In the second half of the 4th c. an event occurred that led to the great migration of peoples. From Central Asia, through the great gates of peoples between the Ural Range and the Caspian Sea, the people of the Turanian tribe moved to Europe, Huns. They were wild nomads, dashing riders who plundered and destroyed everything in their path. Their hordes attacked first of all the Slavs, who lived to the east of the Germans, and then the Germans, and often the defeated themselves increased the crowds of the Huns. The Ostrogoths were forced to submit, but the Visigoths, with the permission of the eastern emperor (Valens), crossed the Danube and received land in Thrace with the obligation to defend the empire (375). Here, however, they soon rebelled against the Roman government, and the emperor himself fell in the same battle with them. This indignation of the Visigoths was suppressed Theodosius the Great, for the last time uniting both halves of the empire under one scepter, but when he died (395), and the imperial power was divided between his sons ( Arkady in the eastern half and Honorius in the western), the Visigoths again raised an uprising under the command of their king Alaric. This new revolt of the barbarians was suppressed by the guardian and commander of the Western Emperor, Stilicho, who, however, himself came from the same German tribe of Vandals and willingly accepted the Germans into the imperial army. Under him, they invaded Gaul and Italy, plundering and devastating both countries, hordes of Vandals, Burgundians and other barbarians, but they were also repelled by the troops of Stilicho. Soon after this, he was killed by the intrigues of the emperor's courtiers, who accused him of intending to lay the imperial crown on himself, and then Alaric decided to attack Rome itself. The capital of the empire was taken by the Visigoths and was plundered (410). From Rome, Alaric went to southern Italy, but died there. his successor Ataulf concluded a peace with the emperor, according to which for his Visigoths he received the right to settle in southern Gaul and Spain, where hordes of Vandals and Burgundians had long raged. In these areas, it was formed the first barbarian kingdom - Visigothic(412). About the same time burgundy established themselves and formed their kingdom along the Rhone and Sonya. The Visigoths did not immediately occupy Spain: for some time in the south of the peninsula they held vandals(who gave the name Andalusia), until a few years later they moved to the former Carthaginian region in Africa, where they also formed their kingdom (430).

BBC Great Warriors. Attila - Leader of the Huns. video film

6. Invasion of the Huns

Meanwhile, the Huns, whose appearance in Europe caused a great migration of peoples, settled in Pannonia (present-day Hungary), where they continued to live in separate hordes. In the first half of the 5th century, they had an energetic and cruel leader in the person of Attila, who exterminated the other leaders and united all the Huns under his rule. At the head of his people and the neighboring Germanic and Slavic tribes, who were forced to submit to the Huns, he undertook conquests for the purpose of robbery or ransom. First, the Huns attacked the Eastern Empire; Attila retreated from her capital, to which he extended his raids, only when a rich ransom was sent to him. Then, in 451, he attacked Gaul, having under his command a half-million army of Huns and other peoples. On the Catalaunian Plain(near Chalons-on-Marne) met with the hordes of Attila (under the command of Aetia) the troops of the Romans and Germans, who settled shortly before that within the Western Empire. Attila was defeated and forced to return to Pannonia. In 453, he repeated his invasion of the Western Empire, this time moving on to Rome itself. However, he did not reach this city, because epidemic diseases began to rage in his army. He returned again to Pannonia, and soon after died. With the death of Attila, the kingdom founded by him ended its existence, again disintegrated into separate hordes. The Hun invasion made a strong impression on contemporaries and left a memory in posterity in the form of various legends (the salvation of Paris St. Genevieve, papal intercession for Rome Leo I etc.).

7. Fall of the Western Roman Empire

The invasion of the Visigoths, Burgundians, Vandals and Huns is terrible weakened the Western Empire. As early as the beginning of the 5th century, to protect the empire from the barbarians, the Roman legions stationed there were withdrawn from Britain, and the Angles and Saxons (449) from northern Germany began to migrate to this abandoned province, who also formed their kingdoms here. Barely escaping the Hun invasion, Italy soon after the death of Attila was attacked by the Vandals, who even took Rome(455), causing a terrible destruction of monuments of art (“vandalism”) in it. The Vandals, however, limited themselves to a simple raid and returned to Africa, but after that, in Rome itself, the leaders of the hired German squads were in charge. One of them, Herul Odoacer, in 476 he overthrew the incapable emperor Romulus Augustulus, sending signs of imperial dignity to Constantinople. This event is called fall of the Western Roman Empire. Odoacer began to rule Italy as a special king (rex), but at the very end of the 5th century, Italy was already occupied by the Ostrogoths.

