Novgorod First Chronicle:

In summer 6362 . The beginning of the land of Ruskoi. I live each with my family in my own places and forward, owning each of my family.

AND There were three brothers: one was named Kiya, the second was named Shchek, the third was named Khoriv, ​​and their sister was Lybid. And Kyi sat on the mountain, where Borichev was now taken away, and was with his family; and his brother Shchek is on Druzia Mountain, from him he was nicknamed Shchekovitsa; and the third Khoriv, ​​from whom it was nicknamed Khorivitsa. And he created a town in the name of his elder brother and called the name Kiev. And there was a forest and a great forest near them, and there were beast traps. And when the men became wise and understanding, they were called Polyana, and to this day they are the Kyyans; It's trash, consuming lakes and treasures and growth, like other trash.
At the same time, there was a Caesar in the land of Gretchko, named Mikhail, and his mother Irina, who preached the veneration of icons in the first week of Lent. At seven Rus' came to Constantinople in ships, the ship is numberless; and when she entered the Court at two hundred, she committed a lot of evil with the Greek and committed a great murder by the peasant. The Caesar and Patriarch Photios prayed in the church of the Holy Mother of God of Blachernae all night; The holy Mother of God wore out her robe and barely washed it into the sea; and during that time, as if there was silence, a great storm arose, and the Russian ship sank, and I was cast ashore, and returned to my own place.
Until now, these brethren have been benders; and if we offended the Drevlyans, we were devious. And I came to Kozare, sitting on these mountains and deciding: “Pay us tribute.” Having thought of Polyana, she gave away the sword from the smoke. And he carried Kozare to his prince and his elders. The prince convened his elders and said to them: “Behold, a new tribute is coming.” She decides to him: “Where from?” He said: “in the forest on the mountains above the Dnieper River.” They decide: “What’s next?” And show them the sword; and the elders decided on the trick: “The tribute is not good, prince; We are searching for the weapons of one country, choosing our own selves; And these weapons are both sharp, cutting swords; These are the ones who will demand tribute on us and on others in advance.” Let everything come true; I decided not of my own free will, but of God’s command. Just like under Pharaoh, the Caesars of Egypt, when they brought Moses, and the elders of Pharaoh decided: “Hey, he wants to humble the power of Egypt”; as it was; and the Egyptians perished because of Moses, and first of all he who worked for him was destroyed; So you own it first, then you own it yourself; as it was: the Kozars are ruled by Russian princes to this day. Well, we’ll go back to what was before. And from now on, those brethren, two Varangians came and were called princes: one was named Askold, and the other Dir; and Besta is the prince in Kiev, and owns the Fields; and there were warriors from Drevlyana and from the Street.
In the times of Kiev and Shchek and Khoriv, ​​Novgorod people, recommissions of Slovenia, and Krivitsi and Merya: Slovenia had its own parish, and Krivitsi had its own, and Mere had its own; each ruling over his own family; and Chud is his family; and tribute to the Dayahu Varangian from her husband according to Belya Veveritsa; and if they were the same, then they were the ones who used violence against Sloven, Krivich and Meryam and Chudi. And Slovene and Krivitsi and Merya and Chyud rose up against the Varangians, and drove out the plague from the sea; and began to rule over ourselves and build cities. And they themselves rose up to fight against each other, and there was great war and strife between them, and city upon city rose up, and there was no more truth in them. And I decide to myself: “Let’s look for a prince who would rule over us and rule over us by right.” I went across the sea to the Varangians and rkosha: “Our land is great and abundant, but we have no outfit; “Yes, you will come to us to reign and rule over us.” Having chosen three brothers from their clans, and taking with them a large and wonderful squad, they came to Novgorod. And the elders sat in Novgorod, be his name Rurik; and others are located on Belyozer, Sineus; and the third one is in Izborsk, his name is Truvor. And from those Varangians, the finder of those, was nicknamed Rus', and from them the word Russian Land; and the essence of the Novgorod people to this day is from the Varangian family. When they were two years old, Sineus and his brother Truvor died, and Rurik assumed power alone, and both brothers took power, and began to rule alone.

