stronger and more continuous and, finally, merged into one sonorous rumble.
(L. Tolstoy) 5) Evening, do you remember, the blizzard was angry ... (A. Pushkin) 6) Probably, each of us judges those around us to some extent by ourselves. (A. Rybakov) 7) Yes, apparently, you can’t get to the snowstorm. (V. Korolenko) 8) According to him, the most diverse company gathered there every Thursday. (L. Leonov) 9) However, he was a delicate person. Soft and stupid.
(A. Chekhov) 10) She mentally looked for, in her opinion, the most convincing arguments. (M. Sholokhov) 11) It seems that this simple forest man understood my then moods better than anyone. (L. Leonov) 12) The bouquet must have been collected not long ago. (K. Paustovsky) 13) Our nightingale was, apparently, one of the experienced old singers. (I. Sokolov-Mikitov) 14) So, I left alone. (L. Tolstoy.) 419. 1. Read the text, title it. Define its style. What is the role of introductory words in this text? Why are some sentences marked with brackets?
I still try to expand and deepen my knowledge of the language. For example, I sometimes like to just read dictionaries, and this gives a lot. Here is Dahl's dictionary in front of me ...
Let's open it and see at least such a familiar word as "home". Think about this word and you will understand how many meanings it contains. "House" primarily means a building for habitation. But this, so to speak, is the most general concept. And if you say "peasant's house", then the meaning of the word is already changing: this is already a hut, a hut. If we say “a stone high-rise building”, then the idea of a house is already created by others. The word "house" in other cases may mean just some kind of shack, shack, hut. (Here, they say, look at what it is, my house!) And how many different forms this word has: here is “house”, and “house”, and “house”, and “house”, and “house”, and "domino".
Thus, if you properly understand even just one word "house", then this will bring a lot of benefits. But there are many thousands of such words in the Russian language. (M. Isakovsky) 2. Find introductory words in the text. Determine their meaning.
3. Write out the synonyms of the word house from the text. Explain the difference between them. Make suggestions with them.
Read the first paragraph again. Write an essay, pp 4.
using the first sentence as the beginning. Tell (optionally) about the words: world, earth, water, sky.
421. Write down sentences. Underline introductory sentences.
Determine their structure (one-part or two-part). Explain the role and meaning of introductory structures.
1) My soul, I remember, has been looking for miracles (?) since de (?) years.
(M. Lermontov) 2) Shots, it seemed to me, were still heard right ... (A. Pushkin) 3) You, I think, are accustomed to these magnificent paintings. (M. Lermontov) 4) Parasha (that was the name of our beauty) knew how to wash, sew and weave. (A. Pushkin) 5) Wishing to try our luck again before sunrise (you can go for draft in the morning), we decided to spend the night in the nearest mill. (I. Turgenev) 6) As the sailors put it, the wind is ..
beep. (A. Chekhov) 7) Only the blue autumn (n, nn) haze (it is called “mga” by the people) tightened the stretches on the Oka and distant (n, nn) forests. (K. Paustovsky) 8) My arrival - I could notice this - at first somewhat confused the guests. (I. Turgenev) 9) On a hot summer morning (it was at the end of July) we woke up earlier than usual. (S. Aksakov) 10) Buran, it seemed to me, is still St..
rep. (A. Pushkin) 11) Rya..chiki, as hunters say, like to think in the trees, under the quiet murmur of a forest river.
(M. Prishvin) Bis_8.indd 351 09/26/2011 17:01: IV. Introductory sentences have the same meanings as introductory words and phrases. When pronouncing, they are distinguished by intonation, and in writing - by commas: If there are things in the world worthy of the name "miracles", then the word, we are sure, is the first and most wonderful of them. (L. Uspensky) Introductory sentences can introduce additional information, comments, clarifications, explanations, amendments into the main sentence, which sharply break the links between words. Such introductory sentences are called interstitial.
Plug-in sentences are distinguished by brackets, less often by a dash:
Quickly, but hotly, a passion passed in my soul (otherwise I cannot call it) to catch and collect butterflies. (S. Aksakov);
Alexei - the reader has already recognized him - gazed intently at the young peasant woman. (A. Pushkin) 1 What words and sentences are called introductory?
2 Where are these words usually found in a sentence?
3 What meaning can they express?
4 What designs are called plug-in? How do they differ from introductory structures?
422. Complete the sentences using introductory sentences from reference words. Write them in a modified form, placing punctuation marks.
1) The speech of a cultured, educated person should be ...
correct, accurate and beautiful. 2) In order to speak correctly and beautifully, one must ... observe the laws of logic (consistency, evidence) and the norms of the literary language.
3) There are... dead languages in the world that no one speaks anymore. 4) ... nothing is given so cheaply and is not valued so dearly as politeness.
Words for reference: we think we are sure, as we know, as linguists believe.
Bis_8.indd 352 26.09.2011 17:01: 423. 1. Write down the text. Instead of gaps, insert introductory words that are suitable in meaning, indicating the order of thought and their connection. Say what type and style of speech is characterized by the use of introductory words of this particular group.
What are the benefits of creating a text document with a word processor?
…E-text can be changed quickly and easily. Imagine that you made a mistake in the text of a greeting card. You will have to take a new postcard and rewrite the text again. And in an electronic document, you can make as many corrections as you like, and they will be absolutely invisible, since the latest version of the document is always reflected on the screen.
... there is no need to think in advance how the finished document layout should look. The layout can be created after typing, and you can make as many layout options as you need. For example, by typing the text of an invitation card once, you can arrange it in several ways and print the invitations in the required quantity.
...the number of expressive means of text design is significantly increased and their use is facilitated.
… most of the routine work is automated, such as searching for spelling and syntactic errors, searching and replacing words, etc.
... special programs allow you to include fragments in another language, formulas, figures, tables, etc. in the text.
…by creating an electronic document once, you can get an unlimited number of copies. (From the book: Informatics and ICT) 2. Choose synonyms for the words routine (work), editorial (document).
3. Tell me, is it possible to apply the proverb: “What is written with a pen, you cannot cut it out with an ax” to create an electronic text. Justify your answer.
4. Make a syntactic analysis of the phrase invitation card, find a synonym for it in the text.
Bis_8.indd 353 26.09.2011 17:01: 424. Which sentence uses an introductory word? Highlight it with punctuation marks.
1) Sitting down somewhere on a barrow in the steppe, or on a hillock above the river, or finally on a well-known cliff, the blind man listened to the rustle of leaves and the whisper of grass ... (V. Korolenko) 2) Finally raised, the banners of martial honor are rustling. (A. Pushkin) 3) Finally, we left the fortress gates and left the Belgorod fortress forever. (A. Pushkin) 425. Build sentences according to the following schemes:
1) Introductory word, ... 2) ..., Introductory word, ... 3) ..., Introductory word.
426. Insert into the sentence one by one the words expressing:
certainty/uncertainty, the source of the message, the connection of thoughts. By watching what will change in the content of the proposal? Introductory words or combinations of words can be included at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of a sentence.
We started climbing to the top of the mountain.
Prepare a response message in the form of a reasoning about introductory words.
§41. Appeal and punctuation marks with it I. Appeal is a word or a combination of words that names the one to whom or what is addressed with speech.
The appeal is pronounced with a special vocative intonation:
Sonya, don't cry, dear darling. (L. Tolstoy);
Hello, my beautiful prince. (A. Pushkin).
Bis_8.indd 354 09/26/2011 17:01: In the letter, the appeal, along with all the words related to it, is highlighted or separated by commas: Why are you, my old woman, silent at the window? (A. Pushkin);
My friends, our union is beautiful. (A. Pushkin) II. The appeal may stand:
t at the beginning of a sentence: O, _ t in the middle of a sentence: _, O, _ t at the end of a sentence: _, O.
If the appeal is at the beginning of a sentence and is pronounced with an exclamatory intonation, with a special feeling, an exclamation mark is placed after it: O thin birch! What looked into the pond! (S. Yesenin) Oh! _ !
The particle o that precedes the appeal is not separated from it by a comma: Your verdict is wrong, oh heaven. (M. Lermontov) In the middle of a sentence, the appeal is pronounced quickly, with a low tone, it stands out with small pauses, it can have a vocative intonation: You are wide, Russia, unfolded across the face of the earth in royal beauty! (I. Nikitin) _, Oh, _.
The appeal that stands at the end of the sentence is pronounced with a weakened vocative intonation: Well then! Sorry homestay. (S. Yesenin), O.
If there are several appeals in a sentence that follow each other, then they are pronounced with enumeration intonation:
Farewell, dear village, dark grove and stumps. (S. Yesenin) _, O, O and O.
III. The appeal can be expressed:
t with a noun in the nominative case: Do not make noise, aspen, do not dust, road. (S. Yesenin);
t adjective: Dear, good! How slow is the run of time. (A. Surkov);
Attendant, start cleaning;
t with the sacrament: Mourners, get out of the cars;
t numeral: Hello, sixth!
Appeal can also be expressed by the pronoun of the 2nd person. Most often it is used in colloquial speech and has a tinge of rudeness, familiarity: Oh, barbosina! (A. Chekhov) Hush, you! But it can also be used in a solemn speech, the text: Bless my work, O epic muse! (A. Pushkin) Bis_8.indd 355 26.09.2011 17:01: IV. The appeal can be uncommon and widespread: I love you, Peter's creation, I love your strict, slender appearance. (A. Pushkin) The appeal is not a member of the proposal, it is impossible to put a question to it.
427. Write off the sentences, placing the missing punctuation marks. Highlight requests. When can inanimate nouns be used as address? What is the name of such a technique? Where are the references in the proposal?
1) Maple you are my fallen maple icy that you stand bending under a white blizzard (S. Yesenin) 2) Rash you bird cherry with snow, you sing birds in the forest (S. Yesenin) 3) About the first lily of the valley from under the snow you ask for sun rays ( A. Fet) 4) Farewell to the sea! I will not forget your solemn beauty! (A. Pushkin) 5) Do not sing the nightingale under my window: fly away to the forests of my homeland. (M. Koltsov) 6) Oh, the first lily of the valley from under the snow, you ask for the sun's rays. (A. Fet) 7) He was your singer about the sea. (A. Pushkin) 8) How I loved the Caucasus, your majestic sons of yours in their morals! (M. Lermontov) 9) Why are you drooping green willow? (A. Maykov) 10) Open the window my friend. (A. Pleshcheev) V. Appeal is a bright expressive means of language. Appeals to inanimate objects give special expressiveness to speech: Oh, you vile glass, ... (A. Pushkin);
Mother Earth is my own, my forest side. (A. Tvardovsky). The expressiveness of speech is also given by a repeated appeal or several appeals to one word: Hello, hello, darling, darling, darling! (A. Prokofiev) In poetic works, expressiveness is achieved by using (using):
t appeals-metaphors: My autumn, autumn! Golden thought!
(V. Inber);
t metonymic appeals: Farewell, with blue eyes, I don't blame you. (I. Gruzdev);
t paraphrase appeals: I love you, Peter's creation, ... (A. Pushkin) Bis_8.indd 356 09/26/2011 17:01: In works of art, appeals are often a characteristic of the hero, the protagonist: Oh, you red-haired demon! Often there are constructions similar in form to invocations.
428. Read the sentences with the correct intonation.
Write out proposals with appeals. Determine how calls differ from constructs similar to them in form. With what intonation will you read the appeals?
1) Nightingales, nightingales, do not disturb the soldiers. Let the soldiers sleep a little. (A. Fatyanov) 2) The nightingales in the gardens have echoed, the days are fading, and it's time to fly away. (A. Prokofiev) 3) How often, in sorrowful separation in my wandering fate, Moscow, I thought about you!
(A. Pushkin) 4) Moscow... How much Russian has merged in this sound for the heart! (A. Pushkin) 5) Sing me, oriole, a desert song. (B. Pasternak) 6) The oriole is very careful at the nest.
(L. Semago) 7) And we will keep you, Russian speech, the great Russian word. (A. Akhmatova) 8) Wake me up early tomorrow, oh my patient mother! (S. Yesenin) Did you know that...
On the Internet, you can not behave as you please.
The basic norms of behavior - network etiquette - are the same here as in ordinary life: do not be rude, do not swear, do not misbehave and behave politely.
The letter always begins with a polite address. Since it is not known exactly when the addressee will read it, the Internet has even come up with such a playful form as “Good day!” Written appeal "Dear friend!" or the more formal "Dear Sergey Sergeevich!" in our country it is customary to end with an exclamation point, and in English-speaking countries it ends with a business comma: My dear, ... (“My dear ...”).
