Siberian Khanate (Siberian Yurt, Siberian Kingdom), a state in Western Siberia, formed at the end of the 15th century as a result of the collapse of the Golden Horde. Center - Chingi-Tura (now Tyumen), later - Kashlyk. In the 13-14 centuries, the territory of the future Siyuir Khanate under the name "Ibir" was part of the Jochi Uluch, then the Sheiban Ulus and the Tyumen Khanate. After the assassination of the Tyumen Khan Ibak in 1495, the descendant of Taybuga, Khan Makhmet, headed the union of Tatar uluses, which, after the name of his main headquarters - Siberia (Kashlyk), became known as the Siberian Khanate. It bordered on the land of Perm, the Kazan Khanate, the Nogai Horde, the Kazakh Khanate and the Teleuts in the Irtysh steppes. In the north, it reached the lower reaches of the Ob, in the east it bordered on the "Piebald Horde".

The Siberian Khanate was inhabited by Turkic-speaking tribes: Kipchaks, Argyns, Karluks, Kangly, Naimans, known under the collective name of the Siberian Tatars; as well as Khanty, Mansi, Trans-Ural Bashkirs. The bulk of the population consisted of "black people" (kara khalk), who were obliged to pay the khan an annual yasak (mainly in furs) and supply soldiers for the militia. The Siberian Tatars were engaged in pasture-nomadic cattle breeding, agriculture and handicrafts (pottery, furrier, spinning, weaving, smelting and metal processing). In the northern part of the khanate, hunting, fishing, and reindeer herding played an important role. Feudal relations in the Siberian Khanate were intertwined with the remnants of patriarchal-tribal relations. In the central part of the Siberian Khanate, there was a private property of khans and nobility for pastures and water sources.

The official religion of the khanate was Islam. At the head of the state was a khan, who was elected by the Tatar nobility (Murzas, Beks, Tarkhans). The state structure was paramilitary in nature, the territory and population were divided into "hundreds" headed by murzas. The strongholds of the Khan's power were the fortified towns of Kyzyl-Tura (Ust-Ishim), Kasim-Tura, Yavlu-Tura, and Tontur. In the Siberian Khanate, along with the norms of Sharia and Yasa, the norms of customary law were in force. An important role was played by trade, which was mainly in the hands of the Bukharians. The Siberian Khanate had trade relations with Central Asia, Russia, the Nogai Horde, the Kazan Khanate, Mongolia, and Western China. Furs, skins, fish, mammoth tusks, and wool were exported from Siberia. In the first half of the 16th century, the Siberian Khanate was subjected to raids by southern nomads (Nogais, Uzbeks, Kazakhs).

Khan Yediger from the Taibugi family recognized in 1555 vassal dependence on Moscow, but in 1563, with the help of the Nogais, the Sheibanid Kuchum seized power, who after 1572 broke off vassal relations and opposed Russia. In 1582, the Cossack detachment of Yermak invaded the Siberian Khanate, which captured the capital of the Khanate, Kashlyk, and laid the foundation for its annexation to Russia. In the late 1580s-1590s, the Russian fortresses Tyumen (1586), Tobolsk (1587), Berezov (1593), Obdorsk (1595) were built on the territory of the Siberian Khanate. Kuchum with his horde migrated to the south and continued to resist the Russian troops until 1598. The last Siberian khan was his son Ali, whose power extended only to nomad camps in the upper reaches of the Ishim, Irtysh and Tobol. The accession of the Siberian Khanate to Russia contributed to the rise of the productive forces of the peoples of Western Siberia and contributed to rapprochement with the Russian people.

