Unified State Exam 2017 History of 10 training options Artasov
M.: 2016. - 128 p.
A manual for preparing for the Unified State Exam is offered to schoolchildren and applicants, which contains 10 practice versions of examination papers in history. Each option is compiled in full accordance with the requirements of the Unified State Exam, includes tasks of different types and levels of difficulty for all sections of the history course; “Antiquity and the Middle Ages”, “Modern Times”, “Modern History”, knowledge of the content of which is tested as part of the Unified State Exam. A significant bank of examination materials (340 tasks in Part 1, 60 in Part 2) provides an excellent opportunity for intensive training and mastery of the knowledge, skills and abilities necessary to successfully pass the Unified State Exam.
At the end of the book, answers for self-testing to all tasks in part 1, the main content of the answers and evaluation criteria for tasks in part 2 are given.
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The manual contains 10 practice versions of an examination paper in history to prepare for the Unified State Exam. The structure and content of the options fully correspond to the demo version of control measuring materials (CMM) for the Unified State Exam.
The work covers the content of the history course from antiquity to the present.
The total number of tasks in the examination paper is 25. Each version of the CMM consists of two parts.
Part 1 includes 19 short answer tasks (sequence of numbers or word (phrase)). With their help, basic knowledge of historical facts, processes, phenomena, causes and consequences of events is tested; ability to search for information in a source; the ability to analyze information presented in a historical text source, classify and systematize facts, work with a historical map (diagram), and illustrative material.
Part 2 contains 6 tasks with detailed answers that identify and evaluate graduates’ mastery of various complex skills.
20-22 - a set of tasks related to the analysis of a historical source (attribution of the source; extraction of information; attraction of historical knowledge to analyze the problems of the source, the position of the author).
23-25 - tasks related to the use of techniques of cause-and-effect, structural-functional, temporal and spatial analysis to study historical processes and phenomena. Task 23 is related to the analysis of any historical problem or situation. Task 24 - analysis of historical versions and assessments, argumentation of various points of view using course knowledge. Task 25 involves writing a historical essay. This is an alternative task: the graduate has the opportunity to choose one of three periods of Russian history and demonstrate his knowledge and skills using the historical material most familiar to him. Task 25 is assessed according to a system of criteria.
We pay attention to the evaluation system for individual tasks and work as a whole.
Demonstration version of the Unified State Examination in History 2016 - 2015
| Story | Download demo version |
| 2016 | ege 2016 istoria demo |
| 2015 | ege 2016 demo variant |
Total tasks (in brackets - including essay evaluation criteria) - 25 (31); of which by type of task: with a short answer – 19; with a detailed answer – 6 (12); by level of complexity (including essay evaluation criteria): B – 16; P – 8; AT 7.
The maximum initial score for the work is 55.
Changes in the structure of the KIM Unified State Exam 2017 in history compared to 2016:
There are no changes in structure or content. The maximum score for completing tasks 3 and 8 has been changed (2 points instead of 1). The wording of task 25 and the criteria for its assessment have been improved.
Duration of the Unified State Examination in History: 3 hours 55 minutes (235 minutes) are allotted to complete the examination paper in history.
The approximate time for completing individual tasks is: − for each task in part 1 – 3–7 minutes; − for each task of part 2 (except for task 25) – 5–20 minutes; − for a task 25 – 40–80 minutes.
Additional materials and equipment: No additional materials or equipment are used.
A system for assessing the completion of individual tasks and work as a whole. A task with a short answer is considered completed correctly if the sequence of numbers and the required word (phrase) are correctly indicated.
A complete correct answer to tasks 1, 4, 10, 13–15, 18,19 is scored 1 point; incomplete, incorrect answer or no answer – 0 points.
A complete correct answer to tasks 2, 3, 5–9, 12, 16, 17 is scored 2 points; if one error is made (including one of the digits missing or one extra digit) – 1 point; if two or more errors are made (including two or more digits missing or two or more extra digits) or the answer is missing, - 0 points.
A complete correct answer to task 11 is worth 3 points; if one mistake is made, 2 points; if two or three mistakes are made - 1 point; if four or more errors are made or there is no answer, 0 points.
