Creation of the Russian Navy. History of the Russian Navy The Navy of the Russian Federation history of creation

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FEDERAL STATE AUTONOMOUS EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

"National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI"

Uraltechnologicalcollege-

Branch of the Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education "National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI"

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Topic: Navy: history of creation, purpose, structure

Completed:

MaramzinYES.

Checked:

KiselyovO.A.

Zarechny 2016

ATconducting

The Navy (Navy) is a branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (RF Armed Forces). It is intended for the armed protection of the interests of Russia, the conduct of hostilities in the sea and ocean theaters of war. The Navy is capable of inflicting nuclear strikes on enemy ground targets, destroying its fleet groups at sea and bases, disrupting the enemy’s ocean and sea communications and protecting its maritime transportation, assisting the Ground Forces in operations in continental theaters of military operations, landing amphibious assaults, participating in repelling landings enemy and perform other tasks.

The Navy, abbreviated as the Navy, is the name of the Russian Navy. Is the successor of the Navy of the USSR and the Navy of the Russian Empire

1. Andhistorycreation

The Navy as an independent branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation has been taking shape since the end of the 17th century. until the beginning of the 20th century.

The creation of a regular navy in Russia is a historical pattern. It was due to the urgent need of the country to overcome the territorial, political and cultural isolation, which became at the turn of the XVII-XVIII centuries. the main obstacle to the economic and social development of the Russian state.

The first permanent grouping of forces - the Azov Fleet - was formed from ships and vessels built in the winter of 1695-1696. and was intended to assist the army in the campaign to capture the Turkish fortress of Azov. On October 30, 1696, the Boyar Duma, on the proposal of Tsar Peter I, adopted a resolution “Sea courts to be ...”, which became the first law on the fleet and recognition as the official date of its foundation.

During the Northern War of 1700-1721. the main tasks of the fleet were determined, the list of which remains practically unchanged to this day, namely: the fight against the enemy’s naval forces, the fight on sea lanes, the defense of its coast from the sea direction, the assistance of the army in coastal directions, strikes and ensure the invasion of the territory enemy from the sea. The proportion of these tasks changed as material means and the nature of armed struggle at sea changed. Accordingly, the role and place of the individual branches of forces that were part of the fleet changed.

So, before the First World War, the main tasks were solved by surface ships, and they were the main arm of the fleet. During the Second World War, this role was for some time transferred to naval aviation, and in the post-war period, with the advent of nuclear missile weapons and ships with nuclear power plants, submarines established themselves as the main branch of forces.

Prior to the First World War, the fleet was homogeneous. Coastal troops (naval infantry and coastal artillery) existed from the beginning of the 18th century, however, organizationally they were not part of the fleet. On March 19, 1906, submarine forces were born and began to develop as a new branch of the Navy.

In 1914, the first units of naval aviation were formed, which in 1916 also acquired signs of an independent branch of force. Navy Aviation Day is celebrated on July 17 in honor of the first victory of Russian naval pilots in an air battle over the Baltic Sea in 1916. The Navy was finally formed as a bit strategic association by the mid-1930s, when naval aviation, coastal defense and air defense units.

The modern system of command and control of the Navy finally took shape on the eve of the Great Patriotic War. On January 15, 1938, by the Decree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars, the People's Commissariat of the Navy was created, within which the Main Naval Headquarters was formed. During the formation of the Russian regular fleet, its organizational structure and functions were unclear. On December 22, 1717, by decree of Peter I, the Admiralty Board was formed for the daily management of the fleet. On September 20, 1802, the Ministry of Naval Forces was formed, later renamed the Naval Ministry and existed until 1917. The combat (operational) command and control of the Navy appeared after the Russo-Japanese War with the creation of the Naval General Staff on April 7, 1906. At the head of the Russian fleet were such famous naval commanders as Peter I, P.V. Chichagov, I.K. Grigorovich, N.G. Kuznetsov, S.G. Gorshkov.

Permanent groupings of forces in the maritime theaters took shape as the Russian state solved the historical tasks associated with acquiring outlets to the World Ocean, including the country in the world economy and politics. In the Baltic, the fleet has constantly existed since May 18, 1703, the Caspian flotilla - from November 15, 1722, and the fleet on the Black Sea - from May 13, 1783. In the North and the Pacific Ocean, fleet force groups were created, as a rule, on a temporary basis or, not having received significant development, were periodically abolished. The current Pacific and Northern Fleets have existed as permanent groupings since April 21, 1932 and June 1, 1933, respectively.

The fleet was most developed by the mid-1980s. At that time, it included 4 fleets and the Caspian Flotilla, which included more than 100 divisions and brigades of surface ships, submarines, naval aviation and coastal defense.

At present, the Navy is the main component and basis of the maritime potential of the Russian Federation, one of the instruments of the state's foreign policy and is intended to ensure the protection of the interests of the Russian Federation and its allies in the World Ocean by military methods, to maintain military-political stability in the seas adjacent to it , military security from sea and ocean directions.

The main event in the combat training of the Navy forces in 2010 was the participation of the Pacific Fleet in cooperation with the heavy nuclear missile cruiser Pyotr Veliky of the Northern Fleet and the guards missile cruiser Moskva of the Black Sea Fleet in the operational-strategic exercise Vostok-2010. The Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the RF Armed Forces - President of the Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev observed the progress of the exercises in the Sea of Japan from the heavy nuclear cruiser Pyotr Veliky.

The intensification of cooperation with the fleets of foreign countries continues in the field of ensuring the safety of navigation, the fight against piracy, drug trafficking, smuggling, to provide assistance to ships in distress, and to save lives at sea.

In 2010, the Baltic Fleet took part in the international exercise "BALTOPS-2010", the Northern Fleet - in the Russian-Norwegian exercise "Pomor-2010". The large anti-submarine ship "Severomorsk" of the Northern Fleet, together with warships of the US, British and French navies, participated in the international naval exercises "FRUKUS-2010", which are taking place in the Atlantic.

For the first time, the forces of the Northern and Pacific Fleets practiced interaction as part of groupings on long-distance ocean voyages.

In the military-diplomatic sphere, the demonstration of the St. Andrew's flag during visits to the seaports of foreign states has played and continues to play a significant role. The Russian Navy continued its regular presence in the Horn of Africa and the Gulf of Aden. Warships of the Northern, Pacific and Baltic fleets have carried out and continue to carry out convoys of civilian ships through areas of increased piracy activity.

