Unknown ally — Tuvan People's Republic February 5th, 2013

The history of the Second World War seems to have been studied thoroughly. However, this is not quite true. There are still topics that researchers have not paid enough attention to. One of these is the participation of the Tuva People's Republic (TNR) in the Second World War. Yes, it was this state that was the first to support the USSR in the war against Nazi Germany. However, first things first.

Until the beginning of the Xinghai Revolution in China in 1912, the territory of Tuva was under the rule of the Chinese Qing dynasty and had the name "Tanu-Uriankhai". After the beginning of revolutionary uprisings, the rulers of the Tuvan territories turned to their northern neighbor, Russia, with a request to take these lands under their guardianship.

In April 1914, Nicholas II decided to establish a Russian protectorate over the Tuvan territories. The region was included in the Yenisei province. However, already in the spring of 1917, the active creation of Soviets began in Tuva.

The fact is that a certain number of Russian peasants and workers lived on the territory of Tuva, who became a kind of repeaters of the ideas of Marxism on the territory of the Uryankhai region.

In July 1918, Tuva was occupied by Kolchak's troops. True, a year later the Bolsheviks drove the whites out of the Uryankhai region, and in 1921 the independent People's Republic of Tanu-Tuva was proclaimed, which since 1926 became known as the Tuva People's Republic.

Independence under the Soviet "wing"

In August 1921, the All-Tuva Constituent Khural was held, in which representatives of Soviet Russia also took part. The meeting adopted a declaration on the creation of an independent Tuvan state.
It's amazing, the Bolsheviks suppress any national manifestations everywhere, and here there is such respect for the independence of the former Russian province. In 1923, a completely interesting event takes place: units of the Red Army leave the territory of the TNR. The city of Kyzyl was proclaimed the capital of the republic.

Soldiers of the Tuvan army

Soon, agreements were concluded with the USSR and the Mongolian People's Republic on the recognition of the independence of the TPR. In 1925, a Soviet-Tuvan agreement on mutual assistance was signed, according to which young Tuvan “Komsomol members” also went to study in the USSR. Subsequently, they will play a decisive role in the Sovietization of the TNR.

Buyan-Badygry became the first head of the republic. Under his leadership, the country's constitution was developed and adopted. However, in 1929, this man was arrested and 3 years later, on trumped-up charges of spying for Japan, he was executed. In 1930, Stalinists, educated in the USSR, seized power. Immediately began the persecution of Buddhism and shamanism. In the 1930s, about 2 thousand citizens of the TNR were subjected to repressions.

Salchak Toka, a graduate of the Moscow Communist University of the Workers of the East, became the new leader of the republic. Throughout the entire period of independence of the TNR, the Soviet Union closely followed the processes taking place in the seething region. Initially, a powerful factor of Chinese influence in the early 1930s gave way to Japanese. The "Empire of the Rising Sun" did not hide its ambitions in the region and was getting closer and closer to the Soviet borders.

Tuvan soldiers

In 1938, Tuvan volunteer units took part in repelling Japanese aggression near Lake Khasan, and a year later they fought at Khalkhin Gol. In February 1940, the leadership of the TPR decided to create the Ministry of Military Affairs, which was ordered to start rearming and re-equipping the army. It is clear that all these tasks were solved through the supply of Soviet weapons and equipment.

"Second front" from Tuva

June 22, 1941, having learned about the German attack on the Soviet Union, the TNR ... declares war on the Third Reich and its European allies. This happens in a situation where Hitler's Asian ally - Japan, in fact, was at the Tuvan borders.

An interesting fact is that the leadership of the TPR, with its statement of support for the USSR in the war with Nazi Germany, was ahead of Great Britain. The address of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Winston Churchill, addressed to the Soviet people, was broadcast by the BBC at 23:00 Moscow time, and the Tuvans accepted the declaration 11 hours earlier.

Soldiers of the Tuvan army

In his address, the British Prime Minister said in part:

“The danger that threatens Russia is the danger that threatens us and the United States, just as the cause of every Russian who fights for his hearth and home is the cause of free people and free peoples in all corners of the globe. Let us learn the lessons already taught to us by such bitter experience, redouble our efforts and fight together as long as we have the strength and life.”

In turn, the delegates of the 10th Great Khural of the TPR declared: "The Tuva people are ready, sparing no life, to participate in the struggle of the Soviet Union against the fascist aggressor with all their might and means until the final victory over him."

Gratitude for the Tuvan leadership from I. Stalin

The next day, the government of the TNR offered Moscow to mobilize parts of the Tuvan army and send them to the front, but Moscow decided to postpone this. Then it was decided to transfer the entire gold reserve of the TNR to the USSR in the amount of 35 million rubles.

In turn, the armed forces of the TPR were transferred to martial law. On August 8, 1941, I. Stalin congratulated the leadership of the TPR on the 20th anniversary of the republic and thanked them for their readiness to help in the war with Germany.
For the period from 1941 to 1944. The USSR received 50,000 war horses from the TPR, and two tank brigades were created with the money raised by the inhabitants of the republic. In March 1943, at the Chkalovsky airfield near Moscow, the delegation of the TNR handed over to the 133rd Fighter Aviation Regiment of the Red Army 10 Yak-7B fighters built with republican funds.

Aircraft donated by Tuvans to the Soviet army

In the spring of 1944, Tuva gave only 27,500 cows to the liberated Ukraine. In total, during the Great Patriotic War, the TNR delivered over 700 thousand head of cattle to the USSR.

In May 1943, however, a decision was made to send Tuvan volunteers to the Soviet-German front. 200 citizens of the TPR, after a short training, were enrolled in the 25th separate tank regiment of the 52nd army of the 2nd Ukrainian front.

Tuva tankers fought in Ukraine, Moldova, Romania, Hungary, Czechoslovakia. In September 1943, the second group of volunteers was enrolled in the 8th Cavalry Division. They had to participate in the fighting in the west of Ukraine.

So, on January 31, 1944, near the village of Durazhno in Volyn, Tuvan cavalrymen on short, shaggy, but extremely fast horses with sabers "barely" entered the battle with advanced German units.

Wehrmacht officer G. Remke, who survived after that battle, later said during interrogation that “this attack was terrible and had an extremely demoralizing effect on the Wehrmacht soldiers.” “Hordes of barbarians rode on us, from whom there was no escape,” said the prisoner.

