You-take-only ONE of the proposed essay topics (2.1-2.4). In the answer form, indicate the number of the topic you have chosen, and then write an essay in the amount of at least 200 words (if the amount of the essay is less than 150 words, then it is estimated at 0 points).

Lean on the author's position (in the essay on lyrics, take into account the author's intentions), formulate your point of view. Argument your theses based on literary works (in an essay on lyrics, you must analyze at least two verses-ho-tvo-re-ny). Use theo-re-ti-ko-li-te-ra-tour concepts to analyze pro-of-ve-de-tion. Think over the composition of co-chi-non-nia. Write the essay clearly and pars-bor-chi-in, observing the norms of speech.

Clear-no-no.

Com-men-ta-rii to co-chi-no-ni-yam.

2.1. What is interesting about the personality of Pugachev, the author and the protagonist of the novel "Ka-pi-tan daughter"?

His-about-ra-zie about-ra-for Pugachev in a way of opre-de-la-et-xia ideas-but-moral-pro-ble-ma-ti-koy. Not a so-qi-al-noe liberation-of-god-de-na-ro-yes, but a pro-ble-ma of morals-no-go, et-no-th-you-bo-ra in -te-re-su-et av-to-ra. Restoration and love in-tri-ha is a convenient excuse for Push-ki-na to put heroes before this you-bo-rum.

For Push-ki-na-pre-da-tel-stvo - always pre-da-tel-stvo in the general-che-lo-ve-che-sense (Shvab-rin - under-let about - lied to Masha, wrote a denunciation of Grinev’s ro-di-te-lyam, during a duel he wounded Gri-ne-va, taking advantage of his mi-nut-noy weak-bo-stu) . Push-kin stood in front of him for-da-chu to create not a portrait of a pre-step-no-ka, but a complex personality in mutually-and-mo-from-but-she- no-yah with other personalities.

Pugachev appears in the role of an ordinary man-lo-ve-ka. At Push-ki-na, he not only kaz-nit, but also mi-lu-et. He joins with people not only in so-qi-al-nye, but also in purely human-lo-ve-che-from-but-she-niya, someone rye pro-in-qi-ru-yut it for this choice. Only at this moment about-on-ru-zhi-va-et-sya on-one-hundred-I-che-lo-ve-che-personality. The hero will not be convincing for us if he is one-but-complex. This is also a pro-dick-to-va-lo Push-ki-well co-building of such-to-go-many-grand-no-go, difficult-no-go, for-pu-tan-but- go, pro-ti-vo-re-chi-vo-go hero, like Pugachev. Push-kin re-creates such a char-ter in order to solve the main problem-da-choo - to-ka-zat kha-rak-ter, pre-odo-le-va-yu-shchy with-word-limited-no-chen-ness, raz-ry-va-yu-schee so-qi-al-nye frames of human-lo-ve-che-sky from-but-she-ny, someone -rye build-yat-sya, from the point of view of Push-ki-na, on gu-man-no-sti, mi-lo-ser-dia. Only outside the co-words from-no-she-no-yah, the best human-lo-ve-che-qualities, that’s- mu Pushkin asserts the extra-verbal values ​​of a human-lo-ve-che-personality.

2.2. Why F.I. Tyutchev on-zy-va-yut in this-ro-man-tee-com? (On the example of at least two poems according to your you-bo-ru.)

Po-e-ti-che-sky world of Tyut-che-wa - the world of ro-man-ti-ka and fi-lo-so-fa. Despite the fact that his poems are full of pro-ty-in-re-chey, on-pi-sa-na, as it were, on the soul-of-lo-me, they are generally la-yut udi-vi-tel-but gar-mo-nich-nuyu si-ste-mu. Pa-ra-dox here is only ka-zhu-shchi-sya. Gar-mo-niya co-creates strict, all or-ga-ni-zu-yu-schey thought-av-to-ra, someone-paradise-to-chi- wa-et chaos around. How-to-va is the card-ti-on of the world, representing-stav-len-naya in this way?

In full co-response with for-to-on-mi ro-man-tiz-ma, it is built on pro-ti-in-on-false-no-ties, something -rye Tyut-chev on-half-nya-et with his, special so-der-zh-ni-eat. So, the ro-man-ti-che-de-le-tion on the real-al-ny world and the world of fan-ta-zy, Tyut-che-va’s dreams are different in square. For the poet, the real world, Kos-mos, is only a small part of Chaos, the devil-to-nothingness, some-paradise is the real real- al-ness, co-ly-bel and mo-gi-la che-lo-ve-che-stva:

Heavenly vault, embraced by the glory of the stars,

Ta-in-stven-but looks from the depths-by-us,

And we're sailing

From all sides, surrounded by the same.

