Nikolai Semyonovich Leskov is a Russian writer. The chronological table of Leskov's life, as well as his work, is presented in this article.

Chronological table of Nikolai Leskov

February 4, 1831- was born in the village of Gorokhovo, Oryol province. Early childhood N.S. Leskov passed in Orel.

1841–1846 - studying at the Oryol provincial gymnasium, but due to the death of his father, the full course of study is not completed.

1847 - accepted for service in the Oryol Chamber of the Criminal Court "with assignment to the 2nd category of clerical servants." The plot of the story "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District" was inspired by the service of that time.

1849 - moves to Kyiv, where he lives with his uncle S.P. Alferyev. Gets a job in the staff of the Kyiv State Chamber. Lives in Kyiv until 1857 - studies the Polish language, Slavic culture, is interested in religion.

1853 - Leskov marries the daughter of a Kyiv merchant, Olga Smirnova, without the approval of relatives. In this marriage, a son Dmitry (died in infancy) and a daughter Vera were born.

1857 – 1860 - Leskov works in a private firm "Shkott and Wilkins", which is engaged in the resettlement of peasants in new lands. All these years he spends on business trips around Russia.

1861 - the Leskov family moved from Kyiv to St. Petersburg. Collaborates with newspapers, begins to write for Otechestvennye Zapiski, Russkaya Speech, Severnaya Pchela. He writes "Essays on the Distillery Industry".

1862 year - a trip abroad as a correspondent for the newspaper "Northern Bee" (visits Zapannaya Ukraine, Poland, the Czech Republic, France). The work "Extinguished business" was published.

1863 - the official beginning of the writing career of Nikolai Semenovich Leskov. He publishes his stories "The Life of a Woman", "Musk Ox", is working on the novel "Nowhere". Because of this ambiguous novel, which denies the revolutionary nihilistic ideas that were fashionable at that time, many writers turn away from Leskov, in particular the publishers of Otechestvennye Zapiski. The writer is published in the Russian Bulletin, signing under the pseudonym M. Stebnitsky.

1865 year - "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District" was written. Work on the story "The Islanders".

1870 – 1871 - work on the second, just as "anti-nihilistic" as "Nowhere", the novel "Knives". The work entails political accusations of the author.

1873 - Nikolai Leskov's novels "The Enchanted Wanderer" and "The Sealed Angel" are published. Gradually, the writer’s relations with the Russky Vestnik deteriorate as well. Sme Leskov is threatened by lack of money.

1874 – 1883 - Leskov works in a special department of the Scientific Committee of the Ministry of Public Education for "review of books published for the people." It brings a small, but still income.

1875 - second trip abroad. Upon his return, he writes a number of anecdotal essays about clergy ("Trifles of Bishop's Life", "Diocesan Court", "Synodal Persons", etc.).

1877 - Empress Maria Alexandrovna speaks positively about the novel "Cathedrals". The author immediately manages to get a job as a member of the educational department of the Ministry of State Property.

1881 - one of Leskov's most famous works "Lefty (The Tale of the Tula Oblique Lefty and the Steel Flea)" was written.

1883 - permanent dismissal from public service.

1887 - Nikolai Semenovich Leskov meets L.N. Tolstoy, who had a great influence on the later work of the writer.

In his latest works, Leskov criticizes the entire political system of the Russian Empire. Published under pseudonyms - V. Peresvetov, Nikolai Ponukalov, priest. Peter Kastorsky, Psalm Reader, Man from the Crowd, Watch Lover.

March 5 (February 21), 1895– Leskov dies in Petersburg. The cause of death is an asthma attack, which tormented the writer for the last 5 years of his life. Buried at the Volkovsky cemetery

Leskov's chronological table is summarized above, but you can expand it at your discretion using the writer's biography.

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ChapterVIII. A brief chronology of the life and work of N. S. Leskov and F. Nietzsche

Nikolai Semenovich Leskov

In 1831, on February 4, in the village of Gorokhovo, Orel district, the son Nikolai was born in the family of Semyon Dmitrievich Leskov and Maria Petrovna (née Alferyeva).

In 1839, on January 24, S. D. Leskov, a noble assessor of the Orel Chamber of the Criminal Court, retired, and soon the Leskov family moved to their estate - the village of Panino, Kromsky district, Oryol province.

In 1841, N. S. Leskov entered the 1st grade of the Oryol provincial gymnasium.

In 1847, N. S. Leskov was accepted into the service of the chamber of the criminal court "with assignment to the 2nd category of clerical servants."

In July 1848, S. D. Leskov died of cholera.

In 1849, N. S. Leskov was “transferred to the staff of the Kyiv State Chamber”, moved to Kyiv, where he lived with his uncle S. P. Alferyev.

In 1853, N. S. Leskov married the daughter of a Kyiv merchant, Olga Vasilievna Smirnova. In October, he was "determined" by the head clerks of the Kyiv Treasury.

In 1854, the first son, Dmitry, was born in the family, who died in 1855.

In 1856, a daughter, Vera, was born, and Leskov was promoted to provincial secretary.

In 1857, Leskov began work in a commercial English company, the husband of his aunt A. Ya. Shkott - Shkot and Wilkens.

In 1857 - 1859, Leskov constantly travels on company business in "traveling around Russia." He himself wrote about this period as follows: "This is the best time of my life when I saw a lot."

In 1859, "drinking riots" broke out in the Penza province. Leskov wrote about this "Essays on the Distillery Industry". According to the author's definition, this was “the first attempt at writing. This is where the literary work began.

On June 18, 1860, the first (anonymous) correspondence of N. S. Leskov was published in the St. Petersburg News. On June 21, Leskov's first correspondence with his full signature was published there. In the same year, several publications by Leskov were published in various journals.

In 1861, Leskov arrived in St. Petersburg, met a member of the "Land and Freedom" society, A. I. Nechiporenko. Essays are published in St. Petersburg, and then in Moscow editions. In June (or July) he moves to Moscow. In December he returns to St. Petersburg.

In 1862, Leskov actively collaborated in various St. Petersburg magazines. In May, his article about the fires in St. Petersburg appears in Severnaya Pchela, in which he demands that the police officially provide evidence that the students were guilty of arson, or stand up for them.

In September, Leskov went on a trip abroad.

In March 1963 he returned to St. Petersburg and in April began work on the novel Nowhere.

In May, the ministry denied him a trip to Russia, citing a lack of funds.

In July, he leaves for Pskov, then for Riga, returns to St. Petersburg, and in June he leaves for Kyiv, where he lives until February 19865. At the beginning of 1864, the novel Nowhere begins to appear in the Library for Reading.

In 1864 he wrote the novel The Bypassed.

In April 1865, a sharply negative article by D. I. Pisarev about the novel “Nowhere” was published. In June-July, Leskov spends a month and a half in the village of Podberezye, Novgorod province. In the same year, he entered into a civil marriage with the widow E. S. Bubnova, nee Savitskaya. In July of the following year, their son Andrei was born.

In 1865-1866, Leskov worked on the story "Islanders", on the 1st part of the chronicle "Sweating Movements of Water", which later became known as "Cathedrals".

During these years, Leskov was printed much less frequently than before, some articles were not published, in 1867 the printing of the chronicles “The Tearing Movements of Water” ceased. The financial situation of the writer is catastrophic. In April 1868, in a letter to N. N. Strakhov, he asked for any work in the “Journal of the Ministry of National Education”: “After all, there is simply nowhere to stumble to the one who wrote “Nowhere.”

In 1869-1870, Leskov was rarely published. In 1869, the collection "Stebnitsky's Stories" was published, and the following year, the publication of the novel "On the Knives" began in the "Russian Messenger".