P.S. In general, this message from the Novgorod First Chronicle (NPL) does not contradict the well-known text of the Tale of Bygone Years (PVL), which tells about the same events. http://www.hrono.ru/dokum/1000dok/povest1.php. However, there are significant differences, namely:
1. the legendary founders of Kyiv - Kiy, Shchek and Khoriv, ​​turn out to be contemporaries of Rurik, and not princes of the 5th-6th centuries. AD, as was commonly believed in Soviet historiography, which linked the formation of the Russian state with the “south”, with Polyansky Kiev;
2. the year of calling of the Varangian-Rus of Rurik to the NPL was named 854, not 862. as in PVL. It can be assumed that this contradiction between the two sources is associated with different systems of chronology “from the creation of the world”: 5500 and 5508. In this case, we see exactly this difference of 8 years.
At the same time, the NPL date of 854 seems more accurate, because removes the PVL contradiction that arises when comparing the time of Rurik’s calling and Rus'’s campaign against Constantinople. So PVL dates this event to 866, but according to more reliable Byzantine sources, the campaign of the Rus (it is unlikely that these Rus could have been anything other than the Rus-Varangians of the former boyars of Rurik - Askold and Dir) took place in 860. If we We take 854 as the date of Rurik’s calling, then everything falls into place: 854. - the calling of Rurik to reign in the early state formation of unions of tribes of the Ilmen Slavs, Krivichi (possibly also Dregovichi) and some Finnish tribes, then the departure of part of the Varangian-Rus under the leadership of Askold and Dir to the south, their liberation of the glades from the Khazar yoke and a campaign against the East Roman empire, which took place in 860.
This, of course, does not mean that the beginning of Rurik’s reign dates back to 854; it is likely that this date is, to a greater or lesser extent, conditional. However, it is important that the assignment of Rurik’s calling to the 50s of the 9th century, i.e. by the time before the campaign against Constantinople, eliminates the contradictions in the chronology of the PVL, and is fully consistent with the data of Byzantine sources, in partsequence of the above events.

1.2.1. Chronicle period of Kievan Rus (X - early XII century)

In the history of Russian chronicles, it is customary to distinguish three major stages: the chronicles of Kievan Rus, the chronicles of the period of feudal fragmentation and the chronicles of the unified Russian state. The chronicle of each of these stages had its own characteristics, reflected in the form and content of the historical source, methods of its creation, and political orientation.

The chronicle of Kievan Rus is not represented by independent, completed chronicle texts that have actually reached us.

With x-~s. Its traces were preserved in later chronicles, so many issues of the initial stage of Russian chronicles are controversial.

A feature of this period of chronicle writing can be considered the formation of the weather grid of the chronicle narrative. We do not know what form the very first chronicle texts had. There is reason to believe that the weather form of recording was not the only one and did not appear immediately. Researchers date the beginning of the tradition of recording events under specific absolute dates to the 70s. XI century and connect it with the chronicle activity of K 1^1evo-Pechersk abbot Nikon. The idea of ​​Weather Articles could have arisen under the influence of calendar tables that are found in liturgical books. In the 19th century books were discovered, in which there is simultaneously both a lapidary mention of this existence, correlated with the date of the table, and a detailed chronicle weather record about the same event, placed outside the framework of Ta j blitz. The calendar tables used by the Orthodox Church may have reinforced the practice of accurately recording events.

At the same time, there was another system of recording events. In Leu, dating was based on a relative time scale: ■-, those. new events were dated in relation to those that had already happened: “after many times, the time did not pass...”, “the same time passed...”, “burned in twos? I'm flying..."