2. Destinations

Currently on theNavyassignedthe followingtasks:

deterrence from the use of military force or the threat of its use against the Russian Federation;

· protection by military means of the sovereignty of the Russian Federation, which extends beyond its land territory to internal sea waters and the territorial sea, sovereign rights in the exclusive economic zone and on the continental shelf, as well as freedom of the high seas;

· creation and maintenance of conditions for ensuring the safety of the maritime economic activities of the Russian Federation in the World Ocean;

· Ensuring the naval presence of the Russian Federation in the World Ocean, demonstration of the flag and military force, visits of ships and vessels of the Navy;

· Ensuring participation in military, peacekeeping and humanitarian actions carried out by the world community that meet the interests of the Russian Federation.

Depending on the state of the military-political situation in the world and its regions, the tasks of the Navy are differentiated as follows:

ATpeacefultime:

combat patrol and combat duty of strategic missile submarines (SRS) in the established readiness to strike at the designated objects of a potential enemy;

combat support of the RPLSN (ensuring the combat stability of the RPLSN) on routes and in combat patrol areas;

Search for nuclear missile and multi-purpose submarines of a potential enemy and tracking them on routes and in mission areas in readiness for destruction with the outbreak of hostilities;

Observation of aircraft carrier and other naval strike groups of a potential enemy, tracking them in their combat maneuvering areas in readiness to strike at them with the outbreak of hostilities;

opening and hindering the activities of enemy reconnaissance forces and means in the seas and ocean areas adjacent to our coast, observing and tracking them in readiness for destruction with the outbreak of hostilities;

ensuring the deployment of fleet forces during a threatened period;

· identification of communications and equipment of ocean and sea theaters in strategically important areas of the World Ocean;

· study of probable areas of hostilities and conditions for the use of various branches of the forces of the Navy, the use of weapons and technical means;

reconnaissance of the activities of foreign ships and aviation;

· protection of navigation;

implementation of foreign policy actions of the government;

· Participation in the composition of strategic nuclear forces in strategic nuclear deterrence;

· Ensuring non-nuclear deterrence against the threat or use of military force against the Russian Federation from oceanic and sea areas;

· protection and protection of the State Border of the Russian Federation in the underwater environment;

protection and protection of the State Border of the Russian Federation in the airspace and control of its use;

protection of the State Border of the Russian Federation on land and sea by military methods;

· assistance to the Border Troops of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation in the protection of the State Border, the territorial sea and the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation;

Assistance to internal troops and internal affairs bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation in suppressing internal conflicts and other actions using means of armed violence on the territory of the Russian Federation, ensuring public security and the regime of a state of emergency in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation;

defense of the sea coast;

· Assistance to the civil defense troops and bodies of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation in the aftermath of accidents, catastrophes, fires and natural disasters.

ATthreatenedperiod:

· transfer of forces (troops) from peacetime to wartime and their operational deployment;

participation in the localization of possible border armed conflicts;

· protection of navigation and production activities in the territorial sea and the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation, and, if necessary, in crisis zones of the oceans.

ATmilitarytime:

defeating enemy ground targets in remote areas;

· Ensuring the combat stability of strategic missile submarines;

inflicting damage on strike anti-submarine and other enemy groupings, as well as coastal targets;

maintaining a favorable operational regime;

support from the sea of the troops of the front during their defense or offensive in coastal areas;

coastal defense.

3. FROMstructure

The Navy is a powerful factor in the country's defense capability. It is subdivided into strategic nuclear forces and general purpose forces.

Strategic nuclear forces have great nuclear missile power, high mobility and the ability to operate for a long time in various regions of the oceans.

The Navy consists of the following branches of forces: submarine, surface, naval aviation, marines and coastal defense troops. It also includes ships and vessels, special-purpose units, units and subunits of the rear.

Underwaterstrength- the strike force of the fleet, capable of controlling the expanses of the World Ocean, covertly and quickly deploying in the right directions and delivering unexpected powerful strikes from the depths of the ocean against sea and continental targets. Depending on the main armament, submarines are divided into missile and torpedo, and according to the type of power plant, nuclear and diesel-electric.

The main striking force of the Navy is nuclear submarines armed with ballistic and cruise missiles with nuclear warheads. These ships are constantly in various areas of the World Ocean, ready for the immediate use of their strategic weapons.

Nuclear-powered submarines armed with ship-to-ship cruise missiles are mainly aimed at fighting large enemy surface ships. Nuclear torpedo submarines are used to disrupt enemy submarine and surface communications and in the defense system against underwater threats, as well as to escort missile submarines and surface ships.

The use of diesel submarines (missile and torpedo) is associated mainly with the solution of typical tasks for them in limited areas of the sea. Equipping submarines with nuclear power and nuclear missile weapons, powerful sonar systems and high-precision navigation weapons, along with comprehensive automation of control processes and the creation of optimal living conditions for the crew, has significantly expanded their tactical properties and forms of combat use.

Surfacestrength in modern conditions remain the most important part of the Navy. The creation of ships carrying aircraft and helicopters, as well as the transition of a number of classes of ships, like submarines, to nuclear power have greatly increased their combat capabilities. Equipping ships with helicopters and aircraft significantly expands their capabilities to detect and destroy enemy submarines. Helicopters create an opportunity to successfully solve the problems of relaying and communications, target designation, transfer of cargo at sea, landing troops on the coast and rescuing personnel. Surface ships are the main forces to ensure the exit and deployment of submarines to combat areas and return to bases, transport and cover landings. They are assigned the main role in laying minefields, in combating the mine danger and protecting their communications.

The traditional task of surface ships is to strike at enemy targets on its territory and cover its coast from the sea from the enemy's naval forces.

Thus, a complex of responsible combat missions is assigned to surface ships. They solve these tasks in groups, formations, associations both independently and in cooperation with other branches of the fleet forces (submarines, aviation, marines).

Maritimeaviation- branch of the Navy. It consists of strategic, tactical, deck and coastal.

Strategic and tactical aviation is designed to confront groups of surface ships in the ocean, submarines and transports, as well as to deliver bombing and missile strikes against enemy coastal targets.

Carrier-based aviation is the main striking force of the Navy's aircraft carrier formations. Its main combat missions in armed struggle at sea are the destruction of enemy aircraft in the air, the starting positions of anti-aircraft guided missiles and other means of enemy air defense, the conduct of tactical reconnaissance, etc. When performing combat missions, carrier-based aviation actively interacts with tactical aviation.

Naval aviation helicopters are an effective means of targeting a ship's missile weapons when destroying submarines and repelling attacks by enemy low-flying aircraft and anti-ship missiles. Carrying air-to-surface missiles and other weapons, they are a powerful means of fire support for marines and the destruction of enemy missile and artillery boats.

Maritimeinfantry- a branch of the Navy, designed to conduct combat operations as part of amphibious assault forces (independently or jointly with the Ground Forces), as well as to defend the coast (naval bases, ports).