In the vast expanses of the Siberian tundra and taiga, forest-steppe and black earth expanses, a population settled, hardly exceeding 200 thousand people by the time the Russians arrived. In the regions of the Amur and Primorye by the middle of the XVI century. about 30 thousand people lived. The ethnic and linguistic composition of the population of Siberia was very diverse. The very difficult living conditions in the tundra and taiga and the exceptional disunity of the population led to the extremely slow development of the productive forces among the peoples of Siberia. By the time the Russians arrived, most of them were still at various stages of the patriarchal-tribal system. Only the Siberian Tatars were at the stage of formation of feudal relations.
In the economy of the northern peoples of Siberia, the leading place belonged to hunting and fishing. A supporting role was played by the collection of wild edible plants. Mansi and Khanty, like the Buryats and Kuznetsk Tatars, mined iron. The more backward peoples still used stone tools. A large family (yurts) consisted of 2 - 3 men or more. Sometimes several large families lived in numerous yurts. In the conditions of the North, such yurts were independent settlements - rural communities.
Since. Obi lived Ostyaks (Khanty). Their main occupation was fishing. Fish was eaten, clothes were made from fish skin. On the wooded slopes of the Urals lived the Voguls, who were mainly engaged in hunting. The Ostyaks and Voguls had principalities headed by tribal nobility. The princes owned fishing grounds, hunting grounds, and besides that, their fellow tribesmen also brought them “gifts”. Wars often broke out between the principalities. Captured prisoners were turned into slaves. In the northern tundra lived the Nenets, who were engaged in reindeer herding. With herds of deer, they constantly moved from pasture to pasture. The reindeer provided the Nenets with food, clothing, and shelter, which was made from reindeer skins. Fishing and hunting foxes and wild deer were common occupations. The Nenets lived in clans headed by princes. Further, to the east of the Yenisei, the Evenki (Tungus) lived. Their main occupation was fur hunting and fishing. In search of prey, the Evenks moved from place to place. They also dominated the tribal system. In the south of Siberia, in the upper reaches of the Yenisei, lived Khakass cattle breeders. Buryats lived in Uangara and Baikal. Their main occupation was cattle breeding. The Buryats were already on the way to becoming a class society. In the Amur region lived the tribes of Daurs and Duchers, more economically developed.
The Yakuts occupied the territory formed by Lena, Aldan and Amgoyu. Separate groups were placed on the river. Yana, the mouth of Vilyui and the Zhigansk region. In total, according to Russian documents, the Yakuts at that time numbered about 25 - 26 thousand people. By the time the Russians appeared, the Yakuts were a single people with a single language, a common territory and a common culture. The Yakuts were at the stage of decomposition of the primitive communal system. The main large social groups were tribes and clans. In the economy of the Yakuts, the processing of iron was widely developed, from which weapons, blacksmith accessories and other tools were made. The blacksmith enjoyed great honor among the Yakuts (more than a shaman). The main wealth of the Yakuts was cattle. The Yakuts led a semi-sedentary life. In the summer they went to winter roads, they also had summer, spring and autumn pastures. In the economy of the Yakuts, much attention was paid to hunting and fishing. The Yakuts lived in yurts-balagans, insulated with turf and earth in winter, and in summer - in birch bark dwellings (ursa) and in light huts. Great power belonged to the ancestor-toyon. He had from 300 to 900 heads of cattle. The Toyons were surrounded by servants - chakhardars - from slaves and domestic servants. But the Yakuts had few slaves, and they did not determine the mode of production. The poor rodovici were not yet the object of the birth of feudal exploitation. There was also no private ownership of fishing and hunting lands, but hay lands were distributed among individual families.

Siberian Khanate

At the beginning of the XV century. in the process of the disintegration of the Golden Horde, the Siberian Khanate was formed, the center of which was originally Chimga-Tura (Tyumen). The Khanate united many Turkic-speaking peoples, who rallied within its framework into the people of the Siberian Tatars. At the end of the XV century. after lengthy civil strife, power was seized by Mamed, who united the Tatar uluses along the Tobol and the middle Irtysh and placed his headquarters in an ancient fortification on the banks of the Irtysh - "Siberia", or "Kashlyk".
The Siberian Khanate consisted of small uluses, headed by beks and murzas, who constituted the ruling class. They distributed pastures and fishing grounds and turned the best pastures and water sources into private property. Islam spread among the nobility and became the official religion of the Siberian Khanate. The main working population consisted of "black" ulus people. They paid the murza, or bek, annual "gifts" from the products of their household and tribute-yasak to the khan, and carried out military service in the detachments of the ulus bek. The khanate exploited the labor of slaves - "yasyrs" and poor, dependent community members. The Siberian khanate was ruled by the khan with the help of advisers and karachi (vizier), as well as yasauls sent by the khan to the uluses. Ulus beks and murzas were vassals of the khan, who did not interfere in the internal routine of the life of the ulus. The political history of the Siberian Khanate was full of internal strife. The Siberian khans, pursuing an aggressive policy, seized the lands of part of the Bashkir tribes and the possessions of the Ugrians and Turkic-speaking inhabitants of the Irtysh region and the basin of the river. Omi.
Siberian Khanate by the middle of the 16th century. located on a vast expanse of the forest-steppe of Western Siberia from the basin of the river. Tours in the west and to Baraba in the east. In 1503, the grandson of Ibak Kuchum seized power in the Siberian Khanate with the help of Uzbek and Nogai feudal lords. The Siberian Khanate under Kuchum, which consisted of separate, economically almost unrelated uluses, was politically very fragile, and with any military defeat inflicted on Kuchum, this state of Siberian Tatars was condemned to cease to exist.