In March 1871, Leskov attended the organizational meeting of the Literary and Artistic Circle at the Demuth Hotel, where 160 representatives of literature and art were present.

In November, the novel "On the Knives" was published as a separate edition. I have been to Moscow twice.

In 1972, the chronicles "Soboryane" were published in the Russky Vestnik. Leskov made a trip to Lake Ladoga, after which he will work on the article "Monastic Islands", and a little later on "The Enchanted Wanderer". In November, V. Hugo's novel "Toilers of the Sea" was published, "adapted for children by M. Stebnitsky."

The following year, he writes the chronicle "The Seedy Family". In May, M. N. Katkov refused to publish The Enchanted Wanderer. In October Russkiy Mir publishes The Enchanted Wanderer, and a separate edition of the story comes out in December.

In 1874, Leskov was appointed a member of a special department of the Academic Cabinet of the Ministry of Public Education for the review of books published for the people. The writer traveled to Kyiv via Moscow. The chronicles "The Seedy Family" begin to be published. In October, Leskov "parted politely, but firmly and forever" with M. N. Katkov, who said on this occasion: "There is nothing to regret - he is not at all ours." In November, the writer is looking for a job in some trading office, but to no avail. Apparently, in trade, Leskov was "not at all ours."

In March 1975, a separate edition of the chronicle "The Seedy Family" was published. From May to September, the writer traveled around Europe, was treated in Marienbad, wrote the novel "Devil's Dolls".

In January 1976, he writes in a letter to P. K. Shchebalsky: “In literature, they recognize me as a force and with some kind of voluptuousness they kill her, if they haven’t already. I don't write anything - I can't!" Rarely published.

In 1877, the novel by I. Krashevsky "The Favorites of King August II" was published, translated from Polish, edited by Leskov. In November, Leskov was enlisted as an official for special assignments under the Minister of State Property P. A. Valuev. It is not often published in periodicals, separate editions of essays and stories are published. There is a break between Leskov and E. S. Bubnova. In early August, the writer and his son Andrei moved to the house of the merchant Semyonov.

In 1878, Olga Vasilievna Leskova (Smirnova) was placed in the hospital of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in St. Petersburg, as a mentally ill person. Rarely published. The publication of “pictures from nature” “Trifles of Bishop's Life” begins.

In 1879, a separate edition of “trifles of hierarchal life in St. Petersburg” was published. Leskov moved to Riga, where in the town of Karlsbad he wrote the stories Odnodum and Sheramur. In July, the collection “Russian God-bearers. Religious pictures of N. S. Leskov. There are slightly more publications than in the previous year.

In March 1880, a collection of short stories "Three Righteous and One Sheramur" was published in St. Petersburg. In May, Leskov fell ill with pneumonia and during his illness wrote essays “From the little things of a bishop's life.” Published more frequently. In July, the second, significantly enlarged edition of Trifles of a Bishop's Life comes out in St. Petersburg. In the summer Leskov traveled to Kyiv. In December, he was expelled from the Ministry of State Property "according to the petition."

In 1881 Leskov worked hard and published frequently. He writes “The Tale of the Tula Oblique Left-hander and the Steel Flea” (beginning of publication in October). In May, the collection “Russian Discord. Essays and stories (1880-1881). Summer spends in Kyiv. Since October, he has hosted literary evenings on the first Saturday of every month throughout the season. Works on the novel "Falcon Flight" (did not finish).

In 1882, a separate edition of "The Tale of the Tula Left-hander ..." was published. In December, he begins work on the Pechersk Antiques. Not published often.

In 1883, there were quite a lot of publications, perhaps this year was the most "published" for Leskov. But in February, Leskov was expelled from the Ministry of Public Education. “There is nothing to tell about the case for a long time,” he wrote to F. A. Ternovsky, “it happened on February 9 - in private with Delyanov (Minister of Public Education - A. P. T.), who kept asking “not to be angry”, that "he himself is nothing" - that "all the pressures are from outside." “I didn’t file a petition, and to the request“ to mention the petition ”- didn't agree."“I am not upset at all, but I was very angry and spoke frankly and told a lot of bitter truth. To the question: "why do I need such a dismissal" - I answered: "for an obituary" - and left. On February 19, the publisher M. O. Wolf died. On this day, he and Leskov were to sign a condition for the publication of the collected works of the writer.

In 1884, Leskov was published quite often. But on July 5, the “highest command” (dated January 5) was published on the removal from libraries of one hundred and twenty-five works, including “Trifles of Bishop's Life”.

In 1885, Leskov was printed a little less often. And in November, the St. Petersburg Censorship Committee decided to cut out and destroy Leskov's article "Marriage Oblivion" published in No. 12 of the Historical Bulletin. In December, the collection "Christmas Stories by N. S. Leskov" is published.

In 1886, in April, the writer's mother, M.P. Leskova, died, and two weeks later the St. Petersburg Censorship Committee banned The Tale of the Pious Woodcutter. Leskov is not published often. In 1886-1887 he worked on the collection "Review of the Prologues" (an image of about forty female types of the 12th-13th centuries). This work did not appear in print.

In April 1887, Leskov visited Leo Tolstoy. Three collections and a separate edition of "Tales of Theodore the Christian and his friend Abram the Jew" were published.

In 1888 he published more often. A. S. Suvorin invites him to publish a complete collection of works. Collections are out. In September, P. V. Bykov compiled and published in St. Petersburg “Bibliography of the works of N. S. Leskov from the beginning of his literary activity - 1860. to 1887 (inclusive). In November, censorship banned the story "Zeno the Goldsmith".

In 1889, collections were published, and the Collected Works of N. S. Leskov began to appear. On August 16, Leskov learned that the censorship committee ordered the arrest of the sixth volume, which included "Trifles of Bishop's Life", and the writer had his first attack of angina pectoris. In September, the book was banned. On October 19, the entire circulation of the sixth volume was sealed at the Suvorin printing house. Then came the seventh and eighth volumes.

In 1889-1891 Leskov worked on the novel "Devil's Dolls".

In 1890, Leskov was published quite regularly. Separate books are published. The ninth and tenth volumes of the Collected Works are being printed. There is a new version of the sixth volume.

In 1890-1891, the writer worked on the story "Insulted Neteta", which was never published during his lifetime.

In 1891, Leskov was published less frequently.

In 1892, Leskov was not published often. On December 2, he writes a testamentary disposition "My posthumous request." In particular, it says: “Do not announce any deliberate ceremonies and meetings at my lifeless corpse” ... “I ask you not to speak at my funeral. I know that there was a lot of evil in me and that I don’t deserve any praises or regrets ...”).

In 1893, Leskov met the young writer L. I. Veselitskaya-Mikulich, with whom he soon began a great friendship. The eleventh volume of the Collected Works has been published. (The twelfth volume came out after the death of the writer in 1896). In December, the head of the main press department, E. M. Feoktistov, submitted a memorandum to the Minister of Internal Affairs, I. N. Durnovo, on the desirability of “perfect destruction” of the clippings from the banned sixth volume of Leskov stored in the Suvorin printing house. The minister gave the following resolution: "I agree." In November, the police remove copies of the sixth volume from the printing house for destruction.

In January 1894, after the funeral at the Smolensk cemetery of the editor of Nedelya, P. A. Gaideburov, Leskov fell ill from a severe cold.

In February, M. M. Stasyulevich refused to publish the story “Hare Remise” in Vestnik Evropy, citing censorship considerations. After a walk on February 18, the sick Leskov in the Tauride Garden, the disease worsened, edema appeared in the lungs, and on February 21, 1895, Leskov died. He was buried on February 23 at the Volkov Literary Mostki cemetery in St. Petersburg.