Historians symbolically magnify the totality of the movements of European nations from the 4th to the 7th century AD by the Great Migration of Peoples. e. in the overwhelming majority of cases, to the lands of the dying Roman Empire from the territories bordering it. This process "hammered the final nail in the coffin" of one of the world's first superpowers.

There are several weighty reasons for such a large-scale migration of entire ethnic groups:

1. In Western Europe in the 2nd - 3rd centuries it became very cold, which significantly worsened the conditions for cattle breeding and cultivating the land.
2. In some regions, there was overpopulation, so the "extra" people had to look for a new home - warmer and with fertile land.
3. Beginning of the 1st millennium AD. e. marked the formation of large-scale unions of tribes and the institution of leaders.

Major events briefly.

In the 4th century, the Ostrogoths formed an alliance with the Slavs, Scytho-Sarmatians and Heruli. The heyday of the union fell on the reign of King Ermanaric. In 375, the Huns attacked the Black Sea region - and the union ceased to exist. Some tribes became allies of the Huns, others retreated to the north, and still others to the west. This process served as a pretext for the resettlement of European tribes to the west and southwest.

In 400, the Franks came to the lands of today's Holland, where the Frisians and Batavians lived at that time. The area at that time was part of the Roman Empire. Two years later, the ruler of the Visigoths, Alaric, tried to invade Italy, but was defeated by the Roman army. In 406, the Alemanni, Vandals and Alans drove the Franks out of the Rhine. As a result, the Franks occupied the northern part of the left bank of the Rhine, and the Alemanni - the southern.

The Vandals, along with the Suebi and Alans, moved on and in 409 invaded the territory of Spain. The following year, an attempt by the Visigoths, under the command of King Alaric, to conquer the dying Roman Empire was crowned with success: they captured and sacked Rome.

415 - the Visigoths penetrated the lands of Spain and drove out the Suebi and Alans with the vandals who had already settled down. The year 445 became significant for the Hunnic union - the famous Attila was chosen as their king.

In 449, the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes conquered British territory. And the next year marked the large-scale migration of entire nations through Dacia, which was located on the lands of today's Romania. "Peoples moved" Huns and Gepids, Avars and Slavs with Bulgarians, Pechenegs, Hungarians and Cumans.

450: the joint forces of the Romans with the Visigoths in the battle on the Catalaunian fields (Gallia) utterly defeated the Hun alliance and drove Attila's army beyond the Rhine. However, the Huns were not going to calm down. The next year they devastated the northern part of Italy. Rome was saved from the horror of ruin only by the authority of the Pope. In 453, the Ostrogoths settled in the lands of Pannonia (today's Hungary). In the year 454 the Vandals occupied Malta. And in 458, they also took over Sardinia (the warlike tribe lasted on this land until 533).

486: The Frankish ruler Clovis I utterly defeated Syagrius, the last Roman ruler of Gaul. The kingdom of the Franks was formed, the Roman Empire was finally liquidated. This time is considered the beginning of the Middle Ages.

In the first half of the sixth century, the Bavarians penetrated from the land of today's Czech Republic to the land of modern Bavaria, and the Czechs came to the Czech Republic. The Slavs migrated to the Danubian regions of Byzantium. Having captured the lower reaches of the Danube around 490, the Lombards moved on and occupied the land between the Danube and the Tis, destroying the state of the Heruli in 505. The Bretons, driven out of England by the Angles and Saxons, settled in Brittany. The Scots came from the north of Ireland to Scotland. Later, the Slavs occupied Mecklenburg, and the ancestors of the Poles occupied the west of Galicia.

Totila, the new leader of the Visigoths, fought with Byzantium until the year 550. In the process of hostilities, the Visigoths captured most of Italy.

570: Avars nomads establish a kingdom in today's Hungary and Lower Austria. Fifteen years later, the Visigoths conquered Spain.

With the beginning of the seventh century, Czechs and Slovaks, then vassals of the Moravians, settled in modern Moravia and Bohemia. Later, the Slavs occupied the lands east of the Elbe, assimilating part of the German people. Serbs and Croats came to the lands of today's Dalmatia and Bosnia.

The Great Migration of Peoples radically changed the situation in the world. The Eastern Roman Empire ceased to exist, and its heir Byzantium lost the lion's share of influence on international relations. Many "barbarian kingdoms" were formed, a significant part of which today are developed European countries.

THE GREAT MIGRATION OF PEOPLES is a conditional definition in the modern history of the mass invasion of barbarian tribes (Germanic, Sarmatian, Hunnic, Slavic, etc.) into the territory of the Roman Empire.

Period from the 4th to the 7th centuries. entered the history of Europe as the era of the Great Migration of Peoples, so named because these four centuries account for the peak of migration processes that captured almost the entire continent and radically changed its ethnic, cultural and political appearance. The Great Migration of Peoples played an important role in the formation of a class society among many primitive tribes that took part in the destruction of the slave-owning states of the Old World.