Part 2 tasks are graded depending on the completeness and correctness of the answer. For completing tasks 20, 21, 22, 0 to 2 points are given; for task 23 – from 0 to 3 points; for task 24 – from 0 to 4 points; for task 25 – from 0 to 11 points. Task 25 is assessed according to seven criteria.
In accordance with the Procedure for conducting state final certification for educational programs of secondary general education (order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated December 26, 2013 No. 1400, registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on February 3, 2014 No. 31205) “
Based on the results of the first and second checks, experts independently assign points for each answer to the tasks of the Unified State Examination paper with a detailed answer...
If there is a significant discrepancy in the scores given by the two experts, a third check is scheduled. A significant discrepancy in scores is defined in the assessment criteria for the relevant academic subject.
The expert carrying out the third check is provided with information about the scores assigned by the experts who previously checked the examination work.” If the discrepancy is 2 or more points for completing any of the tasks 20–24, then the third expert checks the answers only to those tasks (from tasks 20–24) that caused such a significant discrepancy.
If the discrepancy between the sums of points assigned by two experts for task 25 for all (seven) assessment positions of this task is 5 or more points, then the third expert assigns points for all seven assessment positions for task 25.
Based on the results of completing all work tasks, primary scores are determined, which are then converted into test scores on a 100-point scale.
Preparation for the OGE and the Unified State Exam
Secondary general education
Line UMK Andreeva-Volobueva. History (10-11) (U)
Atlases and contour maps. Russian history. Historical and cultural standard
UMK Kiseleva-Popov line. History of Russia (10-11)
Analysis of the Unified State Examination in History 2017
How to successfully pass the history exam? Of course, any person will say that you need to know history well, that is, know the basic historical facts, terms, remember dates, names of historical figures, understand the cause-and-effect relationships of events and phenomena, have a good understanding of the culture of our country in different periods of its development. Many schoolchildren perceive history as an endless collection of names and dates, and those who chose history as an exam subject are perceived as “eccentric nerds.”
In this article, my task is not to convince skeptics by telling and proving how interesting and fascinating the story is. I want to help those who decide to take the exam by showing the reasoning process when solving various tasks, which will make the exam less “scary.” In view of the fact that history is likely to become a mandatory subject for passing the Unified State Exam, the article will be useful to many schoolchildren. So let's get started.
Before us is a demo version of the 2017 Unified State Exam, compiled by FIPI. It contains 25 tasks, of which the first 19 require a short answer in the form of numbers or words, and the next 6 require a detailed answer.
How to pass the Unified State Exam and Unified State Exam with 100 points: secrets of teachers- Write down the term in question.
The main part of the territory of Russia, not included in the oprichnina by Ivan IV.
As is known, the period from 1565 to 1572. in the reign of Ivan the Terrible they call it the oprichnina. Historians do not have an agreed position on the essence and motives of the oprichnina, but there are no particular problems with describing it. Left in winter 1564 From Moscow, the Tsar finally announced the conditions for his return to the throne: unlimited power, including the right to trial the boyars, and the division of the country into the “oprichnina” under the control of the Tsar and the “Zemshchina” under the control of the Boyar Duma.
Answer: Zemshchina.
- Establish a correspondence between processes (phenomena, events) and facts related to these processes (phenomena, events): for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
In this task we need to compare a fact and a process. It’s better to start from facts, but since there are fewer facts than processes, we’ll start from the opposite.
A) The formation and development of the legislation of the Old Russian state is associated with the adoption of the “Russian Truth” in XI century Firstly, this is the first written set of laws in Rus' (this is the formation), and, secondly, the Old Russian state existed until the beginning of fragmentation in XIII century, which means that the remaining facts do not fit chronologically.
B) Reforms of the Chosen Rada were carried out at the beginning of the reign of Ivan IV the Terrible. One of the first innovations was the convening of the first Zemsky Sobor in 1549, called the Council of Reconciliation.
