In the blue, dazzling blue sky - the July sun blazing with fire and rare, wind-scattered clouds of incredible whiteness. On the road are wide tracks of tank tracks, clearly marked in gray dust and crossed out by car tracks. And on the sides - like a steppe that has died out from the heat: grasses that have fallen wearily, dull, lifelessly shining salt marshes, a blue and quivering haze over distant barrows, and such silence around that the whistle of a gopher is heard from afar and the dry rustle of the red wings of a flying grasshopper trembles for a long time in the hot air .

Nicholas was in the forefront. On the crest of the height, he looked back and with one glance embraced all the survivors of the battle for the Sukhoi Ilmen farm. One hundred and seventeen fighters and commanders - the remnants of a regiment brutally battered in recent battles - walked in a close column, wearily rearranging their legs, swallowing the bitter steppe dust swirling over the road. In the same way, limping slightly, the shell-shocked commander of the second battalion, Captain Sumskov, who took command of the regiment after the death of the major, walked along the side of the road, swaying on the broad shoulder of Sergeant Lyubchenko, the shaft of the regimental banner wrapped in a faded cover, only before the retreat was obtained and brought to the regiment from somewhere in the bowels of the second echelon, and still, not lagging behind, walked in the ranks of slightly wounded soldiers in bandages dirty with dust.

There was something majestic and touching in the slow movement of a defeated regiment, in the measured tread of people exhausted by battles, heat, sleepless nights and long marches, but ready again, at any moment, to turn around and take up battle again.

Nikolai glanced at the familiar, haggard and blackened faces. How much the regiment lost in those damned five days! Feeling his lips cracked from the heat tremble, Nikolai hastily turned away. A sudden short sob spasmed his throat, and he bowed his head and pulled a red-hot helmet over his eyes so that his comrades would not see his tears... hard-wearing, lead-filled legs, trying with all their might not to shorten their stride.

Now he walked without looking back, stupidly looking at his feet, but before his eyes again, as in an obsessive dream, there were scattered and surprisingly vividly imprinted in his memory pictures of the recent battle that marked the beginning of this great retreat. Again he saw an avalanche of German tanks rapidly crawling along the mountainside, a roaring avalanche of German tanks, and machine gunners shrouded in dust, and black bursts of explosions, and scattered across the field, over uncut wheat, in disorder, the departing fighters of the neighboring battalion ... And then - a battle with enemy motorized infantry, exit from the semi-encirclement, destructive fire from the flanks, sunflowers cut off by fragments, a machine gun buried with a ribbed nose in a shallow funnel, and a killed machine gunner, thrown back by the explosion, lying on his back and all dotted with golden sunflower petals, bizarrely and terribly sprinkled with blood ...

Four times German bombers worked the front line in the regiment's sector that day. Four enemy tank attacks were repulsed. “They fought well, but did not resist ...” - Nikolai thought bitterly, remembering.

For a minute he closed his eyes and again saw blooming sunflowers, between the strict rows of their leader creeping along the loose earth, the killed machine gunner ... He began to think incoherently that the sunflower had not been weeded, probably because the collective farm did not have enough working hands; that in many collective farms, a sunflower overgrown with weeds, never weeded since spring, stands like this now; and that the machine gunner was, apparently, a real guy - otherwise why did the soldier's death have mercy, did not disfigure him, and he lay, picturesquely spreading his arms, all whole and, like a starry flag, covered with golden sunflower petals? And then Nikolai thought that all this was nonsense, that he had to see a lot of real guys, torn to shreds by fragments of shells, cruelly and disgustingly disfigured, and that with a machine gunner it was just a matter of chance: it shook with an explosive wave - and fell around, gently flew off on killed guy young sunflower color, touched his face, like the last earthly caress. Maybe it was beautiful, but in the war, outward beauty looks blasphemous, which is why he remembered for so long this machine gunner in a whitish, burnt-out tunic, spreading his strong arms over the hot ground and staring blindly directly at the sun with dull blue eyes ...

By an effort of will, Nikolai drove away unnecessary memories. He decided that it would be best, perhaps, not to think about anything right now, not to remember anything, but to walk like this with closed eyes, hearing the heavy rhythm of the step, trying, if possible, to forget about the dull pain in the back and swollen legs.

He was thirsty. He knew that there was not a sip of water, but nevertheless he stretched out his hand, shook the empty flask and with difficulty swallowed the thick and sticky saliva that had run into his mouth.