The fact is that the Tuvans, committed to their own ideas about the rules of warfare, did not take the enemy prisoner as a matter of principle.

Memorial plaque in honor of Tuvan soldiers in Rivne

On February 1, 1944, Tuvan cavalry broke through to the city of Rovno. Developing the offensive, the squadron led by Captain Kechil-ool went to the railway and attacked the enemy garrison. Having waited for the approach of the main forces, the Tuvans broke into the city. For that battle, 17 citizens of the TPR were awarded Orders of Glory. It is worth noting that the Tuvans took part in the liberation of 80 Western Ukrainian settlements.

In total, during the war years, 8 thousand citizens of the TNR served in the Red Army, of which about 300 people survived. A large number of Tuvan soldiers were awarded various Soviet orders and medals. There are also Heroes of the Soviet Union. For example, the tanker Khomushku Churguy-ool, who fought in the 25th Tank Regiment.

End of independence

On August 17, 1944, the VII session of the Small Khural adopted a declaration on the entry of the TPR into the Soviet Union as an autonomous region. The "petition" was satisfied by the decision of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in October 1944 . (who would have thought!!!). Tuva soon became part of the RSFSR.

Salchak Toka (the same graduate of the Moscow University - "Historical Truth") became the first secretary of the Tuva regional committee of the CPSU (b). By the way, this man remained in power until his death in 1973. The secret of his political longevity is simple. Even after the death of the "leader of the peoples", Moscow did not want to remove the ideological "Stalinist" and was afraid that if a "liberal" came to replace the dictator, the Tuvans might again remember "independence".

Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the entry of Tuva into the Soviet Union

The Tuvan army also ceased to exist. The national units of the TNR, following the example of the Baltic states, were transformed into the Separate 7th Cavalry Regiment of the Red Banner Siberian Military District. In turn, the Tuvan Ministry of Military Affairs became the Regional Military Commissariat.

From October 1961 to 1991, Tuva was an autonomous region within the RSFSR, and after the collapse of the USSR, it became a subject of the Russian Federation.

According to many modern historians, supplies from Mongolia and Tuva for the USSR during the war years were only a third less than the total volume of allied supplies from the USA, Canada, Great Britain, Australia and other countries.

In 2010, in the capital of the once independent Tuva People's Republic, Kyzyl, a memorial complex was opened in honor of the soldiers and officers of the Tuvan army who died during the Second World War. So Russia honored the memory of those who became her first ally.

These are the milestones of history. Personally, I did not know such details ...

source - http://www.istpravda.ru

The original article is on the website InfoGlaz.rf Link to the article from which this copy is made -

Archaeologists date the first settlements on the territory of Tuva to the Early Paleolithic. In 1 thousand AD. e. in these parts, a serious political struggle was in full swing: the empire of the Yenisei Kyrgyz shared spheres of influence with the Turkic and Uighur Khaganates. The Mongols put an end to these strife in the 13th century. The territory of Tuva was part of the Mongol Empire, then alternately the state of the Northern Yuan, Khotogoytsy and Dzhungar khanates. In the 18th century, it became part of the Manchu Qing Empire.

At that time, the regions of Siberia adjacent to Tuva were already well mastered by the Russians. Citizens of the Russian Empire wandered into the territory of Tannu-Uriankhai, as the Manchus called these places. The northern neighbors were attracted by fur-bearing animals in the local forests, gold deposits and vast herds belonging to local arat peasants.

By the middle of the 19th century, the number of Russian merchants who traded with the Tuvans and settled in their lands was already in the hundreds. Cunning merchants often deceived illiterate hunters and peasants, shamelessly cheating them. The Tuvans did not remain in debt: the complaints of the merchants they had robbed poured into the office of the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia. Since the beginning of the 1870s, Russian, Chinese and Tuvan officials have been regularly gathering especially for the analysis of such slander. One of the decisions of such meetings was the decision to compensate the damage suffered by the Minusinsk merchants and gold miners. The Tuvans donated 29,793 rams as compensation.

Tuvans at the beginning of the 20th century

At the beginning of the 20th century, more than 9 thousand Russian settlers lived in the Uryankhai region. In 1912-1913, the Xinhai Revolution took place in China, and Beijing completely abandoned the affairs of the distant northern province. Requests flew from Tuva to St. Petersburg to take the region into Russian citizenship. On April 4, 1914, Nicholas II ordered the establishment of a protectorate with the inclusion of the Uryankhai region in the Yenisei province. The city of Belotsarsk was appointed the capital of the region. The Chinese government protested, but no one paid any attention to this in the noise of the outbreak of world war.

As soon as the news of the overthrow of the autocracy reached Siberia in March 1917, unrest began in Tuva: councils were created, congresses of the Russian and Tuvan peoples were convened. On June 18, 1918, at the joint congress of the Russian and Tuvan peoples, an agreement on the self-determination of Tuva was unanimously adopted. China quickly reacted: the whole region was instantly flooded with cheap Chinese goods, which, in the absence of Russian analogues, caused some doubts among the local population about the correctness of the path to independence proclaimed at the congress.

The troops of the white general Kolchak, the Mongol feudal lord Maksarzhab and the Chinese commissar Yang Shichao put an end to the fluctuations, who divided Tuva into three occupation zones. Anti-Russian uprisings broke out in Tuva. The arats did not attack the White Guard units, but they smashed the Russian peasant farms, on which the Chinese and Mongols incited them.

It is not surprising that the surviving part of the Russian population joyfully greeted the Red Army, which defeated the Kolchakites with the Chinese and by 1920 established relative order in the region. The Mongols left Tuva on their own: in 1921, their own revolution broke out in their country.

Cunning merchants deceived hunters and peasants

In the summer of 1921, the Uryankhai region began a real movement towards sovereignty. The process was launched with the active participation of the red authorities - Moscow was well aware of the vagueness of the prospect of "full Sovietization" of the region. On August 13, in the town of Sug-Bazhy, near the village of Atamanovka, the All-Tuva Constituent Khural was held. It was attended by 300 delegates from all over the region, two-thirds of whom were simple arats. Delegations from Soviet Russia and the Far Eastern Secretariat of the Comintern in Mongolia attended the Khural as observers. On the very first day, the Khural adopted a resolution on independence: "The People's Republic of Tannu-Tuva is a free state of a free people, independent of anyone in its internal affairs, while in international relations the Republic of Tannu-Tuva acts under the auspices of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic." The constitution was adopted the next day. The capital of Tannu-Tuva, or in Russian the Tuva People's Republic, was the city of Khem-Beldyr (formerly Belotsarsk), the head of the new state was elected the son of a herdsman, one of the authors of a letter to Nicholas II asking for a protectorate, a zealous Buddhist Mongush Buyan-Bodygry. At the same time, the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party (TNRP) was created, the only and, of course, the ruling one.

