Denoting the name (common name) of a whole class of objects and phenomena that have a certain common set of features, and naming objects or phenomena according to their belonging to such a class. Common nouns are signs of linguistic concepts and are opposed to proper names. The transition of common nouns to proper names is accompanied by the loss of a linguistic concept by the name (for example, "Gum" from "gum" - "right"). Common nouns are concrete (table), abstract or abstract (love), real or material (sugar), and collective (students).
A noun designates a representation or concept on its own, regardless of any relationship to other representations with which it may be associated. A noun can denote both an object, a quality or a property, and an action. Its difference from the verb and adjective lies not in the real meaning, but in way expressions for this value. If we compare, for example, the adjective " white" and the verb " turns white» with a noun « white”, we will see that all three words denote a representation of quality; but adjective ( white) expresses it, while pointing to some object that has this quality, and the verb ( turns white), moreover, depicts this quality in its occurrence, while the noun ( white) has no such side values. There are many other nouns denoting actions, for example " burning, melting, movement, withdrawal, import, exit". The difference between their meaning and the meaning of the corresponding verbs is the same as in the above example. In Indo-European languages, the category of grammatical gender has also developed in the noun: each noun must necessarily be either masculine, or feminine, or neuter. Nouns in Indo-European languages are formed from roots with numerous suffixes. These suffixes usually express special shades of the meaning of nouns, which can be divided according to them into several categories:
- Names actors(nomina agentium), the most important suffix of which is * - ter: Skt. d â -tar-, Greek δω - τήρ, Latin da-tor, Church Slavonic yes-tel.
- Names guns(instrumenti) having the same suffixes with
- names places(loci);
- Nouns collective(collective)
- diminutives
- Names action(n. actionis), formed by very diverse suffixes, of which the forms forming the indefinite mood and supin deserve special attention - forms that have joined the system of verb forms.
There are also nouns in Indo-European languages that coincide in their basis with the root without any suffix. The category of a noun, like all grammatical categories, is not stable (cf. Syntax): we often observe both the transition of a noun to another category, and the transformation of other parts of speech into a noun (for the latter, see Substantiation; on the creation of the category of the indefinite inclinations - see Inclination). The boundary between noun and adjective is especially fluid. As adjectives could turn into nouns in various ways, and vice versa, nouns often turned into adjectives. The use of a noun as an application already brings it closer to an adjective. Since a noun can also denote a quality, the transition to an adjective is facilitated from this side as well. In some languages, nouns can also form degrees of comparison (see also Comparative). Originally, there was no formal distinction between nouns and adjectives: noun declension is no different from adjective declension in Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin. Thus, such phrases as the Latin exercitus victor "victorious army" (sob. "army-winner"), bos orator "draft ox" (sob. "ox-plowman"), etc. could easily arise. In the same way in Indo-European languages, compound adjectives were formed from nouns, for example, the Greek ροδοδάκτυλος "rosy-fingered" (prop. "pink finger") or Latin magnanimus "magnanimous" (prop. "great spirit"), German barfuss "barefoot" (prop. "bare foot" ), Church Slavonic chrnovlas “black-haired” (prop. “black hair”), etc. Psychologically, such a transformation of a noun into an adjective should be accompanied by the fact that the real meaning of the noun is thought of as something inherent in another object - and this process in the formation of words is generally very common . Especially often it can be observed in the formation of nicknames, when a person is called, for example, “wolf”, “biryuk” and even “bright buttons” (as Akim calls the officer in “The Power of Darkness”).
Common nouns and proper nouns.
The purpose of the lesson:
to form knowledge and skills to distinguish proper nouns from common nouns,
learn how to write proper names correctly (with a capital letter and using quotation marks).
Lesson type:
Educational and educational.
Common nouns are used to name classes of homogeneous objects, states and actions, persons, plants, birds and animals, natural phenomena, social life. Most of them have singular and plural (mountain - mountains, chamomile - daisies, rain - rains, victory - victories, demonstration - demonstrations, etc.). Common nouns are written with a small letter.
Exercise: Review the story. Name the pictures you saw (example: mountains, seas, etc.). Do they fit under the group of common nouns?
Proper nouns are used to name separate (individual) objects that may be one of a kind.
Proper nouns are always capitalized and in most cases are singular. They can consist either of one word (Bug, Alexander, Boeing, Sahara) or of several words (Ivan Vasilievich, Red Sea, Sophia Square).
Activity: Listen to Little Red Riding Hood's song. Write down all the proper and common nouns you remember.
capitalized, but NOT enclosed in quotation marks:
1. Surnames, first names and patronymics (Ivanov Sergey Nikonorovich), pseudonyms (Maxim Gorky, Lesya Ukrainka), names of characters in fairy tales (Ivanushka, Alyonushka, Pinocchio, Malvina), stories (Ovsov / Chekhov "Horse Family" /), fables ( “The naughty Monkey, Donkey, Goat and clubfoot Mishka decided to play a quartet.” (I. Krylov.).