In the course of large-scale movements, the boundaries of the former tribal areas were erased and changed, there was a sharp increase in intertribal contacts, different ethnic components were mixed, which led to the formation of new peoples. The history of many modern peoples originates in this era.

Reasons for the mass migration of tribes

• 1. By the 2nd century, the population of the barbarian tribes had grown to such an extent that they did not have enough land for their primitive economy.
• 2. The formation of large tribal unions, the military leaders of which sought to enrich themselves.
• 3. General deterioration of the climate (cooling).

German and Turkic tribes, Slavic and Finno-Ugric peoples took part in the great migration of peoples.

Conventionally, the great migration of peoples can be divided into three stages:

Stage 1

It began with the resettlement of the German tribe ready. Prior to that, they inhabited the territory of modern Central Sweden. In 239, the Goths crossed the border of the Roman Empire. In the III century, other Germanic tribes began to invade the same lands: Franks, Vandals, Saxons. The German stage of the migration of peoples ended with the Battle of Adrianople, in which the Roman troops were defeated by the Goths.

Stage 2

It is associated with the Turkic and Mongol tribes of the Huns, who from the steppes of Central Asia in 378 invaded the lands of Europe. The Romans managed to stop their invasion in the middle of the 5th century, but the tribes and peoples pushed back by them continued their invasion deep into the Roman Empire. Rome was taken by the Vandals in 455. In 476, the last emperor of the weakened Western Roman Empire was overthrown by the barbarians, and their tribes settled throughout the territory of the former powerful state.

Stage 3

In the 5th century, the process of resettlement of Slavic tribes to the territory of Byzantium and the Balkan Peninsula began. As a result, they populated Eastern Europe. The Great Migration led to the destruction of many tribes and peoples. The conquering tribes either replaced the local population or became part of it themselves. Some of them, in general, disappeared as a people, for example, the Huns.

The Roman Empire was on the verge of collapse. Having reached great power, the Roman Empire began to attach more and more importance to entertainment, instead of the development of troops and science. which had a negative effect on the state. Also, the frequent change of emperors had a negative effect on the power of the country.

Beginning of the Great Migration associated with the invasion of the Roman Empire ready. The Ostrogoths and Visigoths (Eastern and Western Goths) had extensive land holdings in Byzantium and, unlike many other barbarian tribes, they did not experience "land hunger".

Of the two Gothic states, the Ostrogothic was the most powerful, headed by King Germanaric (325-375) for 50 years. Under him, the Ostrogothic state was multi-tribal: in addition to the Goths, it included Slavic and Sarmatian tribes.

In 375, a numerous warlike tribe of the Huns came to the Black Sea region from Asia. The Huns were a nomadic people of Turkic-Mongol origin. The area of ​​their initial settlement was on the borders of China, then the Huns through Central Asia and the "Caspian Gate" entered the basin of the Don and Dnieper rivers, i.e. into the territory of the Ostrogoths. A war begins in which the Huns win, seriously undermining the power of the Ostrogothic Union. After that, the Huns, together with the Ostrogoths, went to the Visigoths. In this situation, the Visigothic leaders appeal to the Byzantine emperors with a request to allow them to settle in the Balkans as federal allies. Byzantine emperors allow, and in the second half of the 4th century. Visigoths cross the Danube. For their settlement, the region of Moesia (a territory in modern Bulgaria) was allocated.

As soon as the Visigoths settled in the Balkans, they began to have skirmishes with Byzantine officials. Relations soon took on an openly hostile character, and very quickly the Visigoths turned from allies-federates of the Byzantine Empire into its enemies. In addition, the slaves of the empire began to support the Visigoths. The country is in a dangerous situation. Already as enemies of the empire, the Visigoths crossed the border of Moesia, moving to the south of the Balkan Peninsula. In 378, near Adrianople, the Visigoths defeated the Roman army, killed the commander-in-chief, Emperor Valens. The way to Constantinople was open. But at this time, Emperor Theodosius I (379-395) entered the throne, who managed by military forces and diplomacy to stop the advance of the Visigoths deep into the empire. Theodosius I was forced to grant them new, more fertile territories on the Balkan Peninsula. The Visigoths were given the rich and fertile province of Illyria (on the territory of Yugoslavia).

After the death of Theodosius I in 395, the empire is divided among his sons. In the east, in the Byzantine Empire, Arcadius (395-408) begins to rule, and in the west, Honorius (395-423). These brothers were in a state of constant hostility, drawing barbarian tribes into it.

in 409 King Alaric of the Visigoths enters the territory of the Western Roman Empire. Alaric found support among numerous slaves of the Roman Empire.