Mongush Buyan-Badygry

Nobody recognized the independence of the new state. China claimed that Tannu-Tuva was its rebellious province. Most countries of the world agreed with the Celestial Empire. It is not surprising that one of the first decisions of the young republic was the creation of its own army. First of all, the Ministry of War was established, and under it - a detachment, first of 10, and later of 25 fighters. After these forces suppressed the Khemchik uprising of the “black and yellow” feudal lords in 1924, the government created the Tuva Arat Red Army with 52 fighters. With such forces, it was already possible to repulse unfriendly neighbors. In 1925, the Tuva People's Republic was officially recognized by the USSR, de facto vassal of the Union of Mongolia was also forced to establish diplomatic relations with the TNR.

However, this did not stop the claims of the Mongols to the territory of Tuva. Dus-Dag Mountain, the only source of salt for Tuvans, became the subject of controversy. Discord between the two Asian people's republics, often turning into armed clashes, continued for decades. In these skirmishes, the Tuvan army grew and strengthened, the number of which by 1941 reached 489 people.

Tuvan delegation in Moscow, 1925

In addition to diplomatic and military activities, the Tuvan government was actively involved in lawmaking and the development of state symbols. During the two decades of independence, 6 constitutions were adopted at 12 congresses of the TNRP. This was not hindered even by the absence of Tuvan writing, invented only in 1930. The capital Khem-Beldyr was renamed again - this time to Kyzyl. The coats of arms and flags of the TNR changed five times. The lamaist symbol of the wheel of eternity, supplemented by a crossed sickle and rake, replaced the globe, on which the allocated territory of the TPR stretched almost throughout Eurasia. Tuva actively established itself in the philatelic market: from 1926 to 1943, it produced 136 colorful postage stamps. Collectors all over the world were chasing triangular and diamond-shaped stamps of a little-known state.

The size of the Tuvan army by 1941 reached 489 people

In 1929, the first Tuvan graduates of the Communist University of the Workers of the East named after IV Stalin returned home from Moscow. Inspired by the acquired knowledge, they began to adjust the little Tuva to the patterns of the Big Brother. The former leadership, headed by Buyan-Bodygry, was removed from their posts and shot in 1932. Young Stalinists stood at the head of the republic. As part of their proclaimed support for the policy of Lenin-Stalin, a purge took place in the TNRP, freeing the party from officials, lamas and feudal lords who had infiltrated its ranks. The collectivization of the traditionally nomadic arats, which accounted for 82.2% of the population of Tuva, began.

A struggle was launched against religion and traditional values. Of the 25 existing Buddhist monasteries, only one has survived; out of 4,000 lamas and shamans, only 740 clergy have remained. Writer Felix Seglenmey wrote how centuries-old traditions were violated: “Meetings were held everywhere under the slogan “Aryn chazar” (“Down with shame”). On them, braids were cut off from women and girls, jewelry (earrings, rings, chavaga) was taken away, and they were forced to talk about the sexual details of their life in public. Married men and women were forced at meetings to call their father-in-law and father-in-law by name, which was strictly forbidden by centuries of tradition.

In the very first days of the war, Tuva transferred its gold reserves to the USSR

Not surprisingly, uprisings broke out in Tuva. In Kyzyl, it was reported from the localities that practically all the arats of individual districts were drawn into the counter-revolutionary movement. Numerous but scattered riots were quickly suppressed by the new authorities. The Russian-speaking population also got it. Many peasants were expelled "outside the republic as kulaks and counter-revolutionary elements," that is, they were handed over to the hands of the Soviet OGPU. In 1933, the unrest in Tuva was suppressed, although the Arat families went to Mongolia and China through the easily permeable border, unexpectedly becoming political emigrants.

Salchak Toka

The new de facto leader of Tuva, Salchak Toka, kept a vigilant eye on the mood in the republic. “The feudal-theocratic element, deprived of political life and economically disadvantaged, begins to offer stubborn resistance, taking the path of hidden, and in some places even open struggle,” he proclaimed. As part of this struggle, the top layer of the leadership of Tuva was again removed and shot. In total, about 1.5 thousand people were subjected to repressions. Some of the sentences were signed by Hertek Anchimaa, in 3 years this woman will marry Comrade Tok and concurrently head the Lesser Khural of Tuva, formally becoming the first woman in the world to be elected head of state.

“I want to achieve the accession of the Arat people to the peoples of the great Soviet Union. Until I achieve this, I will consider that my dream has not come true, ”comrade Toka wrote. Things were clearly moving towards the unification of the two states, but on June 22, 1941, the Great Patriotic War began. On the same day, the Tuva People's Republic declared war on Germany, becoming the first official ally of the USSR. There is a legend that Hitler did not respond to this challenge because he could not find a new enemy on the world map.

One of the planes built with money from Tuvans

In the very first days of the war, Tuva handed over to the USSR its entire gold reserves in the amount of more than 30 million rubles. Its industry embarked on a military footing: the sawmill mastered the production of skis, and the tannery increased the production of sheepskin coats. Both were sent to the USSR to the front. Convoys flowed across the border with agricultural products intended for the Soviet army, medicines, including traditional oriental medicine. The funds raised by the residents of Tuva were used to buy 10 aircraft, which formed a separate squadron. By agreement between the two countries, over 3,500 people with dual citizenship of Tuva and the USSR were called to the front. 220 Tuvan volunteers also fought against the Nazis: 11 tankmen, 3 pilots and 206 cavalrymen. For an outstanding contribution to the defense of the neighboring state, the Small Khural awarded the rank of lieutenant general to comrade Toka. The decree was signed by his wife.