On the slope of the height, the wind licked the road, swept it clean and carried away the dust. Suddenly, almost inaudible footsteps drowned in the dust resounded on the bare ground. Nicholas opened his eyes. Below you could already see a farm - with fifty white Cossack huts surrounded by gardens - and a wide stretch of a dammed steppe river. From here, from a height, the brightly whitened houses seemed like river pebbles scattered randomly over the grass.

Silently marching fighters perked up. Voices were heard:

There should be a halt here.

Well, how could it be otherwise, they waved thirty kilometers in the morning.

Behind Nikolai, someone smacked his lips loudly, said in a raspy voice:

Spring water, half a bucket of ice water for a brother ...

Passing the windmill, motionlessly spreading its wings, they entered the farm. Red, spotted calves lazily plucked the burnt grass near the wicker house, somewhere a hen cackled hoarsely, bright red mallows bowed their heads sleepily behind the front gardens, a white curtain in the open window moved almost perceptibly. And Nikolai suddenly smelled of such calm and peace that he opened his eyes wide and held his breath, as if afraid that this familiar and once seen picture of peaceful life would suddenly disappear, dissolve like a mirage in the sultry air.

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

"They fought for their country"

In the battle for the Old Ilmen farm, only 117 fighters and commanders survived from the entire regiment. Now these people, exhausted by three tank attacks and an endless retreat, wandered through the sultry, waterless steppe. The regiment was lucky in only one thing: the regimental banner survived. Finally, they reached the farmstead, "lost in the boundless Don steppe", with joy they saw the surviving regimental kitchen.

After drinking brackish water from a well, Ivan Zvyagintsev started a conversation with his friend Nikolai Streltsov about home and family. Suddenly opening up, Nikolai, a tall, prominent man who worked as an agronomist before the war, admitted that his wife had left him, leaving two small children. The former combine and tractor driver Zvyagintsev also had family problems. His wife, who worked as a trailer on a tractor, "spoiled through fiction." After reading women's novels, the woman began to demand "high feelings" from her husband, which led him to extreme irritation. She read books at night, so during the day she went sleepy, the household fell into disrepair, and the children ran like homeless children. And she wrote letters to her husband such that even her friends were ashamed to read them. She called the brave tractor driver either a chick or a cat, and wrote about love in “book words” from which Zvyagintsev made “fog in his head” and “circling in his eyes”.

While Zvyagintsev complained to Nikolai about his unhappy family life, he fell asleep soundly. Waking up, he smelled burnt porridge and heard the armor-piercer Pyotr Lopakhin quarreling with the cook - Pyotr was in constant confrontation with him because of the insipid porridge, which was already pretty boring. Nikolai met Lopakhin in the battle for the Bright Way collective farm. Peter, a hereditary miner, was a resilient man, he loved to play tricks on his friends and sincerely believed in his male irresistibility.

Nicholas was oppressed by the endless retreat of the Soviet troops. Chaos reigned at the front, and the Soviet army could not organize a worthy rebuff to the Nazis. It was especially hard to look into the eyes of people who remained in the German rear. The local population treated the retreating soldiers as traitors. Nicholas did not believe that they would be able to win this war. Lopakhin, on the other hand, believed that the Russian soldiers had not yet learned how to beat the Germans, had not accumulated the anger that would be enough to win. Here to learn - and they will drive the enemy back home. In the meantime, Lopakhin was not discouraged, joking and caring for pretty nurses.

Having bathed in the Don, the friends caught crayfish, but they did not have a chance to try them - “the familiar, groaning rumble of artillery fire came from the west.” Soon the regiment was alerted and ordered to "take up defense at a height located behind the farm, at the crossroads," and hold out to the last.

It was a tough fight. The remnants of the regiment had to hold off enemy tanks, which were trying to break through to the Don, where the main troops were crossing. After two tank attacks, the height was bombed from the air. Nikolai was badly shell-shocked by a nearby shell. Waking up and getting out from under the ground that covered him, Streltsov saw that the regiment had risen to the attack. He tried to get out of the deep, man-sized trench, but he couldn't. He was overwhelmed by "saving and long unconsciousness."

The regiment again retreated along the road, surrounded by burning bread. Zvyagintsev's soul ached at the sight of national wealth perishing in the fire. In order not to fall asleep right on the move, he began to slander the Germans with his last words. Lopakhin heard the muttering and immediately began to mock. Now there are two friends left - Nikolai Streltsov was found wounded on the battlefield and sent to the hospital.