In August 410, Alaric takes Rome. A terrible robbery and destruction of the capital of the ancient world continued for several days. Many noble Romans died or were captured and sold into slavery, some of them managed to escape to North Africa and Asia. Alaric's plans were not limited to the conquest of Rome: he dreamed of going further, crossing over to Sicily and North Africa, but these plans did not come true - in 410 he dies.

For some time after the death of Alaric, the Visigoths remain in Italy. Then, under an agreement with the emperor Honorius, they go to southern Gaul, where in 419 they form the first barbarian kingdom on the territory of the Roman Empire with its capital in the city of Toulouse - the Visigothic kingdom.

When the Visigoths founded their state back in Gaul, other barbarian tribes invaded the Iberian Peninsula: the Sueves and the Vandals. Having conquered North Africa, the Vandals in 439 founded a second barbarian kingdom on the territory of the Roman Empire. The ancient city of Carthage becomes the capital of the Vandals. Like the Visigoths, the Vandals confiscate land from the Roman slave owners, through which the Vandal nobility quickly develops and enriches itself.

From here, across the Mediterranean, the Vandals begin to raid Italy. In 455 they capture Rome and betray it to wild sack. A rich and flourishing city quickly turned into deserted ruins, among which feral domestic animals roamed. Since then, such a manifestation of human savagery has been called vandalism.

In the first half of the VI century. The kingdom of the Vandals was conquered by the Byzantine Empire and ceased to exist.

In the middle of the 5th century in the river basin Rhone on the territory of the future France, a new barbarian state was formed - the Kingdom of Burgundy with its capital in Lyon. This state was small, but its lands were fertile, and moreover, it occupied an important geographical and strategic position. The formation of the Burgundian kingdom cut off the connection of the Roman Empire with its province - northern Gaul.

With the foundation of the Visigothic, Vandal and Burgundian kingdoms, the position of the Western Roman Empire becomes even more critical. During the period of the creation of the first barbarian states, Valentinian III (425-455) becomes the Roman emperor. He was a mediocre and weak emperor, but with him was an outstanding minister - Aetius, who is called "the last Great Roman." Aetius directed all his talent to the salvation of the Roman Empire.

In the middle of the 5th century the Romans have the most formidable enemy - the Huns. The Huns were dangerous not only for the Roman Empire, but also for the newly emerging barbarian states of Western Europe. In the first third of the 5th c. the Hunnic tribes united under the rule of the ruler Attila (435-453). Attila was the first in a series of medieval conquerors such as Genghis Khan, Batu, Tamerlane and others. All his campaigns were distinguished by cruelty and were predatory in nature. He paid a large tribute and the Byzantine emperor. Many Danubian Slavic tribes became dependent on Attila.

In the early 50s of the 5th century. Attila undertakes a campaign to the West. In 451 he invaded Gaul. Aetius organized a federation of barbarians against Atilla and forced the Huns to withdraw from Orleans. On June 15, 451, near the city of Troyes, on the Catalaunian fields, a battle took place, called the "Battle of the Nations". The Visigoths, Burgundians, Franks fought in the Roman army. Atilla was at the head of the army of the Huns and some small East Germanic tribes (including the Slavs). In the battle on the Catalaunian fields, Atilla's troops were defeated. But it was also the last victory of the Romans. great migration people migration

As a result, the Visigothic and Burgundian kingdoms received broad independence.

In 452 Atilla went to Italy. He did not take Rome, content with rich tribute and generous gifts from the Roman emperors.

In 453 Attila dies. After the death of the leader, the multi-tribal pre-state formation of the Huns disintegrated. The Huns dissolved among other Germanic tribes, and from the 8th century. no source mentions them anymore. The disappearance of the terrible Hunnic "power" did not serve to strengthen the Roman Empire, which was inevitably decaying from within. Countless and senseless intrigues were woven in the state, as a result of which prominent Roman ministers, generals and scientists perished. The “last Great Roman” Aetius did not escape a similar fate.

By this time, the imperial court was no longer in Rome, but in Ravenna. The court was moved there back in 395, when the final division of the Roman Empire into Western and Eastern took place. Following Aetius, the emperor Valentinian III himself dies. The end of the disaster was the invasion of the Vandals in 455, which was accompanied by a 14-day sack of Rome.

In Italy, the chiefs of tribal barbarian squads are beginning to dispose more and more, among which Odoacer, the leader of a small tribe of Skirs, stands out. In 476, Odoacer deposes the last Roman emperor, the infant Romulus Augustulus, and sends the insignia of imperial dignity to the eastern emperor in Constantinople. Since that time (476) the Roman Empire ceases to exist.