On August 17, 1944, the Small Khural of the Tuva People's Republic adopted a declaration on the entry of the TNR into the USSR. A referendum on this issue was not held. On October 11 of the same year, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR granted the request of the Small Khural and the dream of Comrade Tok: Tuva was included in the Soviet Union as an autonomous region. Salchak Toka, having lost the post of head of a sovereign state and remained the leader of just one of the regions of the RSFSR, hit literature: in 1950 he was awarded the Stalin Prize of the III degree for the story "The Word of the Arata". Salchak Kalbakhorekovich was generally favored by the Soviet authorities. Hero of socialist labor, holder of seven Orders of Lenin, honorary worker of state security S. K. Toka, or, as his fellow tribesmen called him "Tuva Stalin", led the republic (in 1961, the status of Tuva was raised to the ASSR) until 1973, becoming a patriarch among the Soviet leadership .

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Tuva Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic(Tuva ASSR) - an autonomous republic within the RSFSR that existed from October 9 to a year.

The administrative center is the city of Kyzyl.

Story

The Tuva ASSR was formed on October 9, 1961 from Tuva Autonomous District, transformed into the ASSR by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR. On October 10, the transformation was approved by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, on December 8 - by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

On April 21, 1992, the new name was approved by the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation.

Administrative division

At the time of formation, the Tuva ASSR consisted of 11 districts:

• Bai-Taiginsky,
• Barun-Khemchiksky,
• Dzun-Khemchiksky,
• Kaa-Khemsky,
• Ovyursky,
• Pius-Khemsky,
• Tandinsky,
• Tes-Khemsky,
• Todzhinsky,
• Ulug-Khemsky,
• Erzinsky.

see also

Notes

Links

Coat of arms of the USSR

This article about the Soviet Union is a stub. You can help the project by adding to it.

View this template Autonomous republics (ASSR) Bashkir (1919-1990¹) Buryat (1958-1990¹) Buryat-Mongolian (1923-1958) Gorskaya (1921-1924) Dagestan (1921-1990¹) Kabardian (1944-1957) Kabardino-Balkarian (1936-1944; 1957-1990¹) Kazakh (1925-1936) Kalmyk (1935-1943; 1958-1990¹) Karakalpak (1932-1936) Karelian (1923-1940; 1956-1990¹) Kyrgyz (1920-1925) / Kyrgyz (1926-1936) Komi (1936-1990¹) Crimean (1921-1945) Mariyskaya (1936-1990¹) Mordovian (1934-1990¹) Volga Germans (1924-1941) North Ossetian (1936-1990¹) Tatar (1920-1990¹) Tuva(1961-1990¹) Turkestan (1918-1924) Udmurt (1934-1990¹) Chechen-Ingush (1936-1946; 1957-1990¹) Chuvash (1925-1990¹) Yakutskaya (1922-1990¹) Autonomous regions Adyghe (Circassian) (1922-1928) Adyghe (1928-1991) Buryat-Mongolian (1921-1923) Votskaya (1920-1932) Gorno-Altaiskaya (1948-1991) Jewish (since 1934) Ingush (1924-1934) Kabardian (1921-1922) Kabardino-Balkarian (1922-1936) Kalmyk (1920-1935; 1957-1958) Karachay-Cherkess (1922-1926; 1957-1991) Karachaevskaya (1926-1943) Komi (Zyryan) (1921-1936) Mariyskaya (1920-1936) Mongolian-Buryatskaya (1921-1923) Mordovian (1930-1934) Volga Germans (1918-1924) Oirat (1922-1932) / Oirot (1932-1948) North Ossetian (1924-1936) Tuva (1944-1961) Udmurt (1932-1934) Khakassian (1930-1991) Circassian (Adyghe) (1922) Circassian (1928-1957) Chechen (1922-1934) Chechen-Ingush (1934-1936) Chuvash (1920-1925) Autonomous and national districts (AO, NO) Ingush (1930-2007) (1920-1921) (1930-2007) Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (since 1930) ¹ Date of adoption of the declaration of sovereignty

But the days fled with each other for distillation and all the “bad terrible” began to be forgotten little by little. Time healed large and small scars in my childish heart and, as they always say correctly, it turned out to be truly the best and most reliable healer. I gradually began to revive and gradually more and more returned to my usual “abnormal” state, which, as it turned out, I really, really lacked all this time ... It’s not for nothing that they say that even the heaviest burden is not so hard for us only just because it's ours. So it turns out that I really missed my “abnormalities”, which, unfortunately, quite often made me suffer...

That same winter, another unusual “novelty” appeared in me, which could probably be called self-anaesthesia. To my great regret, it disappeared as quickly as it appeared. Just like so many of my "strange" manifestations that suddenly opened very brightly and immediately disappeared, leaving only good or bad memories in my huge personal "brain archive". But even in the short time that this “novelty” remained “active”, two very interesting events took place, which I would like to tell about here ...
Winter has already come, and many of my classmates have begun to go to the skating rink more and more often. I was not a very big fan of figure skating (or rather, I preferred to watch), but our rink was so beautiful that I liked to just go there. It took place every winter in the stadium, which was built right in the forest (like most of our town) and surrounded by a high brick wall, which from afar made it look like a miniature city.
Since October, a huge New Year tree has been dressed up there, and the entire wall around the stadium was decorated with hundreds of multi-colored light bulbs, the reflections of which were woven on the ice into a very beautiful sparkling carpet. In the evenings, pleasant music played there, and all this together created a cozy festive atmosphere around, which one did not want to leave. All the kids from our street went skating, and, of course, I went to the skating rink with them. On one of these pleasant quiet evenings, something happened that was not quite an ordinary incident, which I would like to tell about.
We usually rode in a chain of three or four people, as it was not entirely safe to ride alone in the evening. The reason was that in the evenings there were a lot of "catching" boys, whom no one liked, and who usually spoiled the fun for everyone around. They grappled with several people and, riding very fast, tried to catch the girls, who, naturally, unable to resist the oncoming blow, usually fell onto the ice. This was accompanied by laughter and whooping, which the majority found stupid, but, unfortunately, for some reason, none of the same "majority" was stopped.
I was always surprised that among so many, almost grown-up guys, there was not a single one who would have been offended by this situation or even outraged, causing at least some opposition. Or maybe it did, but only the fear was stronger? .. After all, it’s not for nothing that there is a stupid saying that: impudence is the second happiness ... These “catchers” took everyone else with simple undisguised arrogance. This was repeated every night and there was no one who even tried to stop the impudent people.
It was in such a stupid "trap" that evening that I fell into. Not skating well enough, I tried to stay as far away from the crazy "catchers" as possible, but this did not help much, as they raced around the court like mad, not sparing anyone around. Therefore, whether I wanted it or not, our clash was almost inevitable...
The push was strong, and we all fell in a moving pile onto the ice. I didn’t hurt myself, but suddenly I felt something hot flowing down my ankle and my leg went numb. I somehow slipped out of the ball of bodies floundering on the ice and saw that my leg was somehow terribly cut. Apparently, I very much collided with one of the falling guys, and someone's skate hurt me so badly.
It looked, I must say, very unpleasant ... My skates had short boots (it was still impossible to get high boots at that time), and I saw that my entire leg at the ankle had been cut almost to the bone ... Others also saw, and then panic began. The nervous girls almost fainted, because the view, frankly, was creepy. To my surprise, I was not frightened and did not cry, although in the first seconds the state was almost like a shock. Holding the incision with all my might, I tried to concentrate and think about something pleasant, which turned out to be quite difficult because of the cutting pain in my leg. Blood seeped through the fingers and fell in large drops on the ice, gradually gathering on it into a small puddle ...