An example of such dating is the Galicia-Voshchinsky vault of the 13th century, which is part of the Ipatiev Chronicle (15th century). According to researchers, the original text of this code did not have exact dates. Later, when it was combined with the Kyiv arch of 1200, in which the text was divided into years, relative dating was converted into absolute, but this was done with an error: the events that took place in the Galician-Volyn principality from the beginning of the 13th century were shifted back by four years. Thus, the error shows that initially the Galician-Volyn vault ^ did not have a weather grid* Giving uniformity to the new text, the vaulter immediately after the Kiev vault, which ended with the weather grid of 1200, placed: l in the 1201 record of the Galician- Volyn events, although in fact the first events conveyed by the Galician-Volyn vault took place in 1205.

The difficult question is about the original one! point of the Old Russian chronicle, its original content and form. Some pre-revolutionary researchers considered Nestor to be the first Russian chronicler, and the “Tale of Time Years” created by him in 1113 as her first chronicle work. However, in domestic historiography, the origins of chronicle writing in Rus' were gradually pushed back to an earlier time; time. After analyzing many chronicles, Shakhmatov suggested that the first Russian

The Russian chronicle text was created around 1039 in Kyiv at the newly opened Russian metropolitan see. The scientist called this hypothetical text the Ancient Chronicle.

Later, a number of Soviet researchers, relying on data from various written sources, suggested that the chronicle appeared at the end of the 9th century. Thus, L.V. Cherepnin (1905-1977) considered the starting point of Russian chronicles to be 996, when a chronicle was compiled on the occasion of the issuance of tithes to the Kyiv church by Vladimir Svyatoslavich. According to the historian, it included stories about the Polyana-Rus. To reconstruct the vault of 996, Cherep-nin used “Memory and Praise to Prince Vladimir” by the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery Jacob. M.N. Tikhomirov (1893 - 1965) also attributed the beginning of chronicle writing to the end of the 10th century. - beginning of the 11th century According to the reconstruction of this scientist, chronicle writing began with the creation of three legends: “Tales about the beginning of Russia”, “Tales about the calling of the Varangians” and “Tales about Russian princes”. Tikhomirov expressed the opinion that chronicle writing originated in both Kiev and Novgorod. B. A. Rybakov (1908 - 2001) dated the first Russian code, created in Kyiv and covering the activities of Prince Vladimir and his predecessors, to 996 - 997. According to the scientist’s reconstruction, this collection was a processing of various sources: episodic records, epic tales, the Belgorod Chronicle - a monument that appeared at the court of a local bishop, etc. D.S. Likhachev (1906-1999) assumed that the origins of the chronicle that arose in 40s XI century, lie in the synthesis of oral traditions and a literary-historical work, conventionally called by him “The Tale of the Spread of Christianity.”

During the period of the existence of the Old Russian state, chronicle writing was carried out in the largest cities - Kyiv and Novgorod. I Based on the surviving late chronicles, it is possible to most fully restore the Kiev chronicle, which was not limited to Kiev events and recorded many events that took place throughout the entire territory of the then state. Thus, the Kiev chronicle of the 11th - early 12th centuries. can be defined as all-Russian.

The largest chronicle work created during the period of Kievan Rus is “The Tale of Bygone Years.” The self-title of the Chronicle is “Behold the stories of the past years, where the Russian land came from, who began to reign first in Kyiv, and where the Russian land began to eat.” In this version, it is given at the beginning of the Lavra 1tievskaya and the Trinity, Radziwill and Mos-Koisko-Academic chronicles close to it.

Go, Ermolaevsky, etc.), in which the self-title of the work is supplemented by an indication of the author - a monk, i.e. monk of the Kiev Pechersk Monastery. But his name - Nestor - was preserved only in the Khlebnikov list.

The end of the “Tale of Bygone Years” as part of the later chronicles is determined conditionally, since there is no clear boundary between it and subsequent collections. A guide in searching for the boundary of Nestorov’s text is the first weather record in the Tale of Bygone Years - 852 (6360), which provides a calculation of the years from the creation of the world to the death of the Kiev prince Svyatopolk, who died in 1113. Consequently, the author of this chronological calculation knew about the death of the prince and worked on his chronicle, most likely in 1113 or a little later.