The combat operations of the marines are carried out, as a rule, with the support of aviation and artillery fire from ships. In turn, the marines use in combat operations all types of weapons characteristic of motorized rifle troops, while using landing tactics specific to it.

Troopscoastaldefense, as a branch of the forces of the Navy, are designed to protect the bases of the forces of the Navy, ports, important sections of the coast, islands, straits and narrownesses from the attack of enemy ships and amphibious assault forces. The basis of their armament is coastal missile systems and artillery, anti-aircraft missile systems, mine and torpedo weapons, as well as special coastal defense ships (protection of the water area). Coastal fortifications are being set up on the coast to ensure defense by troops.

Logistic units and subunits are intended for logistic support of the forces and military operations of the Navy. They ensure the satisfaction of the material, transport, household and other needs of formations and formations of the Navy in order to maintain them in combat readiness for the performance of assigned tasks.

navy aviation

FROMlist of sources used

http://structure.mil.ru/structure/forces/navy.htm

http://flot.com/nowadays/structure/features.htm

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HISTORY OF THE CREATION OF THE RUSSIAN FLEET BY PETER I

Peter I went down in history as a reformer, commander and naval commander, the first emperor of Russia. But his role in the creation of the fleet of the young empire is especially noticeable. Peter understood that without a fleet, his country would not be able to enter the "club" of the great powers. And he set to work to remedy the situation. Thus, the Azov Fleet first appears, the historical significance of which is simply impossible to underestimate, and 7 years later, in 1703, the Baltic Fleet is created - the strongest naval formation of modern Russia.

It cannot be said that before Peter there were no attempts to create naval forces. There were, but they were very disorganized, unsystematic and, as a result, unsuccessful. Ivan the Terrible, for example, actively used the river fleet in his campaigns against the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates. Later, during the war with the Swedes of 1656-1661, in the Muscovite kingdom they attended to the construction of a full-fledged fleet capable of operating in the Baltic. Voivode Ordin-Nashchekin distinguished himself especially in its creation. But under the terms of the peace signed in 1661, the Russians had to destroy all ships and shipyards. Having failed in the north, Ordin-Nashchekin drew the attention of the sovereign Alexei Mikhailovich to the south of the kingdom.

There it was decided to build a flotilla for the Caspian Sea, and even the beginning of this ambitious project was laid - in 1667-1668. a three-masted sailing ship "Orel" was built, the "great-grandfather" of the Russian sailing fleet (displacement 250 tons, length 24.5 meters, width 6.5 meters). It had two decks, artillery armament consisted of 22 guns, about the tests of which a note has been preserved:

« the cannons were shot and according to the shot the cannons are all intact and fit for the ship».

Unfortunately, the fate of the ship was tragic - it served little, and later was completely burned by Razin's rebels right in the harbor. The creation of a real fleet had to be postponed for several decades.

A landmark event for the entire Russian fleet happened in 1688 in the village of Izmailovo near Moscow. 16-year-old Peter found a small boat (length 6 meters, width 1 meter) in an old barn. This ship was brought from England as a gift to Tsar Alexei. About the amazing find, Peter later wrote:

« It happened to us (in May 1688) to be in Izmailovo, in the linen yard and, walking around the barns, where the remains of things lay in the house of grandfather Nikita Ivanovich Romanov, between which I saw a foreign ship, I asked Franz (Timerman) [Peter's Dutch teacher], what ship is this? He said that the bot is English. I asked: where is it used? He said that with the ships - for driving and carting. I again asked: what advantage does it have over our courts (before I saw it in image and strength better than ours)? He told me that he sails not only with the wind, but also against the wind; which word brought me great surprise and allegedly incredibly».

Having repaired the boat, Peter immediately took a short walk along the Yauza River. Later, the “grandfather of the Russian fleet” (as Peter himself called the boat) was transferred to different places (Prosyanoe Lake, Pleshcheev Pond, Pereyaslavskoe Lake), as the prince’s skill in navigation grew. He built a shipyard right on Lake Pereyaslavl, and in 1692, in addition to the boat, two small frigates and three yachts sailed along the lake. The construction of the Amusing Flotilla was carried out by craftsmen under the leadership of the Dutchman Karshten Brant, who was hired by Peter's father Alexei Mikhailovich to build the Caspian Fleet. Interestingly, for a long trip to the lake, Peter had to lie to his mother Natalya Kirillovna: “Where did I ask my mother to go to the Trinity Monastery under the form of a promise?”

In 1689, the internal crisis was resolved - Princess Sophia was removed from power and tonsured a nun. Peter actually became the ruler of the whole country. By this time, the idea of organizing a fleet had completely taken over the king. He worked diligently, studied everything that could be useful for the king-warlord - geometry, navigation, carpentry, cannon casting and other sciences. And all this time he did not leave his passion for the fleet. But the young tsar clearly did not have enough lakes and he decides to go to Arkhangelsk, to the White Sea.

In 1693, the road from Moscow to Arkhangelsk took as much as 24 days - from July 6 to 30, Peter was on the road. Despite his mother's promise not to leave the shore, the young king, without any scruples of conscience, violated it. According to various sources, either on the very first day upon arrival, or towards the end of the visit, he goes to sea on the 12-gun yacht "Saint Peter" to escort Dutch and English merchant ships. This journey took 6 whole days and made a huge impression on the king.

In the same 1693, he built the first state shipyard in Arkhangelsk - Solombalskaya. And immediately lays down the 24-gun ship "Saint Paul the Apostle" there. This seemed not enough to Peter and he buys a 44-gun frigate "Holy Prophecy" in Holland. The trip to Arkhangelsk was an important milestone in the development of the young ruler's hobbies. The real sea, foreign ships and sailors, the construction of a shipyard - all this made a strong impression. But it was time to return - having been absent for almost three months, on October 1, the tsar returned to Moscow.

However, in January 1694, Peter's mother dies. Of course, this was a strong emotional shake-up for the king. But already at this age, he showed his nature - without indulging in excessive sadness, on May 1, Peter leaves for Arkhangelsk for the second time, by the beginning of summer navigation. This time he was accompanied by soldiers of the Semyonovsky and Preobrazhensky regiments, who, according to the idea of the sovereign, were to become sailors on his ships. Upon arrival, Peter personally supervised the armament of the "St. Paul" and inspected the frigate "Holy Prophecy" that arrived from Holland (later both ships were converted into merchant ships). In general, the tsar spent a lot of time "in the field" - he was constantly on ships, participated in repair and rigging work, and communicated with foreign sailors.

As part of a squadron of three ships (“St. Apostle Paul”, “St. Prophecy” and “St. Peter”), Peter escorted the trading squadron to the exit from the White Sea. Unfortunately, this trip did not go well. During a fairly short transition, the shortage of naval officers became obvious - all of Peter's associates were good for the Amusing Flotilla, but they could hardly walk on real ships. If “Admiral” Romodanovsky and “Vice Admiral” Buturlin at the very least coped with their duties, then “Rear Admiral” Gordon only by a lucky chance did not land the yacht “Svya that Peter.