The Republic of Tuva (capital - the city of Kyzyl) is a subject of the Russian Federation. It is part of the Siberian Federal District. This region has a significant tourism potential, which, unfortunately, is still little used. This article is intended to shed light on the sights of Tuva unfamiliar to the general public. They are mostly natural. The whole region is located in the picturesque region of the Western Sayan. So in the Republic of Tuva there are snow-capped peaks with eternal glaciers, and tundra, and taiga, as well as steppes and even semi-deserts. In terms of tourism, the region is also interesting because, due to geographical isolation, the national color and ancient traditions of nomads have been preserved intact here. And the local beliefs of the Tuvans - an interesting mix of Buddhism and pagan shamanism - put religious scholars into a stupor. People come here in search of Asian spirituality, admire the beauty of the mountains and improve their health in local healing springs.

Tuva or Tyva?

Where is

Where is the Republic of Tuva located? The capital of the region, the city of Kyzyl, is located just 20 kilometers west of the geographical center of Asia. In the south, Tuva borders on Mongolia, and on the other three sides - on such subjects of the Russian Federation as Buryatia, Khakassia, Altai, Krasnoyarsk Territory and Irkutsk Region. The territory of the Republic is thus located in Eastern Siberia, in the very south of our country. Eighty percent of its land is occupied by peaks ranging from two to three kilometers above sea level. The lands rise in the west. The highest points of the Republic are concentrated here: Mongun-Taiga (3976 m), Ak-Oyuk and Mongulek. In the Sayans, in the upper reaches of the Great Yenisei, there is a plateau of Derby-Taiga basalt, where there are sixteen volcanoes considered to be extinct.

How to get there

By train you will not get to the original region of Tuva. The Tuva Republic knows only air, bus and river communication. The nearest railway station is located 44 kilometers from Kyzyl - in the city of Abakan. The small airport of the capital of the Republic accepts only a few flights. Pilatus planes fly daily from Krasnoyarsk. In summer three times a week you can get to Kyzyl from Novosibirsk. Bus service has been established to Irkutsk and Tomsk. From the end of April until freezing up, a motor ship runs along the Great Yenisei from Kyzyl to the village of Toora-Khem. Helicopters deliver tourists to hard-to-reach places.

Climate

The Republic of Tuva is surrounded by mountains on all sides. Its capital is in the basin. This geographical position causes a sharply continental climate. There is a frosty (in the basin with little snow) winter and a very hot but rainy summer. The temperature in January is usually - 30 ° C (there are frosts and up to 40 degrees). In July, the thermometer shows +25 ... +35 ° C. In the basin, the summer is dry - only 200 mm of precipitation per year, while on the slopes of the mountains they fall up to a thousand millimeters. The most favorable time for visiting the republic for the purpose of tourism is May and September. Then comfortable temperatures prevail here, the risk of falling under a downpour is reduced.

The capital of the Republic of Tuva - Kyzyl

The view of the city, standing at the confluence of two rivers, Biy-Khem and Kaa-Khem (Big and Small Yeniseev), is simply amazing. Mountains rise in the background, and this primeval beauty transforms the prefabricated Soviet buildings of the Khrushchev period. You will not find any antiquities in Kyzyl - after all, the city is barely a hundred years old. But an attentive tourist can still find local flavor in this Soviet depersonalization. It has become especially pronounced in recent years. These are raised "Chinese" corners of the roofs, a stadium in the form of a giant yurt. Kyzyl is able to surprise a visiting tourist and even plunge him into a culture shock. So, on Mount Lenin, the mantra “Om-mane-padme-hum” is laid out of stones, calling the Dalai Lama to the city. And if you visit the museum, you will learn the Tuvan version of the origin of the Homo sapiens species. There, under the effigy of the clubfoot owner of the forest, there is such an inscription: "The bear is the ancestor of people."

Where to stay and what to see

There are only four hotels in Kyzyl. The largest is the Buyan-Badyrgy hotel complex. Lovers of small family-type hotels are waiting for a cozy "Cottage". You should start getting acquainted with the city from Arat Square. It houses the Drama Theater and the Government House. The Republic of Tuva, whose capital strikes with exoticism, clearly prefers muses rather than officialdom. The Temple of Arts looks much more imposing than the Government House. But the main attraction of the square is the prayer wheel. It contains over a million mantras. One turn of the drum cleanses the soul better than Great Lent - so the locals assure. It is also worth visiting the local temples. In the most visited Buddhist shrine - Tsechenling datsan - they study the philosophy of Enlightenment, practice meditation and yoga, and pray. Shamanism in Tuva is also in honor. There are several centers where you can undergo a purification ceremony or find out the future.

Developments

Most tourists come to Kyzyl in transit - on the way to healing springs and mud lakes. But there are dates on the calendar when you should definitely visit the Republic of Tuva. First, it's New Year's. It is celebrated here according to the lunar calendar (end of January or beginning of February). There are games, horse races, sports competitions "khuresh" everywhere. In these battles, men fight one on one. In August, when the shepherds descend from the mountains, the traditional Naadym holiday takes place. Day of the Republic of Tuva is celebrated on the second Sunday of September. Literally all holidays are accompanied by horse races, wrestling of bogatyrs “khuresh” and archery. During the performance of local bands, you can hear throat singing. This is another attraction in the culture of the Tuvan people.