2) Nicknames of animals (Dzhulka the dog, Jim the cat, Gosh the parrot, Parsley the hamster).
3) Geographical names (Ukraine, the Southern Arctic Ocean, Lake Baikal, the Tibet Mountains, the Black Sea).
4) Names of celestial bodies (Moon, Sun, Jupiter, Orion, Cassiopeia).
5) Names of streets, squares (Pirogovskaya street, Leningradskaya square, Gamarnika lane).
8) Names with the word name (name), even in the case when it is implied, but not written (Park named after T. G. Shevchenko, Gorky Park, School named after V. Chkalov).
9) Names of organizations and higher state institutions (Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Supreme Court of Ukraine).
10) Names of orders, monuments (Order of Bohdan Khmelnitsky, Order of the Great Patriotic War, Order of Glory; monument to M.Yu. Lermontov, monument to the Unknown Sailor).
11) Names of holidays, memorable dates (days), historical events (Victory Day, New Year, Medical Worker's Day, Teacher's Day, Mother's Day)
capitalized and enclosed in quotation marks:
1) Names of newspapers and magazines, television programs (galette "Komsomolskaya Pravda", "Arguments and Facts", the magazine "The Only One", "Fisherman of Ukraine", the program "Field of Miracles", "What? Where? When").
2) Names of literary and musical works, paintings, movie titles (the novel "Crime and Punishment", "The Master and Margarita", the poem "The Prisoner", "Candle", the painting "Black Square", "Bathing the Red Horse", the film " Guest from the Future”, “Petersburg Secrets”), etc.
3) Names of plants, factories, ships, aircraft, cinemas, hotels, and so on (provided that the word “name” is not and is not implied (Krayan plant, Roshen factory, Taras Shevchenko motor ship, Khadzhibey) , Boeing, Tu-124, Zvezdny cinema, Moscow, Krasnaya, Londonskaya hotels).
4) Names of various goods (Lada car, Chanel perfume, Samsung refrigerator, Thomson TV, etc.).
An exercise. Read an excerpt from Korney Chukovsky's poem "Aibolit". Underline proper nouns with a single line, common nouns with a double line.
Suddenly from somewhere a jackal
Rode on a mare:
"Here's a telegram for you
From Hippo!"
"Come, doctor,
Go to Africa soon
And save me doctor
Our babies!"
"What is it? Really
Are your kids sick?"
"Yes, yes, yes! They have a sore throat,
scarlet fever, cholera,
diphtheria, appendicitis,
Malaria and bronchitis!
Come soon
Good Doctor Aibolit!"
"Okay, okay, I'll run,
I will help your children.
But where do you live?
On a mountain or in a swamp?
"We live in Zanzibar,
In the Kalahari and the Sahara
On Mount Fernando Po,
Where hippo walks
Along the wide Limpopo".
An exercise. Highlight proper nouns.
The most famous sailors, travelers, heroes of adventure novels gathered at the meeting of the Club of Famous Captains. The youngest among them was Dick Send, the hero of Jules Verne's novel Captain Fifteen. Everyone considered Tartarin of Tarascon, the hero of the novel by Alphonse Daudet, to be the most cheerful, and Baron Munchausen from Raspe's book was, of course, the most "truthful". All members of the club reckoned with the opinion of the wisest of them, Captain Nemo, one of the heroes of Jules Verne's book "The Mysterious Island".
An exercise. Listen to the song from the movie "Three Musketeers". Answer the question: Burgundy, Normandy, Champagne, Provence, Gascony - proper or common nouns?
In Russian, there are many examples of the transition of a proper name into a common noun.
Here are some examples:
1. Cake Napoleon got its name from the Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, who loved this type of confectionery.
2. Saxophone - this is how the Belgian master Saks called the wind instrument.
3. The inventors Colt, Nagant, Mauser gave names to the created weapons.
4. According to the place from which they were imported, they got their names orange (Dutch word appelsien), peach (Persia), coffee (cafa country in Africa), trousers (Bruges - a city in Holland).
5. Narcissus - a flower named after the mythological young man Narcissus, who angered the Gods by the fact that, because of falling in love with himself, he only looked at his reflection in the water and did not notice anything or anyone else. The gods turned him into a flower.
Questions to reinforce a new topic:
1. What nouns have singular and plural?
2. How to write correctly: Pushkin cinema, Pushkin cinema?
3. Guess the riddles:
"Flying" city - ______________________________.
"Inanimate" sea - ________________________________.