The night gives all things their real content, it destroys the barriers between Kos-mo-som and Ha-o-som, and che -lo-age remains one on one with All-len-noy.

Tyut-chev is looking for harmony in nature, because it should be in-flat-on beauty and purpose-le-co-ob-difference. He speaks of the presence of a soul and a ra-zu-ma in nature:

Not what you think, pri-ro-yes:

Not blind, not soulless face, -

She has a soul, she has freedom,

It has love, it has a language...

2.3. What is the meaning of the name of D.I. Fonvizin "Not-to-growth"?

The dictionary gives two definitions to the word "Not-to-growth". First - “this is a young court-rya-nin, who has not reached the completion of the ver-shen-no-le-tia and has not gone to the go-su-dar- stven-nuyu service. The second swarm is “a stupid-to-you-th young man-not-to-uch-ka”. Both definitions are under the description of the main character Mit-ro-fa-nush-ki. However, he is not the main character of the comedy. The conflict in the play rises-no-ka-et in re-zul-ta-te clash-but-ve-tion of two groups of nobles: Sta-ro-du-ma, Prav-di-na, Mi-lo -on, on the one hand, and Pro-hundred-to-out, Sko-ti-ni-na - on the other. Each of these groups you-ra-zha-et different in-te-re-sy and goals: the first group-pa represented-le-on-pro-gres-siv-ny-mi, honor -us-mi and enlightened-us-mi people, second-heaven - not-ve-same-us-mi-sa-mo-du-ra-mi and des-po-ta mi. Thus, the conflict of the co-media "Not-to-growth" is for-mu-li-ru-et-sya as a collision-but-ve-ne-re-to-to-go , ob-ra-zo-van-no-go nobility with an inert world sa-mo-du-ditch-kre-post-ni-kov.

2.4. What features of the folk character ha-rak-te-ra does the image of Matryona embody? (According to the story of A.I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin Dvor".)

The story "Mat-re-nin yard" on-chi-na-et-sya from the fact that in-west-in-va-tel, the former so-vet-sky for-key-chen-ny Ig -na-tich, returning to Russia from the steppes of Kazakh-sta-on and se-la-et-sya in the house of Mat-re-na. From his face, there is a vest-in-va-nie.

The world, which surrounds Mat-re-nu, the main hero-ro-and-nu of the story, is full of lies, the same hundred, pre-da-tel -stva, demon-feelings. However, she was able to resist in the midst of this evil as a kind, devilishly greedy person, ready to help anyone, and none something not requiring in return. Condemned-yes-e-maya by the whole world (“... and she was not-cleanly-dense; and she didn’t chase after the house; and didn’t take care; and even -ro-sen-ka don’t hold it-la-la, you-karm-li-vat don’t love-bi-la for some reason; and, stupid-pay, in-mo-ga-la to strangers demon -pay-but ... "), Mat-re-na lives not for-to-us of this world, but in front of them. She lives right. The rightness of Mat-re-na lies in the fact that even in such from-well-ry-u-th, petty, not-rarely humiliating is-p-ta -no-yah, she remains ter-pi-my, from-call-chi-howl, able to rejoice in someone else's luck. This is the opening of the holiness of Mat-re-na Va-si-lion-na - in not-at-I-tia odi-cha-nia and malice around -of the world, in the preservation of a simple human-lo-ve-che-soul-shev-no-sti.

The ability to live in harmony with the whole surrounding world from-whether-cha-et geo-ro-and-nu from other people. From-no-she-niya Mat-re-na with the environment-u-shi-mi people-d-mi to-sti-ga-yut tra-gi-che-so-go "no-no-no- ma-niya ”: they stole holy water in the church, they dismantled it during their lifetime and after the“ coffin ”osu-di-li - she didn’t live like everyone else.

“The morning of God in the soul - that’s where the reason for all the troubles is,” Sol-ni-tsyn believes. And Mat-re-na “with God” lived. Mat-re-na - pra-ved-ni-tsa of the era of "continuous collection of lek-ti-vi-za-tion". In the fact that this type of right-wit-no-ka didn’t re-live in Russia, all hope for the spiritual you-live-va-nie on-ro-yes, according to Sol-no-tsy-well.

In the poetry of F.I. Tyutchev is dominated by philosophical reflections on the eternal and most complex issues of human existence: the place of man in the universe, the secrets of birth and death, love, the meaning of existence...