C) The policy of “enlightened absolutism”, that is, an unlimited monarchy, formally based on the rule of law and declaring the main goal to achieve the welfare of its subjects, is strongly associated with the reign of Catherine II. The convening of the Legislative Commission (it got its name because it had to adopt a new “code”, that is, a set of laws) took place in 1767 It was during the reign of Catherine II, who was confident that correct and modern laws would help the rapid development of the country.
D) The first revolutionary transformations of the Bolsheviks were the decrees “On Peace” and “On Land”, adopted at the Second Congress of Soviets in October 1917 after the overthrow of the Provisional Government. They allowed the Bolsheviks to gain widespread popular support.
- Establish a correspondence between fragments of historical sources and their brief characteristics: for each fragment indicated by a letter, select two corresponding characteristics indicated by numbers.
FRAGMENTS OF SOURCES
A) “The courts between which the Treaty of Paris was concluded... together with other sovereigns and powers allied to them... ordered their plenipotentiaries to draw up... one main treaty and to attach to it, as inseparable parts, all other provisions of the congress. ...The Duchy of Warsaw, with the exception of those regions and districts that are assigned a different purpose in the following articles, is forever annexed to the Russian Empire. By virtue of its constitution, it will be in inextricable connection with Russia and in the possession of His Majesty the All-Russian Emperor, his heirs and successors for eternity. His Imperial Majesty intends to bestow, at his discretion, the internal structure of this state, which is to be under special governance. His Majesty, in accordance with the custom and order existing in the discussion of his other titles, will add to them the title of Tsar (King) of Poland.” “His Royal Majesty of Sveia hereby cedes for himself and his descendants and heirs of the Sveia throne and the kingdom of Sveia to his royal majesty and his descendants and heirs of the Russian state into a completely unquestioned eternal concurrence and property in this war, through his royal majesty of arms from the crown of Sveia the conquered provinces : Livonia, Estland, Ingermanland and part of Karelia with the district of Vyborg County. ... Against the same, His Royal Majesty promises to return to His Royal Majesty and the Crown of Svea within 4 weeks after the exchange of ratifications on this peaceful treaty or earlier, if possible, ... the Grand Duchy of Finland ... "
CHARACTERISTICS
1) This agreement was signed in Berlin.
2) Under this agreement, Russia received access to the Baltic Sea.
3) This agreement was signed in Vienna.
4) A contemporary of the signing of this agreement was A.L. Ordin-Nashchokin.
5) This agreement was signed as a result of the Northern War.
6) In the territory annexed to Russia under this treaty, in the early 1830s. there was a powerful uprising.
The first fragment is part of the addition to the Treaty of Paris, which is mentioned in the text. The Treaty of Paris was concluded between the countries of the anti-French coalition and France in 1814 after Napoleon's first abdication. After this, the victorious powers left for a congress in Vienna decide the fate of Europe. They returned France to the old, pre-revolutionary borders, redrew the borders of Europe liberated from Napoleon. Russia received the Duchy of Warsaw, which did not want to come to terms with joining the Russian Empire and rebelled more than once. The first major uprising took place already in 1830-1831 gg.
The second fragment is part of the Nystadt Peace Treaty, concluded between Russia and Sweden after the end of Northern war in 1721. This can be understood by the mention of Livonia, Estland and Ingermanland - the Baltic lands that became part of Russia, which thus received access to the Baltic Sea.
Answer: - Which of the following is true of the New Economic Policy (1921–1928)? Choose three answers and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.
1) approval of private ownership of land
2) introduction of cost accounting at state enterprises
3) denationalization of heavy industry
4) the emergence of the credit and banking system and exchanges
5) abolition of the state monopoly of foreign trade
6) introduction of concessions
NEP - new economic policy was adopted at X Congress of the RCP(b) in 1921 This was the time when the active and large-scale phase of the Civil War ended with the victory of the Reds. For the Bolshevik leader V.I. Lenin, it became obvious that it was impossible to continue the mobilization policy of “war communism,” which made it possible to supply the army and industry with resources during the war, but was unacceptable for peacetime. It was necessary to move from forced labor and the official absence of commodity-money relations to normal economic relations. But the Soviet government could not completely move away from Marxist axioms in the economy: state ownership of land, large enterprises, state foreign trade monopoly, etc., so the changes were half-hearted. Self-financing was introduced at state enterprises, the credit and banking system, exchanges, and concessions were recreated.