Friedrich Nietzsche

On October 15, 1844, in the town of Röcken near Lützen, the first-born was born in the family of the priest Carl Ludwig Nietzsche and Franziska Nietzsche, nee Ehler. They named him Friedrich.

Two years later they had a daughter, Elizabeth (died 1935).

Ludwig Joseph Nietzsche was born in 1849 and died in 1850.

Carl Ludwig Nietzsche died in 1850. The family moved to Naumburg, where Friedrich entered the town's boys' school.

In 1851 he moved to the preparatory school at the cathedral gymnasium.

In 1854, Nietzsche moved to the fifth grade of the gymnasium and first tried his hand at poetry and musical composition.

In 1856, in the summer, he was released from school due to headaches and eye disease.

In 1858, he entered the famous Pfort school and wrote his first small essay, On Music.

In 1859, in a letter to his mother, he writes: "There are moments in human life when we forget that we inhabit only one point in the immeasurable universe."

In 1850, he and his childhood friends founded the German Musical and Literary Union.

In 1861 he got acquainted with the music of Wagner, often improvising on the piano.

In 1862, regular headaches do not prevent him from doing a lot. He reads, writes poetry, articles.

In 1864, Nietzsche defended his thesis (On Theognis Megarz), then traveled along the Rhine, after which he studied theology and philology at the University of Bonn for two semesters. He writes many musical compositions.

In the summer of 1865 he had an acute rheumatic illness. He abandons his theological career, signing up for four philological seminars at the University of Leipzig with Professor Ritschl.

In 1866, Nietzsche reads a report in a philological circle on the topic "The last edition of Theognid's elegies", gives the manuscript for reading by Richlu. The professor highly appreciates this work of the young student and supports him.

In 1867, Nietzsche's article "On the History of the Theognid Gnomologium" was published in the Rhine Scientific Journal. He is called up for military service. An essay on Diogenes Laertes receives a prize. Work on the texts of Democritus.

In 1868, two articles about Diogenes Laertes were published in the same journal. Nietzsche is injured by a fall from his horse, he is released from military service. Meets Wagner, begins their fruitful friendship.

In 1869, Nietzsche's 3rd and 4th articles on Diogenes were published. He wants to quit philology and take up chemistry, but on February 13, the Basel University Commission, on the recommendation of Ritschl, approves Nietzsche as an extraordinary professor of classical philology at the University of Basel and a teacher of Greek in the senior classes of the Pedagogium, and without prior defense of candidate and doctoral dissertations. On February 23, the University of Leipzig, without defense and on the basis of the articles, awards a doctorate to Friedrich Nietzsche.

In 1870, Nietzsche reads two reports at the University of Basel and corresponded with Wagner. The article "The Florentine Treatise on Homer and Hesiod" has been published. In April, Nietzsche is appointed to the post of ordinary professor. On July 15, the Franco-Prussian war begins, Nietzsche voluntarily goes to the front as an orderly from neutral Switzerland. In September, he contracted dysentery and diphtheria of the pharynx. A week was between life and death. At the end of October, having not recovered from his illness, he returned to Basel and continued lecturing.

In 1871, deterioration in health due to enormous mental stress. February 15 asks for temporary leave for treatment. She leaves with her sister for Lugano, works hard on The Birth of Tragedy. In April, Nietzsche is already in Basel. Again a lot of work. That is, he reads sources, writes lectures, then reads them to students. In June, a small pamphlet "Socrates and the Greek Tragedy" will be published. At the same time, Nietzsche prepared the text "The Birth of Tragedy". He writes the musical composition "Echo of New Year's Eve", which he sends to Cosima Wagner.

In 1872, The Birth of Tragedy was published. Philologists greeted this work with silence. Not even Richl responded. But Wagner spoke of her enthusiastically.

Nietzsche lectures at the Tribschen. Returns to Basel. Tribshen. Basel. Philology students boycott Nietzsche's winter term on Greek and Roman Rhetoric.

In 1873, another deterioration in health sets in. Now it will be repeated throughout life. Nietzsche is alienated from philology.

In March, he wrote a musical composition as a wedding gift to Gabriel Mono and Olga Herzen (Alexander Ivanovich Herzen's adopted daughter). Works on the essay "Philosophy in the tragic era of the Greeks", begins work on the first of the "Untimely Reflections". Summer seminars. Vision deteriorates sharply. Nietzsche cannot write himself. The first "Untimely", the letters and the article "On Truth and Falsehood in an Extramoral Sense" Nietzsche is forced to dictate. The first "Untimely" is published. Wagner is shocked. Nietzsche is working on a second Untimely. Visits Richl, heated argument.

In February 1874, the second "Untimely" was published. Nietzsche's health temporarily improves, but depression grows, apparently, according to Jaspers, due to a break with Wagner. Another busy summer seminar. Third and fourth (outline) "Untimely". Intense summer seminars and preparation for winter lectures.

In 1875 there was a severe attack of the disease: "a thirty-hour headache and frequent vomiting of bile." Continues to work hard. For 13 hours a day, he prepared for the semesters. By the end of the year, a sharp deterioration in health again.

In January 1876, Nietzsche was released from teaching at the Pedagogium due to illness. And since February - at the university. The Basel Teaching College grants Nietzsche a leave of absence for a year. In July, the fourth "Untimely" is released. In the summer, a sharp deterioration in health again. In August, he begins to work on aphorisms for "Human, too human."

In 1877 he lives with friends in Sorrento, they read a lot together. A sharp deterioration in health. Doctors and relatives strongly advise him to marry. But this cannot be done for many reasons.

Returns to Basel in September, lectures resume in October.

In 1878, Nietzsche was treated in Baden-Baden. In March, he was released from the teaching load at the Pedagogium. But he continues to lead the university course. It turns out "Human, too human." Wagner's scathing attacks on this work, although without mentioning the author. Deterioration of health. Working in fits and starts on Mixed Opinions and Sayings.

In 1879, from January, almost daily bouts of illness begin, continuous vomiting. "Mixed opinions and sayings" are published. Unsuccessfully treated in Geneva. On June 14, at the request of Nietzsche, the Regierungs President of Basel dismissed him for health reasons with an annual pension of 3,000 francs. The wandering life begins. The Wanderer and His Shadow comes out in December. A sharp deterioration in health. In a year, according to Nietzsche himself, he had "118 heavy bouts of illness."

In 1880 he lived in Naumburg, in Riva del Garda, in Venice, in Marienbad, again in Naumburg, in the town of Stresa, in Genoa. Continues to work hard. He is read aloud, he dictates (in Genoa) "Dawn" (the future "Merry Science").

In 1881, Nietzsche leaves Genoa for Recoaro near Venice. Intensively engaged in natural science. In autumn, health deteriorates sharply. October 1 returns to Genoa.

In 1882, health improves slightly. Nietzsche sails from Genoa to Messina on a trading sailboat, and lives here until April 20. Then he comes to Rome. In May, Nietzsche is already in Naumberg. Works on the poetic cycle "Idylls from Messina" and finalizes "Merry Science". In August, The Gay Science comes out, in November, Nietzsche in Leipzig. At the end of the year - in Rapallo. She breaks written relations with her mother and sister, her health deteriorates sharply. He spends the end of the year in Rapallo.

In 1883 he began to work on the first part of Thus Spoke Zarathustra. On February 13, Richard Wagner died. From February to May Nietzsche in Genoa. He reconciled with his mother and sister. From May to June - in Rome, from June to September - in Sils Maria. Then he spends five weeks in Naumburg. Elisabeth Nietzsche is engaged to Dr. Bernhard Förster, a high school teacher, Wagnerian and anti-Semite. Nietzsche goes to Genoa. Health is rapidly deteriorating. In November he stays in Villafranca for a week and moves to Nice. Here he will now spend the winter months.