After a short time, the author's text of “The Tale of Bygone Years” was revised. Various options for processing the text are presented today in two editions, preserved primarily in the Laurentian and Ipatiev Chronicles. Nestor's original text has not survived, and scientists are trying to find traces of it in the two subsequent editions.

Research of the 20th century, especially the work of Shakhmatov, proved that Nestor used earlier chronicle texts. The scientist managed to outline several milestones in the chronicles of the 11th century.

The arch closest in time to the Tale of Bygone Years, which was established by Shakhmatov, is the so-called Initial arch of 1093 - 1096. Its traces were discovered when comparing the “Tale of Bygone Years”, presented in the Laurentian and Ipatiev Chronicles, with the initial part of the Novgorod First Chronicle of the younger edition. The last chronicle has a short preface, which could have been created in Kyiv, and not in Novgorod. The initial code tells why Kiev received such a name, describes a city located on the mountains (such a city could be Kiev, and not Novgorod), expresses dissatisfaction with the greed of the princes, for which God punished the Russian land with an invasion of the “filthy” (to Novgorod, as you know, the Polovtsians did not reach). The content of the preface made it possible to make an assumption about the Kiev origin of the chronicle text that followed this introduction.

In the weather records of the late 11th century, read in the Tale of Bygone Years, Shakhmatov found some thematic parallels with the text of the preface of the Novgorod chronicle. These are, on the one hand, the detailed arguments of the chronicler of “The Tale of Bygone Years” about the invasion of the Polovtsians as God’s punishment for the unreasonable actions of the princes and his squad, and on the other hand, generalized critical statements of the preface addressed to the prince and his squad, whose greed led to the invasion of “filthy " Most emo

i tonally, the Polovtsian invasion, its causes and devastating consequences for the people of Kiev, primarily the monks of the Kiev-Pemersk monastery, are described in the “Tale of Bygone Years” and weather articles for 1093 - 1096. It was this time that Shakhmatov dated the creation of that Kiev chronicle work, to which the preface of the Novgorod chronicle belonged and which was used by the Novgorod chronicler. The Kiev-Pechersk Monastery was named as the place where this text was compiled.

A comparison of the Novgorod First Chronicle of the younger edition and the Tale of Bygone Years shows that the text of the first chronicle is more correct than the second. The malfunction of a number of places in ■ The Tale of Bygone Years” is seen in the redundancy of information about some events, which sometimes violates the logic of the narrative about the development of events. These violations indicate the processing of the text common to both works by different chroniclers who had different tasks and sources. The closest original in the text of one or more lists is usually called protographer.

For the “Tale of Bygone Years” (in the Laurentian, Ipatiev and other copies) and the Novgorod first chronicle of the younger edition, the protograph is the Kiev code, which was determined by Shakhmatov and called by him the Initial chronicle code of 1093 - 1096. The scientist did not attribute it, i.e. did not link the creation of the text to any specific person. However, later M.D. Priselkov (1881 - 1941) put forward the hypothesis that the compiler of the code was the abbot of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery, John.

The text of the protograph is less processed in the Novgorod first chronicle of the younger edition. The inclusion of additional information in The Tale of Bygone Years, which led to a violation of the logic of the initial stories about the events described, indicates Nestor’s significant processing of the Initial Chronicle.

In the Laurentian and Ipatiev Chronicles, text redundant in relation to the original is found, for example, in the narrative of Princess Olga’s revenge on the Drevlyans for the death of her husband, Prince Igor (946). Apparently, the protograph of “The Tale of Bygone Years” spoke of three cases of revenge: firstly, the burial alive in a pit of the ambassadors of the Drevlyan prince Mal, who arrived in Kiev to Olga for matchmaking; secondly, the burning of the second Drevlyan embassy in Kyiv; thirdly, the destruction of the Drevlyans after the funeral feast for Igor in their own land. One reads about these methods of Olga’s first revenge in the First Novgorod Chronicle. But in I “The Tale of Bygone Years” there is a story about the fourth revenge, which is “absent in the Novgorod text:

Novgorod first chronicle of the younger persecution

“In the summer of 6454 (946). Olga and her son Svyatoslav are many and brave, going to the Derevskaya land<...>And the Drevlyans will win; and impose a heavy tribute on them; and two parts of the tribute goes to Kiev, and the third goes to Vyshegorod to Olza: be it Vyshegorod Olgin’s grad” 1 .