Answer: 246.
- Fill in the gaps in these sentences using the list of missing elements below: for each sentence marked with a letter and containing a blank, select the number of the required element.
A) The ______________ conference of the Big Three took place in 1943.
B) One of the first rams in a night air battle was carried out by Soviet pilot ____________, who shot down an enemy bomber on the outskirts of Moscow.
B) During the Battle of Kursk, the largest tank battle took place at ________________.
Missing elements:
1) Yalta (Crimean)
2) N.F. Gastello
3) Prokhorovka station
4) Tehran
5) V.V. Talalikhin
6) Dubosekovo crossing
It is difficult to suggest any logic for solving this task. Here you need to know historical facts. Allied Conference on the Anti-Hitler Coalition in 1943 took place in Tehran(there is even a film “Tehran-43”). One of the first night rams was carried out by pilot V.V. Talalikhin did not die in it. Well, it’s a sin for a school graduate not to know about the battle near the village of Prokhorovka during the Battle of Kursk.
Answer: 453.
- Establish a correspondence between the events and the participants in these events: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
This task also requires knowledge of historical facts, fortunately they are quite well known. The Battle of the Ice is strongly associated with Alexander Nevsky. One of the main Russian commanders at the beginning of the Livonian War was Andrei Kurbsky, who fled from the disgrace of Ivan the Terrible to Lithuania. The closest ally of Peter I A.D. took part in the Battle of Poltava. Menshikov, Wrangel’s army in Crimea was defeated by one of the most famous Red commanders, M. Frunze.
Answer: 4356.
- Read an excerpt from the memoirs and write the author's last name.
“I saw not only the uselessness, but also the harm of combining posts, and I even said: “Imagine my situation, I criticized Stalin for combining in one person two such responsible posts in the state and in the party, and now I myself...” I raise this question to court of historians. My weakness took its toll, or maybe an inner worm was eating at me, weakening my resistance. Even before I became Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, Bulganin made a proposal to appoint me as First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee as Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. Moreover, in the Presidium of the Central Committee, military issues, the army, and weapons related to my diocese. This happened without publication in the press and was decided purely internally, in case of war. The highest command staff within the armed forces was notified about this.”
The text must be read very carefully. The passages are chosen for a reason; there will definitely be a “beacon” in them. In this case we are talking about the post-Stalin period and a person who criticized Stalin while occupying a very high position. Already a clear hint at N.S. Khrushchev. Finally, we should be convinced by the name of the post he holds - First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. Starting with L.I. Brezhnev, the leader of the country was called the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee.
Answer: Khrushchev.
Unified State Exam in Social Studies: analysis of tasks with a teacher - Fill in the blank cells of the table using the list of missing elements below: for each blank, indicated by a letter, select the number of the required element.
Missing elements:
1) adoption of the US Constitution
3) civil war in England
4) the end of the Hundred Years' War
5) annexation of Crimea to the Russian Empire
8) abolition of serfdom in Russia
9) speech by M. Luther with 95 theses, the beginning of the Reformation in Germany
In my opinion, this is one of the most difficult tasks. Knowledge of dates not only in domestic but also in foreign history is required. The only concession is that there are options to choose from and you just need to specify the age. XIX century in Russian history is, of course, the abolition of serfdom ( 1861 G.). Vladimir Monomakh ruled practically right before the fragmentation and this is the 12th century. ( 1113–1125). Annexation of Pskov ( 1510), along with Ryazan and Smolensk, to the Moscow Principality at the beginning of the 16th century. completed the process of forming a unified Russian state. Around the same time ( 1517 g.) in Germany, the priest Martin Luther published his “95 Theses”, which became the beginning of the Reformation. And at the end of the 18th century. ( 1783) The Russian Empire annexed Crimea, and in the British colonies in North America, after the revolution and war of liberation, the US Constitution was adopted ( 1787).
Answer: 862951.
- Read an excerpt from the military commander's telegram.