In 1884, in January, he completed the 3rd part of Thus Spoke Zarathustra. She breaks off relations with her sister because of "damned anti-Semitism." From April to June Nietzsche in Venice. In mid-June, he is already in Basel. In mid-July, he comes to Sils Maria for the third time - here he will spend the summer months. At the end of September, he goes to Zurich, where he reconciles with his sister. On the last day of October he leaves for Menton. From there, in December, he moves to Nice, where he stays until April of the following year.

In 1885, the disease intensifies. Completes the 4th part of "Thus Spoke Zarathustra". From April to June Nietzsche in Venice. From June to mid-October in Sils Maria. Then - Naumburg, Leipzig, Munich, Florence, Nice (until April next year). Works on "Beyond Good and Evil".

In 1886 - Venice, Naumburg, Leipzig, summer - in Sils Maria. It turns out "Beyond Good and Evil." Since October 22 Nietzsche in Nice. She is working on her fifth book, Beyond Good and Evil. Reads a lot.

In April 1887, he spends almost a month in Cannobio (Lago Maggiore). From April 28 in Zurich, June 12 until the end of October - in Sils Maria. Works on "The Genealogy of Morals". The score of "Hymn to Life" is released. From the end of October to April 1888, Nietzsche spends the last (fifth) time in Nice.

Throughout the winter of 1888, Nietzsche worked on materials for The Reassessment of All Values. K Spitteler compiled and published a review of Nietzsche's writings and began to read a course of lectures on Nietzsche's philosophy at the University of Copenhagen. In early April, he arrives in Turin, where he stays for exactly a month and writes Casus Wagner, and also continues to work on Reassessment of All Values. Reads a lot. From June 6 to September 20 he spends in Sils Maria (the last, seventh time). Deterioration of health. “Eternal headache, eternal vomiting; recurrence of all old sores; deep nervous exhaustion, in which the machine as a whole is no good. Works on Dionysian Dithyrambs. Since the end of August, in a state of extraordinary euphoria, he has been writing The Twilight of the Idols, The Antichrist. At the end of September he moves to Turin. "Casus Wagner" is out. Work on the proofreading of The Twilight of the Idols and The Antichrist. October 15 begins and October 4 completes work on "Ecce Homo". Twilight of the Idols is out.

At the end of December - the first clear signs of mental disorder.

On January 3, 1889, Nietzsche had an apoplexy in the street and finally lost his mind.

At this, the life of Nietzsche, the philosophizing poet, the greatest thinker, stopped. The physical dying of the unfortunate man, darkened by the mind, began and the struggle of his healthy sister for the right to inherit the literary heritage of the great brother successfully completed.

Nietzsche's mother dies in 1897.

In 1898 - repeated apoplexy.

In 1899 - another apoplexy.

Afterword

Before you start afterword, it is necessary to remind the reader that in every person (as well as in every clan, tribe, state) three ways of thinking coexist: pragmatic, systemic, and figurative-intuitive. They mutually complement each other, help a social person in various matters: everyday, industrial, creative. In exceptionally rare cases, these three ways of thinking are equivalent in each specific person, tribe, state. Usually, due to a variety of objective reasons, one or two ways of thinking prevail, dominate. So, for example, pragmatic and systemic ways of thinking dominate among the citizens of the United States, among the Japanese - systemic and figuratively-intuitive, among the ancient inhabitants of Sparta - pragmatic, among the ancient inhabitants of Hindustan - figuratively-intuitively, among Russians - figuratively-intuitively. And so on. By the way, it is by no means possible to evaluate these ways of thinking according to the "bad - good" scheme, just as it is impossible to evaluate the blue color or red or yellow according to this primitive scheme. They are what they are.

The author needed this short preface in order to stop some pragmatists who are already ready to exclaim in joyful rapture: “There was nothing in common in the life of N. S. Leskov and F. Nietzsche! This means that they were completely different people, which means that it is impossible to talk about the parallelism of the worlds they created! An elephant and a dolphin cannot create anything parallel.”

A person with dominant systems thinking may notice some “similarity” in the fates of the authors we study. Both of them, for example, were left without fathers early, lost their mothers at about the same age. Both Nietzsche and Leskov were, as people now say, workaholics. Both read a lot and purposefully. They worked until the last opportunity: Leskov until his death, Nietzsche until the final insanity - for a little over thirty years.

And, of course, it must be recalled once again that both experienced constant, ever-increasing spiritual pressure due to misunderstanding on the part of those on whose understanding and adequate assessment of their works Leskov and Nietzsche hoped.

And, of course, one cannot fail to say that both of them were broken by illnesses, the main causes of which were endless, wear and tear work, “public opinion”.

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B. Research

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1. II. The works of Nikolai Semenovich Leskov and Friedrich Nietzsche, as well as the works of researchers of their work.

Leskov N. S.

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Bykov P.V. Silhouettes of the distant past. M.; L., 1930.

Varnicke B.V. Confused Leskov // Sowing. Odessa. 1921. S. 83-86.

Vvedensky A.I. N.S. Leskov // Historical Bulletin. 1890. No. 5.

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Vodolazkin E.G. Interpretation of the Old Russian Prologue by N.S. Leskov // Novgorod in the culture of Ancient Russia: Materials of readings on ancient Russian literature. Novgorod, 1995. S. 157-162.

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Golovko V.M. Leskov and M.M. Shcherbatov: about one source of the chronicle "The seedy family" // History and the artistic world of the writer. Elista, 1983.

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Gorelov A.A. From the pre-writing biography of N.S. Leskova // Prometheus. M., 1983. T. 13.

Gorelov A.A. Leskov // Russian literature and folklore (late XIX century). L., 1987. S. 57-168.

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Gorelov A.A. N.S. Leskov (democratic principles of creativity) // RL. 1981. No. 1. S. 32-56.

Gorelov A.A. N.S. Leskov and folk culture. L., 1988.

Gorelov A.A. On the "Byzantine" legends of Leskov // Russian Literature. 1983. No. 1. pp. 119-133.

Gorelov A.A. Connecting times. M.. 1978. S. 23-60

Gorelov A.A. Tatar episodes of “The Enchanted Wanderer” by N.S. Leskov and “Russian History” by V.N. Tatishchev // Uchen. app. LGU. No. 355. A series of philol. Sciences. 1971. Issue. 76. S. 193-196.

Goryachkina M. S., Satire Leskov, M., 1963.

Grimstad K.A. Polyethnicity as a Religious Problem in N.S. Leskova // Gospel text in Russian literature of the XVIII-XX centuries. Petrozavodsk, 1998, pp. 454-462.

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Gudziy N. Tolstoy and Leskov // Art. M., 1928. Prince. 1-2. pp. 95-129.

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Hun G. Enchanted Russia. M., 1990. S. 6-44.

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Dmitrenko S.F. Ideological and aesthetic functions of fiction in the work of N.S. Leskova M., 1986. (RNB A-86/1101)

Dmitrenko S.F. Fact and fiction in the artistic mind of N.S. Leskova // Time and creative individuality of the writer // Yaroslavl, 1990. P. 49-58.

Dmitrenko S.F. Artistic consciousness of Leskov: comprehended and comprehended // VL. 1985. No. 10. S. 135-143.

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Durylin S.N. On the religious work of Leskov // Christian Thought. Kyiv, 1916. No. 11.

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Dykhanova B.S. On the features of Leskov's poetics at the turn of the 60-70s. 19th century Voronezh. 1974.

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Evdokimova O.V. Depiction in the structure of works by N.S. Leskova // Russian literature and fine arts of the XVIII beginning. XX centuries. L.. 1988. S. 184-201.

Evdokimova O.V. Mnemonic elements of N.S. Leskov. SPb., 2001. S. 218-262.