Constantinople did not trust Odoacer. The Byzantine emperors were preparing to replace him with a new political figure who would have to rule Italy as, as they assumed, their political puppet. It was Theodoric (493-526), ​​king of the Ostrogoths. With the support of Byzantium, Theodoric conquers Italy in 493 and becomes "King of the Goths and Italics" for many years - over 30 years. Rome lies in ruins, and Ravenna becomes the center of Theodoric's state in Italy.

A conspiracy was arranged against Theodoric, in which many noble Romans who were part of his inner circle participated. The conspiracy was uncovered, but shortly thereafter, in 526, Theodoric dies.

The political system under Theodoric was ambivalent, which was explained by the presence in Italy of two strong ethnic groups - the Ostrogoths and the Italians (Romans). These two groups lived separately from one another, each according to its own laws, and they did not unite into one people. After the death of Theodoric, the struggle of two parties begins: the Roman and the Ostrogost. Byzantium took advantage of this difficult situation. Under Emperor Justinian I, the Byzantines conquer Ostrogothic Italy, annexing the Apennine Peninsula to their empire.

Byzantine emperors dreamed of restoring the Roman Empire to its former glory, but the Byzantine conquest did not last long. Between the Byzantines and the Ostrogoths in Italy, a war broke out, called the Gothic War. This war lasted over 20 years. After Theodoric's death, the Ostrogoths chose a new king, Totila. Totila (541-552) attracted not only the Ostrogoths, but also the Romans to the fight against Byzantium.

As a result of the 20-year Gothic War, almost the entire Ostrogothic population was exterminated, and the cities were destroyed.

However, the Byzantines did not stay in Italy. In 568, new barbarians, the Lombards, invaded Northern Italy. This Germanic tribe lived on the left bank of the Elbe and was related to the Suebi. At the head of the Lombards who invaded Italy was Alboin, who made Pavia his capital.

The Lombards conquered all of Northern and part of Central Italy and did not make any compromises with the local population, including the Roman nobility. Unlike their predecessors, the Lombards made a complete confiscation of land and all property from the Roman slave owners. They took the Roman nobility captive and enslaved, selling new slaves to foreign countries. Many noble Romans managed to leave their homeland and flee to Byzantium.

In Italy, a strong and large Lombard kingdom was formed, in which a significant percentage of the population was the peasantry. Unlike many other barbarian kingdoms, this state had a wealthy and politically powerful nobility.

This is where the most active stage of the great migration of peoples ends. After that, other tribes will come to Europe, including the Slavs, but mostly they will settle in Eastern Europe.

During the V-VI centuries. the geopolitical picture of Western Europe is changing radically. The Western Roman Empire disappears. A significant change is taking place in the life of Western Europe - the ancient world is disappearing and the feudal, medieval world is beginning to take shape.

conditional name. massive incursions into the territory. Rome. empire in the 4th - 7th centuries. germ., Slav., Sarmatian and other tribes, contributing. the collapse of the Zap. Rome. empire and the change of slaveholding. building a feud. on the territory throughout Rome. empire.