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education e Tuvan People's Republic

1. People's Revolution of 1921

In 1921, the people's revolution won in Tuva. On August 13-16, in the area of ​​Sug-Bazhi, Tandinsky district, the All-Tuva Constituent Khural of nine khoshuns took place, which proclaimed the formation of the Tuva People's Republic and adopted the first Constitution.

The Soviet delegation insisted on fixing in a special resolution the provision that in international relations the republic acts under the auspices of the RSFSR. In essence, the decisions of the Constituent Khural reflected the balance of power within the country, that is, the majority of people's representatives spoke in favor of sovereignty in internal affairs and at the same time understood the need for foreign policy support from Soviet Russia.

The Soviet government, following the principles proclaimed in its first Decrees, appealed to the Tuvan people in 1921, renounced the illegal actions of the tsarist government and the Russian protectorate over Tuva, and announced that it did not at all consider Tannu-Tuva as its territory and any views on does not have it, thereby de-facto recognized the independence of the TPR.

In the 1920s there was no consensus among Tuvan politicians about the priority areas and methods for achieving foreign policy objectives. Of course, the national interests of the Tuvan people were understood differently by various political groups: the Mongolian leadership continued to consider Tuva as part of China, as during the existence of the Qing Empire; the Soviet representatives were for the actual preservation of the protectorate of Russia; part of the ruling feudal elite of Tuva saw the future of the Tuvan people as part of the Mongolian state; the majority of the population supported the preservation of the sovereignty of the TNR. The position of the young state was complicated by the lack of experience, developed mechanisms for the implementation and protection of national interests in the international arena. The pioneers on this path were Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy - actually the first chairman of the government and Minister of Foreign Affairs of the TPR, Kuular Donduk - chairman of the Presidium of the Small Khural of the TPR. They had to rely on their intuition and political intuition, basing their leadership activities on the principles of the greatest consideration for the interests of their people, which did not exclude mistakes in the process of searching for alternatives for the development of the Tuvan state.

The USSR, despite its actual recognition of the Tuvan state, was in a hurry to consolidate interstate relations, which can be explained by the uncertainty of the prospects for Soviet-Chinese relations and the lack of information from the Soviet side about China's position on the Tuvan issue. The situation was complicated by the divergence of positions of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs of the USSR and the Comintern on the Tuvan issue, but the common thing in their positions was that they considered the Tuvan issue more broadly than just the Mongolian problem.

Meanwhile, by the mid-1920s. the situation has changed, and a radical change in the position of the Soviet leadership on this issue was required. In June 1925, Soviet Russia, in connection with the strengthening of pan-Mongolian sentiments in the TNR, agreed to conclude an agreement on the establishment of friendly relations with the TNR, signed on July 22, 1925 and securing the sovereignty of the TNR and Soviet-Tuvan relations de jure. On the contrary, the process of establishing diplomatic relations between the TPR and its southern neighbor was complex and controversial. Until the mid 1920s. the government of the MPR refused to recognize the sovereignty of the Tuvan people, and justified its position by the fact that it considers the Uryankhai region a part of Mongolia, and therefore China. It was precisely the contradictory approach that did not allow Mongolia to objectively treat the repeated actions under the pan-Mongolian slogans that took place in the 1920s-1930s. in Tuva.

It should be emphasized that only with the active assistance of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the USSR did the Tuvan government manage to preserve the sovereignty of the state. During the international tripartite conference, held in Kyzyl in July 1924, at the insistence of the Soviet side, a joint Soviet-Mongolian declaration was adopted on non-interference in the internal affairs of the Tuvan state. The Soviet side, being more authoritative, played a decisive role in the normalization of relations between Tuva and Mongolia. So, under pressure from the Soviet leadership in the second half of the 1920s, in addition to the USSR, Mongolia also recognized the Tuvan state, thereby strengthening the foreign policy position of the TNR.

After the conclusion of the treaty in 1925, the TNR got the opportunity to act as an equal party, which allowed it to achieve certain successes on the path to realizing its national interests. The Minister of Foreign Affairs of the TPR in the mid-1920s, characterizing the main directions of Tuva's foreign policy relations over the past period, singled out the state-political, economic, cultural and scientific directions. Among the states with which the TPR cooperated on an equal footing, the minister noted the USSR, the MPR, and China.

From the first days of the establishment of Soviet-Tuvian diplomatic relations, the question of state borders arose. The process of determining the state borders between the USSR and the TPR, the TPR and the MPR was difficult and lengthy. It was due to a complex of factors - political, economic, ethnographic, geographical. It should be noted that the position of the USSR on this issue determined its attitude towards the Tuva issue as such. On the issue of the Tuva-Soviet border in 1924, the chairman of the government of the TPR, Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy, and the extraordinary plenipotentiary representative of the USSR in the TPR, Y. Kh. You own what you own"), which boils down to the continuity of boundaries. The THR government, which took a more active position on this issue, in the course of implementing the provisions of these agreements and the 1925 agreement, faced opposition from the USSR government, which avoided an open discussion of the issue of borders. So, in this period, the issue of state borders between the TNR and the USSR was not resolved.

And yet, in the late 1920s. Tuvan-Soviet ties were expanded in other areas of interaction. Moreover, the USSR focused its efforts on expanding its military presence in the TPR and the formed complex of Tuva-Soviet relations was supplemented by military-political cooperation.

The Soviet leadership, in parallel with this, through its representatives, begins to pursue an active personnel policy in Tuva, which led to a change in leadership. At the VIII Congress of the TNRP, young party workers, Revolutionary Youth cadres, who studied mainly in educational institutions of the USSR and the MPR, were elected to leading positions in party organizations, headed by I.Ch. Shagdyrzhap, S.K. Toka and others. The congress instructed the Central Committee of the TNRP to direct its efforts towards strengthening ties with the USSR. As a result, new accents are being established in the field of domestic and foreign policy of the TNR.

2. Trade and communications of the USSR and the TPR

Foreign economic and cultural ties between the USSR and the TNR had deep historical roots, and they became especially active in the 1920s, which was associated with the proclamation of the sovereignty of the TNR.

