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30.12.2009
The mutant gene is the essence of the disease that leaves people without fingerprints. Fingerprints are used as markers of personality. There are no two identical prints.
However, there are people on Earth with a rare condition called adermatoglyphia, in other words, they don't have fingerprints.
Doctor Eli Sprecher, a dermatologist and geneticist at the Sourasky Medical Center in Tel Aviv, and his staff have identified a genetic mutation that leads to the development of the disease. The study was published in The American Journal of Human Genetics.
A team of geneticists studied a Swiss family, a good half of whose members were carriers of adermatoglyphia and appeared without fingerprints. Their palms, toes and toes are completely straight without a single line. At the time when their fingerprints were taken, instead of the unique shape of concentric circles, even spots were taken.
In addition, these people have significantly fewer sweat glands on their legs and arms. The researchers found mutations in the Smarcad1 gene in these people. this gene is important for many processes in the domestic organism, but in this case its mutation was associated only with the skin.
A birth without a fingerprint does not occur because a certain gene is turned on or off. Rather, the mutation causes copies of the gene to fail to work properly, Sprecher says. Humans have a longer version of the Smarcad1 gene, or isoform, that works in a different part of the body, but this gene variant is probably unaffected in those who have a fingerprint problem.
During the course of the study, one member of the Swiss family got into trouble with US government officials in the immigration population when trying to visit the country.
For a long time, scientists believed that the patterns on our fingertips are designed to grip objects more firmly. But in fact, they do not improve the “grip” in any way, but rather reduce the friction between the skin and the object, especially if it is smooth.
The researchers studied the friction hypothesis and found that the skin in this case behaves like rubber. In fact, skin patterns on the fingers reduce our ability to grip objects because they reduce the area of contact with the thing we are holding. So the question remains, why do we have fingerprints? The theories are: better "grip" on rough or wet surfaces, protecting fingers from damage, and increased sensitivity.
So, fingerprints are patterns on their tips. They appear when we are in the womb, and they are fully formed by the seventh month. We all have unique individual fingerprints for life. Even twins with identical DNA have different fingerprints.
The prints are made up of patterns of arcs, loops and whorls that form in the innermost layer of the epidermis: the basal cell layer. The basal cells are constantly dividing, and new cells move up into the layers above. The number of basal cells in the fetus grows faster than in the outer layers of the epidermis and dermis. This powerful growth causes the basal cell layer to form many patterns, and damage to the surface layer will not change the fingerprints.
Why do some people not have fingerprints?
Dermatoglyphia is our individual patterns on the fingers, palms, feet and toes. The absence of these patterns is due to a rare genetic condition called adermatoglyphia. Scientists have discovered a mutation in the SMARCAD1 gene, which is the cause of the development of this condition.
Fingerprints are fully formed at 24 weeks of gestation and do not undergo any changes throughout life, however, the factors underlying the formation and structure of fingerprints during embryonic development are not yet well understood. Although there is still a certain gene that is involved in the development of patterns on the fingers, as well as the development of sweat glands.
Finger patterns and bacteria
Researchers from the University of Colorado (Boulder) have shown that bacteria found on the skin can be used as personal identifiers because they are unique even among identical twins. And these bacteria remain on objects that a person touches. By studying the DNA of bacteria found on the surface, we can match it to the hands of the person who left these bacteria. In fact, this is an analogue of fingerprints, very unique and able to remain unchanged for several weeks. Bacterial analysis can be a useful tool in forensic identification when it is not possible to isolate human DNA or obtain clear fingerprints.
There are only about two dozen people in the world who do not have a papillary pattern either on their fingers and toes or on their palms. The phenomenon of the absence of fingerprints was discovered 20 years ago, but the reason why a person’s fingertips can be completely smooth has only now been discovered.