Great Definition

Incomplete definition ↓

THE GREAT MIGRATION OF PEOPLES

conditional name for mass invasions of the territory. Rome. empire in the 4th-7th centuries. germ., Slav., Sarmatian and other tribes that contributed to the collapse of the Zap. Rome. empire and the change of slave owners. building feudal on the territory. throughout Rome. empire. Ch. the cause of V. p. there was an intensified process of decomposition of the tribal system among the Germanic, Slavic, Sarmatian and other tribes, accompanied by the formation of large tribal unions, the emergence of classes, the growth of squads and the power of the military. leaders who craved land, wealth, military. mining. The need for new lands was also explained by the extensive nature of agriculture among these tribes, which caused (with the rapid growth of the population) relates. overpopulation. The policy of enslavement of neighboring tribes, pursued by Rome, ran into their stubborn opposition, and the crisis of Rome. empire and the sympathy of the oppressed layers of Rome. society to those who invaded Rome. the empire to the tribes contributed to the success of their invasions. V. p. n. was a collection of migrations of many tribes. Prologue V. p. n. were the Marcomannic War (166-180) and the movements of the tribes of the 3rd century. At the end of 2 - beginning. 3rd century east-germ. tribes (Goths, Burgundians, Vandals) moved from S.-Z. Europe towards the Black Cape. At the turn of the 3rd c. the Goths moved to the Black Sea steppes; the Goths (later divided into Ostrogoths and Visigoths) became part of a vast union of tribes, which united, in addition to them, the local Thracian ghettos and Early Slavs. tribes (antique writers called them either Scythians or Getae). K ser. 3 in. the union began to devastate. incursions into the East. provinces of the empire. "Barbarians" were flooded Thrace and Macedonia, otd. detachments penetrated into Greece and M. Asia, everywhere meeting the support of the oppressed masses. At the same time, to the borders of Rome. empires moved west-germ. tribes: Alemanni from the top. The Rhine moved to the territory. between the top Rhine and Danube and began to make frequent attacks on Gaul. In 261 they captured Rome. the province of Rezia, invaded Italy and reached Mediolan (Milan). Franks from cf. and lower The Rhine in 258-260 invaded Gaul. At the end of the 3rd c. the Romans left Dacia, captured by the Goths, which dealt a heavy blow to Rome. defense on the Danube. But at the beginning 4th c. the Romans held back the onslaught of the "barbarian" tribes and stabilized the situation. From the last third of the 4th c. The movement of tribes reached a special intensity (V. p. n., actually) as a result of the invasion of the Huns and the intensification of the struggle against Rome by the Sarmatians and Quadi, Alemanni, and Franks in Europe, and by a number of Berber and Mauritanian tribes in Africa. In 375, the Huns, breaking the union of Ermanaric, conquered b. h. Ostrogoths and other tribes and rushed to the west. The Visigoths, oppressed by them, crossed the Danube and, with the permission of Rome. pr-va settled within Rome. province of Moesia (terr. Bulgaria) with the obligation of military. service and subordination (376). Driven to despair by the oppression of Rome. officials, hunger and attempts by the Romans to enslave them, the Visigoths revolted, local slaves joined Krom. In the Battle of Adrianople in 378, the rebel army defeated the troops of the imp. Valens, after which the uprising swept means. part of the Balkan Peninsula. In 382 imp. Theodosius I managed to suppress him and make peace with the Visigoths. In the beginning. 5th c. the Visigoths rebelled again (under the leadership of Alaric I) and began a campaign in Italy; in 410 they took Rome and sacked it. After a series of movements, the Visigoths settled in the South-West. Gaul (and then in Spain), having founded the Toulouse kingdom in 418 - the first "barbarian" kingdom on the territory. Zap. Rome. empire. K ser. 5th c. b. h. Zap. Rome. empire was captured by various (ch. arr. germ.) tribes that formed on its territory. their states. Vandals who settled in the beginning. 5th c. together with the Alans in Spain and expelled from there by the Visigoths, crossed in 429 to the North. Africa and founded their kingdom there (439). The Alemanni crossed the Rhine and occupied the territory. modern Yu.-Z. Germany, Alsace, b. h. Switzerland. Burgundians settled (443) as Romans. federates in Savoy, ca. 457 took all the bass. Rhones, forming the Burgundian kingdom with its center in Lyon. The Franks, who settled in the occupied territories of the east. Gaul, late 5th c. carried out its further conquest, laying the foundation for the Frankish state. The Angles, Saxons and Jutes began to migrate to Britain left by the Romans, forming a number of kingdoms there (see Anglo-Saxon conquest). Meanwhile, the Huns, having settled in Pannonia, devastated the Balkan Peninsula, moved under the leadership of Attila (434-453) to Gaul. In the Battle of the Catalaunian Fields in 451 they were defeated by a united army of Romans, Visigoths, Franks and Burgundians and ousted from Gaul. In 452 Attila devastated Sev. Italy. In 455, the capture and sack of Rome by the Vandals (from North Africa) followed. By the end of the 5th c. Rome. dominance in the West. Rome. The empire was actually destroyed, and in 476, when Odoacer, the leader of the Skir tribe, having united diverse detachments of mercenaries, "... all the dissatisfied, barbarians and Italics joined the Crimea" (Marx K., see the Archive of Marx and Engels, vol. 5, 1938, p. 20), deposed the last imp. Romulus Augustulus, Zap. The Roman Empire finally fell. The last movements of the German tribes belong to the end of the 5th-6th centuries. In 488-493, the Ostrogoths, who migrated from Pannonia, occupied Italy, forming their own state here; in 568, the Lombards with a number of other tribes invaded Italy - in the North. and Wed. In Italy, a Lombard state arose. In the 6th-7th centuries. V. p. n. entered the final phase. At this time, there were large migrations of various tribes to the territory. Vost. Rome. empire (Byzantium). Ch. early Slavs played a role in this process. tribes (Sklavins and Antes). The campaigns of the Slavs began at the turn of the 5th-6th centuries. and became more and more systematic and formidable to the empire; nar. the uprisings contributed to the advance of the Slavs to the Balkan Peninsula. Already in the 1st floor. 