On the same yacht, Peter decided to visit the Solovetsky Monastery, but on the way the ship was caught by a strong storm. Nowadays, there is a maritime museum on Bolshoi Solovetsky Island. . According to some sources, the priests persuaded the king to take communion in order to die with a clear conscience. But Peter only brushed off the offer and took the helm of the yacht himself. Everything worked out - after spending some time on Solovki, he returned to Arkhangelsk.

Upon his return to Arkhangelsk, Peter took up the armament and equipment of the ship "Apostle Paul", and after the arrival of the ship "St. Prophecy "took him under command and sailed in the White Sea to St. Nose in a squadron under the flag of Romodanovsky. From his second journey across the White Sea, Peter returned with an indomitable desire to start building the Russian fleet. Russia at that time owned two sea coasts - White Sea and Caspian.

Natural was the aspiration to the White, which connected the country with England, Holland and other countries. Far from everyone in Moscow understood these aspirations. Peter understood that a great country, its economy required access to the sea. He could not then fight for the return of the Baltic coast of Russia, a powerful power dominated there. And he turned his eyes to the south, to the Azov and Black Seas.

Russia was looking for an outlet to the sea. It was decided to start from the south ... In February 1695, Tsar Peter I ordered to gather an army - to win back the city of Azov from the Turks at the mouth of the Don. Under the name of bombardier Pyotr Mikhailov, the tsar set off along with the first Western-style regiments: Preobrazhensky, Semyonovsky and Lefortov. After a long siege, they decided to take the fortress of Azov by storm. Many Russian soldiers and officers died, but the city could not be taken. The Turks brought fresh troops and food by sea. The first Azov campaign of 1695 ended ingloriously...

Peter was very upset by the failure, but he did not think about retreat. It was difficult to take the seaside fortress without a navy. From all over Russia, thousands of “working people” began to be driven to Voronezh. It was necessary to build shipyards, harvest and transport timber, twist ropes, sew sails and cast cannons.

They built shipyards, barns, barracks. Two 36-gun ships, twenty-two galleys and four fireships were laid on the stocks. Everything was ready for spring. The second Azov campaign began. In May 1696, on the new 34-rowed Principium galley, Peter appeared near Azov at the head of an entire flotilla, and the ground forces, replenished and rested, again surrounded the fortress from land and built batteries at the mouth of the Don.

This time the Turks failed to fight back, although they defended themselves desperately. The Russian fleet prevented the supply of ammunition and food to the besieged fortress. The Turks had to surrender. For the first time in the history of Russia, a brilliant victory was won with the help of the fleet. It happened on July 18, 1696. From that day on, free access to the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov opened.

It was necessary to establish itself on the entire Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov, to move towards the Black. And for this, it was necessary to continue to create a fleet and build harbors, because, as Peter I said, “the harbor is the beginning and end of the fleet, without it, whether there is a fleet or not, it still does not exist.” July 27, after the capture of Azov, Peter began to go around the coast in boats. As the legend says, on one of the capes, or, as they were called here, horns, bonfires burned in the evening - then the shepherds cooked food on tagans. Here, on the horse-drawn horn, they decided to build a harbor (future Taganrog) for Russia's first regular navy.

Later, in the preface to the Naval Charter, Peter writes: “... the sovereigns of the navy, who do not have only one hand, but who have a fleet, both!” Shortly after the capture of Azov, on October 20, 1696, the Boyar Duma, at the suggestion of Peter, adopted a resolution: “There will be sea vessels!” This day is considered the birthday of the Russian Navy.

In 1697, to study shipbuilding and maritime affairs, Peter I went as a volunteer at the Great Embassy to Holland. He worked first in Saardam at a private shipyard, then in Amsterdam at the shipyard of the East India Company, where he participated in the construction of the ship from laying to completion and received a certificate of knowledge of ship architecture from the master Class Field. At the same time, the tsar eagerly absorbed knowledge of various kinds, which he would use in the future to carry out reforms in Russia.

In 1698, noticing that the Dutch shipbuilders lacked theoretical knowledge and were more guided by experience and practice, Peter went to England and studied the theory of shipbuilding in Deptford. The future admiral sailed in the English fleet to the Isle of Wight, attended naval maneuvers arranged in his honor, visited museums, arsenals and other places of interest to him. During a trip abroad, sailors and other specialists were hired into the Russian service, including Vice Admiral Cornelius Kruys and Shoutbenacht (Rear Admiral) Rez, who set about putting the administration of the fleet in order.

European policy gave no reason to expect that Russia would receive support in the struggle against Turkey for access to the southern seas. Nevertheless, the king continued the construction of the Azov fleet. Upon his return from a trip abroad, Peter Mikhailov, as the tsar called himself, accepted the title of shipmaster and began to receive a salary of 366 rubles a year. On November 19, 1698, he laid down a 58-gun ship in Voronezh. But still, the path to the wide, global sea spaces was difficult for Russian ships: the Kerch Strait was controlled by Turkey, just like the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles - the straits connecting the Black and Mediterranean Seas.

The main orientation of the interests of the Russian sovereign changed, Peter I turned his eyes to the Baltic. But there was already dominated by a strong fleet of the young and desperate Swedish king Charles XII, who had just ascended the throne. Relying on the support of two other recognized maritime powers - England and Holland, he threatened not only his Baltic neighbors - Denmark and Poland, but also intended to capture Russian cities: Pskov, Novgorod and Arkhangelsk.

“The king dreams of only one war,” the French envoy wrote about Charles XII, “he was told too much about the exploits and campaigns of his ancestors. His heart and head are filled with this, and he considers himself invincible ... " Such confidence was given to Charles by the possession of not only a fleet of 50 ships, but also a 150,000-strong army recruited from Swedish peasants who, in peacetime, lived on land received from the state . This army surpassed in its fighting qualities many Western European mercenary armies.

Against Sweden in 1699, the anti-Swedish military Northern Union was created. Each state of the anti-Swedish coalition had its own interests: the Danish king Friedrich IV wanted to return the areas lost by his country in 1660 and 1689, in particular Schleswig (a region on the border of Denmark and Germany); Elector of Saxony Augusta II, who was also the king of Poland, attracted the lands of Livonia and Estonia (Baltic); Peter I sought not only to go to the sea, but also to return to Russia its ancestral territories with the cities of Korela, Koporye, Oreshek, Yam and Ivangorod, which had gone to Sweden along Stolbovsky Peace of 1617

In May 1703, on the orders of Peter I, a fortress with six bastions was founded on the banks of the Neva, on the island of Janni-Saari. She was given the name Petropavlovskaya. Thousands of men brought from all over Russia, standing waist-deep in water, drove piles into the swampy shore with oak "women". All thieves-kolodniks, on the orders of Peter, were also driven here to work. Hundreds of people lay down in the wet earth at the end of the world - they could not stand the labor, and there was not enough bread. “They are very sick here, and many have died,” Peter wrote to Moscow, demanding to send more people. This is how St. Petersburg, the new capital of Russia, began to be built.