Soon the regiment again took up defensive positions on the outskirts of the crossing. The line of defense passed near the village. Having dug out a shelter for himself, Lopakhin spotted a long tiled roof not far away and heard women's voices. It turned out to be a dairy farm, the inhabitants of which were being prepared for evacuation. Here Lopakhin got hold of milk. He did not have time to go for butter - an air raid began. This time the regiment was not left without support, the soldier covered the anti-aircraft complex. Lopakhin knocked out one German plane from his armor-piercing rifle, for which he received a glass of vodka from Lieutenant Goloshchekov. The lieutenant warned that the battle would be difficult, that he would have to fight to the death.

Returning from the lieutenant, Lopakhin barely managed to run to his trench - another air raid began. Taking advantage of air cover, German tanks crawled into the trenches, which were immediately covered by fire from regimental artillery and an anti-tank defense battery. Before noon, the fighters repulsed "six fierce attacks." The brief lull struck Zvyagintsev as unexpected and strange. He missed his friend Nikolai Streltsov, believing that it was impossible to talk seriously with such an inveterate scoff as Lopakhin.

After some time, the Germans began artillery preparation, and a fierce barrage of fire fell on the front line. Zvyagintsev had not been under such heavy fire for a long time. The shelling continued for about half an hour, and then the German infantry, covered by tanks, moved into the trenches. Ivan almost rejoiced at this visible, tangible danger. Ashamed of his recent fright, he joined the fight. Soon the regiment went on the attack. Zvyagintsev managed to run away from the trench only a few meters. There was a deafening roar behind him, and he fell, mad with terrible pain.

"Exhausted by unsuccessful attempts to seize the crossing", by the evening the Germans stopped their attacks. The remnants of the regiment were ordered to retreat to the other side of the Don. Lieutenant Goloshchekin was seriously wounded, and Sergeant Major Poprishchenko took command. On the way to the dilapidated dam, they came under German shelling two more times. Now Lopakhin was left without friends. Next to him was only Alexander Kopytovsky, the second number of his calculation.

Lieutenant Goloshchekin died without crossing the Don. He was buried on the banks of the river. Lopakhin's heart was heavy. He was afraid that the regiment would be sent to the rear for reorganization, and he would have to forget about the front for a long time. It seemed unfair to him, especially now that every fighter counted. On reflection, Lopakhin went to the foreman's dugout to ask to be left in the army. On the way, he saw Nikolai Streltsov. Overjoyed, Peter called out to his friend, but he did not look back. It soon became clear that Nikolai had become deaf from shell shock. After resting a little in the hospital, he fled to the front.

Ivan Zvyagintsev woke up and saw that a battle was going on around him. He felt severe pain and realized that his entire back was cut by fragments of a bomb that had exploded from behind. He was dragged along the ground on a cape. Then he felt that he was falling somewhere, hit his shoulder and lost consciousness again. Waking up for the second time, he saw the face of a nurse above him - it was she who was trying to drag Ivan to the medical battalion. It was hard for a small, fragile girl to drag the massive Zvyagintsev, but she did not leave him. In the hospital, Ivan quarreled with the orderly, who ripped open the tops of his still-new boots, and continued to swear while the tired surgeon removed fragments from his back and legs.

Like Lopakhin, Streltsov also decided to stay at the front - not for that he escaped from the hospital in order to sit out in the rear. Soon Kopytovsky and Nekrasov, a middle-aged, phlegmatic soldier, approached their friends. Nekrasov was not at all opposed to being reorganized. He planned to find an accommodating widow and get some rest from the war. His plans infuriated Lopakhin, but Nekrasov did not swear, but calmly explained that he had a "trench disease", something like sleepwalking. Waking up in the morning, he repeatedly climbed into the most unexpected places. Once he even managed to climb into the furnace, decided that he had been overwhelmed by an explosion in the trench, and began to call for help. It was from this illness that Nekrasov wanted to depart in the arms of a rich rear widow. His sad story did not touch the angry Lopakhin. He reminded Nekrasov of his family, who remained in Kursk, which the Nazis would get to if all the defenders of the Motherland start thinking about rest. On reflection, Nekrasov also decided to stay. Sashka Kopytovsky did not lag behind his friends.