Bis_8.indd 357 26.09.2011 17:01: 429. 1. Tell us what you learned about netiquette. How does it relate to basic norms of behavior? What addresses are used in Internet correspondence? What punctuation marks are used when addressing people in Russia and in other countries? What punctuation do you use?
Write a letter to your online pen friend. Russka 2.
live to him what you learned about network ethics.
430. Read the sentences. Analyze what parts of speech the appeals are expressed. What do you think, in what styles of speech can certain addresses be used?
1) Well, you jackdaws flew in late, sat down on our roof at sunset? (V. Lugovskoy) 2) Sing, little light, don't be ashamed! 3) Goodbye, dear starlings! Come spring. (A. Kuprin) 4) Farewell, dear village, dark grove and stumps. (S. Yesenin) 5) Well, spread the tablecloth, hostess, we'll sit with you until then. (A. Prokofiev) 6) “Stop cracking, magpies!” said the woman in the knitted scarf. (Yu. Nagibin) 7) On the boat, return immediately! Otherwise, I open aimed fire! 8) Passer-by, stop! (M. Tsvetaeva) 9) Get up, get up, you! (K. Simonov) 10) “Mish,” the younger suddenly said, “where did this stone come from?” 11) Aunt Mus, Aunt Mus, Yulochka wants to eat ... (B. Polevoy) 12) Suddenly, exhausted and subdued, O Terek, you interrupted your roar. (A. Pushkin) 13) Oh, stitch, wait, stretch a little. (M. Isakovsky) 14) Well, match, match, help me out, don't let the fighter down. (A. Tvardovsky) 15) Terkin, Terkin, in fact, the hour has come, the end of the war. (A. Tvardovsky) 16) “Grandfather, where are you? - Shut up, restless! (M. Sholokhov) 431. Make sentences with appeals according to the following schemes:
1) Oh. 4) _, O, _.
2) Oh!. 5) _, Oh!
3) Oh! ? 6) _, Oh?
Bis_8.indd 358 26.09.2011 17:01: 432. Read an excerpt from A. Chekhov's story "Thick and Thin".
Two friends met at the station of the Nikolaev railway: one fat, the other thin.
Porfiry! exclaimed the fat one, seeing the thin one. - Is that you? My dove! How many winters, how many years!
Fathers! - the thin one was amazed. - Misha! Childhood friend! Where did you come from?
The friends kissed each other three times and fixed their eyes full of tears on each other. Both were pleasantly surprised.
Well, how are you, friend? asked the fat man, looking enthusiastically at his friend. - Where do you work? Reached the ranks?
I serve, my dear! I have been a collegiate assessor for the second year and I have Stanislav. The salary is bad ... well, God bless him! My wife gives music lessons, I privately make cigarette cases from wood.
Excellent cigarette cases! I sell for a ruble. If someone takes ten pieces or more, you understand, a concession is given to him. Let's have some fun. I served, you know, in the department, and now I have been transferred here as a clerk in the same department ... I will serve here. Well, how are you? Probably already civilian? BUT?
No, my dear, raise it higher, - said the fat one. - I have already risen to the secret ... I have two stars.
The thin one suddenly turned pale, petrified, but soon his face twisted in all directions with the broadest smile;
it seemed as if sparks were falling from his face and eyes. He himself shrank, hunched over, narrowed... His suitcases, bundles and cartons shrank, grimaced... His wife's long chin became even longer;
Nathanael stretched out in front and buttoned all the buttons of his uniform ... - I, Your Excellency ... Very pleased, sir! A friend, one might say, of childhood, and suddenly turned out to be such grandees, sir! Hee hee s.
Well, it's full! - grimaced fat. What is this tone for?
You and I are childhood friends - and what is this veneration for!
Bis_8.indd 359 26.09.2011 17:01: - Excuse me... What are you... - the thin one giggled, shrinking even more. - The gracious attention of Your Excellency ... it seems like life-giving moisture ... 2. Write out sentences with appeals from the text. Specify what parts of speech they are expressed. Sketch them out. Explain punctuation.
3. Track which addresses are used at the beginning of the text, and which ones are used at the end. What do you think it depends on?
4. Find a paragraph in which A. Chekhov draws how the subtle changes before our eyes, and not only he, but even things. What part of speech helps to see this?
The order of syntactic analysis of a simple sentence 1. Name the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).
2. Determine the type of sentence by emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).
3. Indicate the type of sentence in relation to reality (affirmative or negative.) 4. Establish that the sentence is simple, highlighting its grammatical basis.
5. Disassemble the proposal by the members of the proposal:
a) subject and predicate;
b) minor members that are part of the subject;
c) secondary members that are part of the predicate.
Specify how the members of the sentence are expressed.
6. Consider the structure of the sentence:
a) two-part or one-part. For one-component, indicate the type - definitely personal, indefinitely personal, impersonal, nominative.
b) widespread or non-common;
c) complete or incomplete. In incomplete, determine which member is missing.
7. Indicate whether the sentence is complicated or uncomplicated. For complicated ones, set the type of complication: homogeneous members, about Bis_8.indd 360 09/26/2011 17:01: separate members, appeal, introductory words and sentences.
433. 1. Read the text. Determine the type of speech. On what basis did you establish this?
1854 The first separate edition of the poems of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev is published, evoking approving responses from his contemporaries. The young Leo Tolstoy, having read this collection for the first time, admitted that he was "dimmed" by the magnitude of Tyutchev's talent. Subsequently, Tolstoy, naming him among his favorite poets, said that "one cannot live without him."
Surprisingly subtle .. characteristic of Tyutchev's poetic talent was left by I.S. Turgenev took an active part in the preparation and publication of the first collection. With the "delicate smell of violets" he compares the aroma of Tyutchev's poems:
“Violet with its smell does not stink for twenty steps around:
you have to get close to it to smell its fragrance.
Tyutchev is usually called the "singer of nature." In his lyrics, he created excellent .. "landscapes in verse" imbued with .. deep philosophical thought.
The poetic world of Tyutchev amazes anyone who at least once opens a volume of his poems. (I. Koroleva) 2. Write the text, inserting the missing letters and placing the missing punctuation marks.
3. Pick up synonyms for the words: approving (replies), strike (twenty steps around), amaze (everyone).
4. Emphasize isolated circumstances. What parts of speech are they? Make a morphological analysis of one or two deep parts.
5. Find separate definitions. How are they expressed? Explain punctuation marks.
6. Parse the highlighted sentence.
Bis_8.indd 361 09/26/2011 5:01 pm: Reviewing what was learned in grade 8 434. 1. Read the text. Find keywords and define the topic. Do you think the title reveals the topic or main idea?
Specify the number of microthemes. Do the microtopic boundaries match the paragraph boundaries? Prove it. What type of speech would you classify this text as?
Why? Determine how the sentences are linked in the text.
Young leaves 1) Spruces bloom with red candles and dust with yellow flour.
2) At the old huge stump, I sat right on the ground. 3) This stump inside is complete dust and, probably, would have completely crumbled if the hard outer wood had not cracked into planks, as in barrels, and each plank had not leaned against the dust and held it. 4) And a birch tree has grown out of the dust and has now blossomed. 5) And many different berry grasses, blooming from below, rose to this huge old stump.
6) The stump held me back, I sat down next to the birch, trying to hear the rustle of trembling leaves, and could not hear anything. 7) But the wind was quite strong, and forest music came here through the firs in waves, rare and powerful. 8) Here the wave runs away and does not come, and the noise screen falls, complete silence opens for a short minute, and the finch will take advantage of this: it will roll briskly, persistently. 9) Listen! 10) It is joyful to listen to him - you will think about how to live well on earth! 11) But I want to hear the pale whisper Bis_8.indd 362 09/26/2011 17:01: fragrant-brilliant yellow and still small leaves of my birch. 12) No! 13) They are so tender that they only tremble, shine, smell, but do not make noise. (According to M. Prishvin) 2. From sentence 4, write out the word with the spelling in the root -rast / -ros-. Explain its spelling.
3. What rule determines the spelling of words: crumbled, cracked, blossomed, used, rolled out?
4. Write out examples of single-valued and polysemantic words from the text, indicate their meaning.
5. What is the meaning of the word roll in the text?
1) Rolling, gain speed.
2) Roll in different directions.
3) Sound loud, booming.
6. Replace the phrase forest music, built on the principle of coordination, with a synonymous phrase with the connection control. Write down the resulting phrase.
7. Indicate the sentence in which the predicate is compound nominal.
1) 1 2) 6 3) 7 4) 9.
8. Determine the tense of the predicate verbs. Why do you think the author uses verbs in different tenses?
9. Name the type of one-part sentence 9.
1) definite personal 2) indefinite personal 3) impersonal 4) generalized personal 10. Indicate the sentence in which the isolated circumstance is expressed by adverbial phrase:
1) 3 2) 5 3) 6 4) 8.
11. Write out a sentence with homogeneous members that match and. Explain punctuation.
follow scheme 435. 1. Expressively read the texts from the works of V. Solouhin, highlighting the intonational features of the sentences with your voice.
Find a theme that unites them. What excites, interests the car? How does he talk about it in the first text? And in the second? What is the main idea of these texts? Determine the type of speech of these texts. Prove it.
Bis_8.indd 363 26.09.2011 17:01: I. 1) It's nice to look at the people who mow down from a distance! 2) It’s good to admire a skillful, well-ordered scythe up close! 3) These uniform, economical strokes of the scythe, this is a rhythmic unfolding of the shoulders, when the scythe is pulled back, swings slowly, as if the spring is compressed at the same time, which then rapidly, sharply pushes the scythe in the opposite direction, and the scythe falls on the right leg and on the right side , and even exhale out loud: “H-ha!”
4) The shirt on the chest is open, the face and neck are sweaty, and the reflections of dawn lie on the face: at least now paint a picture.
5) But here is what is strange. 6) As soon as you take the scythe yourself and stand in a row, both the surroundings and the clouds immediately disappear somewhere.
7) The whole world shrinks, leaving behind a yellow wooden scythe, a crooked bluish blade of a scythe, along the groove of which dew runs, washing off grassy fines, a small patch of standing grass that has to be cut, and even from time to time this Bis_8.indd 364 26.09. 2011 17:01: a rye bar sliding along a gentle sting from one side or the other. 8) And if you throw up your head and look around us or look where the swath should end, then, as luck would have it, it is at this moment that a trickle of hot sweat will flow into your eyes, and the white light will obscure, and pinch your eyes so that what there are clouds and surroundings! ("Dewdrop") II. 9) Why has haymaking been the most beloved work and the most beloved time in the village for a long time? 10) Because of all the peasant work, it was carried out jointly, united everyone, made friends, collectivized. 11) All year the peasants dug, not each on their own patch, but went out to hay in one place with the whole village, or, as it was called, with the whole world, stood one after another, competed (competed) with each other, in moments of rest they joked. 12) It was like a holiday.
13) They went back and forth with songs. ("Vladimirskie proselki") 2. Replace the colloquial word "zastit" with a stylistically neutral synonym.
3. From sentences 2-3, write out the words with the spelling -tsya / -tsya in verbs. Explain their spelling, formulate the rule.
4. Will the words uniting, collectivized be textual synonyms.
5. Describe the words competed, joker, dug. Are they bookish or colloquial?
6. Explain how you understand the meaning of the expression to the whole world.
7. Find in the text antonyms for words close, slowly.
8. Find a synonym for the word admire.
9. Are the words uniform, rhythmic, textual synonyms?
10. What type of predicate does it have to end with (swept)?
1) simple verb 2) compound verb 3) compound nominal 11. What role does the interrogative sentence play, in your opinion?
12. Specify the type of one-part sentence 5.
1) definitely personal 2) indefinitely personal 3) generalized personal 4) impersonal.
Bis_8.indd 365 26.09.2011 17:01: 13. Indicate to which sentence the characteristic corresponds:
simple, narrative, non-exclamatory, two-part common, complicated by homogeneous predicates:
1) 3 2) 4 3) 6 4) 11.
14. Write out a sentence from the text with homogeneous subjects connected by a repeating union and. Sketch them out. Explain your punctuation.
436. 1. Read the text expressively, highlighting the intonational features of the sentence with your voice. Determine its topic and main idea.
1) Nikolai Nikolaevich saw his street and his house. 2) His heart was pounding. 3) He stood for several minutes, caught his breath, crossed the street with a firm step, entered the courtyard, tearing boards from boarded up windows. 4) He thought: the main thing is to chop off the boards, open the doors, open the windows so that the house begins to live its permanent life. 5) The house always seemed to him large, spacious, smelling of the warm air of stoves, hot bread, fresh milk and freshly washed floors.