The capital had to be protected from the Swedes... Not far from the mouth of the Neva, in the Gulf of Finland, lay an island Kotlin, overgrown with a dense pine forest. Only close to it was it possible to pass to the mouth of the Neva - in other places the shoals interfered. Soon, construction of a new Russian fort began on the shallows south of Kotlin Island. Kronshlot, part of the future sea fortress Kronstadt. The instruction to the commandant of the fortress said: "To maintain this citadel with God's help, if anything happens even to the last man."

A year later, the Swedes began to attack the new fortress, and on the coast too. Although all attacks were repulsed, it was still impossible to reliably defend Petersburg without ships. Axes clattered again, saws screeched. On the banks of the rivers Syas and Svir, and then the Neva, shipyards arose. The young Baltic Fleet grew rapidly. The first ship of the Baltic Fleet was built in 1703 - the 30-gun frigate Shtandart.

In May 1703, commanding a detachment of boats with a landing force of the guard, Peter boarded the Swedish ships Gedan and Astrild, which were stationed at the mouth of the Neva, for which he was awarded the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called. Finding themselves without support, the garrison of the Nyenschanz fortress capitulated after being shelled. The entire course of the Neva was at the disposal of Peter. In September, in the rank of captain, he brought the Shtandart ship from the Olonets shipyard to St. Petersburg.

By the end of 1705, he had more than two dozen ships, frigates and galleys. Three hundred guns stood on their decks, still smelling of fresh forest, and two thousand two hundred crewmen, sailors and gunners, were waiting for the order to set off. Tsar Peter appointed vice-admiral Cornelius Kruys as commander of the fleet.

The struggle went on for a long time and not always with success! For more than twenty years, from 1700 to 1721, there was a Northern War between Sweden and the countries of the Northern Union. Taking advantage of the fact that Frederick IV went with his main forces to recapture Schleswig, Charles XII, with the support of the Anglo-Dutch fleet, landed troops on the Danish island of Zeeland and besieged Copenhagen. Threatening to burn the capital of Denmark, Charles XII forced Frederick IV to capitulate and withdraw from the Northern Union. This happened on August 7, 1700.

This war is divided by modern historians into two periods: the first - from the autumn of 1700 (the beginning of the siege of Narva) to the summer of 1709 (the Battle of Poltava); the second from the middle of 1709 to 1721 (conclusion of the Peace of Nystadt).

With the outbreak of the Northern War, the Baltic Fleet also became necessary. In 1702-1704. the construction of ships unfolded in several places at once: on the rivers Syas, Svir, Luga, Volkhov, Izhora. In addition to seven frigates, 91 ships were built. At the end of 1704, the fortress created by Peter on the island of Kotlin already had more than 70 guns. By 1710, the fleet in the Baltic included 12 battleships. A strong fleet hastened the capture of Vyborg, Riga, and Revel by the Russian troops.

In 1706, Peter I was promoted to captain-commander. On November 30, 1707, in St. Petersburg, he laid down the 16-gun gun "Lizet", launched by him in 1708. From October 29, 1708, by decree of Admiral Count Apraksin, Pyotr Alekseevich began to receive a commander's salary of 600 rubles, a ship's master of 1200 rubles. From February 14 to May 27, 1709, he was at shipbuilding in Voronezh, surveyed the ports of Azov, sailed on a brigantine in the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov, and on April 7 launched 2 ships built by him in Voronezh: the 50-gun Lastka and the 80-gun Old Eagle ".

Although many different ships and galleys were built for Russian sailors, it was still far from the Swedish fleet. However, little by little, with the help of the fleet, Russian troops recaptured Narva, Vyborg, Riga and Revel from the Swedes, and finally, in July 1713, Helsingfors. The Swedes did not have a single stronghold in the Gulf of Finland. In July 1714, the Russian fleet defeated the Swedes in the Gangut naval battle, defeating and capturing a detachment of Swedish ships.

The next stage of sharp activation in the construction of new ships begins in 1711-1713. Russian shipyards were already building powerful 52- and even 60-gun ships. In 1714, the Russian fleet won a major naval victory over the Swedes on July 27 near the Gangut (Hanko) peninsula. The victory allowed the Russian fleet to control the Aland skerries and the coast. In an effort to transfer the war to the territory of the enemy, the Russian tsar increased the number of powerful battleships and the skerry fleet. The final approval in the Baltic Sea can be timed to coincide with the victory at Grengam on July 27, 1720. By the time the war ended, Russia had 29 battleships, 6 frigates, 208 galleys and other ships in the Baltic.

Since 1705, recruiting began specifically for the fleet. In the future, until 1715 there were 5 sets, approximately 1-1.5 thousand people each. However, the complete recruitment of the fleet became a reality only starting from 1718. The first nautical school was organized as early as 1698 in Azov. In 1701, a school of "mathematical and navigational" sciences was opened in Moscow, preparing personnel for both the army and the navy. Initially, it was designed for 200, and from 1701 - already for 500 people. In 1715, the St. Petersburg Naval Academy of Officers began to operate. In 1716, the so-called midshipman company was organized.

In 1718, the royal vice-admiral commanded the vanguard of the Apraksin F.M. fleet. sailing in the Gulf of Finland. On July 15, the built 90-gun ship Lesnoye was launched in St. Petersburg. In 1719 the tsar was in command of the Baltic Fleet; the fleet went to Aland, where it stood for almost two months. In this and previous years, Peter worked diligently on the drafting of the maritime charter, sometimes working 14 hours a day.

Swedish senators tried to persuade their king Charles XII to make peace with Russia. However, Karl did not want to listen to anything. “If only all of Sweden was gone,” he declared, “but there will be no peace!” I had to again announce a new mobilization throughout Sweden ...

The young Baltic Fleet won many more victories over the Swedes, and in 1721 the Swedes were forced to sign the Treaty of Nystadt. According to this agreement, Russia ceded: Ingermanland, on whose lands Petersburg arose, Estland with the city of Revel, Livonia - with Riga and part of Karelia - with Vyborg and Kexholm.

In honor of the Peace of Nystadt, Peter ordered large festivities to be held, first in the autumn in St. Petersburg, and then in the winter of 1722 in Moscow. An unusual procession passed through the streets of Moscow: many large models of ships, placed on sleigh runners, were moving towards the Kremlin.