Accession of Siberia to Russia

The natural wealth of Siberia - furs - has long attracted attention. Already at the end of the XV century. enterprising people penetrated the "stone belt" (Urals). With the formation of the Russian state, its rulers and merchants saw in Siberia an opportunity for great enrichment, especially since those undertaken since the end of the 15th century. the search for ores of precious metals has not yet been successful.
To a certain extent, the penetration of Russia into Siberia can be put on a par with the penetration of certain European powers into overseas countries at that time in order to pump out jewels from them. However, there were also significant differences.
The initiative in developing relations came not only from the Russian state, but also from the Siberian Khanate, which in 1555, after the liquidation of the Kazan Khanate, became a neighbor of the Russian state and asked for patronage in the fight against the Central Asian rulers. Siberia entered into vassal dependence on Moscow and paid tribute to it in furs. But in the 70s, due to the weakening of the Russian state, the Siberian khans began attacks on Russian possessions. The fortifications of the merchants Stroganovs stood in their way, who were already beginning to send their expeditions to Western Siberia to buy furs, and in 1574. received a royal charter with the right to build fortresses on the Irtysh and own lands along the Tobol to ensure the trade route to Bukhara. Although this plan was not carried out, the Stroganovs managed to organize a campaign of the Cossack squad of Ermak Timofeevich, who went to the Irtysh and by the end of 1582, after a fierce battle, took the capital of the Siberian Khanate, Kashlyk, and expelled Khan Kuchum. Many vassals of Kuchum from among the Siberian peoples subject to the khan went over to the side of Yermak. After several years of struggle, which continued with varying success (Yermak died in 1584), the Siberian Khanate was finally destroyed.
In 1586, the Tyumen fortress was established, and in 1587, Tobolsk, which became the Russian center of Siberia.
A stream of trade and service people rushed to Siberia. But besides them, peasants, Cossacks, townspeople, who fled from feudal oppression, moved there.

Origins (1220-1375)

Perhaps for the first time the term "Siberia" is mentioned in the Secret History of the Mongols compiled in 1240 ("Yuan-chao mi-shi"), which refers to the conquest of Jochi in 1206 by forest tribes south of Shibir. At the same time, researchers cannot confidently localize this area; it is suggested that "maybe that was the name of the northern outskirts of the Baraba plane between the Ob and the Irtysh" (Palladium).

More confidently can be identified with the Tobol-Irtysh interfluve region Siberia and Iberia, mentioned in the first half of the XIV century as part of the Golden Horde by the secretary of the Egyptian Sultan Al-Omari. In the same century, the cities of the future Siberian Khanate are found on Western European maps: Qashlyk in the form sebur appears in the map of the Venetians of the Pizzigani brothers (), and Chingi-Tura in the form Singui appears in the Catalan Atlas ().

Historians do not have a single idea of ​​what administrative and political unit served as the basis for the formation of the Tyumen (Siberian) Khanate. On this account, there are two almost equal versions and one original.

Taibugin holding

According to the version originating from Academician G.F. Miller, who, in turn, relied on the so-called. “Siberian Chronicles” of the 17th century (Esipovskaya, Remezovskaya and governors of Peter Godunov), the lands of the future khanate were originally part of the Taybuginsky yurt, founded in 1220 and being the hereditary possession of the descendants of the Siberian prince Taybuga. Unlike other uluses of the Golden Horde, the Taibuginsky yurt had autonomy. Adherents of this version even endow the Taibugins with the status of khans, that is, put them on the same level as the Genghisides. Therefore, the Taibuginsky yurt should be called the Tyumen Khanate itself.

It is reported that the legend of Taibug is also discussed in the "Genealogy of the Turks" by the Uzbek historian, Shibanid Khan Abulgazi. True, this work was compiled at the same time as the Siberian chronicles, that is, 400 years after the events described. Unfortunately, it is currently not available.

Among modern researchers, the version of the khans from the Taibugin clan is defended, for example, by G. L. Fayzrakhmanov. Consistently developing his point of view, he, following a number of other historians (Z. Ya. Boyarshinova, N. N. Stepanov, N. G. Apollova), claims that the capital of the Shibanid khans was Haji-Muhammad, Abu-l-khair and even Ibak was not Chingi-Tura, but the town of Kyzyl-Tura (now the village of Ust-Ishim) at the confluence of the Ishim into the Irtysh. And Khan Ibak took possession of Chingi-Tura only in the early 1480s, which meant that he took the throne of the Tyumen Khanate.

Several facts testify against this version:

Part of Shibanid dominions

The Khanate of Turan (Siberia) on a map of Asia in the 13th century (circled in yellow). From The Literary and Historical Atlas of Asia (ed. E. Reese), New York, 1912).