6) And even when Nikolai Nikolayevich was little, I always thought that not only “living people” lived in their house, not only grandmother, grandfather, father, mother, brothers and sisters, countless uncles and aunts coming and going , as well as those that were in the paintings hanging on the walls in all five rooms. 7) And this feeling that the "people from the pictures" actually live in their house never left him, even when he became an adult. (According to V. Zheleznikov) 2. Are the words healed, life, live, alive with the same root?
3. Write out from the text the words in which the spelling of the suffix is determined by the rule: “НН is written in the full passive participles of the past tense.”
4. Find antonyms in the text.
5. What is the meaning of the adjective solid in the text:
1) Retaining its shape and size, unlike liquid and gaseous.
Bis_8.indd 366 09/26/2011 17:01: 2) Hard, strong.
3) Stable, durable.
6. Indicate the fourth "extra".
saw constant smelling pounding steam room freshly washed caught his breath boarded up coming to discover countless leaving 7. Find syntactically non-free phrases in the text. What meaning do they express?
8. Indicate a sentence in which one of the homogeneous members of the sentence is a compound verb predicate.
1) 1 2) 3 3) 5 4) 7.
9. Write out a sentence from the text with two rows of homogeneous sentence members. Highlight them. Sketch them out.
10. Indicate the sentence in which the homogeneous members of the sentence are connected by a double union:
1) 3 2) 5 3) 6 4) 11. Find in the text a sentence with a separate agreed definition. Explain punctuation with it.
437. 1. Read the text. To what type and style of speech can it be attributed? How did you define it? Title the text. What will reflect for the heading - the topic or the main idea?
1) A rare road does without bridges. 2) The creak of logs, the rumble of iron spans or the silence of a stone remain in the memory. 3) Of all human structures, bridges are the most poetic.
4) I thought: why is this? 5) Probably because they stand above the water, because it is a means to step over an obstacle, because the bridge is part of the road, and the road, the movement always excites and delights. 6) Finally, bridges connect people.
7) How many bridges are there in the world? 8) It is hardly possible to count them. 9) Hanging, pontoon, stone, log, bamboo, metal, concrete, lifting and movable, viaducts and aqueducts... 10) Only in St. Petersburg there are more than five Bis_8.indd 367 26.09.2011 17:01: hundreds of bridges. 11) And take it upon yourself to drive across our land from the west to the Amur - how many times the rails will run over the water! 12) And how many bridges and bridges over small rivers and ravines, over bays, lowlands and streams!
13) Bridges, like people, have age and do not live forever.
14) Reinforced concrete are durable. 15) Iron released an average of one hundred years. 16) One hundred years - and it is necessary to change. 17) In the Far East, near Khabarovsk, there is one of the veteran bridges.
18) Whoever rode the train across the Amur remembers the long alarming rumble, the longest on the entire journey from west to east.
19) Amur bridge is the longest of our bridges. 20) Four kilometers of patterned steel connect the Amur shores...
21) ... Large bridges and small ones, two logs, with a birch railing, are equally dear to us, because bridges connect people. (V. Peskov) 2. Determine the number of micro-themes in the text. Briefly formulate the idea of each micro-topic.
3. From sentence 9, write out the words in which the spelling n / nn obeys the rule: “If an adjective is formed from a noun with a base on -n, then nn is written in it.” Take these words apart.
4. Find the fourth "extra"
poetic endless long-lived released 5. Indicate the sentence in which the subject is expressed by a syntactically non-free phrase with an emphatic meaning.
1) 2 2) 3 3) 10 4)7.
6. Write out from the text a sentence with homogeneous subjects connected by a disjunctive union. Describe this proposal.
7. Explain the setting of the dash in sentence 19.
8. Specify a sentence with a qualifying member of the sentence.
1) 5 2) 11 3) 12 4)17.
Bis_8.indd 368 26.09.2011 17:01: 9. Specify the type of one-part sentence 8.
1) definitely personal 2) indefinitely personal 3) generalized personal 4) impersonal 10. Find in the text a sentence with an introductory word denoting a sequence of thoughts. Explain punctuation.
438. 1. Read the text. Determine its topic and main idea.
What is special about this topic? Title the text so that the title reveals both the topic and the main idea. Name the speech type of this text. Prove it. On what basis did you determine this?
1) Screw walked along the country road - a freckled, snub-nosed boy, which vocational schools produce in batches. 2) A winter uniform pea jacket wide open, in his hand is an old cap with earflaps, lined with a mysterious bluish-blue beast.
3) On the feet of Shurup are ordinary work boots with iron rivets on the sides. 4) It is, of course, difficult to tap-dance in such places, but stomping along an unrolled country road is even very deft, especially if you take a good step.
5) Screw wore a hat with earflaps behind one ear and slapped it on the trouser leg with every step. 6) Screw is coming, waving his hat.
7) Screw has a good mood! 8) The head of the section let him go home for five whole days. 9) “Here you are,” he says, “two days in May, one day off and two days from me personally. For getting into the business." 10) True, Screw is listed in the brig de only as a trainee. 11) But this is by order, and if so, then there is no difference.
12) In the side pocket of the pea coat is his first paycheck. 13) He didn’t even count how many there are. 14) It was much more important to realize that they finally exist and that he earned them with his own hands.
15) “I need to buy my mother a present for the holiday,” Shurup thought. - I'll come to the city - I won't go home right away, but first I'll go shopping. To go home with a gift. Just what to buy? Candy box? Some more expensive. To be tied with a ribbon. Will she eat herself? He will take a little thing or two, and give the rest to Vitka. And the only thing for that is Bis_8.indd 369 09/26/2011 17:01: wai: it will eat everything in one go. Maybe a handbag? Or a dress?
Beautiful flowers. That will be glad! 16) It was pleasant for Shurup to mentally dress his mother in everything new: he imagined how his mother, worried, turning pink in her face, would try on gifts in front of a mirror, and from these mental pictures he was imbued with a feeling of honestly deserved respect for himself. 17) “Wear, mother, to your health,” he will say. - If I earn more, I'd rather buy it.
18) He was pleased to give his mother various good things.
19) It was a whole discovery for him. 20) He did not know this before, because he was not yet a working person. 21) He went over in his mind many different things that he would like to bring to his mother.
22) There are a lot of good things in the world, and you want to give them all at once. (According to E. Nosov) 2. Find and write out words with unpronounceable consonants. Explain their spelling.
3. Formulate the rule that governs the spelling of words:
store, shoes, candy, pocket.
4. From sentence 16, write out a word with an alternating unstressed vowel in the root. What does its writing depend on?
5. Find in sentences 1-4 words with evaluation suffixes. What are these suffixes? What are they used for?
6. Write out from the text the words whose spelling obeys the rule: “In the adjective suffixes -onn / -enn, it is written НН”. Highlight their suffixes.
7. Find in the text a stylistically neutral synonym for the word then pa.
8. Find the fourth "extra".
walked I’ll come to realize the padded let out I’ll take to buy bandaged carried wear to put on well-deserved spanked I’ll earn worrying not knurled 9. Indicate in which sentences there are syntactically non-free phrases denoting quantity.
1) 5 2) 8 3) 12 4) 14.
Bis_8.indd 370 09/26/2011 17:01: 10. Determine the type of predicate in sentence 11.
1) simple verb 2) compound verb 3) compound nominal 11. Indicate to which sentence the characteristic corresponds:
simple, narrative, exclamatory, one-part nominative, common, uncomplicated.
1) 2 2) 3 3) 7 4) 12.
12. From sentences 2-4, write out heterogeneous definitions together with the word being defined. How does the fact that they are heterogeneous affect the punctuation marks?
13. In sentence 2, find a separate agreed definition. Write it out together with the word being defined, explain the punctuation marks.
14. In the above sentence from the text, all commas are numbered. Specify the numbers denoting commas in the introductory word.
In such tap-dancing, (1) of course, (2) it’s difficult, (3) but stomping along an unkempt country road is very clever, (4) it’s special, but if you walk well.
15. How do Shurup characterize his plans? How does he feel about the money he earns? What was more important to him?
Write an essay-reasoning. Express your opinion 16.
to the hero of this passage.
439. 1. Read an excerpt from N. Teffi's story "Nowhere". Why do you think it's titled like that? Determine the main idea of the text.
How can you title this passage? What type of speech is this text? How will you prove it?
1) At the pier of the old port of the Russian northern city, on a bunch of ropes, a boy was sitting. 2) Thin, with an elongated neck, the muzzle is sharp, tense.
3) At first he sat on a pedestal, on which mooring cables are wound, but the movers drove him away. 4) He moved further away, but they drove him out of there too. 5) He is used to being driven from everywhere and that he interferes with everyone here. 6) Nothing can be done. 7) He won't leave anyway.
Bis_8.indd 371 26.09.2011 17:01: 8) His nostrils flare, his eyes shine and run like a mouse's, he licks his lips, twirls his sharp muzzle, sucks in smells.
9) It smells of fish, resin and something else spicy, exciting, unfamiliar. 10) This is the smell of the ship that is being unloaded now. 11) This is generally an unprecedented smell, the breath of those distant lands that do not exist in the world.
12) From below, the smooth walls of the ship seem impregnable, mercilessly high. 13) And the reflection of the waves trembles with a sparkling lace mesh on its sides. 14) Maybe they caught him with this net and are holding him. 15) How wonderful everything is!
16) Ask the sailor - where did the ship come from?
17) He will answer:
From Jamaica.
18) Or from Java, or from the Canary Islands.
19) Wonderful, exciting names.
20) But there is probably some other, unknown, name that can only be heard in the deepest sleep.
21) One sailor said that the most wonderful thing is to climb on top of a huge middle mast. 22) She always sways a little, even in the calmest weather. 23) And so, if you look from there, from above, at the world, you will see extraordinary things. 24) Firstly, the ship itself will seem small, like a stand. 25) And the whole seabed is visible, as if in the palm of your hand. 26) There, at the bottom, monsters walk: one-eyed, octopus, cock-fish, saw-fish, swordfish, sea cat, sea horse, sea urchin.
27) Everything is huge, everything is terrible, not like on earth.
28) - Where is a country that does not exist? - the boy asked the big ones.
29) - Leave me alone! - answered him. 30) - Nowhere.
31) Then this boy grew up and recently told me how he was sitting in the port. 32) But even now in a dream he often sways on the top of a huge mast and feels the wind ruffle his hair and carry his ship to the country “Nowhere”, about which he seems to be Bis_8.indd 372 26.09.2011 17:01: would and in reality he yearns, but only in reality he does not understand that he yearns for her.
2. What syllable is stressed in the word wonderful? Does the meaning of a word change if the stress is placed on another syllable? What are such words called?
3. Write out from the text the words in which the spelling of the prefix is determined by the rule: “If a deaf consonant follows after the prefix, then a letter denoting a deaf consonant is written at the end of it.”
4. Find words in the text with an unpronounceable consonant at the root of the word. Formulate a rule for writing them.
5. Indicate the words with the prefix non-, which are not used without non-.
Unfamiliar, unprecedented, impregnable, unknown, extraordinary Explain the spelling of other words with not encountered in the text.
What rule does it follow? Formulate the rules for spelling not/neither with different parts of speech. Give examples.
6. Write out from the text the words with the prefix pre-. What rule governs their spelling? Give examples of words with the prefix pre-.
7. Find in the text exception verbs from conjugation I. Why are they exceptions? Put these verbs in the form of the 3rd l. pl. h.
How many stems can be distinguished from a verb? Write down the basics of these verbs and try to form all possible participles from them. What verbs could not be used to form participles? Why?
8. Indicate the fourth "extra".
puff up sharp close shine spicy little run laced away leave me alone wonderful quietly 9. Explain the spelling of adverbs in o/a.
recently at first often from there only always a little Bis_8.indd 373 09/26/2011 17:01: 10. Prove that the adverbs above, below, in reality are written correctly. How to distinguish between the spelling of adverbs and nouns with a preposition?
11. What part of speech is the word large in sentence 28?
What is the meaning of this word? Why do you think the author uses the word big? What is the synonym for it?
12. Are the words impregnable, high, contextual synonyms?
13. How do you understand the word mercilessly high? For what purpose is it used?
14. Find in the text a phrase that corresponds to the pattern x “pronoun + adj.”.
15. Indicate the sentence in which the subject is expressed syntactically by a non-free phrase with the meaning of quantity.
16. Replace the phrase seabed, built according to the principle of coordination, with a synonymous phrase with a control link. Write down the resulting phrase. Is it possible to rebuild the phrases sea cat, sea horse, sea urchin so that there is a control connection. Why?
17. Why do you think the word sea is used three times in sentence 26? What do the phrases sea cat, sea horse, sea urchin mean? What are these phrases?