"Tale temporary years"

“In the summer of 6454 (946). Olga and her son Svyatoslav gathered together in large numbers and were brave, and went to the Dervy land<...>And the Derevlyans will win. The Derevlyans ran away and shut themselves up in their towns. Olga rushed with her son to the Iskorosten city, as if they had killed her husband, and stood near the city with her son, and the Derevlians shut themselves in the city, and fought hard from the city, knowing that they themselves had killed the prince and to what end betray And Olga stood in the summer, and could not take the hail, and the intentions of her (followed by the story of the fourth revenge of the princess - the arson of the city of Isko-Rosten with the help of pigeons. - T. TO.). And the people ran out of the city, and Olga commanded them to fight, as if they had taken the city and burned it; The elders of the city were taken away, and the rest of the people were beaten, and the others were given over to work by their husbands, and left to pay tribute for their use.

And he imposed a heavy tribute on her; 2 parts of the tribute go to Kyiv, and the third to Vyshegorod to Olza; Be bo Vyshegorod city Volzin...” 2.

Using the example of a fragment of a weather article in 946, taken from the Tale of Bygone Years, one can see how ineptly the chroniclers processed the texts of their predecessors, wanting to add additional news. The author tore up the sentence as read in his source and inserted a legend. More logical is the text of the same article in the Novgorod first chronicle of the younger edition, which, therefore, better reflects the text of the protograph.

The compiler of the Initial Chronicle Code, in turn, relied on an even earlier code, which dates back to the early 70s. XI century

Many researchers, starting with Shakhmatov, consider the abbot of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery Nikon to be the author of the code. Some facts from his life known today indicate that he could be related to the Kiev chronicle. So, Nikon was in Tmutarakan, and in the chronicles in the records of the 60s. XI century The events of TMU-Cockroach are described in quite detail for that level of chronicle writing.

According to Shakhmatov, Nikon’s code was supplemented with records of events up to 1093 inclusive and formed the basis of the Initial Chronicle Code.

A feature of the vault of the 70s. XI century there was the appearance in it of a number of precisely dated social events, which indicated the existence of some kind of contemporary records. The first such event was noted in 1061: “In the summer of 6569 (1061). The Polovtsi came first to fight on Russian soil; Vsevolod went out against them on the 2nd day of the month of February. And those who fought with him defeated Vsevolod, and left the war. Behold, the first evil came from the filthy and godless enemies. So the prince was looking for them” 1. Subsequently, the number of precisely dated events increases. Perhaps Nikon gave historical records the form of weather records, which determined the specifics of this type of historical sources.

The next oldest vault, which was reconstructed by Shakhmatov, dates back to approximately 1039. Its appearance, according to the scientist, is associated with the opening of the metropolis in Kiev, where, following the example of the Byzantine hierarchs, the recording of events in church and secular life began.

In addition to the listed chronicle works, traces of which are found in the largest chronicle collection of Kievan Rus at the beginning of the 12th century, Nestor used numerous written and oral sources. Written sources are varied in genre and place of creation (the South Slavic “Tale of the Beginning of Slavic Writing”, the translated Greek “Chronicle of George Amartol”, outlining world history up to 948, etc.). Nestor supplemented the news of his predecessors with legends. In addition to the fourth revenge of Princess Olga, he introduced historical legends into the chronicle, for example, about how the young Kozhemyaka defeated the Pecheneg hero, and the old man saved Belgorod, besieged by the Pechenegs. The chronicler included in the text oral information received from his contemporaries. So, about the events of the second half of the 11th century. Nestor was informed by Jan Vyša-tic. The chronicler reported on the death of this venerable old man on the pages of the “Tale of Bygone Years”: “In the summer of 6614 (1106)... In the same summer, Yan, a good old man, died, lived 90 years, suffered from mastitis in old age; Living according to the law of God, he is no worse than the first righteous. From him I heard many words, even written in chronicles, seven times from him. Be a good man, and meek, and humble, raking in all things, his coffin is in the Pechersky monastery, in the vestibule, where his body is laid to lie in the month of June, 24” 2.