In the future, the composition and boundaries of the uluses changed several times, but the Shibanids generally managed to retain their former ulus (yurt). The ulus of Shiban turned out to be the only one in the Golden Horde that retained its territory and status after the administrative-territorial reform of Khan Uzbek:

In a word, we have already mentioned above in detail [that] since Shaiban Khan cut with a saber and conquered enemies [and] vilayets, then / 48a / revered and respected for this reason all the people of his sons and grandsons. When [Uzbek-] Khan, in anger at these oglans, gave [them] to Isatai as a koshun, then Isatai paid respect to the oglans of Shaiban Khan for their father, gave [them] buyrak and karlyk, which are a two-part ale, and left them to themselves .

There is a description of the ulus in the last quarter of the XIV - the first quarter of the XV centuries, from which it is obvious that the land of the future Siberian Khanate at that moment was entirely controlled by the Shibanids:

A certain light on the relationship between the Ulus of Shiban and the Taybuginsky yurt is shed by the message “Selected Chronicles from the Book of Victories” ( Tawarikh-i guzide nusrat name) that the head of one of the four tribes subordinate to Shiban was called Taybuga from the Burkuts (associated with the Kungirats), and the head of another tribe - Tukbuga from tyumen. When Abu-l-Khair took Chingi-Tura in 1428, Adadbek and Kebek-Khoja-biy from the tribe burkut, the genus of the aforementioned Taibugi.

The offspring of the "Great Jam"

Zh. M. Sabitov identifies the Taibugins with the descendants of the Saljiut Alatay, one of the four emirs of Khan Uzbek, arguing that this is the only emir whose descendants are not known. It is characteristic that in one of the lists of "Chingiz-name" Alatay is also named Burkut .

The version of Zh. M. Sabitov regarding Alatay is also interesting in that Uzbek transferred Alatay to the control of the tribe ming, that is, mangyts (future Nogays). And according to the remark of A. Z. Validi, the full version of "Chingiz-name" calls Chingi-Tura from the time of Khan Haji-Muhammad a Mangyt settlement. Finally, the dependence of many Uzbek and Siberian khans on the Nogai murzas is well known, and after the defeat of the Siberian Khanate, the Taibuginsky yurt became part of the Nogai Horde.

According to the logic of Zh. M. Sabitov, the Taibuginsky yurt arose as a fragment of the Golden Horde of the times of the “Great Memory”, created by the descendants of Emir Alatay, who acted by analogy with the descendants of other emirs of Khan Uzbek - Isatai, Nangudai and Kutluk-Timur, who began to rule in different parts Golden Horde behind the puppet khans-genghisides. With the strengthening of the Mangyts in the Golden Horde, the status of puppet khans extended to the Shibanids, which was expressed in the formula:

From ancient times to the present, each khan, who was proclaimed by the emirs of the Mangyts, provided the emirs of the Mangyts with freedom in the state. If now [Muhammad Shaibani-] khan also acts according to our ancient custom, then it’s fine [that is, we will proclaim him khan], and if not, [also] well [that is, we can do without him].

Vilayet of Chingy-Tura (1375-1468)

In 1359, the Great Haunt begins in the Golden Horde, in which the Shibanids take an active part.

Time of Tokhtamysh

According to Chingiz-name, prince Tokhtamysh, who at first suffered defeat from Urus Khan and his descendants, turned to the head of the Shibanid clan, Kaganbek, for help. Kaganbek did not provide assistance to Tokhtamysh, however, help came from Kaganbek's cousin Arab Shah. Thanks to the latter, Tokhtamysh was able to defeat both the Uruskhanids and Mamai, uniting the Golden Horde for the first time since the start of the Great Jail. As gratitude, Tokhtamysh handed over to the Arab Shah the authority over the Ulus of Shiban.

As already reported, Arab Shah and his brother roamed between the upper reaches of the Yaik in summer and the mouth of the Syr Darya in winter. The first blows of Tamerlane against Tokhtamysh were inflicted precisely on the Ulus of Shiban. Nizam ad-Din Shami testifies that in 1389 Tamerlane sent Jahan Shah Bahadur, Omar Bahadur and Uch-Kara Bahadur "towards the Irtysh in search of the enemy." The noyons reached the Irtysh and completely plundered the vilayet. The campaign of Tamerlane is also known, which ended in April 1391 with the construction of a barrow near the Ulytau mountains in the Karaganda region, where the following inscription is carved:

In the country of seven hundred black Tokmaks in the year of the sheep, in the middle spring month, the Sultan of Turan Temurbek marched two hundred thousand troops, named after his kind, to the blood of Toktamysh Khan. Having reached this, he erected this Mound, so that it would be a sign. God bless! If God wills! May God have mercy on people! May he remember us with mercy!