The poet often combines and compares different aspects of life, therefore, his work is characterized by such themes as nature and man, love and nature, man and history.

The most complete philosophical concept of the world and the place of man in it is expressed in the poem "Two Voices". Let a person be mortal, but he can become on a par with the forces of nature, which in this work personify the Olympic gods.

Tyutchev in his work departs from the genre canon in lyrics. He often resorts to a genre of miniature, new for that time. Philosophical miniatures have a two-part composition: for example, in the poems “The view of the earth is still sad ...”, “Fountain”, various phenomena are compared by analogy (spring and soul, thought and fountain). The "plot" of the poems develops from the concrete to the generalized.

Philosophy and poetry are close to each other, because human thought serves as an instrument with the help of which both a poetic stanza and a philosophical treatise are created. In ancient times, great philosophers such as Aristotle and Hesiod expressed their philosophical reflections in the form of poetry, thereby demonstrating the power and elegance of thought. Aristotle, who is called the father of many sciences, was also the author of works on poetics. This suggests that the poetic perception of reality can be combined with the philosophical search for truth. The poet, who rises above everyday problems and penetrates into the deepest questions of being, strives to the very essence of our existence - to knowledge of the life of the human soul in the world around us.

Fedor Tyutchev is such a poet for us. His work dates back to the second half of the 19th century, when literature was being formed in Russia, which the whole world will call the golden age of Russian poetry, "Olympic lyrics." Researchers of Tyutchev's poetic heritage attribute him to poets of a romantic direction, because his lyrics are always removed from everyday life and turned to eternity, unlike, for example, Nekrasov, who was interested in the social environment and moral issues. Poetry can reflect different aspects of life, and Tyutchev's lyrics have their own specifics - the problems of this poet's poems are philosophical in nature.

If you examine the lyrics of Fyodor Tyutchev, you will notice that the most important problem for him is the problem of the unity of man with nature, as well as the problem of discord with it.

In the early period of the poet's work, the question of mutual understanding between people worries. After all, if two thinking human beings, endowed with reason and speech, are unable to come to an agreement, then how to find mutual understanding with the outside world, which does not have the ability to talk?

How can the heart express itself? How can someone else understand you? Will he understand how you live? Thought spoken is a lie.

(« Silentium!»)

The author comes to the conclusion that words not only do not contribute to understanding, they, on the contrary, only confuse, because the same phrase can be understood differently by different people. From here a line is born in the form of an aphorism - "a thought uttered is a lie." A person can keep feelings and dreams deep in his soul, but if he wants to express them, he must be prepared for the fact that the vanity of life will give them a different meaning, and perhaps the thought that excites the soul will seem banal to the interlocutor: “mysteriously magical” thoughts can be deafened by "external noise" ("Silentium!").

Thus, Tyutchev, even in his youth, tried to raise one of the key philosophical questions in his poems - how can one convey a thought to another person without distorting its meaning and without losing the feeling invested in this thought.

Tyutchev is trying to reveal the problem of mutual understanding at the highest level - philosophical, he is looking for the root of evil and finds it in the eternal discord of man with nature, with the universe. A person, as Tyutchev understood, should not rely only on the external form of things and on words. The earthly world of a person is too far from the divine world, a person does not understand the laws of the Universe and therefore suffers, feeling lonely and unprotected, not feeling how nature takes care of him ("Holy night ascended into the sky"). But if human beings turned to nature, listened to the "voice of the mother", then they would find a way to communicate with the outside world in a special, understandable and accessible language:

Not what you think, nature:

Not a cast, not a soulless face -

It has a soul, it has freedom,

She has love.

It has a language...

(“Not what you think, nature ...”)

Tyutchev passionately protests against those narrow-minded individuals who seek to see in everything only an accidental coincidence, a probable incident, or, conversely, the arbitrariness of exclusively human will. Such people, answering the question of where the foliage comes from on the trees and how the fetus is formed in the mother's womb, will never talk about the power of mother nature, about the rational divine world, about the harmonious beginning in the Universe.

In the second half and at the end of the 19th century, the secular minds of Europe and Russia were dominated by new radical ideas: the theory of the origin of species on earth due to the process of evolution, which was later formulated by the English naturalist Charles Darwin. This moment is extremely philosophical, because we are talking about the struggle of the principles of the world - matter and spirit, which of them is original? For Tyutchev, the answer is obvious; he speaks with all conviction through his poetry about the soul of nature as the beginning of everything, including the source of life for man himself. The author in the program poem "Not what you think, nature ..." compares skeptics with cripples who are unable to distinguish not only the voice of the subtle world, but also the simplest and most natural things for everyone, such as the mother's voice:

Not their fault: understand, if you can,

Organa life - deaf-mute!