The four of them came to the dugout of foreman Poprishchenko. The soldiers of the regiment had already managed to anger the foreman with requests to leave them at the front. He explained to Lopakhin that their division was personnel, "who had seen all kinds and steadfast", retained "the military shrine - the banner." Such soldiers will not remain idle. The foreman had already received an order from the major "to go to the Talovsky farm", where the division headquarters was located. There, the regiment will be replenished with fresh forces and sent to the most important sector of the front.

The regiment went to Talovsky, spending the night in a small farm along the way. The foreman did not want to bring hungry and skinned soldiers to the headquarters. He tried to get provisions from the chairman of the local collective farm, but the pantries were empty. Then Lopakhin decided to take advantage of his male attractiveness. He asked the chairman to put them up with some non-poor soldier, who looked like a woman and was not older than seventy. The hostess turned out to be a portly woman in her thirties, improbably tall. Her position delighted the short Lopakhin, and at night he went on an attack. Peter returned to his comrades with a black eye and a bump on his forehead - the soldier turned out to be a faithful wife. Waking up in the morning, Lopakhin found that the hostess was preparing breakfast for the entire regiment. It turned out that the women who remained in the farm decided not to feed the retreating soldiers, considering them traitors. Having learned from the foreman that the regiment was retreating in battle, the women immediately gathered provisions and fed the hungry soldiers.

The regiment arrived at the division headquarters and was met by the division commander, Colonel Marchenko. Sergeant Major Poprishchenko brought 27 fighters - five of them were lightly wounded. Having delivered a solemn speech, the colonel accepted the regimental banner, which had already passed the First World War. When the colonel knelt before the crimson cloth with gold fringe, Lopakhin saw tears flow down the foreman's cheeks.

After the battle for the Old Ilmen farm, only 117 fighters and commanders survived from the regiment. These unfortunate people, exhausted by endless tank attacks and retreat, wandered through the heat of the steppe. Finally they reached the farm and saw the surviving regimental kitchen.

Ivan Zvyagintsev talks with Nikolai Streltsov about home and family. Nikolai says that his wife left him, leaving two children. Zvyagintsev is also familiar with family problems. While Zvyagintsev complained to Nikolai about his troubles in the family, he fell asleep. Waking up, he smelled the smell of burnt porridge and heard the cook squabbling with armor-piercing Peter Lopakhin.

The endless retreat of the Soviet troops oppressed Nikolai. It was especially difficult to look into the eyes of people who remained in the territories occupied by the Nazis. Nicholas did not believe that this war could be won.

The regiment was alerted. The order was given to take up defense and hold out to the last. This fight was very tough. The remnants of the regiment were held back by enemy tanks trying to break through to the Don. After the tank attacks began airstrikes. Nicholas was shell-shocked. Waking up, he saw that the regiment went on the attack.

The regiment retreated again. Nikolai Streltsov was sent to the hospital. The regiment took up defense at the crossing. Lopakhin heard women's voices. Near the line of defense was a dairy farm. Lopakhin got milk there. The air raid has begun. The regiment was left without any support. The fighters repulsed six brutal attacks of the enemy. Then the attack of the German infantry began under the cover of tanks. Zvyagintsev ran away from the trench just a few meters and fell stricken with wild pain.

By evening, the attacks had stopped. The remnants of the regiment began to retreat to the other side of the Don. Lieutenant Goloshchekin was wounded and soon died. Lopakhin went to the foreman to ask to be left in the army, and saw Nikolai Streltsov. The friend did not respond to his call, and Lopakhin found out that Nikolai had become deaf after the shell shock.

Zvyagintsev woke up, felt pain and saw that a fight was going on around him. Then he lost consciousness again and woke up in the hospital.

The regiment went to Talovsky. The soldiers spent the night in a small farm. The foreman wanted the fighters to come to the headquarters rested and well-fed. An attempt to obtain provisions from the chairman of the local collective farm failed. The storerooms were empty. Lopakhin decided to take advantage of his male attractiveness and asked the chairman to lodge them with a non-poor soldier. The hostess turned out to be a tall thirty-year-old woman. Lopakhin tried to go on an attack, but was rejected. The rest of the women of the village, having learned that the regiment was retreating in battle, fed all the soldiers.

At the headquarters of the division, the regiment was met by Colonel Marchenko, the division commander. Of the twenty-seven fighters who returned, five were lightly wounded. After a solemn speech, the colonel accepted the regimental banner.