Since 1921, trade relations were established between the TPR and Soviet Russia, which went through several stages in their development. At the beginning, the parties were looking for ways and forms of cooperation, created special bodies for their implementation. The Russian self-governing labor colony (RSTC) in the TPR has become an important channel for economic interaction between states. It was precisely trade and economic ties, which outstripped political ones in their development, to some extent contributed to the conclusion of the Soviet-Tuvan treaty of 1925 and, at the same time, the formation of conditions for closer trade, economic, ideological and political rapprochement of both states. Soviet trade organizations, with the support of the government, achieved tangible results in the Tuvan market. These years were the period of formation of the foundations not only of the foreign economic doctrine, but of the entire economy of the young Tuvan state. Following the example of the USSR, non-tariff instruments, which made it possible to use protective measures of national interests, became effective means of the protectionist policy of the government of the TNR. In the sphere of foreign trade relations, these protectionist measures are beginning to manifest themselves in an effort to gradually oust foreign, private commercial capital. In 1926, the TPR Constitution introduced a monopoly on foreign trade as a tool for the economic consolidation of the existing system in the Tuva Republic. In the late 1920s as a result of the implementation of such a policy, foreign firms (except Soviet ones) were forced to curtail their activities.

3. Culture

In the history of the culture of the Tuvan people, various components of the Turkic and Mongolian ethno-cultural elements are surprisingly intertwined. The Tuvan people, being Turkic in language, were closer to the same peoples who lived on the territory of the Soviet state. At the same time, professing Buddhism of the lamaist persuasion, as well as living next to the Mongols, as part of various state formations that have ever existed in the Center of Asia, according to the customs, customs and role of occupation, he gravitated towards Mongolia. Since the creation of their own state by the Tuvan people, the issues of cultural cooperation have naturally become one of the areas of work of state bodies. Although, compared with the pressing economic and political tasks, they occupied a secondary place.

For its part, the USSR considered cultural ties with the Tuvan people as a means of influencing the state of internal affairs in this region. The Tuvan leadership, for its part, based on the consideration of political and economic interests, identified a more fruitful and promising direction of cultural cooperation with the USSR. This followed from the general favorable and benevolent environment created by the Soviet leadership, which relied on its foreign policy and ideological guidelines. In this sense, the fact that the Soviet side was the first to put forward projects for cooperation in the field of culture is symptomatic. From the mid 1920s. Soviet-Tuvian cultural ties are gradually becoming an object of one of the areas of cooperation between the two states.

Thus, in the 1920s. with the active assistance of the Soviet Union, not only the state-legal registration of the TPR took place, but also foreign policy, foreign economic and cultural ties were established. Soviet-Tuvian cooperation was mainly aimed at solving practical problems, such as training personnel to raise the country's economy, as well as the formation of a new generation of executives. During the first decade of the existence of the Tuvan state, an evolution took place in the foreign policy of its government. If in the first years after the proclamation of the TPR, its leaders sought to pursue a relatively independent foreign policy by establishing ties with the neighboring Soviet Union, then in the late 1920s. the coming to power of the left in the TNR outlined not only a change in the domestic political course, but also in the foreign policy orientation of the state in subsequent years.

In the 1930s the Soviet government continued to pursue a policy of expanding its influence on the Tuvan state and supported the domestic and foreign policy of the left. It should be noted that the new appointments in the diplomatic corps on both sides were also not accidental; the representatives included in it were supporters of the intensification of the Soviet-Tuvan rapprochement. Such cardinal changes in the political and socio-economic areas have become prerequisites for revising the principles of the relationship between the RSTC in Tuva and the state authorities of its place of residence. A counter movement begins, when the Soviet government gradually narrows the powers of its bodies in the Tuvan Republic, withdrawing from their jurisdiction the enterprises and institutions subordinate to them, and transferring them to the jurisdiction of the bodies of the Tuvan state.

For its part, the government of the left in the TNR also officially approves the Soviet direction as a priority in the field of international relations. During this period, in the course of realizing their goals, they begin repressions against their political opponents and purge the party and the entire state apparatus. Largely thanks to the support of the Soviet leadership and its representatives, the left was able to strengthen its position in foreign and domestic policy.

At the same time, in Tuva, as an expression of the attitude of the population to the domestic political and economic activities of the left, on the one hand, and as the influence of political processes in neighboring states, on the other, anti-government demonstrations began to appear in certain parts of the republic. The Soviet leadership, in order to maintain its influence in the region, contributed to the elimination of these performances. The government of the TNR, in order to eliminate the occurrence of such spontaneous forms of protest in the future, as well as in connection with the complication of the international situation, directed its attention to armament and defense. Soviet military specialists helped in the training of specialists for the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Army (TNRA). So it should be noted that 25% of the commanders of the TNRA were educated in Soviet secondary and higher educational institutions.

During this period, the Comintern remained another influential consultant to the Tuvan leadership on issues of domestic and foreign policy development. In 1935, the 7th World Congress of the Comintern adopted the TNRP as a sympathetic organization. In the development of the draft Program, the Statute of the TNRP and the Constitution of the 1941 TPR, in the preparation and editing of these documents, practical assistance was provided by employees of the executive committee of the Comintern and the Central Committee of the CPSU (b).

In the 1930s but at the insistence of the Soviet party organs, the leadership of the TNRP had to establish relations with the MPRP, which should have contributed to the normalization of Tuvan-Mongolian relations. However, it was not possible to eliminate the friction between the two states. One of the complex aspects of interstate relations was the issue of state borders. The Mongolian leadership tried to use the issue of borders to sharpen the focus on the very fact of the existence of the TNR. In 1930, at an intergovernmental meeting in Ulaanbaatar, it was decided to create a parity commission consisting of equal representatives of the governments of both states to determine the boundaries between Tuva and Mongolia. The Tuva side defended its position, and the economic principle was declared a priority in drawing the border. As a result, through the efforts of the government of the TNR, a series of agreements was concluded between the TNR and the MPR. However, the issue of borders was not resolved.

During this period, cardinal changes took place in the structure, nature and methods of implementing the foreign economic strategy of the TNR, on the one hand, as an objective result of qualitative changes in the economy of the republic, on the other, as a result of the evolution of the government's domestic policy. Tuvan state organizations have strengthened their positions in the market, and priority areas in foreign economic relations have been identified.