Alas, the souls in it will not disturb

Tyutchev brilliantly foresaw the triumph of materialistic theories for many years to come, leading humanity away from the most important issues. It was as if he wanted to prevent people from being overly enthusiastic about material things and pointed out in his poetry the existence of subtle harmony in the natural world, the riddle of which a person must try to unravel. Tyutchev obviously accepted the discord with mother nature as a tragic oversight that arose from a misunderstanding of the laws of nature. In the last years of the poet's work, a thought came to him, which he formulated in the form of a philosophical miniature:

Nature is a sphinx.

And the more she returns

With his temptation, he destroys a person,

What, perhaps, no from the century

There is no riddle, and there was none.

Perhaps Tyutchev, looking closer at life, discovered for himself that the main reason for the discord between man and nature - the mystery of nature - exists, like the mythical sphinx creature, only in the imagination of people. For a sensitive reader, a thinking person, this gives inspiration and hope that harmony is possible, as the great poet felt it.

Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev is the greatest poet of the 19th century. He wrote many poems on various topics. The poet paid special attention to the theme of nocturnal nature. He was even called "the night soul of Russian poetry". The question is brewing: "why?" Let's try to figure it out.

To answer the question posed, one should turn to the poems of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev. So, in the work “how good you are, about the night sea”, the emphasis is placed on the beauty of the water element precisely at night: “in the moonlight, as if alive ...” The lyrical hero admires the sea in the “desertion of the night” and dreams of merging with it, drowning there your soul.

In the poem "the holy night has set into the sky" there is no description of the delights of the night.

Here it is opposed to light. The man, who may have been unremarkable during the day, "is now standing like a homeless orphan." He is immersed in himself, in his thoughts. In this work, a distinctive feature of the night was shown. Only in the dark, according to the author, one can think deeply about some things.

The idea of ​​the previous poem is continued by the work " insomnia". While in the darkness of the night "hours the monotonous battle" counts the last minutes of the older generation, during the day the "younger tribe" blooms in the sun. So, we can trace a pronounced antithesis in this poem. Day is life and night is death.

As a result, after analyzing the works of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev, we came to the conclusion that the dark time of the day is represented in his lyrics in all its might. It has a kind of power over the world of nature and the world of man. The poet all his life strove for the unknown, the unknown. He was looking for answers to eternal questions about the secrets of the universe, so he turned to the image of the night. After all, it is she who is capable of prompting a person to think and give the key to any solution. There is something magical in it, which often attracts creative people like Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev.

Updated: 2017-10-07

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Useful material on the topic

• In what works of Russian poetry does the theme of the “inexpressible” occur, and how can they be compared with Tyutchev’s poem? Why does silence seem so significant to a lyrical hero? (Tyutchev "Silentium!")

I believe that Tyutchev is now no less readable than our other classics. But still, the modern generation does not like to turn to the beautiful, it may not be of its own free will, but it is accustomed to cruelty and indifference. But Tyutchev did not pay any attention to this. The poet spoke about pure and perfect, that is, about love and nature, but what could be more perfect in this world? At present, we are accustomed to living in chaos and injustice, and therefore I believe that the purity of Tyutchev's lyrics can help us to feel at least a little bit of the holy and pure. I am sure that if we now read Tyutchev, then we enrich our intellect and, of course, our soul. We have forgotten what love and hate are, what spring and harsh winter are, what rain and clear blue skies mean, it seems to me that our duty is to remember this and never forget. And it is Tyutchev who will teach us pure love, instill in us peace and kindness, Tyutchev was loved then, and we need this poet now. I believe that Tyutchev's legacy had an impact on the poets of the 20th century, but not a strong one, since Tyutchev's poems were covered in light shades. However, the events of the beginning of the 20th century could not but leave a mark on the works of the poets of the Silver Age, and therefore many colors in their poems were thickened and overshadowed.

Democratic criticism of the 19th century highly valued the poetry of F. I. Tyutchev. Turgenev stated: “There is no arguing about Tyutchev; who does not feel it, thereby proves that he does not feel poetry. He highly appreciated the perfect lyrics of F. I. Tyutchev and Dobrolyubov, contrasting the poet with the “pure” lyrics of A. Fet. Fet's talent, according to Dobrolyubov, can "manifest itself only in capturing fleeting impressions from the quiet phenomena of nature", and Tyutchev "is also available - and sultry passion, and harsh energy, and deep thought, excited not only by natural phenomena, but also by questions moral, interests of public life.