“Everyone was well aware that given the current situation and the actual leadership and direction of internal policy by irresponsible public organizations, as well as the enormous corrupting influence of these organizations on the mass of the army, it would not be possible to recreate the latter, but on the contrary, the army as such should collapse in two or three months. And then Russia will have to conclude a shameful separate peace, the consequences of which would be terrible for Russia. The government took half-measures, which, without correcting anything, only prolonged the agony, and, while saving the revolution, did not save Russia. Meanwhile, the gains of the revolution could only be saved by saving Russia, and for this, first of all, it was necessary to create a truly strong government and improve the health of the rear. General Kornilov presented a number of demands, the implementation of which was delayed. Under such conditions, General Kornilov, not
pursuing no personal ambitious plans and relying on the clearly expressed consciousness of the entire healthy part of society and the army, which demanded the speedy creation of a strong government to save the Motherland, and with it the gains of the revolution, I considered necessary more decisive measures that would ensure the establishment of order in the country...” Using passage and knowledge of history, choose three correct judgments from the list given.Write it down in the table numbers , under which they are indicated.
1) The events described in the telegram took place in 1916.
2) The government referred to in the telegram was called the SNK.
5) The Bolsheviks supported the actions of General Kornilov.
6) General Kornilov’s “decisive measures”, which were indicated in the telegram, were not implemented.
A huge number of conclusions can be drawn from this large and capacious text, so it is better to act by the method of elimination, analyzing the proposed options.
1) – no, the events described occurred in 1917 after the overthrow of the tsarist government, since the text talks about the management of politics by “irresponsible public organizations” (apparently, we are talking about the Provisional Government and the Soviets).
2) - no, SNK - the first Soviet government was created only in October 1917 at the Second Congress of Soviets, and judging by the text, at the time described, the “Kornilov rebellion” in August 1917 had not yet happened.
5) - no, the Bolsheviks did not support Kornilov, but opposed with all their might, since Kornilov directly threatened their existence.
6) - yes, the “decisive measures” of Kornilov, who marched with his troops to Petrograd, were not carried out. It was stopped by the joint forces of the Provisional Government and the Soviets.
Answer: 346.
Methodological assistance to history teachers
- Write the name of the commander-in-chief who carried out the campaign indicated by arrows on the diagram.
Before studying a map, you should carefully read its legend.
We see that the Russian principalities are highlighted separately. This means that we are talking about a period of specific fragmentation. Besieged cities are indicated. We read their names on the map: Kolomna, Moscow, Suzdal, etc. Let’s compare the data: who during the period of fragmentation en masse besieged Russian cities? Mongols. Who was their leader? Batu.
Answer: Dad.
- Write the name of the city indicated on the diagram by the number “1”.
We know that during Batu’s first campaign against Rus', he destroyed the cities of Vladimir-Suzdal Rus'. The capital, the city of Vladimir, was taken by storm in 1238 It is he who is indicated by number 1 on the map. The city of Suzdal, located not far from it in the north, also helps us determine this.
Answer: Vladimir.
- Indicate the name of the city, indicated by a number on the diagram, where a republican form of government existed during the period of this campaign.
IN XIII century., and it was then that Batu’s campaign took place; in almost all Russian principalities there was a monarchical form of government with minor differences. A republic was established in Novgorod and Pskov, where the townspeople elected their own officials. Number 2 on the map indicates Novgorod.
Answer: Novgorod.
- Which judgments related to the events indicated in the diagram are correct? Choose three judgments from the six proposed. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.
1) The conquerors invaded Rus' in winter.
2) None of the cities captured by the conquerors withstood the siege for more than one week.
3) Yam and Koporye were captured by the conquerors during the events indicated by arrows in the diagram.
4) One of the consequences of the events indicated in the diagram was the beginning of the fragmentation of the Old Russian state.
5) The conquerors, whose campaign is indicated by arrows in the diagram, invaded Rus' from the southeast.
6) The military leader whose campaign is indicated in the diagram is the founder of the state.
Working with judgments again.
- - that’s right, it was during the winter that the Mongols preferred to attack, since they could not be afraid of muddy roads and use frozen rivers as roads.
- – incorrectly, Kozelsk withstood a 49-day siege, for which the Mughals called it the “evil city.”