18. Find the fourth "extra" in each column. Explain your choice.
the old port viewed from above the northern city sways a little distant lands on its sides the Canary Islands interferes with everyone on a bunch of ropes winding the cables the breath of the lands licks the lips sat in the port smells of fish moved away to hear the name 19. Indicate the type of predicate in sentence 25.
1) simple verb 2) compound verb 3) compound nominal Bis_8.indd 374 26.09.2011 17:01: 20. Determine the type of one-part sentence 9.
1) definite-personal 2) indefinitely-personal 3) generalized-personal 4) impersonal 21. Match the numbers of sentences and their characteristics.
1) 6 A. Definitely personal 2) 14 B. Indefinitely personal 3) 19 C. Generalized personal 4) 23 D. Impersonal 5) 25 E. Nominative 22. Find incomplete sentences in the text. For what purpose are they used? What would the full replicas look like?
23. Explain the hyphenated spelling of words in the sentence 26. Are these words single applications with a defined word or designate a concept, a term?
24. Indicate in which sentence the definitions are homogeneous. Explain their punctuation.
1) 1 2) 12 3) 13 4) 19.
25. Write out a sentence with a generalizing word with homogeneous members. Explain the punctuation in this sentence. Do its syntactic parsing. Make a diagram.
26. Find introductory words in the text. What do they mean? How are they divided in a sentence?
27. All commas are numbered in the sentence. Write down the numbers denoting commas at the introductory word.
But there is, (1) probably, (2) some other, (3) unknown, (4) name, (5) which can only be heard in the deepest sleep.
28. By what means is the comparison expressed in the text? What members of the sentence are comparative turns with the union how?
Explain their punctuation.
29. Reread the last paragraph. How do you understand the words "country" Nowhere "? What is the boy sad about? What is his secret dream? Why do you think the author believes that the hero of this story “does not realize in reality that he yearns for her”?
What are you dreaming about? Try to talk about your dream, 30.
using homogeneous members, introductory words and sentences.
Bis_8.indd 375 26.09.2011 17:01: Dictionary of spelling difficulties Academy Debut interior allegory motto incident alligator declaration skilful ensemble declare art fragrance scenery true artillery delegate architecture delicate Cavalry assortment diploma candidate asphalt discussion carnival graduation certificate dignity coloring sight- colossal Kayak vitality combination immortality commission businessman Like-minded-companion biographer nick composer majority fever vertical conference video camera bird correspondent showcase pearl couturier imagination embody Architecture Laboratory in a hurry architect landscape laureate Guarantee Perfect legend harmony illumination ingenious illustrated Maneuver horizontal route graceful improvisation migration grandiosity intellectual microelement Bis_8.indd 376 26.09.2011 17:variety prototype Fantasy multimedia proportion fireworks multimedia prototype festival cartoon pedestal film library On the go Revenge Chameleon by heart regulate hobby like resolution for rent recommendation Relic value civilization Obelisk rehearsal civilized isolation restoration build a pedestal operation regulation Talented ek compressive devotion to broadcast element transformation track erudition privilege Increasing priority Seclusion prologue universal Bis_8.indd 377 26.09.2011 17:01: Table of contents RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IN THE CIRCLE OF SLAVIC LANGUAGES SPEECH (REPEAT AND LEARN NEW) §1. Text. Types of speech ................................ §2. Speech styles ................................................ §3. Conversational style................................... §4. Scientific style ............................................... §5. Official business style ............................. §6. Journalistic style ............................. REPETITION (BASED ON STUDY IN GRADES 5-7) SYNTAX AND PUNCTATION TERM. PROPOSITION §7. Phrase. Types of phrases ................. §8. Types of connection of words in a phrase ....................... §9. Proposal ................................. §10. Intonation. logical emphasis... ................. §eleven. Types of sentences according to the purpose of the statement ............. §12. Types of sentences by emotional coloring .............................. §13. Sentences affirmative and negative.................................... TWO-PARTICLE SENTENCE MAIN MEMBERS OF THE SENTENCE §14. The subject and ways of its expression ................. §15. Predicate. Types of the predicate .......... §16. Simple verbal predicate ........................ §17. Compound verbal predicate ...................... §18. Compound nominal predicate .......... §19. A dash between the subject and the predicate ................. SECONDARY MEMBERS OF THE PROPOSITION §20. What are the secondary members of the sentence .................................. Bis_8.indd 378 09/26/2011 17:01: § 21. Definition. Types of definitions ............... §22. Addition. Types of additions ........................ §23. Circumstance.
Types of circumstances ................................ §24. Word order in a sentence ........................ §25. Incomplete Sentence ............................. SINGLE SENTENCE §26. What is a single clause. Types of one-part sentences .............................................. §27. Definitely personal proposals ............... §28. Indefinitely personal sentences ................. §29. Generalized-personal sentences ....................... §30. Impersonal sentences ............................... §31. Nominative sentences ............................... COMPLICATED PROPOSITION HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS OF THE PROPOSITION §32. Proposals with homogeneous members ................. §33. Homogeneous and non-homogeneous definitions ............... §34. Generalizing word with homogeneous members ............................. SEPARATE MEMBERS OF THE PROPOSITION §35. Proposals with separate members ................ §36. Separate definitions and applications............... §37. Special Circumstances ........................ §38. Stand-alone additions ................................ §39. Clarifying members of the sentence ...................... §40. Introductory constructions and punctuation marks with them ......................... SENTENCES WITH APPEALS, INTRODUCTORY WORDS AND INSERTABLE CONSTRUCTIONS §41. Appeal and punctuation marks with it ............ REPETITION OF STUDY IN GRADE 8 Bis_8.indd 379 09/26/2011 17:01: Educational edition Bystrova Elena Alexandrovna Kibireva Lyudmila Valentinovna Voiteleva Tatyana Mikhailovna Fattakhova Nailya Nuryikhanovna RUSSIAN LANGUAGE Grade 8 Textbook for educational institutions Edited by Academician of the Russian Academy of Education E.A. Bystrovoy Editor E. Obukhova Art editor N.G. Ordynsky Serial external and internal design of A.S. Pobezinsky Artist Yu.N. Ustinova Proofreader G.A. Golubkova Layout L.Kh. Matveeva Signed for publication on 1.09.11. Format 70x90/16.
Offset paper. Offset printing.
Poems by F. Tyutchev. St. Petersburg, printing house of Eduard Pratz, 1854. 58, 1-14. Supplement to the journal Sovremennik, 1854, vol. 44-45. Extract. On pages 1-14 of the second pagination - “Poems by F.I. Tyutchev (serving as an addition to those published in Sovremennik, vol. 44, No. 3, 58, p.)”. In semi-coloured binding of the era. Large figure eight format: 24x16 cm.
This is not the first publication of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev (1803-1873), this is just the forerunner of his first book of the poet, which was published in the same 1854 in the same printing house of Eduard Pratz. Tyutchev was not prolific as a poet (his legacy is about 300 poems, but what!). Starting to print very early: from the age of 16, he rarely published, in little-known almanacs, in the period 1837-1847 he wrote almost no poetry at all and, in general, cared little about his reputation as a poet. The first significant attempt to acquaint readers with the work of Fedor Ivanovich was made by A.S. Pushkin back in 1836. In his journal "Contemporary" in the second half of 1836, he printed under the signature "F.T." 24 "Poems sent from Germany". The same poems, together with the laudatory and enthusiastic article "Russian Minor Poets" and an assessment of the poet's work in 1850, also in Sovremennik, were reprinted by N.A. Nekrasov. In 1854 N.A. Nekrasov prints Fyodor Ivanovich's poems in a separate book (the poet's first book), edited by I.S. Turgenev. The poet himself does not take any part in the publication. I.S. Turgenev, who considered it his great merit that he managed to persuade F. Tyutchev to print a book, in a playful impromptu wrote: "I forced Tyutchev to unbutton ...".
Bibliographic description:
1. Books and manuscripts in the collection of M.S. Lesman. Moscow, 1989, No. 2312.
2. Library of Russian poetry I.N. Rozanov. Bibliographic description. Moscow, 1975, No. 1664.
Russia cannot be understood with the mind,
Do not measure with a common yardstick,
She has a special become -
One can only believe in Russia.
I met you - and all the past
In the obsolete heart came to life,
I remembered the golden time
And my heart felt so warm...
There is not one memory
Then life spoke again, -
And the same charm in you,
And the same love in my soul! ..
Tyutchev, Fedor Ivanovich (1803-1873) - Russian poet, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1857). Tyutchev's spiritually intense philosophical poetry conveys a tragic sense of the cosmic contradictions of being, symbolic parallelism in poems about the life of nature, and cosmic motifs. Love lyrics (including the poems of the "Denisevsky cycle"). In journalistic articles he gravitated toward pan-Slavism. He was born on November 23 (December 5, n.s.), 1803, in the Ovstug estate, Oryol province, in an old noble family. Childhood years were spent in Ovstug, youthful years are connected with Moscow. Home education was led by a young poet-translator S. Raich, who introduced the student to the works of poets and encouraged his first experiments in poetry. At the age of 12, Tyutchev was already successfully translating Horace. In 1819 he entered the verbal department of Moscow University and immediately took an active part in its literary life. After graduating from the university in 1821 with a Ph.D. in verbal sciences, at the beginning of 1822 Tyutchev entered the service of the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs. A few months later he was appointed an official at the Russian diplomatic mission in Munich. From that time on, his connection with Russian literary life was interrupted for a long time. Tyutchev spent twenty-two years in a foreign land, twenty of them in Munich. Here he married, here he met the philosopher Schelling and became friends with G. Heine, becoming the first translator of his poems into Russian. In 1829 - 1830, Tyutchev's poems were published in Raich's magazine "Galatea", testifying to the maturity of his poetic talent ("Summer Evening", "Vision", "Insomnia", "Dreams"), but did not bring fame to the author. Tyutchev's poetry first received real recognition in 1836, when a cycle of his poems sent from Germany appeared in Pushkin's Sovremennik. In 1837, Tyutchev was appointed first secretary of the Russian Mission in Turin, where he experienced his first bereavement: his wife died. In 1839 he entered into a new marriage. Tyutchev's official misconduct (unauthorized departure to Switzerland for a wedding with E. Dernberg) put an end to his diplomatic service. He resigned and settled in Munich, where he spent another five years without any official position. Persistently sought ways to return to service. In 1844 he moved with his family to Russia, and six months later he was again accepted into the service of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 1843 - 1850, he published political articles "Russia and Germany", "Russia and the Revolution", "The Papacy and the Roman Question", concluding that a clash between Russia and the West and the final triumph of "Russia of the Future", which seemed to him "all-Slavic" empire. In 1848 - 1849, captured by the events of political life, he created such wonderful poems as "Reluctantly and timidly ...", "When in the circle of murderous worries ...", "Russian Woman", etc., but did not seek to print them . The beginning of Tyutchev's poetic fame and the impetus for his active work was Nekrasov's article "Russian Minor Poets" in the Sovremennik magazine in 1850, which spoke about the talent of this poet, not noticed by critics, and the publication of 24 Tyutchev's poems. The real recognition came to the poet. In 1854 the first collection of poems was published, in the same year a cycle of love poems dedicated to Elena Denisyeva was published. “Lawless” in the eyes of the world, the relationship of the middle-aged poet with the same age as his daughter lasted for fourteen years and was very dramatic (Tyutchev was married). In 1858 he was appointed chairman of the Foreign Censorship Committee, more than once acting as a defender of persecuted publications. Since 1864, Tyutchev has suffered one loss after another: Denisyev dies of consumption, a year later - their two children, his mother. In the work of Tyutchev in the 1860s, political poems and small dedications predominate - “for occasions” (“When decrepit forces ...”, 1866, “To the Slavs”, 1867, etc.). The last years of his life are also overshadowed by heavy losses: his eldest son, brother, daughter Maria are dying. The life of the poet is fading away. On July 15 (27 n.s.), 1873, Tyutchev died in Tsarskoye Selo.
The poem "The Tempest" by Afanasy Fet is an excellent example of how, due to precisely chosen words and expressive means, the poet immediately creates a clear picture of nature in the reader's imagination. Below is a more detailed analysis of this work.
"The Tempest" was written in 1854, when two collections of Fet's poems were already published, and the poet established himself as a recognized artist of the word, unusually expressive depicting nature. His favorite technique is the personification, the animation of the forces of the surrounding world. It is the main one in the analyzed poem.