A group of geneticists led by Professor of Dermatology at Tel Aviv University (Tel Aviv University) Eli Sprecher (Eli Sprecher) managed to unravel this mystery of nature. After all, the papillary pattern is a “biological passport”, it is unique for every person on the planet (even identical twins have different patterns on the fingertips). Scientists still have a very vague idea of why nature needed such an “identifier” at all, and how this pattern is formed. It was hypothesized that the pattern was needed to improve adhesion between the fingertips and objects, then it was replaced by the assumption that the papillary pattern reduces friction. Now scientists are inclined to believe that these curls and scallops, unique for every person in the world, increase the sensitivity of the fingers. However, the fact that people meet without any hint of this very pattern has become the main mystery for scientists.
More recently, Israeli geneticists managed to "catch" the gene responsible for such "tricks". It turns out that two extremely rare genetic diseases - Naegeli's syndrome and pigmentary reticular dermatopathy - arise due to a specific defect in one of the proteins, namely keratin-14. These congenital genetic aberrations cause cell death in the uppermost skin layer. As a result, people with this genetic defect are born without papillary patterns on their fingers, toes, hands and feet, according to the American Journal of Human Genetics.
According to Sprecher, “The phenomenon of adermatoglyphia (lack of papillary pattern) was discovered thanks to five families from Switzerland, all of whose members do not have these patterns. We studied in one of these families the genetic profile of each family member in three generations. None of them had a papillary pattern. And each had a mutation in the SMARCAD1 gene. Apparently, it is this gene that affects the formation of the papillary pattern during prenatal development of a person, reports New Scientist. In people without fingerprints, this gene mutates. The mutation leads not only to the absence of the pattern, and as a result, to the lack of sensitivity of the fingertips, loss of touch, but also to other anomalies. In particular, people suffering from this disease do not have sweat glands. Also, in such patients, the skin of the palms and feet thickens, and other diseases of the tissues of the teeth, hair and skin may develop.
For a long time, scientists believed that the patterns on our fingertips are designed to grip objects more firmly. But in fact, they do not improve the “grip” in any way, but rather reduce the friction between the skin and the object, especially if it is smooth.
The researchers studied the friction hypothesis and found that the skin in this case behaves like rubber. In fact, skin patterns on the fingers reduce our ability to grip objects because they reduce the area of contact with the thing we are holding. So the question remains, why do we have fingerprints? The theories are: better "grip" on rough or wet surfaces, protecting fingers from damage, and increased sensitivity.
● How do finger patterns appear?
So, fingerprints are patterns on their tips. They appear when we are in the womb, and they are fully formed by the seventh month. We all have unique individual fingerprints for life. Even twins with identical DNA have different fingerprints.
The prints are made up of patterns of arcs, loops and whorls that form in the innermost layer of the epidermis: the basal cell layer. The basal cells are constantly dividing, and new cells move up into the layers above. The number of basal cells in the fetus grows faster than in the outer layers of the epidermis and dermis. This powerful growth causes the basal cell layer to form many patterns, and damage to the surface layer will not change the fingerprints.
● Why do some people not have fingerprints?
Dermatoglyphia is our individual patterns on the fingers, palms, feet and toes. The absence of these patterns is due to a rare genetic condition called adermatoglyphia. Scientists have discovered a mutation in the SMARCAD1 gene, which is the cause of the development of this condition.
Fingerprints are fully formed at 24 weeks of gestation and do not undergo any changes throughout life, however, the factors underlying the formation and structure of fingerprints during embryonic development are not yet well understood. Although there is still a certain gene that is involved in the development of patterns on the fingers, as well as the development of sweat glands.
● Finger patterns and bacteria
Researchers from the University of Colorado (Boulder) have shown that bacteria found on the skin can be used as personal identifiers because they are unique even among identical twins. And these bacteria remain on objects that a person touches. By studying the DNA of bacteria found on the surface, we can match it to the hands of the person who left these bacteria. In fact, this is an analogue of fingerprints, very unique and able to remain unchanged for several weeks. Bacterial analysis can be a useful tool in forensic identification when it is not possible to isolate human DNA or obtain clear fingerprints.