- - wrong, Batu didn’t even reach them. And besides, these cities belonged to the Novgorod land, and Novgorod managed to buy off the defeat.
- – incorrect, fragmentation began more than 100 years before Batu’s campaign.
- – that’s right, precisely from the southeast, which is clear from the map.
- - that’s right, Batu founded the state of the Golden Horde, to which the Russian lands were subordinated.
Answer: 156.
- Establish a correspondence between cultural monuments and their brief characteristics: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.
Cultural issues are among the most difficult. Let's try to figure it out.
A) “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” was written by an unknown author, and for some time was considered a falsification. It describes the unsuccessful campaign of Prince Igor Novgorod-Seversky against the Polovtsians in the 12th century.
B) “Domostroy” - a collection of teachings and rules for housekeeping, written by the priest Sylvester for the education of the young Tsar Ivan the Terrible, based on Novgorod instructive texts.
C) The painting “Boyaryna Morozova” was painted by Surikov. Boyarina Morozova is a real historical character, one of the leaders of the church schism of the 17th century.
D) The novel “Quiet Don” was written by Sholokhov, who received the Nobel Prize for it in 1966.
Answer: 4365.
Learning to work with atlases and contour maps on history
- Which judgments about this brand are correct? Choose two judgments from the five proposed. Write it down in the table numbers
, under which they are indicated.
1) The military leader depicted on the stamp was subjected to repression.
2) The military leader depicted on the stamp was born during the reign of Nicholas II in Russia.
3) The events depicted on the stamp with arrows took place during the First World War.
4) The military figure depicted on the stamp was a participant in the Great Patriotic War.
5) This stamp was issued during the leadership of the USSR N.S. Khrushchev.
In this task, it seems to me more convenient to find the correct judgments without wasting time on analyzing all the proposed ones. On the stamp we see the image of Marshal Tukhachevsky, who was shot in 1937 The date is also indicated on the stamp - 1963, dating back to the reign of N.S. Khrushchev.
Answer: 15.
- Which of the presented coins are dedicated to the anniversaries of events that occurred during the life of the military leader depicted on the stamp? Write down in your answer two digits
, with which these coins are designated.
So, the first coin is dedicated to the victory in the Great Patriotic War in 1945. By this time, Tukhachevsky was dead. The second coin was issued in honor of the 170th anniversary of Russian railways. The road St. Petersburg - Tsarskoe Selo was opened in 1837, when the executed marshal was not yet born. The third celebrates the 100th anniversary of Russian parliamentarism. Parliament (State Duma) was opened in 1906. Tukhachevsky was repressed at the age of 40, so he found the Duma. The USSR was created in 1922, which also dates back to Tukhachevsky’s life.
Answer: 34.
- Indicate the decade in which the events mentioned in the resolution took place. Indicate the name of the political figure who was the leader of the country during the period when these events took place. Indicate the name of the period in the history of the USSR when this political figure was the leader of the country.
This question again requires us to read the text carefully. The concepts mentioned in it, such as: “cost accounting”, “Law on State Enterprise”, “cooperation”, “individual labor activity” and, most importantly, “perestroika”, allow us to determine the period - this 1980 – years. The state at that time was led by M.S. Gorbachev, and the period of his reign went down in history under the name "perestroika".
- What directions of the internal policy of the CPSU and the state are named in the resolution? Specify any three directions.
We read carefully and see that the text mentions: 1) introduction of new management methods, 2) education and health reforms, 3) expansion of housing construction.
- What is the result of the implementation of the party’s strategic course under consideration? Using historical knowledge, indicate at least two reasons that led to this outcome.
Despite the optimistic spirit that permeated the resolution of the party conference, things in the USSR were not so rosy. Convulsive and often poorly thought out attempts to reform the Soviet economy, which even in the party resolution was called “sliding towards crisis,” did not bring success. The result was an acute economic and socio-political crisis, ended with the collapse of the USSR.
The reasons for this large-scale phenomenon that has changed the world in many ways are still being debated at different levels. This issue has very strong political implications. The differences between modern political parties and movements are often based on attitudes towards the collapse of the USSR. But we will try to be as objective and impartial as possible.