Evdokimova O.V. N.S. Leskov and F.I. Buslaev: (On the history of literary relationships) // RL. 1990. No. 1. S. 194-199.

Evdokimova O.V. The principle of "painting" in the structure of the works of N.S. Leskova (the story "The Sealed Angel") // Questions of the artistic structure of the works of Russian classics. Vladimir, 1983. S. 37-44.

Evdokimova O.V. The Problem of Authenticity in Russian Literature in the 1870s-1890s and the originality of the artistic system of N.S. Leskov. L., 1983. (RNB 85-4/141)

Evnin F.I. N.S. Leskov. M., 1945.

Zarva V.A. Creativity N.S. Leskov and Ukraine. Kyiv, 1990.

Zudilina M.Yu. Narrative features in Leskov's early work //FN. 1987. No. 4. S. 16-21.

From Leskov's correspondence. Preparation text and intro. Art. O. E. Mayorova // Questions of Literature. 1997. No. 1. S. 281.

Izmailov A. “Insulted Neteta”. Historical story by N.S. Leskova // Nevsky Almanac. 1914. No. 3. S. 133-144.

Ilyashenko T.A. Biblical and liturgical elements in N.S. Leskova: Author. diss. … cand. philol. Sciences. M., 2002.

Ipatova S.A., Pantin V.O. International Conference “Creativity of N.S. Leskov in the Context of Russian and World Literature (To the 100th Anniversary of the Writer's Death) // Russian Literature. 1996. No. 2. S. 212-219.

Kazakova T.V. Genre originality of N.S. Leskov in the 60s-70s. XIX century. Kharkov, 1996. (RNB 98-4/4370)

Kalmanovsky E.S. The traveler is late. L., 1985. S. 434-86.

Kedrov V. Folklore and mythological motifs in the work of N.S. Leskov // In the world of Leskov. M.. 1983. S. 58-73.

Klochkova V.M. Manuscripts and correspondence of N.S. Leskov. Scientific description // Yearbook of the Manuscript Department of the Pushkin House for 1971. L., 1973. S. 1-12.

Books and manuscripts in the collection of M.S. Lesman. M., 1989. S. 137.

Kondyurina A.A. "On knives" N.S. Leskov as a novel of the 70s. XIX century // Issues of comparative study of national languages ​​and literatures. M.. 1989. Part 2. S. 432-439.

Kostrshitsa V. On the genre originality of N.S. Leskova // FN. 1974. No. 2. S. 71.

Krasnov P.N. A sensitive artist and stylist // Trud. 1985. V. 26. No. 5.

Kretova A.A. “Be perfect…” (religious and moral searches in the Christmas art of N.S. Leskov and his contemporaries). M.; Eagle, 1999, pp. 204-216.

Kretova A.A. N.S. Leskov about P.I. Yakushkin (“Musk Ox”, “Comradely Memories of P.I. Yakushkin) Orel, 1989. S. 23-25.

Kulumbetova A.S. Stories about the righteous N.S. Leskov 70-80s. Tbilisi, 1979. (RNB 79-4/29181)

Kupriyanovsky P.V. L.N. Tolstoy and N.S. Leskov in the journal "Northern Herald" // Uchen. app. Ivanovo Pedagogical Institute. Ivanovo. 1962. T. 29.

Kurganskaya A.L. Creativity Leskov in the assessment of M.A. Protopopova // Artistic creativity and interaction of literatures. Alma-Ata, 1985. S. 51-56.

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Lashnyukov V. Eternal Torment (From Religious Experiences) // Christian Thought. 1916. No. 10. S. 15-23.

Lebedev V.A. The chronicle genre in the works of N.S. Leskova // Uchen. app. Volume. state un. Tomsk, 1967. No. 67. S. 139-140.

Leskov in the "Petersburg newspaper" (1879-1895) Vst. Art. T.A. Alekseeva. Pub. T.A. Alekseeva and S.G. Mikushkina. Comm. T.A. Alekseeva // LN. T. 101. Unpublished Leskov. Book. 2. M., 2000. S. 242-245.

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Leskov N.S. Handwritten legacy. Catalog. Comp. V.N. Sazhin. L., 1991.

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Personal funds of the Manuscript Department of the Pushkin House. Annotated pointer. SPb., 1999.

Lukash I. Leskov // Russian Thought. 1995. No. 4074. P. 11.

Mayorova O.E. The story of N.S. Leskov "Non-lethal Golovan" and hagiographic traditions // RL. 1987. no. 3. S. 170-179.

Mayorova O.E. "Incomprehensible" by N.S. Leskova: On the function of mystified quotes // UFO. 1994. No. 6. S. 56-66.

Mayorova O.E. Word play by N.S. Leskov (a miracle in the story "At the end of the world") // PP. 1986. No. 1. S.

Mayorova O.E. On the history of a lifelong dialogue: From the correspondence of N.S. Leskov with A.S. Suvorin // UFO. 1993. No. 4. S. 71-101.

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Mikushkina S.G. memoirs of a Russian Garibaldi woman about N.S. Leskov // Bulletin of Moscow State University. Ser. 10. Journalism. 1981. No. 5. S. 85-88.

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Mikhailova N.G. Genres N.S. Leskov and oral-prose forms of folk art // FN. 1975. No. 6. S. 14-24.

Mikhailova N.G. Folk storyteller and literary narrator in N.S. Leskova // RR. 1969. No. 5. S. 20-26.

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Necessary Introduction

Chapter I. General Considerations

Earth is the root of all beings

Moscow empire

Western Europe

Bad or good

"I need hands outstretched to me"

About wanderers

"Man is a social being"

Chapter II. Nietzsche and his Zarathustra

The strange wanderings of Zarathustra

Can the unteachable be taught?

What do you need to be completely happy?

The Strange Education of Zarathustra

Who is easier to deal with?

Doubting prophet?

Did Zarathustra have a path?

Emotional Philosophy!

There are several types of danger

"What happened to me?"

Torture for Zarathustra

"Bite her throat!"

"Journey to the people"

Oh, inhabitants!

"The human soul!"

At the gates of the big city

Nietzsche took pity on the prophet

Did Zarathustra have a path?

The globe is one

Whatever the child is not amused ...

Is it possible to rise above the sphere?

Confession of a sinless wanderer

Chapter III. Leskov and Golovan

Did Golovan have a way?

slander on a Russian person

Who do Russian people listen to?

Deed above words?

How to deal with death?

cat or pigeon

Who loves pigeons

Educator of children and people

Crossing on the river Sura

What is virtue?

How to baptize "Asians"?

A little about patriotism

Fair glory

How to live and how to die?

book or life. Primary and Secondary

The main wealth of the gypsy people

To kill or not to kill?

Golovan's paths

"Die for the People"

Intermediate conclusions

Chapter IV. Social in the works of Leskov and Nietzsche

What should "new people" do?

Great Stubborn

Rebellion or upbringing?

The most revolutionary 150 years

On a desert island

Perfect threads - imperfect carpet

Fa jia, Confucius and human desires

The attitude of Leskov and Nietzsche to socialism

Intermediate conclusions

Chapter V. Religion. Leskov and Nietzsche

General reasoning

Germany. Bismarck. Nietzsche

Russia. Leskov and religion

Intermediate conclusions

Briefly about the necessary and sufficient

Chapter VI. A riddle for the wise

How God Wrote the Torah

What was at the beginning?

Egg or chicken?