A storm breaks out on the sea, and it appears before the reader as a living being: "angrier and angrier seething", sea foam "spin", breaker "irritable". In the first two quatrains, the description of the elements only resembles a person with these verbs and epithets, and in the last, climactic, the poet finally animates the sea, introducing the sea god into the description. Threatening his trident with his own, Ready to exclaim: “Here I am!”- in these lines, the humanization of the elements reaches its maximum, only a creature very close to people can threaten with such words. In this frivolity, there is a contrast to the growing anxiety of the first two quatrains. Listing words "fading", "angrier and angrier seething", "spin", "more irritable", "effervescent", "beats" creates a vivid picture of an angry element. In addition, it is supplemented with alliteration: “as if cast iron hits the shore”, the abundance of explosive sounds really resembles blows. The sea god is described by epithets "omnipotent and implacable", the reader in suspense expects a climax, a blow ... but only a half-joking threat sounds. With the help of this technique, Fet shows that the storm is not terrible, and we have nothing to fear - as if the reader and the author are looking at the storm from a safe shore.
Involving the reader in what is happening is also a frequent technique for the poet. He invites the viewer to share emotions, experiences, and therefore makes nature alive, the third participant in what is happening, and not just an image.
The poem "The Tempest" refers to landscape lyrics, it is written in iambic tetrameter - a dynamic meter, ideal for describing rapidly changing pictures of nature. As already mentioned, the composition is built on an increase in tension in the first two quatrains and on a sharp decline immediately after the climax - the appearance of the sea god. Resetting emotions, "transferring" the reader to a safe place, depicting the storm as a beautiful, formidable, but not threatening element - this is the path that the author intended for the viewer. And after reading The Tempest, anyone will feel involved in it.
- Analysis of the poem by A.A. Feta "Whisper, timid breathing ..."
- "The First Lily of the Valley", analysis of Fet's poem
- "Butterfly", analysis of Fet's poem
- “What a night! How clean the air is...”, analysis of Fet's poem
- "Autumn Rose", analysis of Fet's poem
Poems by F. Tyutchev. St. Petersburg, printing house of Eduard Pratz, 1854. 58, 1-14. Supplement to the journal Sovremennik, 1854, vol. 44-45. Extract. On pages 1-14 of the second pagination - “Poems by F.I. Tyutchev (serving as an addition to those published in Sovremennik, vol. 44, No. 3, 58, p.)”. In semi-coloured binding of the era. Large figure eight format: 24x16 cm.
The north was given the western border of Texas and then further east than the desired south; but in return they gave Texas ten million dollars to pay off their old debts. This is a compromise. During this long period of time, Nebraska remained essentially an uninhabited country, but now emigration to and settlement within it has begun to take place. That's about a third larger than the current United States, and its long-ignored importance is beginning to emerge. The limitation of slavery on the Missouri Compromise refers directly to him; in fact, was first made, and it has since been saved, right for him.
This is not the first publication of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev (1803-1873), this is just the forerunner of his first book of the poet, which was published in the same 1854 in the same printing house of Eduard Pratz. Tyutchev was not prolific as a poet (his legacy is about 300 poems, but what!). Starting to print very early: from the age of 16, he rarely published, in little-known almanacs, in the period 1837-1847 he wrote almost no poetry at all and, in general, cared little about his reputation as a poet. The first significant attempt to acquaint readers with the work of Fedor Ivanovich was made by A.S. Pushkin back in 1836. In his journal "Contemporary" in the second half of 1836, he printed under the signature "F.T." 24 "Poems sent from Germany". The same poems, together with the laudatory and enthusiastic article "Russian Minor Poets" and an assessment of the poet's work in 1850, also in Sovremennik, were reprinted by N.A. Nekrasov. In 1854 N.A. Nekrasov prints Fyodor Ivanovich's poems in a separate book (the poet's first book), edited by I.S. Turgenev. The poet himself does not take any part in the publication. I.S. Turgenev, who considered it his great merit that he managed to persuade F. Tyutchev to print a book, in a playful impromptu wrote: "I forced Tyutchev to unbutton ...".
This bill did not repeal the Missouri Compromise. Indeed, when it was attacked, since it contained no such retreat, Judge Douglas defended it in its present form. He appends this bill to a report in which he strongly recommends for the last time not to approve and rescind the Missouri Compromise.
Soon the bill is so modified that it makes two territories instead of one; naming Southern Kansas. Also, about a month after the introduction of the bill, at the judge's own motion, it is so amended that it declares the Missouri Compromise null and void, and, in essence, the people who go and settle there may establish slavery, or exclude it, as they consider it necessary. In this form, the bill passed through both branches of Congress and became law.
Bibliographic description:
1. Books and manuscripts in the collection of M.S. Lesman. Moscow, 1989, No. 2312.
2. Library of Russian poetry I.N. Rozanov. Bibliographic description. Moscow, 1975, No. 1664.
Russia cannot be understood with the mind,
Do not measure with a common yardstick,
This is the reversal of the Missouri Compromise. This is exactly what we will be in their situation. If slavery did not exist between them, they would not have introduced it. If it existed between us, we shouldn't immediately leave it. Undoubtedly there are men on both sides who under no circumstances will have slaves; and others who would gladly reintroduce slavery if it were from life. We know that some southern men free their slaves, go north and become abolitionists at the top; while some northerners go south and become the most brutal slave owners.
She has a special become -
One can only believe in Russia.
I met you - and all the past
In the obsolete heart came to life,
I remembered the golden time
And my heart felt so warm...
There is not one memory
Then life spoke again, -
My first impulse would be to free all the slaves and send them to Liberia, their native land. But a momentary reflection will convince me that, despite the high hope, in this, perhaps, and ultimately, her sudden execution is impossible. If they all landed there in a day, they would all die in the next ten days, and there is no excess per diem and excess money in the world to carry them there many times over ten days. Release them all and keep them among us as subordinates? Is it quite certain that it improves their condition?
And the same charm in you,
And the same love in my soul! ..
Tyutchev, Fedor Ivanovich (1803-1873) - Russian poet, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1857). Tyutchev's spiritually intense philosophical poetry conveys a tragic sense of the cosmic contradictions of being, symbolic parallelism in poems about the life of nature, and cosmic motifs. Love lyrics (including the poems of the "Denisevsky cycle"). In journalistic articles he gravitated toward pan-Slavism. He was born on November 23 (December 5, n.s.), 1803, in the Ovstug estate, Oryol province, in an old noble family. Childhood years were spent in Ovstug, youthful years are connected with Moscow. Home education was led by a young poet-translator S. Raich, who introduced the student to the works of poets and encouraged his first experiments in poetry. At the age of 12, Tyutchev was already successfully translating Horace. In 1819 he entered the verbal department of Moscow University and immediately took an active part in its literary life. After graduating from the university in 1821 with a Ph.D. in verbal sciences, at the beginning of 1822 Tyutchev entered the service of the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs. A few months later he was appointed an official at the Russian diplomatic mission in Munich. From that time on, his connection with Russian literary life was interrupted for a long time. Tyutchev spent twenty-two years in a foreign land, twenty of them in Munich. Here he married, here he met the philosopher Schelling and became friends with G. Heine, becoming the first translator of his poems into Russian. In 1829 - 1830, Tyutchev's poems were published in Raich's magazine "Galatea", testifying to the maturity of his poetic talent ("Summer Evening", "Vision", "Insomnia", "Dreams"), but did not bring fame to the author. Tyutchev's poetry first received real recognition in 1836, when a cycle of his poems sent from Germany appeared in Pushkin's Sovremennik. In 1837, Tyutchev was appointed first secretary of the Russian Mission in Turin, where he experienced his first bereavement: his wife died. In 1839 he entered into a new marriage. Tyutchev's official misconduct (unauthorized departure to Switzerland for a wedding with E. Dernberg) put an end to his diplomatic service. He resigned and settled in Munich, where he spent another five years without any official position. Persistently sought ways to return to service. In 1844 he moved with his family to Russia, and six months later he was again accepted into the service of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 1843 - 1850, he published political articles "Russia and Germany", "Russia and the Revolution", "The Papacy and the Roman Question", concluding that a clash between Russia and the West and the final triumph of "Russia of the Future", which seemed to him "all-Slavic" empire. In 1848 - 1849, captured by the events of political life, he created such wonderful poems as "Reluctantly and timidly ...", "When in the circle of murderous worries ...", "Russian Woman", etc., but did not seek to print them . The beginning of Tyutchev's poetic fame and the impetus for his active work was Nekrasov's article "Russian Minor Poets" in the Sovremennik magazine in 1850, which spoke about the talent of this poet, not noticed by critics, and the publication of 24 Tyutchev's poems. The real recognition came to the poet. In 1854 the first collection of poems was published, in the same year a cycle of love poems dedicated to Elena Denisyeva was published. “Lawless” in the eyes of the world, the relationship of the middle-aged poet with the same age as his daughter lasted for fourteen years and was very dramatic (Tyutchev was married). In 1858 he was appointed chairman of the Foreign Censorship Committee, more than once acting as a defender of persecuted publications. Since 1864, Tyutchev has suffered one loss after another: Denisyev dies of consumption, a year later - their two children, his mother. In the work of Tyutchev in the 1860s, political poems and small dedications predominate - “for occasions” (“When decrepit forces ...”, 1866, “To the Slavs”, 1867, etc.). The last years of his life are also overshadowed by heavy losses: his eldest son, brother, daughter Maria are dying. The life of the poet is fading away. On July 15 (27 n.s.), 1873, Tyutchev died in Tsarskoye Selo.
Free them and make them, politically and socially, our equals? My own feelings won't admit it, and if mine, we well know those of the great mass of white people won't. Whether this feeling is a fair and sound judgment is not the only question, if it is really some part of it. or unfounded cannot be safely ignored. Therefore, we cannot make them equal to ALS. But all this; provides no more justification, in my opinion, for allowing slavery to enter our free territory than it would for the restoration of the African slave trade by law.
We acquaint our readers with a chapter from the textbook “Russian Literature. 10th grade. Part 2, which is published by the Drofa publishing house. (The first part of the textbook, written by A. N. Arkhangelsky, was published at the beginning of this year.)
Fedor. Writer of the Pushkin generation, poet of the Nekrasov era
You already know that literary historians consider the 1840s unsuccessful for Russian poetry. But it was in this decade that the gift of two great lyricists, Fyodor Tyutchev and Afanasy Fet, began to unfold. Paradoxically, the readers did not seem to notice them, their lyrical poems did not fit into the widespread idea of what a “correct” poetic composition should be. And only after the article by Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov “Russian Modern Poets” (1850) appeared in the most authoritative literary magazine of that time - in Sovremennik, the readers felt like a veil fell from their eyes.
A law prohibiting the bringing of slaves from Africa; and what for so long forbade them to be taken to Nebraska can scarcely be distinguished by any moral principle; and the abolition of the former could find quite plausible justifications, as from the latter. The arguments for overturning the Missouri Compromise are justified.
First, the country of Nebraska needs a territorial government. Secondly, that in various ways the public rejected it and demanded that it be cancelled; and therefore must not now complain about it. And finally, that the abolition establishes a principle that is essentially correct.
Among others, Nekrasov wrote about the outstanding talent of Fyodor Tyutchev. And he reprinted 24 of his poems, first published in Sovremennik 14 years ago. In 1854, through the efforts of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, the first collection of Tyutchev's poems was published. Shortly before this, 92 Tyutchev's poems were published as an appendix to the third volume of Sovremennik for 1854. And in the fourth volume of the journal for the same year, Nekrasov placed an enthusiastic article by Turgenev “A few words about the poems of F. I. Tyutchev” ...
First, then, if this country needed a territorial organization, could it not have it without it, as with abolition? Iowa and Minnesota, which were subject to the Missouri restriction, each consecutively provided territorial organizations without their repeal. And even, a year earlier, the bill for Nebraska itself, was in the ace of passage, with no repeal clause; and it is in the hands of the same men who are now the fighters for abolition. Why is there no need then for cancellation? But even later, when this bill was first introduced, there was no repeal in it.
The yard was in the mid-1850s. But Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev was only four years younger than Pushkin and began his career in literature very early. For the Horatian ode “For the New Year 1816”, the young poet was accepted in 1818 as an “employee” in the Free Society of Russian Literature Lovers. Then, in the second half of the 1820s, his poems were sometimes published in magazines and almanacs. With Vladimir Odoevsky, whose romantic prose we talked about in the last six months, Tyutchev simultaneously studied at Moscow University. And in 1836, Pushkin published a large selection of 24 Tyutchev's poems in two issues of his journal Sovremennik. The one that Nekrasov then reprinted.