Conclusion

government protection mongolian tuvan

In general, in the 1930s foreign economic and cultural relations were further developed, they became more focused and regular, Soviet research expeditions were undertaken in the TNR, the results of which made it possible to outline the directions for the development of the Tuvan state. In the same years, as a natural consequence of foreign policy changes and the domestic political situation in Tuva, Soviet-Tuvian cultural ties began to intensify. The Tuvan leadership outlined the general direction of cooperation with the Soviet regions adjacent to Tuva, which traditionally played a significant role in the activation of Soviet-Tuvan relations. Soviet scientific expeditions, while expanding the information content of cooperation development projects, were ultimately aimed at realizing Soviet economic interests. Undoubtedly, the ever-increasing influence of the USSR in the field of cultural relations, the data of scientific expeditions in the subsequent period, along with other facts, contributed to the adoption by the Soviet leadership of a decision on the Tuvan issue in the subsequent period.

The emerging loyalty of the Mongolian leadership to the Tuvan state was a reflection of the strengthening of the position of the USSR in the region and in the world as a whole. The new leadership of the TPR, desiring to maintain its independence in internal and external affairs, continued its policy of distancing itself from the MPRP and the MPR. In all matters relating to disputes with Mongolia, sought to consult with the Soviet leadership or Soviet representatives.

With the beginning of the Second World War, the aggravated international relations and the situation in the region finally determined the involvement of the Tuvan Republic in the economic and military-political unification with the USSR. The 10th Great Khural, which opened in June 1941, adopted a Declaration on entry into the war on the side of the USSR on this issue. In the TPR, the restructuring of the national economy on a military basis and the organization of all-round assistance to the USSR began. A number of new military formations were created, the service life was extended, as a result of which, by the end of 1941, the number of TNRA increased by 2.5 times. Since 1943 Tuva volunteers participated in the battles on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War and were awarded orders and medals of the USSR and the TPR for military merits.

An analysis of the foreign economic cooperation between the USSR and the TPR shows that during the war, there was an ever-increasing integration of the national economy of Tuva into Soviet structures. At the same time, it should be noted that the desire to integrate the Tuvan economy and the Soviet one was reflected in a number of steps taken by the Soviet government, when it donated to the Tuvan state all Soviet industrial enterprises located on the territory of the Tuvan state, schools, clubs with all equipment and property. During the war years, Soviet-Tuvian ties gained even more weight, thereby creating real economic and political prerequisites for Tuva's entry into the Soviet Union.

One of the areas of interaction between the Soviet and Tuvan governments was the question of the relationship between the TPR and the MPR. So, in the 1940s. in contrast to the Soviet-Tuvian relations, there is a complication of Tuvan-Mongolian relations as a result of the demonstrative distancing of the TPR from the MPR. One of the aspects of the Tuva-Mongolian disagreements, as in the previous period, was the issue of borders. If before 1941 they were trying to resolve them through diplomatic channels on a bilateral basis, then from the beginning of the Second World War the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the USSR insisted on stopping any discussion of border issues. However, the parties ignored this recommendation and continued to dispute over the issue of borders. The Tuvan leadership, seeking to somehow smooth out differences with the Mongolian leadership, made attempts to direct the dialogue towards the development of party cooperation. But the desired result was not achieved, since the Mongolian leadership made all issues of cooperation dependent on border problems. So, the issue was postponed for the next period, but they never returned to it.

Thus, the reasons for the entry of Tuva into the USSR are of a complex nature and are associated not only with the situation in Tuva-Soviet, Mongolian-Tuvan relations, but also with the general international situation. The strengthening of the position of the USSR in the international arena in the last stages of the war allowed the Soviet leadership to pursue a decisive policy towards the Tuvan state. Based on these positions, the entry of the TNR into the USSR was a natural result of the strengthening of the influence of the USSR in the East and in the world as a whole.

In the spring of 1944, a message came from the government of the USSR to the Tuvan party leadership that their application for accepting the TNR into the USSR would be considered if they formally formulated it. In mid-August, the Extraordinary VII session of the Small Khural of the working people of the Tuva People's Republic adopted a corresponding decision. The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, having considered the request of the Small Khural of the TPR, approved the project and in 1944 adopted a Decree on the admission of the Tuva People's Republic to the USSR. In turn, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR adopted in accordance with this Decree "On the admission of the TPR into the RSFSR as an autonomous region with direct subordination to the republican bodies."

These decrees on the admission of Tuva to the Soviet Union as an autonomous region; were published only in the local press. This level of secrecy was dictated by the fact that at the end of the war there were complex negotiations between the allies on the future of Mongolia (at the Yalta Conference in February 1945, the United States and Great Britain agreed with the USSR’s demand for Mongolia to be granted the status of an independent state, and until 1946 a sovereign The MPR was recognized only by the USSR and the immediate neighbor of Mongolia - the TPR, whose sovereignty was also recognized only by the USSR and the MPR).

Tuva, after joining the USSR, begins to develop, purposefully copying the Soviet experience in construction in all its forms. A number of functions that were previously performed by the state authorities of the TPR have departed from the regional authorities. This concerned the regulation of international relations, the organization of defense, foreign trade, the credit and monetary system. The embassy of the TNG in the USSR was transformed into the representation of the Tuva Autonomous Region under the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR. The organizational integration of Tuva into the Soviet structures lasted quite a long time, until the 1960s, when in October 1961 Tuva received the status of an autonomous republic.

Since August 28, 1991, the name of the Republic of Tuva / Tyva / has been enshrined in the constitution of the republic.

To date, the Republic of Tyva is one of the subjects of the Russian Federation, which, like its other subjects, seeks to establish and develop interregional, foreign economic and cultural ties - with neighboring Altai, Buryatia, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Khakassia, as well as China, Mongolia, Turkey . One can speak about the prospects for their further development only based on and taking into account the historical experience in one of the brightest and most difficult periods in the history of the Tuvan people - the period of the existence of the Tuvan People's Republic.

List literationss

1. Adrianov E.V. "The history of statehood among the Tuvans" edited by M.N. Zuev. - Moscow, Higher School, 1987.

2. GruLipovtsev, S.V. (1828) Code of the Chinese Chamber of External Relations. Per. from the Manchus. T. I. SPbmm-Grzhimailo, G.E. (1926)

3. Western Mongolia and Uryankhai region. vol. III. Issue. 1. Leningrad.

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