It is also impossible to pass by two manuscripts published in 1903 under the general title "On the Religious Wars of Sheikh Bagautdin's Disciples Against Foreigners of Western Siberia". According to these manuscripts, in 1394-1395, 366 sheikhs, accompanied by 1,700 horsemen, led by a khan from the Shibanid dynasty, undertook a campaign from Bukhara along the Irtysh up to Kashlyk with the aim of converting local residents to Islam. In the campaign, 300 sheikhs and 1,448 horsemen died, and the losses of the opposite side cannot be counted:

They exterminated a great multitude of pagans and Tatars, fighting so that there was not a stream or river left along the banks of the Irtysh, wherever they fought, and did not give those pagans the opportunity to escape ...

The details of the campaign indicate that either the year or the name of the khan were confused. Considering that one of the heroes of the works, Sheikh Bahauddin Nakshband, died in 1389, and it was typical for Tamerlane to accuse his enemies of apostasy and generally use religious motives to justify his campaigns, the time of the campaign is more like the era of Tamerlane.

However, for the first time the name "Tyumen" is mentioned in Russian chronicles in connection with the representative of the Tukatimurid clan, Khan Tokhtamysh, when under 1408 the chronicler wrote:

State of Haji Muhammad (1421-1428)

From the analysis of the "Collection of Chronicles" and the Siberian Chronicle, it follows that the founder of the Siberian Khanate was a descendant of Shayban Hadji-Muhammed, who was proclaimed Khan of Siberia in 1420. Then, many years of internecine struggle began in the khanate, which ended only in 1495 with the proclamation of the city of Siberia (Kashlyk) as the capital of the state.

State of nomadic Uzbeks (1428-1468)

The provincial status of Tyumen was interrupted for a long time by the Shibanid Abu-l-Khair, who made Chingi-Tura the capital of the Uzbek Khanate he founded. In this capacity, the city stayed from 1428 to 1446 (18 years in total). At the same time, the “vilayet of Chingi-Tura” was first mentioned, in which Khan Abu-l-Khair appointed administrators (darugs). " Genghis-name"and "Nusrat-name" Mention that Kazan was subordinate to the Tyumen khans during this period.

Tyumen Khanate (1468-1495)

Tyumen Khanate under Ibak Khan

The Tyumen Khanate as an independent state arose in the XIV century, before that it was part of the Golden Horde under the name "Ibir". It was located in the middle reaches of the Tobol and the interfluve of its tributaries Tavda and Tura. As a result of a long struggle between the rulers of the White Horde, the Sheibanids and Taibugins, who represented the local nobility, the Shibanid Ibak seized power in the state. Under the brothers Ibak and Mamuka, who from 1480 dared to fight for the throne of the Great Horde, the Tyumen Khanate reached its greatest influence. In 1495, Ibak was killed by Taibugin Makhmet, who moved the capital of the Khanate to the fortified town of Siberia (Kashlyk), which became the capital of the new Siberian Khanate. The lands of the Tyumen Khanate entered the Siberian Khanate at the beginning of the 16th century.

Isker yurt (1495-1582)

Siberian Khanate of Kuchum (1563-1582)

However, in 1563, Ibak's grandson Shibanid Khan Kuchum seized power. He executed co-rulers - brothers Ediger and Bekbulat. Khan Kuchum stopped paying tribute to Moscow, but in 1571 he sent a full yasak of 1,000 sables. In 1572, he completely broke off tributary relations. In 1573, Kuchum sent his nephew Makhmetkul with a retinue for reconnaissance purposes outside the khanate. Makhmut Kuli reached Perm, disturbing the possessions of the Stroganovs. Kuchum made great efforts to strengthen the significance of Islam in Siberia.

The conquest of Siberia by the Russian kingdom (1582-1598)

In 1582, on October 26, a detachment of ataman Yermak, after the victory over Kuchum, occupied Kashlyk. However, three years later, the detachment died (Ermak himself drowned in the Irtysh, leaving from the suddenly attacked Kuchumovites, on the night of August 5-6, 1585). In the meantime, new detachments had already begun to penetrate into Siberia, and soon Russian fortresses Tyumen, Tobolsk, Tara, Berezov, Obdorsk and others were built on the territory of the Siberian Khanate. Kuchum migrated to the south and resisted Russian detachments until 1598. On August 20, 1598, he was defeated by the Tara governor Andrei Voeikov on the banks of the Ob River and, according to one version, migrated to the Nogai Horde, according to another, to the east.