Peter I himself, who led this procession, sat on the flagship layout. And in the Kremlin he was met by an old friend. On a pedestal, decorated with paintings and inscriptions, stood "Grandfather of the Russian Fleet" - an old English ship's boat, on which the young Russian Tsar sailed along the Yauza, and all the "ships" saluted "grandfather" honor ...

By the end of the reign of Peter I, the Russian navy was one of the most powerful in Europe. It included 34 battleships, 9 frigates, 17 galleys and 26 ships of other types (Korobkov N.M. “The Russian Fleet in the Seven Years' War”, M., 1946). There were up to 30 thousand people in its ranks. Petersburg, Kronstadt, Revel, Arkhangelsk - these are the main ports and bases of his stay.

It is clear that without the work of many, many specialists, it would be impossible to create a fleet capable of defeating the original Swedish sailors. But it is equally obvious that it would have been impossible to accomplish this great deed in such a short time for history without the enthusiasm of the young Peter the Great, who fell in love with the maritime business, fully realized its importance for the state and forced those close to him to also become its enthusiasts.
Tsar Peter became the rarest example of a person who had full power, but who acted not so much by coercion as by personal example, especially in the field of maritime affairs. A worthy monument to the reformer is the fleet he created.

On October 30 (October 20 according to the old style), 1696, the boyar duma, on the proposal of Tsar Peter I, adopted a resolution “Sea courts to be ...”, which became the first law on the fleet and official recognition of its foundation.

During the Northern War of 1700-1721, the Baltic Fleet was created, which made Russia one of the major maritime powers. The first warships for it were built in 1702-1703 at the mouth of the Syas River on Lake Ladoga and on the Svir River. In 1703, the base of the Russian fleet in the Baltic was laid - Kronshlot (later - Kronstadt).

During the Northern War, the main tasks of the fleet were determined, the list of which remains practically unchanged to this day, namely: the fight against the enemy’s naval forces, the fight on sea lanes, the defense of its coast from the sea direction, assistance to the army in coastal areas, strikes and ensuring the invasion of enemy territory from the sea direction. The proportion of these tasks changed as material means and the nature of armed struggle at sea changed. Accordingly, the role and place of the individual branches of forces that were part of the fleet changed.

Prior to the First World War, the main tasks were carried out by surface ships, and they were the main arm of the fleet. During the Second World War, this role was for some time transferred to naval aviation, and in the post-war period, with the advent of nuclear missile weapons and ships with nuclear power plants, submarines established themselves as the main branch of forces.

Prior to the First World War, the fleet was homogeneous. The coastal troops (naval infantry and coastal artillery), which existed since the beginning of the 18th century, were not organizationally part of the fleet. In 1906, submarine forces were born and began to develop as a new branch of the Navy. In 1914, the first units of naval aviation were formed, which in 1916 also acquired signs of an independent branch of force. The Navy as a heterogeneous strategic association was finally formed by the mid-1930s, when naval aviation, coastal defense, and air defense units (Air Defense) were organizationally incorporated into the Navy.

During the formation of the Russian regular fleet, its organizational structure and functions were unclear. In 1717, by decree of Peter I, the Admiralty Board was formed for the day-to-day management of the fleet. In 1802, the Ministry of Naval Forces was formed, later renamed the Naval Ministry and existed until 1917. Bodies of combat (operational) control of the forces of the Navy appeared after the Russo-Japanese War with the creation in 1906 of the Naval General Staff. On January 15, 1938, by a decree of the Central Executive Committee (CEC) and the Council of People's Commissars (SNK), the People's Commissariat of the Navy was created, which included the Main Naval Headquarters.

Permanent groupings of forces in the maritime theaters took shape as the Russian state solved the historical tasks associated with acquiring outlets to the World Ocean, including the country in the world economy and politics. In the Baltic, the fleet has constantly existed since May 18 (May 7, old style) 1703, the Caspian flotilla - from November 15 (November 4, old style) 1722, and the fleet on the Black Sea - from May 13 (May 2, old style) 1783. In the North and the Pacific Ocean, fleet force groupings were created on a temporary basis or, having not received significant development, were periodically abolished. The current Pacific and Northern Fleets have existed as permanent groupings since April 21, 1932 and June 1, 1933, respectively.

The fleet received the greatest development by the mid-1980s. At that time, it included four fleets and the Caspian Flotilla, which included more than 100 divisions and brigades of surface ships, submarines, naval aviation and coastal defense.

The Navy of the Russian Federation - the successor to the Russian Navy and the Soviet Navy, consists of naval strategic nuclear forces and naval forces of general purpose. It includes surface forces, submarine forces, naval aviation and coastal troops, which include coastal missile and artillery troops and marines.

Organizationally, the Navy consists of four operational-strategic formations: the Northern, Pacific, Baltic and Black Sea Fleets, as well as the Caspian Flotilla.

The Navy is capable of inflicting nuclear strikes on enemy ground targets, destroying its fleet groups at sea and bases, disrupting the enemy’s ocean and sea communications and protecting its maritime transportation, assisting the Ground Forces in operations in continental theaters of military operations, landing amphibious assaults, participating in repelling landings enemy and perform other tasks.

According to the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy Vladimir Korolev, at present, from 70 to 100 ships of the Russian Navy are constantly in various areas of the World Ocean, performing their functions.

Throughout its history, the fleet has played an important role in the fate of Russia. The legendary battles of the Russian fleet at Gangut (now the Hanko peninsula in Finland), Tendra, Sinop, Chesma, the most important operations during the First World War and the Great Patriotic War are forever imprinted in world history.

The history of celebrations in honor of the fleet dates back to the time of Peter I. The reason for the first real naval parade was the victory won by the Russian fleet on July 27 (August 7, according to a new style), 1714, in the battle of Gangut during the Northern War. It became the first naval victory of the Russian fleet in Russian history. The Gangut victory was solemnly celebrated in St. Petersburg. The celebration continued for several days. In his decree, Peter I ordered to celebrate the day of the Gangut victory every year on July 27 with solemn services, naval parades and fireworks. This day has become a kind of holiday for the Navy. Later, the celebration of the victory was limited only to a solemn prayer service. In the middle of the 19th century, the tradition of the time of Peter I was revived: on July 27, parades of ships decorated with flags began to be held and gun salutes sounded.

In 1917, the holiday was canceled. Since 1920, at the suggestion of the Headquarters of the Baltic Sea Naval Forces, on the closest day off to May 18 in Petrograd (now St. Petersburg), they began to celebrate the Day of the Red Fleet. On May 18 (May 7, old style) in 1703, the Russian regular fleet won its first victory in the Baltic. In a boarding battle, the Swedish boat "Gedan" and the shnyava (a small two-masted ship with direct sails) "Astrild" were captured. Subsequently, the date of this battle was accepted as the day of the emergence of the Baltic Fleet.