Fedor Tyutchev. Writer of the Pushkin generation, poet of the Nekrasov era
But let's say they are, because the public demanded or rather ordered the abolition, the abolition had to accompany the organization, whenever it had to happen. They only say that it was done in principle. They are close enough to be considered together. One was to exclude the possibility of slavery from all new acquisition by the piece; and the other was to renounce his division, by which the half was to renounce those chances.
The collection was signed with the initials F. T. and entitled "Poems sent from Germany"; it included masterpieces that would later be reprinted in all anthologies and anthologies of Russian classical poetry: in the night, - / Admire them - and be silent ... ”("Silentium!", circa 1830).
Now, whether it is to renounce the Missouri line in principle depends on whether the Missouri law contains any principle requiring the extension of the line over the country acquired in Mexico. It could have no principle other than the intention of those who created it. They didn't intend to spread this lineage to a country they didn't own. If they intended to extend it, then in the event of acquiring additional territory, why didn't they say so? It was also easy to say that "in all the country west of the Mississippi, which we now own, or may in the future have it, there will never be slavery," to say what they said; and they would say it if it meant it.
And yet Tyutchev did not become a poet of the Pushkin or at least Lermontov era. Not only because he was indifferent to fame and made almost no efforts to publish his works. After all, even if Tyutchev diligently wore his poems to the editors, he would still have to stand in the “queue” for a long time for success, for the reader's response.
Tyutchev's political lyrics
The intention to spread the law is not only not mentioned in the law, but is not mentioned in any modern history. Both the law itself and the history of time are empty of any principle of extension; and no known rule of interpretation of statutes and contracts, nor common sense, can deduce such a principle. If this law contains any forward-looking principle, the whole law must be examined to find out what that principle is. And by this rule, the south could rightly claim that since they got one slave state north of the line at the beginning of the law, they are entitled to have another give them north of it from time to time - from time to time in an indefinite west line extension.
Why did it happen? Because each literary epoch has its own stylistic habits, “standards” of taste; creative deviation from these standards sometimes seems like an artistic victory, and sometimes an irreparable defeat. (Contemporaries in general are sometimes unfair in their assessments.)
The end of the 1820s-1830s in Russian lyrics is the era of late romanticism. Readers expected from poetry the image of human passions, insoluble conflicts between the individual and society. And Tyutchev's poetry, both passionate and rational, was associated with the tradition Philosophical ode- a genre that was then considered dead. Moreover, Tyutchev, through the head of the romantic era, turned to enlightenment times. His complicated style, expressively broken rhythms were equally alien to both Pushkin's "poetry of reality" and Lermontov's romantic, intense lyrics.
This demonstrates the absurdity of trying to take a forward-looking principle out of the Missouri compromise line. When we voted against extending the Missouri line, little did we think that we were voting to destroy the old line and then about thirty years later. It is no less absurd to say that we have thus abandoned the Missouri compromises than it would be to say that, since we are still dealing with the acquisition of Cuba, we thereby abandoned our former acquisitions in principle and decided to throw them away by the Union!
It adjoins the original Missouri Compromise Line, along its northern boundary; and is therefore part of the country into which, therefore, slavery was allowed to go by this compromise. There it has opened ever since, and there it still lies. And yet there was no effort at any time to wrest it from the south. In all our struggle to abolish slavery in our Mexican acquisitions, we have never raised one finger to forbid it, as in this treatise. Is it not entirely convincing that we have always held the Missouri Compromise as sacred; even when against ourselves, and also when for us?
In the poem just quoted, "Silentium!" the sensitive ear of a reader of poetry can easily distinguish a rhythmic “failure” - the fourth and fifth lines of the first stanza are turned from two-foot into three-foot ones, from iambic they are transferred to amphibrach. Anyone who is familiar with the "norms" of late 19th and 20th century poetry will not be surprised; this “failure” is actually artistically justified, it conveys a feeling of anxiety, we literally physically feel how the poet struggles with himself, with the impossibility of expressing his soul – and the need to communicate with the addressee. And the reader of the 1830s, pampered by Pushkin's rhythmic harmony, Zhukovsky's musicality, cringed as if from a false sound.
Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev A few words about the poems of F.I. Tyutchev
Senator Douglas sometimes says that the Missouri line itself was, in principle, only an extension of the "87" line, that is, an extension of the Ohio River. I will note, however, that as soon as one looks at the map, the Missouri line will be much farther south than the Page Ohio, and that if our senator, in proposing its extension, was on the principle of fleeing south, it might not be so easy to vote. But it goes on to say that the 50 Compromises and their ratification by both political parties in the 52 established a new principle requiring the abolition of the Missouri Compromise.
The landscape poems of the early Tyutchev did not just metaphorically depict the life of the human soul, as was customary in the poetry of the first half of the century. No, he was much more serious. The most detailed and "life-like" images of nature could at any moment turn into details of an ancient myth, filled with cosmic meaning.
A particular part of these measures, for which the Missouri seeks virtual reversal of the compromise, is to provide in the laws of Utah and New Mexico, which allows them, when they seek entry into the Union as states, to enter with or without slavery, since they then they deem it necessary. He didn't have a direct link to Nebraska than to the Moon territories, but let's say they referred to Nebraska in principle. The North agreed to this provision, not because it thought it was right in itself, but because they were being compensated—they were paying for it—and at the same time made California into the Union as a free state.
This is exactly what happens in the relatively early poem "Spring Thunderstorm" (1828, revised in the early 1850s), the first stanzas of which you all read in elementary grades. But in fact, the picture of spring nature, which serenely rejoices in a young thunderstorm, is not important for Tyutchev in itself. It serves as a transition to the main, final quatrain:
Questions and tasks
It was the best part of everything they fought for at Wilmot Proviso. They also received an area of slavery, which narrowed somewhat in the Texas frontier settlement. In addition, they received the slave trade in the District of Columbia. For all these desirable objects, the North could afford to cede something; and they ceded Southern Utah and New Mexico. Now, can it be pretended that the principle of this arrangement requires us to apply the same provision to Nebraska without any equivalent?
Give us one more free state; push the border of Texas even further, give us one more step to destroy slavery in the district, and you present us with a similar case. But ask us not to repeat, for anything you paid in the first place. If you want again, pay again. Such is the principle of compromises 50, if they really have any principles that go beyond their specific conditions - it was a system of equivalents. Again, if Congress at the time assumed that all future territories, when admitted as states, would come with or without slavery of their choice, why didn't it say so?
You say: windy Hebe,
Feeding Zeus' eagle
A thundering cup from the sky
Laughing, she spilled it on the ground.
Tyutchev looks Through reality and sees the life of the ancient gods: Hebe, the goddess of youth, the daughter of Zeus and Hera, who on Olympus during feasts brought them nectar and ambrosia. In his mindset, he Pantheist, that is, perceives nature as an animated being. And in every blade of grass, in every leaf, he sees the presence of God.
No wonder Tyutchev was so close to the teachings of the German natural philosophers(that is, the creators of the philosophy of nature) about the proximity of the realm of nature and the realm of history; he discovered in everything the struggle of eternal cosmic principles – harmony and chaos: “Oh, don’t wake the sleeping storms, // Chaos moves under them!”
The beginning of the way
Fyodor Ivanovich came from an old noble family; his early childhood was spent in the Ovstug estate of the Oryol province (now the Bryansk region). Primary education, as was customary in good families, was at home; one of the first mentors of the young Tyutchev was the poet and translator Semyon Yegorovich Raich. Thanks to this, already twelve years old Tyutchev translated Horace. Mother, nee Countess Tolstaya, doted on Fedenka. In general, he was lucky with his family, his childhood was truly happy and serene; luxurious southern Russian landscapes sunk into his heart. Then the Tyutchev family moved to Moscow; Fedor, as a volunteer, attended lectures by the famous professor Alexei Fedorovich Merzlyakov on Russian literature at the university; partly lived in Moscow, partly in the Troitskoye estate near Moscow.
In 1821, he graduated from Moscow University as a candidate and left for the capital of the empire, St. Petersburg. Here the young poet started his official service in the Collegium of Foreign Affairs, but soon, thanks to kindred patronage, he received a position as a supernumerary officer of the Russian diplomatic mission. And in July 1822 he left for Munich, where he was destined to spend 22 years.
It would seem that there is a serious contradiction between the biography of the poet and his work. In Tyutchev's numerous poetic responses to contemporary events, in descriptions of nature, in philosophical elegies, the same motive constantly sounds. This is the motive of love for the Fatherland, admiration for Russia, faith in its special, mystical destiny: “Russia cannot be understood with the mind, / cannot be measured with a common yardstick. // She has become special: // You can only go to Russia Believe”.
And so it happened that the author of these lines spent the best part of his life almost without a break in “foreign” lands. The example of Gogol immediately comes to mind, who wrote the poignantly Russian chapters of Dead Souls in Rome. But the fact of the matter is that for Tyutchev "real" Russia, "real" Russian landscapes were not as important as the great Idea Russia, its generalized image. Being a convinced Slavophile, he dreamed of a grandiose future for the Slavic peoples with the Russian Empire at the head; that is why in the quoted poem he calls to Russia Believe. To Believe, not necessarily See; rather the opposite. And why believe in what you see around you? ..
Read another landscape poem by Tyutchev - “Summer Evening” (“The sun is already a hot ball ...”). Follow how, at what moment the sunset flows into the image of Nature, likened to a living being.
Tyutchev and German culture
In Germany, Tyutchev communicated with the philosopher Friedrich Schelling, especially closely with Heinrich, whom he first translated into Russian.
In fact, Germany, with its philosophy, with its culture of generalization, with its love for abstract concepts, was extremely close to the staunch Slavophil Tyutchev. He adopted the ideas of the German natural philosophers, convinced that the realm of nature and the realm of the spirit (that is, human history) are related to each other. And that art connects nature and history. We have already re-read the poem “Spring Thunderstorm”, which you have long known, in which the real landscape becomes a reflection of the mysterious life of the gods. And in the poem “Dreams” (“As the ocean embraces the globe of the earth ...”), written in the early 1830s, the starry sky is likened to an ocean of human dreams:
As the ocean embraces the globe,
Earthly life is surrounded by dreams;
Night will come - and sonorous waves
The element hits its shore ...
.........................................................
The vault of heaven, burning with star glory,
Mysteriously looks from the depths, -
And we are sailing, a flaming abyss
Surrounded on all sides.
Such is the picture of the world created in Tyutchev's poetry. His lyrical hero confronts the whole Universe face to face and distinguishes in the small details of everyday life, in the lovely details of the landscape, the features of an invisible mystical creature - nature. Her life is full of contradictions, sometimes fraught with a threat to humanity, romantic chaos lurks under the cover of her harmony: “Oh! do not sing these terrible songs // About ancient chaos, about dear! // How greedily the night world of the soul // Listens to the story of his beloved! // He is torn from the mortal chest // And he longs to merge with the boundless!.. // Oh! do not wake up the sleeping storms – // Chaos stirs under them!..” (“What are you howling about, night wind?..”, 1830s). But even at the moment of the most terrible cataclysm, nature is full of greatness: “When the last hour of nature strikes, // The composition of earthly parts will collapse: // Everything visible will again be covered by water, // And God’s face will be depicted in them!” ("The Last Cataclysm", 1830).
Schelling's natural philosophy inspired another classic poem by Tyutchev - "Not what you think, nature ...". Arguing with an invisible interlocutor, the lyrical hero professes faith in the all-living nature, as a believer professes God:
Not what you think, nature:
Not a cast, not a soulless face -
It has a soul, it has freedom,
It has love, it has a language...
..........................................................
They don't see or hear
They live in this world, as in the dark,
For them, the suns, to know, do not breathe,
And there is no life in the sea waves...
It is not for nothing that in these lines it is easy to discern an echo of Derzhavin's poem “To Rulers and Judges”: “They do not heed! see - and do not know! // Eyes covered with bribes: // Atrocities shake the earth, // Falsehood shakes the heavens. Derzhavin transcribed the 81st Psalm (remember what the Psalter is), he looks at the vices of earthly rulers through the prism of the Bible, from the point of view of eternity. His social denunciation is inspired by a deeply religious feeling. And Tyutchev denounces his opponents in the same way as a church preacher denounces sinners. For him, anyone who does not share the teachings of natural philosophers about the “divine”, living essence of nature is an apostate, a heretic.
But what about human life? She is fleeting in the artistic world of Tyutchev, her fragility is especially noticeable against the backdrop of the eternal and endless life of nature:
Like a pillar of smoke brightens in the sky! -
How the shadow below glides, elusive! ..
“This is our life,” you said to me,
Not light smoke, shining in the moonlight,
And this shadow running from the smoke...”