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Control

The Siberian Khanate was a multinational political association. At the head of the state was a khan, who was elected by the aristocratic elite - beks, murzas, tarkhans. The state structure was paramilitary in nature. In managing the khanate, the khan was assisted by his vizier - karach and advisers. The Siberian khans interfered little in the affairs of the uluses ruled by noble murzas and beks. During the war, the Murzas, together with their detachments, took part in campaigns, as they were interested in military booty, which was an important source of income for the Tatar feudal lords. The feudal nobility also included a small part of the feudalizing elite of the Ostyaks and Voguls (Mansi). The rest of the non-Turkic population ( Ostyaks, Voguls and Samoyeds) was in a subordinate position, which created internal contradictions in the Khanate and weakened its power.

Economy and population

Army

In addition to the Siberian detachments, the soldiers of the local tribes subordinate to the Khanate took part in the army of the Siberian Khanate during the campaigns. It is difficult to estimate the size of the Siberian army, but it is known that during the battle on Lake Abalatsky, Prince Mametkul commanded a tumen - a unit theoretically consisting of 10,000 soldiers. The armed forces of the khanate were scattered, in connection with which Kuchum, during the invasion of Russian troops, did not manage to gather them into a single fist. Kuchum himself had at his disposal the Nogai guard. Most of the Siberian princes had their own fortified towns with garrisons stationed there. On the battlefield, Siberian warriors used the tactics traditional for nomads to maneuver and bombard the enemy with arrows in mounted formation. Siberian warriors also knew how to fight on foot. An important role in the military art of the Turks was played by intelligence, thanks to which the Siberian troops could arrange ambushes and surprise attacks on the enemy.

The armament complex of the Siberian warriors consisted of bows with arrows, which were their main weapons, spears, darts, sabers, broadswords, daggers and battle axes. Warriors used chain mail, helmets and armor as protective weapons. In addition to edged weapons, Siberian warriors also used artillery.

Siberian rulers

Legendary Rulers

• Tatar Khan
• Kazyltin, son of Tatar
• Dametheus, son of Tatar
• Yuvash, son of Kazyltin
• Ishim, son of Yuvash
• Mamet, son of Ishim
• Kutash, son of Mamet
• Allagul, son of Kutash
• Kuzey, son of Allahul
• Ebargul, the younger son of Yuvash
• Bakhmur, son of Ebargul
• Yahshimet Khan
• Yurak Khan, son of Bakhmur
• Munchak, son of Yurak - khan
• Yuzak, son of Munchak
• On-Som, the son of Yuzak (or Yurak), presumably the same person as Van-khan (On-khan) Togrul
• Irtyshak, son of On-Som. Defeated by Genghis Khan
• Taibuga, son of Irtyshak (or On-Soma) - the first Taibugin murza of Siberia (1220-?)

Ulus Shibana

• Bahadur Khan - Sultan (-)
• Jochi-buga - sultan (-)
• Badakul Sultan
• Pulad-Timur - khan (-)
• Ibrahim-oglan and Arab-shah - co-rulers of part of the ulus (c)
• Alibek Khan - Khan (-)
• Kaganbek - khan (-)
• Davlat Sheikh - Sultan (after)

Tuka-Timurid dynasty

• Tokhtamysh - khan (-)

Uzbek Khanate

• Hadji Mohammed - khan (/-about/)
• Jumaduk - khan in part of the ulus (-)
• Mahmud-Khoja - khan (about - /)
• Abu-l-khair - khan (-/)

Siberian Khanate

• Ibak - khan (-)
• Mamuk - khan (-)
• Agalak - khan (-)
• Kuluk / Tulak-khvaja - khan, son of Ibak
• Murtaza-Ali - Khan (-)
• Ahmed Giray - khan (-)
• Kuchum - khan (-)
• Ali - khan (-), from 1607 only a nominal ruler
• Bahadur - khan (-), son of Oraz, son of Shamai, son of Kuluk
• Ishim, son-in-law of taisha Hourlyuk - khan (-)
• Ablai Giray - Khan (-)
• Devlet-Girey - the sultan, did not accept the title of khan, in - led the uprising against the Russians.
• Kuchuk - Sultan, son of Ablai, is among the Bashkirs of the Siberian road during the Bashkir uprising (1662-1664), recognized Devlet Giray as a khan, died in 1679
• Abuga, son of Ablai
• Asan and Ishim-Chuvek, sons of Devlet, active in the 1680s
• Sultan Murat, son of Kuchuk, Khan of Karakalpak
• Ishim-Muhammad, son of Abuga, Khan of Karakalpak (early 18th century)

Isker yurt

The Taibugids did not belong to the Genghisides and did not have the right to the title of khan.