Sholokhov met General Lukin in the 60s when he was working on the last, fourth edition of his novel “They Fought for the Motherland” (the work eventually remained unfinished, the writer burned some of the drafts). Mikhail Fedorovich was repressed in the 30s, but by the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the charges against him were dropped and the general was sent to the front.
In the novel, this return, according to General Streltsov, is described as assistance to the disgraced military leader by Marshal Georgy Zhukov. Historians confirm that Zhukov actually supported Lukin and, together with other marshals - Konev, Timoshenko and Eremenko, petitioned Brezhnev to award Mikhail Fedorovich the title of Hero of the Soviet Union (the petition was unsuccessful). But that was after the war, in 1966.
Sholokhov, after meeting with Lukin, was shocked by the fate of the general - he, having been captured, did not break down and did not chicken out, did not become a traitor, like, for example, General Vlasov. The writer intended to use some of the stories in his novel. The Izvestia newspaper wrote about this significant meeting between Sholokhov and Lukin in April 1965.

MOU Marfinskaya secondary school

Topic: "Military campaigns of the pharaohs"

Developed and implemented:

a history teacher

Moscow 2007
Theme of the lesson: "Military campaigns of the pharaohs"

May the lord do as he pleases,

for we all breathe air only by his grace.

(From the Egyptian Chronicle)

Lesson Objectives:

To acquaint students with the features of the formation of the Egyptian army, with the direction of foreign policy, together with students to establish the goal of military campaigns;

To teach schoolchildren how to work with historical documents, the ability to draw conclusions based on the knowledge gained, and also to establish cause-and-effect relationships;

To form the ability to work with historical and contour maps;

Help students to correctly determine the purpose of military campaigns and their

Efficiency.

Equipment:

Map "Ancient Egypt",

Scheme "Ancient Egyptian army",

contour maps.

vocabulary work:

Auriga,

Dart,

During the classes:

I.Organizational moment.

II.Checking homework by options.

Option I - performs written work on assignments written on the board.

1. Define the following words: nobleman, taxes, delta, pharaoh.

2. Build a logical chain according to the degree of importance of the positions held in the state: scribe, pharaoh, farmer, nobleman, tax collector, slave, warrior.

3. Determine what is superfluous here: shaduf, amulet, Nile, embankments, silt, delta.

(The work is checked by assistants)

Option II - a detailed answer.

A story from an eyewitness to an Egyptian tomb.

A story based on the completed drawing “In the estate of a nobleman” (creative task).

A conversation about the life of a nobleman in the palace.

(Conclusion is made together with students)

III.Working on new material.

(The teacher draws the attention of students to the epigraph of the lesson)

Now you will hear an excerpt from a poem about the life of the ancient Egyptians. Answer the question: “Why did his majesty praise the nobleman?”

Ruined the neighboring country,

This army returned safely,

This army returned safely,

Taking many prisoners

His Majesty praised me exceedingly for this

(Answer: for good luck in military campaigns)

This is the name of our lesson topic "Military Campaigns". We will find out with you what the Egyptian army is, from whom it was formed, where and for what purpose it made military campaigns. We are working according to plan.

Lesson plan:

1. Egyptian army.

2. Military campaigns.

1. (Work according to the scheme)

ANCIENT EGYPTIAN ARMY

connections

5000 warriors:

4000 infantry +

1000 chariot army

BODYGUARDS BUT PROFESSIONAL WARRIORS INFANTRY CHARIOT ARMY

heavily armed lightly armed

(Story according to the scheme using the army formation application)

a) bodyguards- the personal guard of the pharaoh, which mainly consisted of foreigners - mercenaries, who for their service received payment from the treasury and gifts from the pharaoh himself.

Why didn't the pharaoh use the Egyptians? (I was afraid of conspiracies).

b) professional army- this is an army that consisted of the most experienced, knowledgeable warriors who not only went on military campaigns with the pharaoh, but also taught recruits to run in ranks, shoot from a bow, own an ax and a spear. They, like bodyguards, received payment from the state treasury for their service.

in) Infantry- the largest part of the Egyptian army. The outcome of the war largely depended on her actions, training and endurance. Soldiers-infantrymen received a payment from the treasury. The state issued weapons that were stored in warehouses in peacetime. The Egyptian infantry in peacetime was used as a simple labor force for hard work - in quarries. The principle of selection was as follows: the Egyptian kings took one of 10 young people capable of carrying weapons into military service. This method of selection for the army was used by the Russian Tsar Peter I.