1) By the end of the 1980s, the Soviet planned economy had exhausted the resources for its development; it was unable to adequately respond to the changing economic situation and compete on equal terms with the market economies of developed countries.
2) Despite the declared monolithic nature of Soviet society, which united peoples with different cultural and social traditions, separatist tendencies matured within the USSR, encouraged by the political elites of the union republics who wanted political independence.
Unified State Examination in History: reviewing assignments with the teacher
- Many cities of Ancient Rus' arose on the banks of rivers. Explain the advantages of this location of the city (give three explanations).
Riverside cities arose in many countries for similar reasons:
1) water is necessary for a person himself and for maintaining a settled economy (watering plants, watering livestock);
2) rivers in Rus' were of paramount importance for trade. It is not for nothing that the main Russian cities were located on the waterway “from the Varangians to the Greeks.”
3) a city located on the bank of a river has protection in the event of an attack by enemies on at least one side (strong walls will protect the other).
- In historical science, there are controversial issues on which different, often contradictory points of view are expressed. Below is one of the controversial points of view existing in historical science.
“The internal policy of Alexander III contributed to the progressive development of the social and economic spheres of public life.”
Using historical knowledge, give two arguments that can confirm this point of view, and two arguments that can refute it. Be sure to use historical facts when presenting your arguments.
Write your answer in the following form.
Arguments in support:
Arguments to refute:
The reign of Alexander III from the light hand of one St. Petersburg journalist of the late 19th century. began to be called a “period of counter-reforms”, with a negative connotation, but even some Soviet historians, despite a generally negative attitude towards Alexander III, recognized that certain measures of his domestic policy had a positive impact on the development of the socio-economic development of Russian society.
Arguments in support:
- Under Alexander III, active railway construction was carried out, including with public funds, which had a positive effect on the economic development of the country.
- The formation of labor legislation began, facilitating the working conditions of women and children.
Arguments to refute:
- An urban “counter-reform” was carried out, increasing the property qualification for voters, which limited the social base of self-government bodies.
- The institution of zemstvo chiefs was introduced, who had power over the peasant similar to the power of a landowner over a serf.
- You need to write a historical essay about ONE of the periods of Russian history:
The essay must:
– indicate at least two significant events (phenomena, processes) relating to a given period of history;
– name two historical figures whose activities are connected with the specified events (phenomena, processes), and, using knowledge of historical facts, characterize the roles of the personalities you named in these events (phenomena, processes);
– indicate at least two cause-and-effect relationships characterizing the reasons for the occurrence of events (phenomena, processes) that occurred during a given period;
– using knowledge of historical facts and (or) opinions of historians, evaluate the impact of events (phenomena, processes) of a given period on the further history of Russia.
During the presentation, it is necessary to correctly use historical terms and concepts related to a given period.
To write the essay, I will choose the period from March 1801 to May 1812. - “the days of the Alexandrovs are a wonderful beginning,” as A.S. defined it. Pushkin in the poem “To the Censor”. This is the time from the accession to the throne of Alexander I and, almost, until the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812.
It is not for nothing that the poet designated this era this way. The young emperor was full of ideas for reforming Russia in order to bring its standard of living closer to Western European countries. To do this, according to Alexander I, it was necessary, first of all, to limit the autocracy and destroy the shameful serfdom. And, if even his teacher with republican convictions, La Harpe, advised the tsar not to limit the autocracy, then the first step towards the abolition of serfdom was taken by the publication in 1803 of the decree “On Free Plowmen.” This decree, which became a compromise between the desire of Alexander I to completely abolish serfdom as far as possible and the fear of the indignation of the nobles, allowed the landowners to release the serfs with land and for a ransom. Despite the small number of peasants liberated in this way, the significance of the decree is enormous. The Emperor demonstrated to society his attitude towards serfdom, and, in addition, some provisions of the “Decree” were implemented in the peasant reform of 1861.