Novgorod first chronicle of the older and younger editions... - P. 112-

2 The Tale of Bygone Years... - pp. 28 - 29.

"The Tale of Bygone Years 2 Ibid. - P. 119.

The stages of creating vaults described above during the 11th - beginning XII century, reconstructed by Shakhmatov, are generally accepted by most scientists. Some authors propose to revise the attribution of some of these codes, clarify the dating of the codes and explain the reasons for their appearance. While building their new hypotheses, they nevertheless proceed from Shakhmatov’s reconstruction.

So, “The Tale of Bygone Years” was a chronicle work that completed the first stage of Russian chronicle writing and influenced chronicle writing during the period of feudal fragmentation.

1. Chronicle

Any object or concept, before talking about it, needs to be defined somehow. Therefore, when starting to study the history of the Aryan-Slavs and their chronicles, it is worth clarifying the meaning of these terms.
As for the “chronicle”, everything seems clear and without explanation. The name itself suggests that in it, year after year (summer after summer), the Scribe describes the events known to him.
. And this is done in order not to lose the accumulated knowledge of the ancestors, and also, based on a series of events, to replenish this knowledge, clarify it and discover new rules and laws that operate over longer periods of time (than the laws of the ancestors).
In short, the goal of the Chronicle is promotion!

2. History

But the term “History”, which replaced the “Chronicle” from the West, requires some clarification.
.
The patroness of History in ancient Greece was the goddess Clio.
"The name Clio comes from the fact that chanting in poetry gives great glory to those praised" (http://history-illustrated.ru/article_2338.html)

This means that the purpose of History is to exalt and glorify individual individuals, as a rule, military and statesmen, as well as individual (selected) states and peoples!
History, by definition, is not a science, but a matter of praise and glorification!
So the task of Clio-History, to describe the sequence of events, especially the objective description of them, which is expected from it, by design, is in no way I don't have any!
Therefore, there is nothing strange in the fact that in history, cultures and peoples appear from nowhere, and then disappear to God knows where. “From” and “where” is not a question of history, it is a question of chronicle. The task of History is to praise what exists now!

Why does every nation have its own beautiful history, which does not fit in with others...
Or why is History rewritten anew with every leader?
Yes, because stories are intended specifically to praise leaders. Therefore, every leader of every people is written with great praise!

Substitution, replacement of the Chronicle with History is the biggest scam of all times!

3. Why is History so attractive?

Why is History so attractive? To whom and what benefits does this replacement provide?
This question is best examined with individual examples.

In modern History, for example, there is (the pride of modern Lithuanians!) the state “Greater Lithuania”. She, being “Great”, managed to expand her possessions to the Black Sea, and then, in alliance with Poland, played a significant role on the world (in the sense of the European) arena. The Lithuanian prince Dovmont successfully ruled Pskov, etc., etc.
Greatness on all sides!...
In the chronicles it is modestly designated as the Russian-Lithuanian state, in which only... 8% of Lithuanians (Litvins) lived. And in the Polish Sejm there were constant disputes about whether to conduct the meeting in Russian or Polish? I haven’t heard anything about any Lithuanians or the Lithuanian language...
Can you feel the difference?
That's it!

Or more.
In the history of Estonia there is an episode "War in Mahtra", with a detailed description of the development of its strategy and tactics!
And the fighting itself is described so thrillingly that the Great Patriotic War is simply resting...
And the chronicle confirms this!
According to the chronicle, up to... 30 people took part there on each side!
This is what intelligently written History means!
In history you can easily make a Great Elephant out of a molehill, but in the chronicle you will remain a molehill. This is the main advantage of History.