The holiday Day of the Navy in the USSR was first celebrated on July 24, 1939 on the basis of the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks dated June 22, 1939, by which it was established. The Navy Day should have been held annually on July 24th. The date of the celebration of the Navy Day was postponed to the last Sunday of July by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of October 1, 1980 "On holidays and memorable days" and subsequent legislative acts.

Traditionally, the celebration of the Day of the Navy begins with the solemn formation of the personnel of the naval units and the ritual of hoisting the St. Andrew's flag and flags of coloring on the ships. In the bases of the Northern, Pacific, Baltic and Black Sea Fleets, as well as the Caspian Flotilla, maritime parades and military sports festivals are held on this day. Parades of warships on this day have been held annually since 1939, and were not held only during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945).

In 2017, on behalf of the President, for the first time in modern history, the main naval parade was held in St. Petersburg. In terms of the scale of the event, the number of ships and aircraft involved, this event could be compared with the May 9 Victory Parade on Red Square in Moscow.

Andrey Eremenko
Candidate of Cultural Studies, Associate Professor,
Head of the Department of History, Ethnography and Nature, KGIAMZ

In the first half of the XIX century. The basis of progress in science, technology, and economics was the use of a new type of energy - steam energy. The further development of the fleet was due to achievements in the field of metallurgy and rolled metal. Especially - the invention of armor plates for use in iron shipbuilding

At the beginning of the XIX century. in Russia began the construction of steam ships. The first such vessel in Russia, the Elizaveta, was designed and built in 1815 by Karl Byrd, the owner of an iron and copper foundry in St. Petersburg. With only 4 liters. With. power, the machine gave the steamboat (as the steamboat used to be called) a speed of about 9 miles per hour.

Russia's first steam ship "Elizaveta"

In 1823, about a dozen steamboats were built on the Volga, including those with two machines with a total capacity of up to 40 hp. With. And in 1843, in St. Petersburg, a steamship company "On the Volga" was formed, which had several steamships with machines of 250-400 hp. With. capacity ("Volga", "Hercules", "Samson", "Kama", "Oka", etc.), dozens of heavy barges. This society lasted until 1918.

Diesel ships

In 1903, the Sormovsky plant in Nizhny Novgorod built the first diesel motor ship for the Volga Shipping Company - a self-propelled tanker barge "Vandal" with a displacement of 1150 tons, with three diesel engines of 120 liters each. with., and diesel-electric transmission to the propellers. "Vandal" became the world's first diesel ship and diesel-electric ship at the same time.

The first motor ship in the world is the Vandal oil barge.

By 1913, there were more than 80 diesel motor ships in different countries of the world, 70 of them were in Russia. As for steamships, by 1913, through the efforts of all six shipping companies of the country and the government, their number was increased to 1016 (with a total displacement of 487 thousand tons), and sailboats became 2577 (257 thousand brt). The Russian fleet ranked 8th in the world after the fleets of England, Germany, the USA, Norway, France, Japan, and Italy. At the same time, own steamships, accounting for 65% of the commercial fleet of Russia, could provide only 8% of sea freight.

Creation of the Russian Society of Shipping and Trade (ROPiT)

In January 1856, the adjutant wing N.A. Arkas and well-known entrepreneur-shipowner N.A. Novoselsky. They proposed the creation of a commercial shipping joint-stock company on the Black Sea with a large number of modern steamships for cargo and passenger transportation, while specifying that in the event of war these steamships could be used for the country's military transport needs.

On August 3, 1856, Emperor Alexander II approved the Charter of the ROPiT (Russian Society of Shipping and Trade). Thus was born what later became the largest Russian shipping company.

By 1860, the Society had more than 40 steamships, and 30 of them had great prospects: all of them were in operation for no more than 3 years.

Steamer ROPiT "Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna" stands at the pier in Saratov.
Approximately 1910 (Photo from the archive of Alexei Platonov)

Since 1863, the Society, replenishing the composition of the fleet, began to build new screw post-passenger steamers and wheeled cargo-passenger ships of mixed navigation. In addition to Lazarev, Kornilov, Nakhimov, Chikhachev, Grand Duke Mikhail, Grand Duchess Olga and General Kotzebue, by 1870 another 11 steam schooners for cargo transportation across the Sea of Azov were put into operation.

With the construction of the Suez Canal (1869), new prospects opened up, and ROPiT ships began to sail to India, China, and the Far East (Vladivostok).

Creation of the "Volunteer Fleet"

In the period 1873–1883. sharply increased public attention to the needs of the fleet. In this regard, a Society was founded in Moscow to promote Russian commercial shipbuilding (for patriotic donations). The idea of creating the "Voluntary Fleet" society appeared, caused by the results of the Russian-Turkish war of 1878.

All over the country, fundraising was held for an organization that would have fast and capacious ships, allowing them to be quickly converted and armed, making them auxiliary cruisers in case of war. About 4 million rubles were collected, and in 1878 the society was created.

First, Dobroflot purchased from the Germans cargo-passenger steamships, which immediately became registered in the navy as auxiliary cruisers: Moskva, Petersburg, Rossiya. Henceforth, a tradition was established: to call all new ships by the name of the centers of the provinces - "Nizhny Novgorod", "Ryazan", etc.

Since 1879, the charter of the Volunteer Fleet society provided for the possibility of using its ships for military purposes in case of war.

The work of Dobroflot began with the transportation of Russian troops from Varna and Burgas, which participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1878. Then regular flights to the Far East began. Soon the management came to the conclusion that it was necessary not to buy, but only to build ships for society - this is more profitable. True, to build not only at their own factories, but also abroad. The first steamship - "Yaroslavl" according to the drawings of the English cruiser "Iris" was ordered in 1880 in France.

Until 1896, a series of 6 ships of 4500-5600 tons with a displacement came from England to Russia. As a result, before the Russo-Japanese war, Dobroflot moved into second place after ROPiT. Its cargo turnover reached 196,000 tons per year.

Postcards from the early 1910s dedicated to passenger and freight
steamships "Dobroflot": "Simbirsk" and "Ryazan".

The Russian Navy (USSR), as an independent branch of the Armed Forces, took shape in the period from the end of the 17th to the beginning of the 20th century.

The creation of a regular navy in Russia is a historical pattern. It was due to the urgent need of the country to overcome the territorial, political and cultural isolation, which became at the turn of the 17th-18th centuries. the main obstacle to the economic and social development of the Russian state.