• Mar (Umar, Omar) - the husband of the sister of Khan Ibak (about -)
• Mukhammed Taibuga - son of Ader, Taibuginsky Murza of Siberia (-)
• Kasym - son of Mohammed Taybugi, nephew of Angish, Taibuginsky Murza of Siberia (-)
• Ediger - son of Kasym Taybuga, Taibuginsky Murza of Siberia (-)
• Bek-Bulat - son of Kasym Taybuga, brother and co-ruler of Yediger (-), possible father of Simeon Bekbulatovich
• Seyd Akhmed (Seydyak) - son of Bek-Bulat, head of the taybugins in -1588

Notes

1. Siberian Khanate. bse.scilib.com. Retrieved September 13, 2015.
2. Johann Schiltberger. travel book// Siberia in the news of Western European travelers and writers, XIII-XVII centuries. - Novosibirsk, 2006.
3. Egorov V.L. Chapter two. Territory and borders of the Golden Horde
4. Egorov V.L. Chapter three. Cities of the Golden Horde and some issues of economic geography of the state// Historical geography of the Golden Horde in the XIII-XIV centuries. - M. : Nauka, 1985. - 11,000 copies.
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Khan Yediger and his brother Bekbulat turned to Grozny with a request for citizenship and received consent. In the future, Kuchum will seize power in the khanate and begin to pursue a policy hostile to Moscow.

Already in 1555, the consequences of the fall of Kazan in 1552 clearly began to affect Siberia. Local rulers of any serious state formations no longer wanted to compete with each other for space and territory, but sought to find protection and patronage from the most powerful players in the region of that time. In 1555, the Khan of the Siberian Khanate Yediger turned to Moscow with a request to accept the lands of the Khanate into the Moscow kingdom. However, power in the khanate was seized by Ediger's rival, Kuchum, who began to pursue an aggressive policy towards Moscow.

NOTES ABOUT SIBERIA IN WESTERN EUROPEAN SOURCES

Chekra came to Edigei, then moved with him to the country of Siberia mentioned above, where they walked for two months before they reached it. In this country there is a mountain called Arbuss and extends for thirty-two days' walk; the people who live there believe that behind this mountain there is a desert, reaching to the end of the world; no one can also pass through this desert or live in it because of wild beasts and reptiles. On the aforementioned mountain live wild people who do not have permanent dwellings; their body, with the exception of their hands and face, is covered with hair; like other animals, they roam the mountain, eating leaves and grass, and whatever else they can find. The owner of the mentioned country gave Edigei two wild people - a man and a woman, who were caught on the mountain, as well as three wild horses, which were also caught there; the horses that live on the mountain are the size of donkeys; there are also many animals that are not found in the German lands and which I cannot name. In the aforementioned country of Siberia there are also dogs that are harnessed to carts, in winter - to sledges; they also carry loads (wotseck) around the country and are as big as donkeys, and they also eat dogs there. It should also be noted that people in this country worship Jesus Christ like the three holy kings who came to bring gifts to him in Bethlehem, and saw him lying in a manger; therefore, in their temples one can see the image of Christ, presented in the form in which the three holy kings found him, and they bring gifts to these images and pray to them. The adherents of this faith are called Uighurs (Uygiur); in Tataria there are generally many people of this faith.

ON THE POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF SIBERIA

In 1581-1585. According to the Siberian Chronicles, a “Karacha-Dumny Tsar” is known, who had his own ulus (“Karachin ulus”), people from which most likely belonged to his clan or ulus, as evidenced by the chronicle expression “who was his house”. This Karacha commanded the troops, in 1584 at the head of "many military people" he besieged "the city of Siberia". Although G.F. Miller called him “Karacha-Murza”, in fact he had the title “Biya” ~ “Bek”, which follows from two completely independent sources - the legends of the Siberian Tatars and the “Collection of Chronicles” by Kadyr-Ali-bek. M. A. Usmanov, who turned to the study of the personality and clan affiliation of this Karacha Bey, came to the conclusion that the author of the “Collection of Chronicles” (1602) Kadyr-Ali-bey b. Khusum (Khushum) ~ Qasim-bek from the Jalair tribe.
An additional confirmation of his status as Karacha Bey is the participation of this Bek after the capture in 1588 by the Russians in the ceremony of enthroning Sultan Uraz-Mohammed to the throne of the Kasimov Khanate in 1600 among three other Karacha Beys (from the Argyn, Kypchak, Mangyt clans). Unfortunately, the value of this information is reduced by the fact that there is a possibility that Karachi Kadyr-Ali-bek from the Jalair clan will come to the Siberian yurt together with the Kazakh sultan Uraz-Muhammed. True, this sultan's aunt was married to Kuchum Khan's brother Akhmad Giray, which leaves room for the conclusion that the ulus dzhalair still existed in the Siberian Khanate before.