The second person who determined the image of the era was M.M. Speransky. Coming from the family of a rural priest, thanks to his talents, he made a dizzying career, becoming, according to Emperor Alexander I, his right hand. In the first years of his reign, the emperor had not yet given up the idea of reforming the archaic Russian state structure. Brilliantly educated and possessing an exceptionally deep mind, M.M. Speransky nurtured grandiose plans for transforming the Russian system of government: limiting autocracy by an elected legislative body - the State Duma, creating a State Council that united all branches of government, granting civil rights to the entire population, which, in essence, made the implementation of serfdom impossible. Only the creation of the State Council in 1810 came to fruition and only with legislative functions. Yielding to pressure from “high society,” who hated the upstart reformer and accused him of having connections with Napoleon, Alexander I, on the eve of the war of 1812, sent M.M. Speransky into exile. His mind and transformative plans were not in demand at this time, and this slowed down the development of statehood in our country. Many ideas of M.M. Speransky's ideas will be implemented, but only a century later and under the pressure of the first Russian revolution. There will be a State Duma and civil rights for the population, but it’s too late.
Place historical events in chronological order. Write down the numbers that indicate historical events in the correct sequence in the table.
1) Crimean War
2) reform of Patriarch Nikon
3) fall of the Byzantine Empire
To solve this task, we, of course, need to know the dates, but since this requires not a comparison, but a chronological sequence, it becomes a little easier. The Crimean War, also known as the Eastern War in European historiography, was fought in the mid-19th century. ( 1853–1856). The reform of Patriarch Nikon was carried out in 50s of the 17th century., and the fall of the Byzantine Empire happened after the capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks in 1453 As you can see, the events are widely separated in time, and it is not difficult to restore the chronology.
Answer: 321.
Establish a correspondence between events and years: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
Here again there are dates, but it’s more complicated - you need to accurately correlate them with the event, and there are two more dates than events. However, the events are very well known, certainly for those who chose history for the Unified State Examination. The first mention of Moscow in the chronicle - 1147, Caribbean crisis - of course, Khrushchev and 1962, Battle of Borodino and Patriotic War 1812 known to anyone, the Copper Riot under the “Quiet” Tsar - 1662
Answer: 2643.
Below is a list of terms. All of them except two , relate to events (phenomena) of the 19th century.
1) free cultivators; 2) ministries; 3) Decembrists;
4) June 3rd coup; 5) justices of the peace; 6) Octobrists.
Find and write down serial numbers terms relating to another historical period.
And here are the terms! Free farmers appeared thanks to the decree of Alexander I 1803, ministries almost at the same time - in 1802, Decembrists began to be called participants in the December uprising 1825, the June Third coup is a sharp change in the law on elections to the State Duma, adopted by Nicholas II without the consent of the Duma itself in 1907, magistrates appeared in Russia as a result of judicial reform 1864, and Octobrists were the members of the Union of October 17 party, created in 1905 Accordingly, by the 19th century. does not include the June Third coup and the Octobrists.
Answer: 46.
From the resolution of the XIX All-Union Party Conference
“The 19th All-Union Party Conference... states: the strategic course developed by the party at the April Plenum of the Central Committee and the 27th Party Congress for a comprehensive and revolutionary renewal of Soviet society and the acceleration of its socio-economic development is being steadily implemented. The country’s slide into an economic and socio-political crisis has been stopped...
The process of improving the country's economy and its turn towards meeting the urgent needs of people has begun. New management methods are gaining momentum. In accordance with the Law on State Enterprises (Associations), associations and enterprises are being transferred to self-financing and self-sufficiency. The Law on Cooperation was developed, widely discussed and adopted. New, progressive forms of intra-industrial labor relations based on contracting and leasing, as well as individual labor activity, are coming into use. A restructuring of organizational management structures is underway, aimed at creating favorable conditions for the effective management of the primary links of the economy.
The work launched at the initiative of the party made it possible to resume the growth of real incomes of workers. Practical measures are being implemented to increase the production of food and consumer goods and expand housing construction. Education and health reforms are being implemented. Spiritual life becomes a powerful factor in the progress of the country. Significant work has been done to rethink the modern realities of world development, update and add dynamism to foreign policy. Thus, perestroika is entering deeper and deeper into the life of Soviet society and has an ever-increasing transformative effect on it.”