The first permanent grouping of forces - the Azov Fleet - was formed from ships and vessels built in the winter of 1695-1696. and was intended to assist the army in the campaign to capture the Turkish fortress of Azov. On October 30, 1696, the Boyar Duma, on the proposal of Tsar Peter I, adopted a resolution "Sea courts to be ...", which became the first law on the fleet and recognition as the official date of its foundation.

So, before the First World War, the main tasks were solved by surface ships, and they were the main arm of the fleet. During World War II, this role was for some time transferred to naval aviation, and in the post-war period, with the advent of nuclear missile weapons and ships with nuclear power plants, submarines established themselves as the main type of force.

Prior to the First World War, the fleet was homogeneous. Coastal troops (marine infantry and coastal artillery) have existed since the beginning of the 18th century, however, organizationally they were not part of the fleet. On March 19, 1906, submarine forces were born and began to develop as a new branch of the Navy.

In 1914, the first units of Naval Aviation were formed, which in 1916 also acquired signs of an independent branch of force. Navy Aviation Day is celebrated on July 17 in honor of the first victory of Russian naval pilots in an air battle over the Baltic Sea in 1916. The Navy was finally formed as a diverse strategic association by the mid-1930s, when naval aviation, coastal defense and military units were organizationally part of the Navy. air defense.

The modern system of command and control of the Navy finally took shape on the eve of the Great Patriotic War. On January 15, 1938, by the Decree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars, the People's Commissariat of the Navy was created, within which the Main Naval Headquarters was formed. During the formation of the Russian regular fleet, its organizational structure and functions were unclear. On December 22, 1717, by decree of Peter the Great, the Admiralty Board was formed for the daily management of the fleet. On September 20, 1802, the Ministry of Naval Forces was formed, later renamed the Naval Ministry and existed until 1917. Bodies of combat (operational) control of the forces of the Navy appeared after the Russo-Japanese War with the creation on April 7, 1906 of the Naval General Staff. At the head of the Russian fleet were such famous naval commanders as Peter 1, P.V. Chichagov, I.K. Grigorovich, N.G. Kuznetsov, S.G. Gorshkov.

Permanent groupings of forces in the maritime theaters took shape as the Russian state solved the historical tasks associated with acquiring outlets to the World Ocean, including the country in the world economy and politics. In the Baltic, the fleet has constantly existed since May 18, 1703, the Caspian flotilla since November 15, 1722, and the fleet on the Black Sea since May 13, 1783. In the North and the Pacific Ocean, fleet force groups were created, as a rule, on a temporary basis or, not having received significant development, they were periodically abolished. The current Pacific and Northern Fleets have existed as permanent groupings since April 21, 1932 and June 1, 1933, respectively.

The fleet received the greatest development by the mid-80s. At that time, it included 4 fleets and the Caspian Flotilla, which included more than 100 divisions and brigades of surface ships, submarines, naval aviation and coastal defense.

Throughout their glorious history, Russian and Soviet warships could be seen at all latitudes of the seas and oceans, not only with military purposes, but also discovering new lands, penetrating the polar ice for scientific research. The study and description by military sailors of the northern shores of Siberia, Kamchatka, Alaska, the Aleutian and Kuril Islands, Sakhalin, the Sea of Okhotsk, round-the-world voyages, the discovery of Antarctica were of world importance. Russia was glorified by such famous navigators as M.P. Lazarev, F.F. Bellingshausen, G.I. Nevelskoy and others.

The role of the fleet in the history of Russia has always gone beyond the performance of purely military tasks. The presence of the fleet contributed to our country's active foreign policy. It has repeatedly become a deterrent for the enemy of our state in the event of a threat of war.

Great was the role of the fleet in the formation of national identity. The victories at Gangut, Grengam, Ezel, Chesme Fidonisi, Kaliakria, Navarino, Sinop became a matter of national pride. Our people sacredly honor the memory of the outstanding naval commanders F.F. Ushakov, D.N. Senyavin, M.P. Lazarev, V.N. Kornilova, P.S. Nakhimova, N.G. Kuznetsova.

Russia, by its geographical position, the totality of economic, political and military interests in the World Ocean, is a great maritime power. This is an objective reality that Russians and the world community will have to reckon with in the next century.

Navy structure

The Navy is a powerful factor in the country's defense capability. It is subdivided into strategic nuclear forces and general purpose forces. Strategic nuclear forces have great nuclear missile power, high mobility and the ability to operate for a long time in various regions of the oceans.

Submarine forces are the strike force of the fleet, capable of controlling the expanses of the World Ocean, covertly and quickly deploying in the right directions and delivering unexpected powerful strikes from the depths of the ocean against sea and continental targets. Depending on the main armament, submarines are divided into missile and torpedo, and according to the type of power plant, nuclear and diesel-electric.

Nuclear-powered submarines armed with ship-to-ship cruise missiles are mainly aimed at fighting large enemy surface ships.

Nuclear torpedo submarines are used to disrupt enemy submarine and surface communications and in the defense system against underwater threats, as well as to escort missile submarines and surface ships.

The use of diesel submarines (missile and torpedo) is associated mainly with the solution of typical tasks for them in limited areas of the sea.

Equipping submarines with atomic energy and nuclear missile weapons, powerful sonar systems and high-precision navigational weapons, along with the comprehensive automation of control processes and the creation of optimal conditions for the life of the crew, has significantly expanded their tactical properties and forms of combat use. Surface forces in modern conditions remain the most important part of the Navy. The creation of ships carrying aircraft and helicopters, as well as the transition of a number of classes of ships, like submarines, to nuclear power have greatly increased their combat capabilities. Equipping ships with helicopters and aircraft significantly expands their capabilities to detect and destroy enemy submarines. Helicopters create an opportunity to successfully solve the problems of relaying and communications, target designation, transfer of cargo at sea, landing troops on the coast and rescuing personnel.

Surface ships are the main forces to ensure the exit and deployment of submarines to combat areas and return to bases, transport and cover landings. They are assigned the main role in laying minefields, in combating the mine danger and protecting their communications.

The traditional task of surface ships is to strike at enemy targets on its territory and cover its coast from the sea from the enemy's naval forces.

Naval aviation is a branch of the Navy. It consists of strategic, tactical, deck and coastal.

The Marine Corps is a branch of the Navy, designed to conduct combat operations as part of amphibious assault forces (independently or jointly with the Ground Forces), as well as to defend the coast (naval bases, ports).

Coastal defense troops, as a branch of the Navy, are designed to protect naval bases, ports, important sections of the coast, islands, straits and narrownesses from attack by enemy ships and amphibious assault forces. The basis of their armament is coastal missile systems and artillery, anti-aircraft missile systems, mine and torpedo weapons, as well as special coastal defense ships (protection of the water area). Coastal fortifications are being set up on the coast to ensure defense by troops.

Portal for the student. Self-training