But in large states such as India or China, Chronicles and legends are more valuable. They don’t need to inflate anything; they are elephants without it.

The weaker and more frail a person or nation is, the more he clings to History.

4. The word "History"

And the word “History” itself reads in Cyrillic as: - “From the Torah I”! What exactly does it mean is that it is aimed at exalting and praising “the people of the Torah.” Short and succinct, precise and specific! Couldn't have said it better!
This contains the answers to many questions like:
- who is primarily interested in replacing the chronicle with laudatory stories
- who writes history?
- who makes history?
- Etc....
And the logical answer: - People from the Torah!

5. People from the Torah!

According to chronicles and legends, “people from the Torah” consist of two classes (castes)..
The lowest caste originates (on the maternal side) from the Dravidians and Nagas captured in southern India (castes also originate from there). You can’t take much from them, from prisoners. They themselves are forced people, deceived like everyone else.
But the upper class is of great interest! This class is the clergy or, according to the Bible, the tribe of the Levites, represented there by the Aryan family of “brother” Aron. (Aron = Ar he or Arius he)
This is precisely a clan, and not a tribe, because their affiliation is determined according to the principle of clan. (p o t ts u)!
Organizers of the slave system, dreaming of world domination, instigators of almost all wars...
How did they get to this point? How did the Aryan culture allow this to happen? And how can they be corrected or restored?
This is the point of view from which it is useful to look at Aryan History, Chronicles, Myths and Traditions!
And at the same time, try to answer why huge Russia, this elephant of world humanity, forgets its richest Chronicles, and slavishly clings to History, like a pygmy little people?

Reviews

I was looking for the period when in Rus' officially, instead of “chronicles,” they began to write “history.” Have not found. The search engine brought you this topic. I read it and there are even more questions. In order to leave you a review and ask questions, I had to become the author of “Prose,” but I don’t do prose.
Presumably, he found out that the reformer Peter, who replaced the Leta with the Goths, could become the initiator or simply the conductor of this idea, replacing the chronicle with history, since the very first work on the history of the Russian state belonged to A.V. Lomonosov. At least I didn't find an earlier one. Karamzin was already a late father, but apparently, Karamzin (like a true Freemason) grasped the meaning of the idea of ​​​​such a renaming. In his “history” A.V. Lomonosov covers the period of pre-Christian Rus', when the princes were Slavs and Scythians, and Karamzin began counting from the period of the beginning of the reign of the Jew Vladimir. After all, this is exactly the conclusion that is interpreted in many modern sources? And if this is so, then all subsequent “Rurikovichs” were not as such; by blood they were descendants of Prince Vladimir, but not Svyatoslav? In addition, on the maternal side there is complete foreignness there.
Considering your conclusions about the semantic meaning of the word IzToria, we can assume that Karamzin actually wrote a continuation of the Torah developing on the territory of Rus' and was right that before, before Kievan Rus there was no state? After all, the state is based on Roman slaveholding Law, and in Rus' there was a Power that existed according to Kopny and other types of Law.
Where am I going wrong?

Good afternoon, Pavanik!
I’m not a historian, so I can’t say what’s right and what’s wrong.
I just analyzed the words and this is how it turned out (at that time).
In fact, it seems to me now that the matter is much more complicated there. As far as I understand, “Summers” were considered the time when the year was divided into three parts, into three seasons: Summer, Autumn and Winter.
With the transition to four seasons, the new year began to be counted either from the beginning of autumn, from September, or from the beginning of Winter. And before that, our ancestors began the new year in the spring, with the awakening of Nature, after hibernation, but they also considered it to be summers.
HISTORY (and not IzToria) is a native Russian word, and the Torah is also a native Russian word!
It means "path". It is not correct to replace history and istory.
“History” can also be read as Isto-R-iya, or Ist-Or-iya i.e. Speaking the truth. It all depends on what letter it is written with ("IST", "ISTO" were such letters in Rus')
So, not everything is so clear here...