Intuition

Gospel of John

A riddle for the wise

Creative dipole: Teacher - Student

Chapter VII. Thinkers of the past about creativity and the creative dipole

Egyptians

Inhabitants of Mesopotamia

From the Book of the Prophet Isaiah

Zarathushtra

Inhabitants of Hindustan

Mahabharata

Celestial

mediterranean

Periander

Antisthenes

Diogenes of Sinop

Theban Cratet

Demosthenes

Aristotle

Heraclitus

Parmenides

Democritus

Protagoras

Xenophon

Theophrastus

Upanishads

Vardhamana Mahavira, founder of Jainism

Gautama Buddha

Arthashastra or Science of Politics

Laws of Manu

Confucius

Chuang Tzu

From the book: Lu Chunqiu. Spring and autumn of Mr. Lu. M., 2001.

Han Feizi

Pliny the Younger

Lucian of Samosata

Pliny the Elder

Philostratus

"Panchatantra"

Nagarjuna

Sima Qian

"Philosophers of Huainan"

Gaius Julius Caesar on the Druids

Not to offend atheists

Who were Leskov and Nietzsche

Why does a person write about art and the creative dipole "Teacher-Student

Chapter VII. Dialogue between Leskov and Nietzsche

Truth in art

Inspiration or work?

About justice

Past present Future

Writer and reader

About style, literary devices and means

Genius, talent, mediocrity

About good and evil

About knowledge

On Wandering Writers (self-refutation)

Is everything accurate?

Let's learn from the ancients

self-supporting

About the behavior of wanderers

Is it possible that wanderers are generated by a common consciousness?

"Ladder to Heaven"

Xie Lingyuan (385-433)

"This world is a dunghill"?

Wanderer, hermit, ascetic?

Etymology of writing

Is desire a vector quantity?

Am I wrong or not?

I apologize

Chapter VIII. A brief chronology of the life and work of N. S. Leskov and F. Nietzsche

Nikolai Semenovich Leskov

Friedrich Nietzsche

Afterword

Bibliography

1. World philosophy and literature used in this work

A. Sources

B. Research

1. The works of Nikolai Semenovich Leskov and Friedrich Nietzsche, as well as the works of researchers of their work.

Leskov N. S.

Researchers of N. S. Leskov's creativity

Nietzsche F.

Friedrich Nietzsche Researchers

"Bibliography of Works on the Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche, Published in Russia from 1892 to 1998".

Leskov Nikolai Semenovich (1831-1895) - Russian writer.

Father - Semyon Dmitrievich (1789-1848) - came from the clergy, but went through the civil part and rose to the rank of hereditary nobility. Mother - Marya Petrovna, nee Alferyeva (1813-1886) - was a noblewoman. Leskov was born on February 4 (16) in the village of Gorohovo, Oryol province. Childhood years were spent in Orel and in the small estates of his mother and father in the Oryol province. He was brought up mainly in the village of Gorokhovo in the house of the Strakhovs, wealthy maternal relatives, where he was sent by his parents due to a lack of his own funds for home education. In 1841-1846 he studied at the gymnasium in Orel.

He left the gymnasium before finishing his studies and got a job as a minor employee in the Oryol Chamber of the Criminal Court. The service (1847-1849) became the first experience of acquaintance not only with the bureaucratic system, but also with the unsightly, and sometimes strange and comical sides of reality (from his youthful impressions, Leskov later drew material for his writings, including for his first story Extinguished Case , 1862). During the same years, mainly under the influence of the ethnographer A.V.

In the autumn of 1849, at the invitation of his maternal uncle, medical professor of Kyiv University S.P. Alferyev (1816-1884), he left for Kyiv. By the end of the year, he got a job as an assistant clerk of the recruiting desk of the revision department of the Kyiv State Chamber. During the Kyiv years (1850-1857) he attends lectures at the university as a volunteer, studies the Polish language, is fond of icon painting, participates in a religious and philosophical student circle, communicates with pilgrims, Old Believers, and sectarians. He was influenced by the personality and ideas of the economist D.P. Zhuravsky (1810-1856), an ardent supporter of the abolition of serfdom.

In 1857 he left government service and entered the private commercial firm "Shkott and Wilkins" as an agent, the head of which - the Englishman A.Ya. Shkott (c. 1800-1860 / 1861) - was the husband of Leskov's aunt. He spent three years (1857-1860) traveling on the business of the company, “from a wagon and from a barge” he saw “all of Russia”. From 1860 he began to print small notes in St. Petersburg and Kyiv periodicals. The first major publication was Essays on the Distillery Industry (in 1861). In 1860, he was briefly an investigator in the Kyiv police, but Leskov's articles in the weekly Modern Medicine, exposing the corruption of police doctors, led to a conflict with colleagues. As a result of the provocation organized by them, Leskov, who conducted the official investigation, was accused of bribery and was forced to leave the service.

In January 1861 he moved to St. Petersburg. In search of earnings, he collaborates in many metropolitan newspapers and magazines, most of all in Otechestvennye Zapiski, where he is patronized by an Oryol acquaintance, publicist S.S. Gromeko, in Russian Speech and Northern Bee. His articles and notes are devoted mainly to topical issues. Moves closer to the circles of socialists and revolutionaries, in his apartment lives the envoy of A.I. Herzen, the Swiss A.I. However, Leskov's article on the St. Petersburg fires of 1862, where he demanded that the police stop or confirm rumors that the fires were the work of some revolutionary organization, quarreled him with the democratic camp. He is going abroad. The result of the trip was a number of publicistic essays and letters (From one travel diary, 1862-1863; Russian Society in Paris, 1863).

Leskov's own literary biography begins in 1863, when he published his first stories (The Life of a Woman, the Musk Ox) and began publishing the "anti-nihilistic" novel Nowhere (1863-1864). The novel opens with scenes of unhurried provincial life, outraged by the advent of "new people" and fashionable ideas, then the action is transferred to the capital. The satirically depicted life of the commune, organized by the "nihilists", is contrasted with modest work for the benefit of the people and Christian family values, which should save Russia from the disastrous path of social upheavals, where young demagogues are dragging her. The pamphlet in the novel is combined with a moral description, however, his pamphlet pages were perceived by contemporaries primarily, especially since most of the “nihilists” depicted by Leskov had recognizable prototypes (for example, under the name of the head of the commune, Beloyartsev, the writer V.A. Sleptsov was bred). Leskov was branded as a "reactionary". From now on, his path to major liberal publications was ordered to him, which predetermined his rapprochement with M.N. Katkov, the publisher of Russkiy Vestnik.

In this edition, Leskov's second "anti-nihilistic" novel On the Knives (1870-1871) appeared, which tells about a new phase of the revolutionary movement, when the former "nihilists" are reborn into ordinary swindlers. The old slogans and theories, attempts to arrange a revolt among the peasants serve only as a cover and a tool for the implementation of their criminal plans. Good-hearted and blind "nihilists" of the "Old Faith" like Vanscock now evoke sympathy. The novel with an intricate adventurous plot caused reproaches for the tension and implausibility of the situations depicted (everything, in the words of F.M. Dostoevsky, “is happening as if on the moon”), not to mention the next political accusations against the author. Leskov never returned to the genre of the novel in its purest form.

In the 1860s, he strenuously seeks his own special path. On the canvas of popular prints about the love of the clerk and the master's wife, the story of Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District (1865) was written about the disastrous passions hidden under the cover of provincial silence. In the story Old Years in the Village of Plodomasovo (1869), which depicts the serf customs of the 18th century, he approaches the chronicle genre. In the story The Warrior (1866), fairy tale forms of narration first appear. Elements of the tale that later glorified him are also in the story Kotin Doilets and Platonida (1867). He also tries his hand at dramaturgy: in 1867, on the stage of the Alexandrinsky Theater, they put his drama from the merchant life Spender. Since the new courts and “modern-dressed” entrepreneurs who emerged as a result of liberal reforms are powerless in the play against the predator of the old formation, Leskov was once again accused by critics of pessimism and antisocial tendencies. Among Leskov's other major works of the 1860s is the story The Bypassed (1865), written in polemic with N.G. Chernyshevsky's novel What Is to Be Done? (Leskov contrasted his “new people” with “little people” “with a spacious heart”), and a moralistic story about the Germans living on Vasilevsky Island in St. Petersburg (Ostrovitians, 1866).