"Colored" seas - ________________________________.
"Silent" ocean - ____________________________.
Flowers with female names - _____________________.
Homework:
Independently come up with 5-7 riddles, the answer of which will contain a common noun (on the example of those guessed in the classroom) on topics - interesting facts of the Earth, Greek mythology, Russian folk tales.
Many nouns denoting persons, objects and phenomena are usually classified in accordance with the object of naming - this is how the division into a common noun and a proper name appeared.
Common nouns VS onyms
Common nouns (otherwise - appellatives) name objects that have a certain common set of features and belong to a particular class of objects or phenomena. For example: boy, peach, sturgeon, meeting, mourning, pluralism, uprising.
Proper names, or onyms, call single objects or individuals, for example: writer Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin, city Essentuki, painting " girl with peaches", TV center " Ostankino».
Proper names and common nouns, examples of which we have given above, are traditionally opposed to each other, as they have different meanings and do not coincide in the sphere of their functioning.
Typology of common names
The common noun in Russian forms special lexical and grammatical categories, the words in which are grouped depending on the type of the naming object:
1. Specific names (they are also called "concrete-objective") serve as the names of persons, living beings, objects. These words change in numbers and are combined with cardinal numbers: teacher - teachers - the first teacher; chick - chicks; cube - cubes.
2. Abstract, or abstract, nouns name the state, sign, action, result: success, hope, creativity, merit.
3. Real, or material, nouns (they are also called "concrete-material") - words specific in semantics that name certain substances. These words most often do not have a correlative plural form. There are the following groups of real nouns: nominations of food products ( butter, sugar, tea), drug names ( iodine, streptocide), names of chemicals ( fluorine, beryllium), minerals and metals ( potassium, magnesium, iron), other substances ( rubble, snow). Such common nouns, examples of which are given above, can be used in the plural form. This is appropriate when it comes to types and varieties of a substance: wines, cheeses; about the space that is filled with this substance: sands of the Sahara, neutral waters.
4. Collective nouns name a certain set of homogeneous objects, the unity of persons or other living beings: foliage, students, nobility.
"Shifts" in the meaning of common names
Sometimes a common noun includes in its meaning an indication not only of a certain class of objects, but also of some very specific object within its class. This happens if:
- The individual characteristics of the object are ignored as such: for example, there is a folk sign “ Kill a spider - forty sins will be forgiven”, and in this context, it does not mean any particular spider, but absolutely any.
- In the described situation, one specific object of this class is meant: for example, “ Come sit on the bench» - the interlocutors know exactly where the meeting point is.
- The individual features of an object can be described with explanatory definitions: for example: “ I can't forget the wonderful day we met”, - the speaker stands out a specific day among a series of other days.
The transition of nouns from onyms to appellatives
Separate proper names are sometimes used to generically designate a number of homogeneous objects, then they turn into common nouns. Examples: Dzhimorda, Don Juan; Napoleon cake; colt, mauser, revolver; ohm, amp.
Proper names that have become appellatives are called eponyms. In modern speech, they are usually used to jokingly or derogatoryly speak about someone: Aesculapius(doctor), pele(football player) Schumacher(racer, lover of fast driving).
An animate common noun can also become an eponym if any product or institution is called like that: sweets " Bear in the north", oil " Kuban Burenka", restaurant " Senator».
Nomenclature units and trademarks-eponyms
The class of eponyms also includes any proper name of an object or phenomenon, which begins to be used as a common noun for the entire class of similar objects. Examples of eponyms are words such as " diapers, tampax, xerox, in modern speech used as a common noun.
The transition of the own trademark naming into the category of eponyms eliminates the value and uniqueness in the perception of the manufacturer's brand. Yes, an American corporation Xerox, for the first time in 1947, which introduced the world to a device for copying documents, “etched out” the common noun from the English language xerox, replacing it with photocopier and photocopy. In Russian, the words " xerox, xerox, xerox and even " xerify" turned out to be more tenacious, since there is no more suitable word; " photocopy" and its derivatives are not very good options.
A similar situation with the product of the American multinational company Procter & Gamble - diapers Pampers. Any diapers from another company with similar moisture-absorbing qualities are called diapers.
Spelling of proper and common names
The common noun rule governing the spelling norm in Russian recommends writing with a lowercase letter: kid, grasshopper, dream, prosperity, secularization.
Onims also have their own spelling system, however, simple:
These nouns are usually capitalized: Tatyana Larina, Paris, Academician Koroleva street, dog Sharik.
When used with a generic word, the onym forms its own name, denoting the name of a trademark, event, institution, enterprise, etc.; such naming is capitalized and enclosed in quotation marks: VDNKh metro station, Chicago musical, Eugene Onegin novel, Russian Booker award.