CITIES OF WESTERN SIBERIA

On the territory of Western Siberia in the basins of the Tobol and Irtysh, quite a lot of late medieval settlements are known, most of which date back to the time of the Siberian Khanate. The poor knowledge of these monuments does not yet allow a clear distinction between the ancient settlements of the Golden Horde and later ones.

Tyumen. The city was located on the tributary of the Tobol - the Tura; currently built up by modern Tyumen. Its name is known from medieval eastern sources; also known as Chingi-Tura. Archaeological research has not been carried out. In the XIV century. the city was the political center of the ulus.

Isker. Its remains were on the Irtysh, near the city of Tobolsk. During the time of the Siberian Khanate, the capital was moved here from Tyumen. The Russians called this city Siberia. The same name in the form Sebur appears on the Pitsigani map (1367).

Excavations have revealed a thick cultural layer here, reaching a thickness of 2 m, containing finds from the Golden Horde period.

Settlement of Tontur. Located on the river Omi in the Baraba steppe. The Golden Horde name of the settlement is unknown. Archaeological research has revealed finds of the Golden Horde period.

These cities, far removed from their contemporary centers of developed urban planning, still had fundamental buildings erected by qualified architects. This can be judged from the observation of academician I.P. Falk, who examined the settlement located on the Irtysh, 20 versts below the mouth of the Ishim, and saw here "the ruins of a collapsed mosque tower and a large stone house." Similar remnants of stone structures have been repeatedly noted by travelers at various Siberian settlements.

SIBIAN KHANISTRY, a feudal Tatar state in Western Siberia, formed in the 1420s in the process of the collapse of the Golden Horde and the separation of Ulus Shiban from its composition. The founder of the khanate was Haji Muhammad, who united the lands in the interfluve of the Tura, Tobol and Ishim. Center - the city of Chimgi-Tura, later - the city of Kashlyk. The territory covered the Irtysh region, the Tobol region, the Baraba steppe, and the Ob region. Inhabited by Turkic and Ugric-speaking tribes, which gradually united into the Tatar ethnic group.

The population was divided into nomadic aristocracy (khans, karachibeks, taybugs, beks and murzas) and "black people". Ruling clans: Mangyt, Jalair, Kungrat, Salzhdiut, Naiman. The state religion is Islam. The population was engaged in nomadic cattle breeding, agriculture, hunting, crafts (pottery, furrier, spinning, weaving, metalworking), trade. The territory of the khanate was divided into darugs, in which the governors of the khan ruled. The population paid taxes to the governors and the khan.

After the departure of Hadji Muhammad in the Aral Sea region, the Siberian nobility raised an uprising and proclaimed Abulkhair Khan. In 1430, his troops defeated Hadji Muhammad, who was captured and executed. Abulkhair gradually extended his power to the Aral Sea region and in 1446 moved the capital to Sygnak. In 1448, the Nogai, led by Vakkas, overthrew Abulkhair and installed Ediger as the ruler of the Siberian Khanate. In 1469, Khan Ibak, with the support of the Nogai murzas Musa and Yamgurchi, seized power in the Tyumen ulus. With the support of Ahmad, Khan of the Great Horde, they defeated the son of Abulkhair Sheikh-Khaidar. As a result, there was a political split in Kok-Orda and the registration of the possessions of the Siberian Khanate in Western Siberia. During the reign of Ibak, the khanate reached its greatest power. Ibak opposed the nomadic Uzbeks in the Aral Sea region and the Khan of the Great Horde Ahmad. In 1481, Ibak, together with Musa and Yamgurchi, defeated Ahmad. In the same year, he concluded an agreement on trade with the Moscow prince Ivan III, in 1483 - on friendship and alliance. In 1495, Khan Ibak was killed during a rebellion of the nobility led by Muhammad Taybuga. The latter united the Tatar uluses along the Tobol and Irtysh rivers and made the city of Kashlyk the capital. In 1555 Yediger recognized himself as a vassal of the Russian state. In 1563, Shibanid Kuchum seized power in the Siberian Khanate, began a struggle against the Russian state. In response, Russian campaigns were organized. In 1581, the Cossack chieftain Yermak, hired by the industrialists Stroganovs, organized a campaign in Siberia, defeated Kuchum and occupied Kashlyk. The Siberian Khanate broke up into a number of uluses. After the death of Kuchum in 1598, the Siberian Khanate was finally annexed to the Russian state.

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BIG HORDE

- the Tatar khanate that arose in the 30s of the XV century in the process of the collapse of the Golden Horde in the Black Sea steppes between the Dnieper and Volga rivers. The main population is the Tatars. The state religion is Islam. The Great Horde reached its highest power under Khan Ahmad. In 1491, the Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey defeated the Great Horde and in 1502 finally liquidated its independence.