The search for positive heroes, the righteous, on whom the Russian land rests (they are also in "anti-nihilistic" novels), a long-standing interest in marginal religious movements - schismatics and sectarians, in folklore, ancient Russian literature and iconography, in all the "variegated" folk life accumulated in stories The Imprinted Angel and The Enchanted Wanderer (both 1873), in which Leskov's tale-like manner of narration fully revealed its potential. In the Sealed Angel, which tells about the miracle that led the schismatic community to unity with Orthodoxy, there are echoes of ancient Russian "walking" and legends about miraculous icons. The image of the hero of the Enchanted Wanderer Ivan Flyagin, who went through unthinkable trials, resembles the epic Ilya Muromets and symbolizes the physical and moral stamina of the Russian people in the midst of the suffering that falls to their lot.

Leskov used the experience of his "anti-nihilistic" novels and "provincial" stories in the chronicle Soboryane (1872). The story about archpriest Savely Tuberozov, deacon Achilles Desnitsyn and priest Zakharia Benefaktov takes on the features of a fairy tale and a heroic epic. These eccentric inhabitants of the "old fairy tale" are surrounded on all sides by figures of the new time - nihilists, swindlers, civil and church officials of a new type. The small victories of the naive Achilles, the courage of Savely, the struggle of this “best of heroes” “with the pests of Russian development” cannot stop the onset of a new evil age that promises Russia terrible upheavals in the future.

Leskov's "chronicles" tell primarily about time, about the course of history, pushing the best types of Russian life into the past. If in the Soboryans it was about the clergy, then in the chronicle the seedy family. The family chronicle of the princes Protazanov (from the notes of Princess V.D.P.) (1874), the action of which is dated to the beginning of the 1820s, is about the nobility.

The self-respecting “People’s Princess” Varvara Nikanorovna Protazanova, the defender of the offended Don Quixote Rogozhin, are also departing types, or rather, departed (the granddaughter of the princess tells about the events of half a century ago, and from the words of the latter’s already deceased confidante). The second part of the chronicle, in which the mysticism and hypocrisy of the end of Alexander's reign was caustically depicted and the social non-embodiment of Christianity in Russian life was affirmed, aroused Katkov's dissatisfaction. As an editor, he subjected Leskov's text to distortions, which led to a break in their relationship, however, long overdue (a year earlier, Katkov had refused to publish The Enchanted Wanderer, referring to his artistic "unfinished work"). “There is nothing to regret - he is not ours at all,” Katkov said.

After the break with the Russian Messenger, Leskov found himself in a difficult financial situation. Service in a special department of the Scientific Committee of the Ministry of Public Education for the review of books published for the people (1874-1883), gives him only a meager salary. "Excommunicated" from major liberal journals and unable to find a place among "conservatives" of the Katkov type, Leskov almost to the end of his life was published in small-circulation or specialized publications - in humorous leaflets, illustrated weeklies, in supplements to the Marine Journal, in the church press, in provincial periodicals, etc., often using different, sometimes exotic pseudonyms (V. Peresvetov, Nikolai Gorokhov, Nikolai Ponukalov, Freishitz, priest P. Kastorsky, Psalmist, Man from the Crowd, Watch Lover, Protozanov, etc.). (In the 1860s and early 1870s, his works were published under the pseudonym M. Stebnitsky.) Significant difficulties in studying it, as well as the tortuous paths of the reputation of his individual works, are associated with this "scatteredness" of Leskov's heritage.

For example, the famous story about Russian and German national characters Iron Will (1876), which Leskov did not include in his lifetime collected works, was pulled from oblivion and republished only during the Great Patriotic War.

In the second half of the 1870s and 1880s, Leskov created a cycle of stories about the "Russian antiques" - the righteous, without whom "there is no city of standing." So he, according to A.N. Leskov, fulfilled Gogol's testament from the Selected Places from correspondence with friends: "Exalt the inconspicuous worker in a solemn hymn ...". In the preface to the first of these stories, Odnodum (1879), the writer explained their appearance as follows: “terrible and unbearable” to see one “rubbish” in the Russian soul, which has become the main subject of new literature, and “I went to look for the righteous,<…>but wherever I go<…>everyone answered me in the way that they did not see righteous people, because all people are sinners, and so, both of them knew some good people. I started writing it down." Such “good people” turn out to be the director of the cadet corps (Cadet Monastery, 1880), and a semi-literate tradesman, “who is not afraid of death” (Nesmertelny Golovan, 1880), and an engineer (Unmercenary Engineers, 1887), and a simple soldier (Man on hours, 1887), and even a "nihilist" who dreams of feeding all the hungry (Sheramur, 1879), etc. The famous Lefty (1883) and the previously written The Enchanted Wanderer also entered this cycle. In essence, the characters of the stories At the End of the World (1875-1876) and the Unbaptized Priest (1877) were the same Leskovian righteous people.

In his later years, creating stories based on an anecdote, a “curious case”, preserved and embellished by oral tradition, Leskov combines them into cycles. This is how “stories by the way” arise, depicting funny, but no less significant situations in their national character (Voice of Nature, 1883; Alexandrite, 1885; Old Psychopaths, 1885; Interesting Men, 1885; Dead Estate, 1888; Pen, 1893; The Lady and the Fefela, 1894; etc.), and "Christmas Tales" - ingenious tales about imaginary and genuine miracles that happen at Christmas (Christ visiting a peasant, 1881; Ghost in the Engineer's Castle, 1882; Traveling with a Nihilist, 1882; Beast, 1883; Old Genius, 1884; Scarecrow, 1885; etc.). “Anecdotal” in their essence and stylized as historical and memoir works are the cycle of essays Pechersk antiques and the story Tupey artist (both 1883), which tells about the sad fate of a talent (hairdresser) from serfs in the 18th century.

After his second trip abroad in 1875, Leskov, by his own admission, "most of all disagreed with the ecclesiastical." In contrast to his stories about the "Russian righteous" who do not have an official status, he writes a series of essays about bishops, processing anecdotes and popular rumor that exalts church hierarchs into ironic, sometimes even partly satirical texts: Little things of a bishop's life (1878), Bishop's detours (1879), the Diocesan Court (1880), Saints' Shadows (1881), Synodal Persons (1882) and others. The measure of Leskov's opposition to the Church in the 1870s and early 1880s should not be exaggerated reasons, in the Soviet years): it is rather “criticism from within”. In some essays, such as, for example, the Vladychny Court (1877), which tells about abuses in recruitment, familiar to Leskov firsthand, the bishop (Metropolitan Philaret of Kyiv) appears almost as an ideal "pastor". The same can be said about many of the stories in the essays mentioned above. During these years, Leskov was still actively collaborating in the church magazines Pravoslavnoye Obozreniye, Wanderer, and Church Public Bulletin, publishing for religious and educational purposes (his deep conviction was that "Russia is baptized, but not enlightened") a number brochures: The Mirror of Life of a True Disciple of Christ (1877), Prophecies about the Messiah (1878), Pointer to the Book of the New Testament (1879), Selected Fathers' Opinions on the Importance of Holy Scripture (1881), etc. However, Leskov's sympathy for non-church religiosity, for Protestant ethics and sectarian movements, which fully made themselves felt in the second part of the chronicle The seedy family, especially intensified in the second half of the 1880s and did not leave him until his death. This happened largely under the influence of the ideas of L.N. Tolstoy, acquaintance with whom took place at the beginning of 1887 (Leskov back in 1883 in the articles Count L.N. Tolstoy and F.M. Dostoevsky as heresiarchs and the Golden Age protected him from the attacks of K. N.Leontieva). About the influence exerted on him by Tolstoy, Leskov himself wrote: “I exactly “coincided” with Tolstoy ...<…>Sensing his great strength, I dropped my bowl and went for his lantern.