6th c. glory. invasions occur almost continuously, from the 2nd floor. 6th c. Slavs firmly settled on the territory. empire. In 577 ca. 100 thousand Slavs freely crossed the Danube. K ser. 7th c. Slavs settled almost all over the territory. Balkan Peninsula, glory. ethnic element has become dominant here. The Slavs settled Thrace, Macedonia, that means. part of Greece, occupied Dalmatia and Istria - up to the Adriatic coast. m., penetrated into the valleys of the Alpine mountains and into the districts of modern. Austria. Many Slavs moved to M. Asia. Terr. Vost. Rome. empire from the Danube to the Aegean was occupied by the Slavs, who later founded their states here: Bulgaria, Croatia and Serbia. World Historical. the value of V. p. n., first of all and Ch. arr., in its social results. V. p. n. contributed to the fall of the slaveowners. building on a vast territory. Mediterranean; contact with slave owners. orders accelerated the decomposition of the tribal system among the barbarians, as a result of which the feudal system received wide opportunities for its development in the resulting "barbarian" states of the West. Europe. For its part, the settlement of the Balkan Peninsula and certain areas of M. Asia is Slav. tribes, in which communal relations dominated, led to profound changes in the socio-economic. system of Byzantium and contributed to the replacement of slave owners there. building feudal. See map (to p. 137). In the bourgeois historical lit-re V. p. n. usually regarded as purely mechanical. geographic process. movement of tribes, caused by overpopulation, land tightness (in this case, the internal, social causes of V. p. n. are not revealed). For the works of a number of it. Historians are also characterized by a tendentious emphasis on the special, "providential" role in history (in particular, in the era of V. p. n.) of the German Goths, supposedly called upon to create Rome on the ruins. new empire, christ. state-in; bourgeois-nationalist. historiography, seeing the main (or even the only) force of the era of the V. p. in germ. tribes, downplays (or completely ignores) the role of numerous. glory. tribes. This nationalist the trend is more or less reflected in such works as Dahn F., Die K?nige der Germanen, Bd 1-9, 1861-1905; Wietersheim Ed., Geschichte der Völkerwanderung, Bd 1-2, 1880-81; Rallmann R., Die Geschichte der Vülkerwanderung von der Gothenbewehrung bis zum Tode Alarichs, 1863; Kaufmann G., Deutsche Geschichte bis auf Karl den Grossen, 1880-1881; Schmidt L., Geschichte der deutschen St?mme bis zum Ausgange der V?lkerwanderung, 1910, etc. Captured by such mechanistic. and nationalist. concepts of V. p. with these or other variations, the latest bourgeoisie also turned out to be. historiography. Owls. ist. science solution of the question of causes, essence and ist. the value of V. p. looking for in those socio-economic. conditions and politics. relationships that were established by the 3rd c. n. e. as between European tribes, and between them and Rome. an empire in crisis. Hence the social essence of V. p. owls. historians see the struggle between the two worlds, as a result of which the "barbarians" with the support of slaves and columns destroyed Rome. empire. Based on the social significance of the invasion of "barbarian" tribes on the territory. Rome. empires, owls historians refer to the era of V. p. not only German invasions. and other tribes, chronologically limited to the 6th century, but also the invasion of the Slavs in the 7th century, which played a large role in replacing the slave owners. feudal relations in Vost. Rome. empire. Source: Mishulin A. B., Materials for the history of the ancient Slavs, VDI, 1941, No 1; Ammian Marcellinus, History, book. 31, trans. from lat., c. 3, K., 1908; Procopius of Caesarea, War with the Goths, trans. from Greek S. P. Kondratiev. Moscow, 1950. Jordanes, On the origin and deeds of the Getae. Getica, intro. st., trans. and comment. E. Ch. Skrzhinskaya. Moscow, 1960. Joannis. Ephesini, Historia ecclesiae, ed. E. W. Brook, P., 1935; Zosimi, Historia nova, ed. L. Mendelssohn and Lipsiae, 1887. Lit. (except for the indication in the article): F. Engels, On the history of the ancient Germans, K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 19; Dmitrev A.D., The uprising of the Visigoths on the Danube ..., VDI, 1950, No 1; Mishulin A. V., Ancient Slavs and the fate of the Eastern Roman Empire, VDI, 1939, No 1; Levchenko M. V., Byzantium and the Slavs in the VI-VII centuries, VDI, 1938, No 4 (5); Picheta V.I., Slavic-Byzantine relations in the 6th-7th centuries. in the coverage of Soviet historians (1917-1947), VDI, 1947, No 3 (21); Remennikov A. M., The struggle of the tribes of the North. Black Sea region with Rome in the III century. n. e., M., 1954; Udaltsova Z. V., Italy and Byzantium in the VI century., M., 1959; Vasiliev A., Slavs in Greece, "V. V.", v. 5, 1898; Pogodin A. L., From the history of Slavic movements, St. Petersburg, 1901; Fustel de Coulanges, History of the social system of ancient France, vol. 2 - The German invasion and the end of the empire, trans. from French, St. Petersburg, 1904; Alf?ldi A., The invasions of peoples. SAN, v. 12, Camb., 1939; Altheim F., Geschichte der Hunnen, Bd 1-2, B., 1959-60; Halphen L., Les barbares des grandes invasions aux conqu?tes turques du XIe si?cle, 2 ?d., P., 1930, 5 ?d., P., 1948; Hodgkin Th., Italy and her invaders, v. 1-4, Oxf., 1880-85; Latouche R., Les grandes invasions et la crise de l'Occident aux Ve si?cle, P., 1946; Rappaport B., Die Einfülle der Goten in das rämische Reich bis auf Constantin, Lpz., 1899; Reynold Gonzague de, Le monde barbare et sa fusion avec le monde antique. Les Germains, P., (1953); Wietersheim E., Geschichte der Völkerwanderung, Bd 1-2, 2 Aufl., Lpz., 1880-81; Lot F., Les invasions germaniques..., R., 1935; Lemerle P., Invasions et migrations dans les Balkans depuis le fin de l´?poque romaine jusqu´au VII-e si?cle, RH, No 211, 1954; Ensslin W., Einbruch in die Antike Welt: V?lkerwanderung, in: Historia Mundi, Bd 5, Bern, 1956, (Bibl.). See also source. or T. at Art. about individual tribes. A. D. DMITREV Rostov-on-Don. -***-***-***- The Great Migration of Peoples in the IV - VII centuries.