(“Like a pillar of smoke...”, 1848 or 1849)
Tyutchev's political lyrics
In 1841, Tyutchev visited Prague and met one of the leaders of the Czech national movement, Vaclav Ganka. Ganka was not only a public figure, but also a poet, by the way, he translated The Tale of Igor's Campaign into Czech. In those years, the Slavic peoples, enslaved by the Turks and Austrians - the Bulgarians, Serbs, Czechs, Slovaks began to awaken from political hibernation, their national self-consciousness grew. Many of them looked at the Russian Empire with hope, only with the support of Russia and in a cultural and political alliance with it, they could count on liberation and an independent state life.
The meeting with Ganka completed the formation of Tyutchev's worldview. From the very beginning he rejected any possibility of a revolutionary reorganization of the world. Already in the youthful poem "December 14, 1825", dedicated to the memory of the Decembrists, the poet wrote: // The people, shunning treachery, // Reviling your names - // And your memory from posterity, // Buried like a corpse in the ground."
In these verses there is no sympathy for "self-government", for autocratic Russia, but there is no sympathy for the "rebels" either. Tyutchev perceived autocracy as Russia's natural support in the modern disintegrating world, which had already entered the first act of a universal catastrophe. She is a revolution. And just as a swamp freezes only in winter, so the political “cold”, a tough domestic policy should “freeze” Russia. And the whole world follows her.
But the colder Tyutchev's political views on modernity were, the hotter the utopian dream of the future of Russia flared up in his mind. The same invisible Russia, in which "one can only believe."
So, in his “everyday” life, the poet did not take into account church regulations. But as a political thinker, as an ideologist, he consistently opposed Orthodoxy to Catholicism, the papacy. Catholicism was for him a symbol of the West with its threats, Orthodoxy was a symbol of Russia, the last island of conservative peace in the raging sea of European revolutions. The Parisian revolutionary cataclysms of 1848 finally convinced him of this. And therefore, the theme of Eastern Slavs naturally occupied a special place in Tyutchev's poetic reflections. "Treacherous" Western Europe, he finally opposed Eastern Europe, Slavic:
Do we live forever apart?
Isn't it time for us to wake up?
And give each other hands
Our blood and friends?
("To Hank", 1841)
A union of Slavic lands led by Russia is Tyutchev's ideal. This union should become worldwide and expand "from the Nile to the Neva, from the Elbe to China" and include three capitals - Moscow, Rome and Constantinople. Therefore, the poet will perceive the news of Russia's defeat in the Crimean War of 1853-1856 with special drama; he hoped to the last that the revolutionary conspirators in Europe would undermine its power from within, but these hopes were not justified.
Tyutchev's worldview can be called utopian. What does it mean? The word utopia comes from the name of a fantastic dialogue about the island of Utopia; this dialogue, similar to, was written in 1516 by the English humanist Thomas More. In his "Utopia" he depicted a harmonious society, which is based on the principles of justice, legality and a very strict order; in the subtext it was read that the life of Utopia is an image of the future, the goal of the development of European civilization, as Mor imagined it. Since then, people who project the future and rush towards it, as if sacrificing the present, have been called utopians.
Utopians can be supporters of the most diverse parties, offer society a variety of, even mutually exclusive, ideas. He created a socialist utopia in his novel What Is To Be Done? Nikolai Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky; as you remember, Vera Pavlovna's four dreams represent the image of the future life in communes, the realm of universal justice, equality and fraternity. Tyutchev was a staunch opponent of communist ideas, and he was shivering from talking about socialism. But at the same time, Tyutchev's own views were also utopian; it was simply that the cornerstones of his utopia were not socialism, internationalism, and equality, but an Orthodox empire, pan-Slavic brotherhood, and enmity with the Catholic West.
In everyday conversation, we also sometimes talk about someone's pipe dreams: well, just a real utopia. But in fact, utopian projects are far from always unrealizable. The plans of the revolutionaries of the 19th century, who wanted to destroy the old world and build a new, socialist, happy one, seemed to many then unrealizable. However, in the 20th century they were realized - in Russia, in China, in Kampuchea; millions of lives were sacrificed for this, half the planet was covered in blood.
Tyutchev, as you already know, was a staunch enemy of revolutionary utopia. But as often happens with utopians, he reflected dramatically, almost with hatred, on modernity. In his political lyrics, accusatory notes and caustic characteristics often sounded. And in his philosophical lyrics, all these reflections rose to a completely different semantic level, sounded piercing and tragic:
Not the flesh, but the spirit has become corrupted in our days,
And the man is desperately longing...
He rushes to the light from the night shadow
And, having found the light, grumbles and rebels.
........................................................
Will not say forever, with prayer and tears,
No matter how he mourns before the closed door:
"Let me in! - I believe, my God!
Come to the aid of my disbelief!..”
("Our Age", 1851)
love lyrics
Poems of the "Denisiev cycle" Tyutchev was not known for his monastic behavior, until his late years he retained a taste for secular life, for salon brilliance; his witty words were passed from mouth to mouth; everyone around him knew about his amorousness.
Immediately after his first visit to the capital of Bavaria, Munich (1822), he began a stormy romance with Amalia Lerchenfeld, married Baroness Krüdener. But already in 1826 he married Eleanor Paterson, nee Countess Bothmer (she was the widow of a Russian diplomat). And in 1833, he again began a new fatal romance - with Ernestine Dernberg, nee Baroness Pfeffel, soon widowed.
As a result of all these love affairs (with a living wife), an international scandal began to brew. And Tyutchev, who was not particularly zealous in the service, it was decided to send to Turin as the senior secretary of the Russian mission - away from sin.
But greedy sin still pursued him on his heels. In 1838, Tyutchev's wife died - she could not bear the shock experienced during a sea voyage with her three daughters from Russia to Germany. (The steamboat "Nikolai I" caught fire and miraculously escaped flooding.) Fyodor Ivanovich, having learned about the death of his wife and children, turned gray overnight, but Dernberg did not cut off his connection with Ernestina even for a while. For unauthorized absence from the Turin embassy (he went to Switzerland to marry his beloved), the poet-diplomat was eventually expelled from the sovereign's service and deprived of the title of chamberlain.
However, at the same time, love lyrics were a rare guest in Tyutchev's poetry. At least for the time being. Lyrical poems about love were difficult to reconcile with the installation of cosmism and philosophy. Therefore, lyrical passion fought in the very depths of Tyutchev's work, almost without coming out. And when it nevertheless broke through rational barriers, it was clothed in very calm forms. As in the poem "I remember the golden time ..." (1836).
Here the lyrical hero recalls an old date on the banks of the Danube, speaks of the transience of happiness - but this sadness is devoid of an internal breakdown, as is usually the case in an elegy:
And the sun lingered, saying goodbye
With the hill and the castle and you.
And the wind is quiet in passing
Played with your clothes
And from wild apple trees color by color
He hung on the shoulders of the young.
................................................
And you with cheerfulness carefree
Happy seeing off the day;
And sweet fleeting life
A shadow passed over us.
The lyrical plot of the elegy, a sweet memory of the joy that has already ended and given way to the current sadness, is turned into the lyrical plot of the romance. (Remember what definition we gave to this genre.) That is, softened to the limit, tension and tragedy are weathered from the poem, the wound has long healed, the scratch on the heart has healed. Tyutchev's favorite thought - about the transience of earthly life, about the unsolvedness of its main secrets - is muffled, blurred here.
Arriving for several months in Russia (1843), Tyutchev negotiated his career future; negotiations ended in success - and in 1844 he returned to his fatherland, having received the position of senior censor. (In 1858, Tyutchev would become chairman of the foreign censorship committee.) The title of chamberlain was returned to him, Nicholas I spoke with approval of Tyutchev's journalism; Fedor Ivanovich hoped for the triumph of the Slavic idea, believed in the close establishment of the Great Greek-Russian Eastern Empire.
But in 1850, Tyutchev fell in love again - with the 24-year-old Elena Denisieva; she was a classy lady at the Catherine Institute, where the poet's daughters were brought up. By that time, Tyutchev was already 47 years old, but, as contemporaries recall, “he still retained such a freshness of heart and integrity of feelings, such an ability for reckless, self-conscious and blind to everything around love.” Three children were born from the extramarital union of Tyutchev and Denisyeva. The ambiguity of the situation, however, oppressed the poet's beloved; in the end, she developed consumption, and in August 1864 Denisyeva died. Having fallen into despair, Tyutchev went abroad and joined his former family (fortunately, the divorce from his wife was never formally formalized). But immediately upon his return from Geneva and Nice, in the spring of 1865, he experienced several terrible shocks one after another: two children, born to him from Denisyeva, died, a son and a daughter; shortly thereafter, his mother died; some time later - son Dmitry, daughter Maria, brother Nikolai. The last years of Tyutchev's life passed under the sign of endless losses ...
And yet, one of the highest achievements of Russian love lyrics was Tyutchev's cycle of poems addressed to Denisyeva. Thanks to this meeting, which ended so tragically in life, the lyrical element finally broke through into Tyutchev's poetry, intensified its drama, animated it with a deep personal feeling.
Love, love - says the legend -
The union of the soul with the soul of the native -
Their union, combination,
And their fatal merger,
And... the fatal duel...
("Predestination", 1850 or 1851)
Here Tyutchev remains true to himself; his love drama is translated into a philosophical plane, in the center of the poem is not the image of the beloved herself, but the problem of love. But inside this problem, as in a thin shell, lies the deeply personal experience of the lyrical hero; through abstract, extremely generalized words (“union”, “fatal merger”, “duel”) emerges the insolubility, the unbearable position in which he has placed the woman he loves, and at the same time the unexpected happiness given to him by life just before its sunset. The same pathos animates the poem “Oh, how deadly we love ...” (1850 or 1851), which is rightfully considered one of the masterpieces of Russian love lyrics:
Oh, how deadly we love
As in the violent blindness of passions
We are the most likely to destroy
What is dear to our heart!
..............................................
Where did the roses go,
The smile of the lips and the sparkle of the eyes?
Everything was scorched, tears were burned out
With its burning moisture ...
Reread the stanzas from the early poem "I remember the golden time ..." again. And now compare its key images, which convey the idea of the “volatility” of earthly happiness (“a fleeting wind”, “fleeting life”), with the figurative structure of the poem “Oh, how deadly we love ...”:
And now what? And where is all this?
And was the dream durable?
Alas, like northern summer,
He was a passing guest!
Fate's terrible sentence
Your love was for her
And undeserved shame
She lay down on her life!
At the level of individual words, abstract images, everything is the same. In the center is the theme of transience, the short duration of happy love, the inevitability of suffering: “The life of renunciation, the life of suffering! // In her spiritual depths // She was left with reminiscences... // But they changed them too.”
But how the very tone of the lyrical utterance changes! From relaxed, refined, it becomes sharp, almost hysterical. The lyrical hero rushes between the feeling of inspiration that love brings, and the tragedy of the circumstances in which it puts a person...
After Denisyeva's death, Tyutchev wrote less and less. And the glory, which came to him late, did not live long for his pride. The second Tyutchev collection, 1868, was received much cooler than the first. Old age pestered the poet; during his near-death illness, he turned with a penitential farewell quatrain to his wife Ernestine, who remained faithful to him in spite of everything:
The executing God has taken everything from me:
Health, willpower, air, sleep,
He left you alone with me,
So that I can still pray to Him.
Analysis of the work "Last Love" (between 1851 and 1854)
This poem, as you probably guessed, is connected with the real “last love” of Tyutchev, with the feeling of an elderly poet for 24-year-old Elena Denisyeva. But this is not (at least in the first place) it is interesting to readers of subsequent generations. Before us, after all, is not a diary entry, even if rhymed, but a lyrical generalization; Tyutchev talks about his personal feeling, but in fact he talks about any “last love”, with its sweetness and sadness.
And how contradictory was the feeling of the poet, how displaced, “wrong” was the rhythm of the poem. Let's try to follow his movement, listen to his intermittent breathing, as a doctor listens to a patient's breathing with a stethoscope; it will not be easy - we will have to use complex literary terms. But it is impossible to analyze poems otherwise, they themselves are rather complicated (and therefore interesting). To make the work ahead easier, remember in advance some concepts with which you have long been familiar. What is meter, how does it differ from rhythm? What is metric accent? What is the difference between two syllables and three syllables? What is iambic, dactyl, amphibrach? Use dictionaries, encyclopedias, your study notes, ask the teacher to give you the necessary explanations.
Remembered? Then let's start reading and analyzing Tyutchev's poem.
Oh, how in our declining years
We love more tenderly and more superstitiously...
Shine, shine, parting light
Last love, evening dawn!