The pharaohs paid great attention to their army, in every possible way encouraged the hard work of soldiers, distributed lands to the most distinguished, gold and silver insignia. The soldiers who worked in the quarries received from the state daily - about two kilograms of bread, a piece of fried meat, two bunches of greens.

By armament, the infantrymen were divided into lightly armed (shown in the diagram), which had a bow and arrows. Heavily armed - having a spear, axes and a shield.

G) Chariot. In I millennium BC. e. in Egypt, they begin to breed horses brought from Asia. The chariot army appears. (Show). The chariot is a two-wheeled cart pulled by two horses. Horses were issued from state stables. The chariot was light and mobile, as it was all made of wood. She had two spoked wheels. A platform was fortified on the axis between the wheels, where two stood - a driver who controlled the horses, he owned the chariot, the other - the shooter, who threw darts (short spear) or arrows at the enemy. The platform was protected by a side. It was attached to a long stick - a drawbar, for which two horses were carrying a chariot.

What is the advantage of chariots over infantry? (Speed, swiftness, suddenness)

e) Egyptian army consisted of several units of 5 thousand people each. 4 thousand - infantry and 1 thousand - charioteers. Under Thutmose there were 12 connections.

How many warriors did his army number?

(Working with the application)

Why do you think I deployed the Egyptian army this way? (This was exactly the formation that was during large military campaigns)

Who is missing here? (Pharaoh).

Where do you think it will be? (Ahead of the troops).

This is what the army looked like during military campaigns. But how were the military operations carried out? We will now hear the story of one of the great battles.

(Student's story)

Fixing: according to the scheme and application, tell the structure of the Egyptian army.

2. Where and why did the Egyptian pharaohs send warriors? One of these was Thutmose, who ruled 1500 thousand years BC. e. It was under him that military campaigns were successful.

How many years ago was that?

(Working with an application on a historical map).

South of Egypt was the country of Numibia. It was famous for its gold mines.

To the west of Egypt lived the Libyans, who had herds of cows, goats and sheep.

In the northeast, in Asia, very close to Egypt, was the Sinai Peninsula.

It was rich in deposits of copper ore.

Why did Thutmose conquer states so easily and take out everything he needed from there? (A strong army; the states that he conquered were not united).

To the north were Palestine, Syria and Phoenicia. These states had already heard about the conquests of Thutmose, and in order to protect themselves, they created a military alliance, but this did not frighten the pharaoh. You will learn about how he made a campaign through the mountains from the Egyptian chronicle. (Textbook p. 46)

(Working with a historical document)

What helped Thutmose to take the city of Megiddo?

Egyptian warriors returned from their northern neighbors with rich military booty: wood, woolen fabrics, jewelry

(Securing military campaigns is carried out according to the contour map)

From each country they brought what they needed. And what is the same product they brought from all countries? (Slave.)

They called them "alive - killed."

Why do you think they were called that?

And what do you think, who suffered the most because of military campaigns?

And who was interested in them and why?

(Showing a dramatization of the "Dialogue of the Pharaoh and the Leader").

Q: I have power over people and can punish them according to my laws.

F: And I have the power given to me by God. I always have order, my subjects live in fear, if they violate my laws, then they will anger God.

Q: Yesterday we committed a blood feud with our neighbors, as they killed my tribesman.

F: And I go to my neighbors with the whole army and take everything I need. Power and wealth is my goal.

Who led the conversation?

Why do you think so?

(Students, together with the teacher, draw a conclusion about the causes and goals of military campaigns).

To achieve his goals, the pharaoh forgets about ordinary warriors who, in order to achieve his goal, go on long campaigns, leaving their families, the land, which becomes unusable during their absence. The wounds received during the battles shorten their lives, because the pharaoh does not need a wounded leader. And if someone decides to show disobedience from a nobleman to a simple artisan, death awaits them, like a slave slave. After all, the goal of the pharaoh is wealth and power.

So do the words of the epigraph fit our lesson?

IV. Homework for students.

Retell paragraph 9 and answer questions to the text. Write an essay-miniature on the topic: "Military campaign" on behalf of any participant.

IV.Summing up and evaluating the work of students together with assistants.