The great migration of peoples took place between the 4th and 7th centuries AD. This conditional name was given to the ethnic movements of the Slavs, Sarmatians, Huns, Germans and some other tribes to the territory of the Roman Empire. Due to the fact that part of the territory was already inhabited, and quite densely, this movement was accompanied by numerous conflicts, from linguistic to religious.

Causes of the Great Migration of Nations

There is no unequivocal opinion on this matter, although the main theory is climate change. In the 4th century AD, a sharp cooling came, which forced the ethnic groups that previously lived in territories with a continental climate to develop areas more favorable for living. High infant mortality, crop failures and the famine they caused only pushed people to such a decision. To all the misfortunes were added storms and floods that affected the lands of present-day Italy, France and England.

An additional factor, which is considered in the textbook for grade 10, was the decline of the Roman Empire, provoked by a complex of reasons. The result of the weakening of the central government and the incapacity of the army was that the border regions were actively populated by neighboring peoples.

One of the reasons was the demographic situation in Scythia and Sarmatia. These lands became more prosperous due to the development of trade relations with the Northern Black Sea and the Mediterranean, which caused an increase in population. Migration processes were caused by the need to feed him.

The emergence of statehood was another reason for the great migration of peoples: the desire for conquest was generated by the fact that the tribes united in alliances.

However, the resettlement was provoked by the invasion of the Huns from Central Asia.

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Rice. 1. Huns.

Important dates and events of the Great Migration of Nations

Migration began in 354, when the Huns, “a people of horsemen,” invaded Europe. This became the catalyst that caused the movement of ethnic groups that settled on the lands that they could capture. So, in 486, the Frankish ruler inflicted a final defeat on the Romans in Gaul and founded the Frankish state, and in the 6th century, the Slavs already settled Mecklenburg. By the 6th century, Slavic tribes were already partially assimilating the Germanic population in the lands east of the Elbe.

The Visigoths also settled in South Gaul and Spain - they finally settled on these lands in 412, forming their own kingdom.

From 434 to 453 the Huns were ruled by the leader Attila, who created an empire whose borders ran along the Rhine and Volga. However, it fell apart after his death.

Rice. 2. Attila.

By the 6th century, the Germans had completely settled the Western Roman Empire: the Vandals settled in North Africa, the Visigoths (Western Goths), as already mentioned, in Spain, the Ostrogoths (Eastern Goths) in Italy, the Franks in Gaul, and the Angles and Saxons began to live in Britain.

The consequences of the great migration of peoples for world history

As a result of many migration processes, barbarian kingdoms were formed. Many barbarians cultivated, and later modern European countries will appear in the place of their states.

From a cultural point of view, migration caused conflicting consequences: the civilization of the Huns was completely destroyed, but on the other hand, new cultures appeared, which were formed as a result of the mixing of several ethnic groups. In addition, during this period, Vulgar Latin was formed, which provided the basis for European languages.

On the other hand, the northern European peoples were completely wiped off the face of the earth and their ancient monuments were plundered.