"Last Love" begins with a confessional confession of a lyrical hero; he confesses to the reader in the tenderness of his feelings - and in fear of a possible loss: “We love more tenderly and more superstitiously ...” In the first line, the two-syllable meter, iambic, is sustained emphatically correctly. There are no truncated stops here, a masculine rhyme crowns the line. (By the way, also remember what a truncated foot, male and female rhyme is.) And suddenly, without warning, in the second line, out of nowhere, an “extra” syllable appears, not provided for by the size, the union “and”. If not for this “and”, the line would have been read as usual, it would have sounded without any failures: “We love more tenderly, more superstitiously.” But, therefore, the poet needs this failure for something; until we begin to hurry with the answer to the question of what exactly. Moreover, in the third line, the meter is again strictly sustained, and in the fourth line it is again “knocked down”: “Shine, shine, farewell light // Love of the last, evening dawn.”
Of course, in all this “disorder” there is a special, higher one - otherwise we would not have a masterpiece of Russian lyrics, but an inept poetic craft. Look carefully, because not only the rhythm of the poem is contradictory, but also the system of its images. To convey all the sweet tragedy of the situation of his lyrical hero, all the hopelessness of his sudden happiness, the poet uses antinomic images. Think about what light he compares the last love with? With farewell, sunset. But at the same time, he addresses the sunset light in the same way as one addresses the bright midday sun: “Shine, shine!” We usually talk about evening light, fading, fading. And here - sit down!
So the rhythmic pattern of the poem is inextricably linked with its figurative structure, and the figurative structure with the intense experience of the lyrical hero.
But as soon as we manage to tune in a certain way, get used to the sequential alternation of “correct” and “incorrect” lines, everything changes again in the second stanza:
Half the sky was engulfed by a shadow,
Only there, in the west, radiance wanders, -
Slow down, slow down, evening day,
Last, last, charm.
The first line of this stanza seems to correspond to its metric scheme. An iambic is an iambic… But something has already imperceptibly changed in the rhythm; this “something” is a neatly omitted rhythmic stress. Try to read the line aloud, chanting and beating the rhythm with your palm, and you will immediately feel that something is missing in the word “grabbed”. Such an effect can be explained simply: the metrical stress here falls on the first and third syllables, and the linguistic stress only on the third (“obhvaIla”). The omission of metric stress is called pyrrhic by versifiers; the pyrrhic verses, as it were, stretch the sound of the verse, lighten it and slightly blur it.
And in the next line, the iambic is simply “cancelled”. Immediately after the first - iambic! - the verse jumps without warning from two-syllable to three-syllable meters, from iambic to dactyl. Read this line, breaking it into two unequal parts. The first part is “Only there”. The second part - "...in the west, the radiance wanders." Each of these hemistiches itself sounds even and harmonious. One is how a yambu is supposed to sound (the foot consists of an unstressed and stressed syllables), the other is how a dactyl is supposed to sound (the foot consists of a stressed and two unstressed syllables). But as soon as we connect the half lines into the narrow limits of one poetic line, they immediately begin to “spark”, like oppositely charged poles, they repel each other. This is what the poet achieves, because the feelings of his lyrical hero are also overstrained, they also “sparkle”, they are also full of internal clashes!
The third line of this stanza is also written in three syllables. But no longer a dactyl. Before us is amphibrach (the foot consists of unstressed, stressed and again unstressed syllables). Moreover, another “failure” is very noticeable in the line: “Slow down, slow down the evening day.” If Tyutchev wanted to “smooth out” the rhythm, he would have to add a one-syllable word after the epithet “evening” - “mine”, “you” or any other. Try to mentally insert the “missing” syllable: “Slow down, slow down, you are an evening day.” The rhythm is restored, and the artistic impression is destroyed. In fact, the poet deliberately skips a syllable, which is why his verse stumbles, begins to beat in rhythmic hysteria.
The feeling of anxiety and anguish grows. This is noticeable not only in the rhythmic pattern, but also in the movement of images: the bright sunset is fading, the sky is already half in shadow; so the time of sudden happiness, presented to the poet in the end, gradually expires. And the brighter the feeling flares up, the closer the cold of the inevitable finale. But still -
Let the blood run thin in the veins,
But tenderness does not fail in the heart ...
Oh, last love!
You are both bliss and hopelessness.
And at the same time, as the heart of the lyrical hero calms down, resigning himself to the short duration of his bliss, the rhythm of the poem “levels out”. Three iambic lines follow one after another. Only in the last line the rhythm shifts for a moment again, as if a short sigh interrupts the monologue of the lyrical hero.
Remember literary terms: lyrical plot; metric stress; poetic cycle; philosophical ode; Utopia.
Questions and tasks
Why is Tyutchev, who made his debut in the 1820s, rightfully considered a poet of the second half of the 19th century? How would you define the pathos of Tyutchev's lyrics, its cross-cutting theme, the dominant mood? What was the main thing in Tyutchev's landscape lyrics - a detailed image of nature or mythological overtones? What is utopian consciousness and how did it manifest itself in Tyutchev's political lyrics? What is the advantage of utopian consciousness and what is its danger? Independently analyze Tyutchev's poem at the teacher's choice.
Questions and tasks of increased complexity
How did German natural philosophers influence Tyutchev? Read again Tyutchev's translation of Heine's poem "Pine and Palm Tree" (Tyutchev called it "From the Other Side"). Why did Tyutchev replace pine with cedar? Remember how Lermontov translated the same poem by Heine (“Two palm trees”). Whose translation do you find more expressive? And which one, in your opinion, is closer to the German original? Try to support your answer with examples from both translations. Read Tyutchev's poetic translation from the poetic heritage of the great Renaissance artist Michelangelo Buonarroti:
Shut up, please don't you dare wake me up.
Oh, in this age of crime and shame
Not to live, not to feel - an enviable lot ...
It is gratifying to sleep, it is more gratifying to be a stone.
You already know how and what Tyutchev wrote in his poems about modernity. Link this translation of the old quatrain with the constant motifs of Tyutchev's lyrics.
Topics of essays and essays
Philosophical lyrics of Tyutchev. Fedor Tyutchev and Russian landscape lyrics. Tyutchev's political lyrics and Slavophile ideas.
Aksakov I. S. Biography of F. I. Tyutchev. M., 1997.
Aksakov I. S. Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev // Aksakov K. S., Aksakov I. S. Literary criticism. M., 1981.
One of the best publicists and literary critics of the Slavophile camp, Ivan Sergeevich Aksakov, wrote a short essay about Tyutchev and a short monograph "Biography of F. I. Tyutchev", which marked the beginning of the scientific study of Tyutchev's work.
Grigoryeva A.D. Word in Tyutchev's poetry. M., 1980.
The author of the book is not a literary critic, but a linguist, historian of the Russian literary language. A. D. Grigoryeva shows how colloquial expressions and book rhetorical turns were combined in Tyutchev's poetic language.
Tynyanov Yu. N. Pushkin and Tyutchev // Tynyanov Yu. N. Pushkin and his contemporaries. M., 1969.
The outstanding literary critic and writer Yuri Nikolayevich Tynyanov, whose works you should already be familiar with, believed that the point of view generally accepted in science at the beginning of the 20th century on the relationship between Pushkin and Tyutchev was nothing more than a legend. Unlike Ivan Aksakov, Tynyanov was convinced that Tyutchev was not at all a successor to Pushkin's line in poetry, that he outlined a completely different line of its development.
Ospovat A. L. “How our word will respond ...” M., 1980.
A brief but exhaustive essay on the history of the creation and publication of the first book of Tyutchev's poems.
F. I. Tyutchev: Bibliographic index of works of Russian literature about life and activity. 1818–1973 / Ed. preparation I. A. Koroleva, A. A. Nikolaev. Ed. K. V. Pigareva. M., 1978.
If you decide to get acquainted with the life and work of Tyutchev in more detail, prepare an essay, write a good essay, this book will come in handy - with its help you can select the necessary scientific literature.
Shaitanov I. O. F. I. Tyutchev: a poetic discovery of nature. M., 1998.
A small collection of articles that speak in an accessible form about Tyutchev's connection with German natural philosophy, about his poetic dispute with his predecessors. The book will be useful in preparing for final and entrance exams.
How to download a free essay? . And a link to this essay; Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev already in your bookmarks.Additional essays on the topic
1. Under whose influence did the aesthetic views of F.I. Tyutchev develop? A. Lomonosov B. Pushkin V. Lermontov G. Nekrasov 2. To whom are the lines of F. I. Tyutchev dedicated to "You, as the first love, the heart will not forget Russia"? A. Pushkin B. Lermontov V. Nekrasov G. Trediakovsky 3. How can one determine the nature of the lyrics of F. I. Tyutchev? A. Meditative B. Suggestive C. Philosophical 4. Whose traditions does F. I. Tyutchev inherit in the theme of love for the motherland? A. Pushkin B. Lermontov V. Nekrasov 5. Who owns the words about the man - "thinking reed"? A. Fet B. Tyutchev V. Pushkin 6. Who from
The brilliant Russian poet-philosopher Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev was born on November 23, 1803 into an old noble family. Tyutchev was educated at home. His mentor S. E. Raich, a young poet and translator, encouraged the young pupil's passion for versification and classical languages. Thanks to this, young Tyutchev already at the age of 13 perfectly translated Horace from Latin and wrote poetry in imitation of his great ancient Roman predecessor, for which at the age of 15 he was admitted to the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature. DATES AND
"His poems were not the fruit of labor ... when he wrote them, he wrote involuntarily, satisfying an urgent, persistent need ... or rather, he did not write them, but only wrote them down." I. Aksakov F. Tyutchev's love relationship with E. Denisyeva lasted 14 years, until her death. Denisyeva died of consumption, but Tyutchev felt responsible for her premature departure, blaming himself for dooming his beloved woman to a merciless "human court" without parting with her family.
Tyutchev's aesthetic views took shape under the influence of Pushkin. Tyutchev dedicated two of his collections to him, and it was with him that he had a constant poetic dialogue. In the poem "January 29, 1837" (the day of Pushkin's death), Tyutchev assesses the activities and personality of the great poet, calls him "the living organ of the gods", a noble, bright and pure genius. The words from this poem became winged: "Well, as the first love, the heart of Russia will not forget you." In general, Tyutchev's lyrics can be defined as philosophical. philosophical
Compare Tyutchev's poem with Pushkin's "Poet" and Lermontov's "Poet". The theme of this poem by Tyutchev, like the poems of Pushkin and Lermontov of the same name, is poetic inspiration. However, they interpreted inspiration as coming from above ("only a divine verb touches the sensitive ear", "a miraculous impulse"). The poet "does not bend his proud head at the feet of the people's idol." Tyutchev's poet can also be "lost in a crowd of people", "sometimes accessible to their passions." Like any mortal, he
The brilliant Russian poet-philosopher Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev was born on November 23, 1803 into an old noble family. Tyutchev was educated at home. His mentor S. E. Raich, a young poet and translator, encouraged the young pupil's passion for versification and classical languages. Thanks to this, young Tyutchev already at the age of 13 perfectly translated Horace from Latin and wrote poetry in imitation of his great ancient Roman predecessor, for which at the age of 15 he was admitted to the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature. Despite
In each of his poems, one can feel not only the look of the artist, but also the mind of the thinker. V. Bryusov Among the poets of the 19th century, F. I. Tyutchev stands out for his desire to comprehend the secrets of the universe, unravel the language of nature, understand the meaning and capabilities of man in the natural world. As a philosopher, Tyutchev shares pantheistic views. Man is a part of the great world of nature, which has a true being. And man is only her "dream", "thinking reed". And this "thinking reed" is trying to understand everything mysterious, enigmatic in the incomprehensible,
1854 The first separate edition of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev's poems is published, which evoked favorable responses from his contemporaries. The young Leo Tolstoy, having read this collection for the first time, admitted that he was "dimmed" by the size of Tyutchev's talent. Subsequently, Tolstoy, naming him among his favorite poets, said that "one cannot live without him."
I. S. Turgenev, who took an active part in the preparation and publication of the first collection, left a surprisingly subtle description of Tyutchev's poetic talent. He compares the aroma of Tyutchev's poems with the "delicate smell of violets": "Violet does not stink with its smell for twenty steps around: you need to get closer to it to feel its aroma."
Tyutchev is usually called the "singer of nature." In his lyrics, he created excellent "landscapes in verse", imbued with deep philosophical thought.
The poetic world of Tyutchev amazes anyone who at least once opens a volume of his poems.
Type of speech: reasoning. Zachin: preliminary information about the subject of discussion (Tyutchev's first collection is published). The main part: the deployment of the thesis "Tyutchev's poetry is like a violet." Ending: Conclusion.