In the spirit of Protestantism (partly in the spirit of Tolstoyism), Leskov processes legends from the Old Russian Prologue and patericons: The Tale of Theodore the Christian and his friend Abram the Jew (1886), Buffoon Pamphalon (1887; the original title, uncensored, was the God-loving buffoon) , Leo of Elder Gerasim (1888), Horus (1890; in the first, uncensored version, Zeno the goldsmith), Innocent Prudentius (1891), etc. In general, in his later years, Leskov was in sharp conflict with spiritual censorship, as a result which was arrested on the 6th volume of his collected works, which included essays on the clergy (see above).

Leskov's latest works (the pamphlet novel Devil's Dolls, 1890; the stories Midnight Men, 1891; Yudol, 1892; the stories The Hour of God's Will, 1890; The Improvisers, 1892; The Product of Nature, 1893; and others) are marked by sharp criticism of the entire political system of the Russian Empire, especially its police component. For this reason, some of them were published after the coup of 1917 (Administrative Grace, 1893; Hare Remise, 1894).

For the last five years of his life, Leskov suffered severely from constant asthma attacks, which eventually brought him to his grave on February 21 (March 5) in St. Petersburg.

He was buried at the Volkov cemetery in St. Petersburg.

Leskov's biography was compiled by his son Andrei Nikolayevich Leskov (1866-1953) in the 1930s-1940s (first published in two volumes in 1954).

• Nikolai Semenovich Leskov was born on February 16 (4), 1831 in the village of Gorohovo, Oryol province.
• Leskov's father, Semyon Dmitrievich, worked as an official of the criminal chamber, earned hereditary nobility, although he came from the clergy.
• Leskov's mother, Marya Petrovna, nee Alferyeva, was a noblewoman.
• The childhood years of Nikolai Leskov were spent in Orel and on the estates of the Oryol province owned by the parents. Leskov spends several years in the house of the Strakhovs, wealthy relatives from his mother's side, where he was given due to the lack of funds from his parents for homeschooling his son. The Strakhovs hired a Russian, a German teacher, and a Frenchwoman to raise their children. Leskov studies together with his cousins, and far surpasses them in abilities. This caused him to be sent back to his parents.
• 1841 - 1846 - Leskov studies at the gymnasium in Orel, but due to the death of his father, he does not complete the full course of study.
• 1847 - Nikolai Leskov gets a job as a minor employee in the Oryol Chamber of the Criminal Court. Impressions from the work here will later form the basis of many of the writer's works, in particular, the story "Extinguished Case".
• 1849 - Leskov leaves the service and leaves for Kyiv at the invitation of his maternal uncle, professor and practicing therapist S.P. Alferyev. In Kyiv, he gets a job as an assistant clerk of the recruiting table of the revision department of the Kyiv Treasury.
• 1849 - 1857 - in Kyiv, Leskov begins to attend lectures at the university (as a volunteer), studies the Polish language, Slavic culture. He is interested in religion, and communicates both with Orthodox Christians and with Old Believers and sectarians.
• 1850 - Leskov marries the daughter of a Kyiv merchant. The marriage was hasty, the relatives did not approve of it. However, the wedding took place.
• The career of Nikolai Leskov in the "Kyiv" years is as follows: in 1853, he was promoted from assistant clerk to collegiate registrars, then to clerk. In 1856 Leskov became provincial secretary.
• 1857 - 1860 - Leskov works in the private firm "Shkott and Wilkins", which is engaged in the resettlement of peasants to new lands. All these years he spends on business trips around Russia.
• The same period - the first-born Leskov, named Mitya, dies in infancy. This breaks the relationship and so not very close to each other spouses.
• 1860 - the beginning of the journalistic activity of Nikolai Leskov. He collaborates with the St. Petersburg and Kyiv press, writes short notes and essays. In the same year, he gets a job in the police, but because of an article denouncing the arbitrariness of police doctors, he is forced to quit.
• 1861 - the Leskov family moved from Kyiv to St. Petersburg. Nikolai Semenovich continues to cooperate with newspapers, begins to write for Fatherland Notes, Russian Speech, and Northern Bee. The first major publication by Leskov, Essays on the Distillery Industry, dates back to the same year.
• 1862 - a trip abroad as a correspondent for the newspaper "Northern Bee". Leskov visits Western Ukraine, Poland, Czech Republic, France.
• 1863 - the official beginning of the writing career of Nikolai Semenovich Leskov. He publishes his stories "The Life of a Woman", "Musk Ox", is working on the novel "Nowhere". Because of this ambiguous novel, which denies the revolutionary nihilistic ideas that were fashionable at that time, many writers turn away from Leskov, in particular the publishers of Otechestvennye Zapiski. The writer is published in the Russian Bulletin, signing under the pseudonym M. Stebnitsky.
• 1865 - "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District" was written.
• 1866 - the birth of his son Andrei. In the 1930s and 1940s, it was he who for the first time compiled a biography of his father.
• 1867 - Leskov turns to drama, this year his play "The Spender" is staged on the stage of the Alexandrinsky Theater.
• 1870 - 1871 - work on the second, just as "anti-nihilistic" as "Nowhere", the novel "On the Knives". The work entails political accusations of the author.
• 1873 - Nikolai Leskov's novels "The Enchanted Wanderer" and "The Sealed Angel" are published. Gradually, the writer’s relations with the Russky Vestnik deteriorate as well. There is a gap, and the Leskov family is threatened by lack of money.
• 1874 - 1883 - Leskov worked in a special department of the Scientific Committee of the Ministry of Public Education for "review of books published for the people." It brings a small, but still income.
• 1875 - the second trip abroad. Leskov is finally disappointed in his religious hobbies. Upon his return, he writes a number of anecdotal, and sometimes satirical essays about clergy ("Trifles of Bishop's Life", "Diocesan Court", "Synodal Persons", etc.).
• 1877 - Empress Maria Alexandrovna speaks positively of Nikolai Leskov's novel The Cathedral. The author immediately manages to get a job as a member of the educational department of the Ministry of State Property.
• 1881 - one of Leskov's most famous works "Lefty (The Tale of the Tula Oblique Left-hander and the Steel Flea)" was written.
• 1883 - final dismissal from public service. Leskov accepts his resignation with joy.
• 1887 - Nikolai Semenovich Leskov meets L.N. Tolstoy, who had a huge influence on the later work of the writer. In his own words, Leskov "having sensed his (Tolstoy's) tremendous strength, threw his bowl and went after his lantern."
• In his latest works, Leskov criticizes the entire political system of the Russian Empire. All the time, starting with the break with the Russky Vestnik magazine, Leskov was forced to publish in specialized and small-circulation, sometimes provincial leaflets, newspapers and magazines. Of the major publications, his works are taken only by Historical Bulletin, Russian Thought, Week, in the 1890s - Vestnik Evropy. Not every work he signs with his own name, but the writer does not have a permanent pseudonym either. The most famous are his pseudonyms V. Peresvetov, Nikolai Ponukalov, priest. Peter Kastorsky, Psalm Reader, Man from the Crowd, Watch Lover.
• March 5 (February 21), 1895 - Nikolai Semenovich Leskov dies in St. Petersburg. The cause of death is an asthma attack, which tormented the writer for the last 5 years of his life. Buried at the Volkovsky cemetery