A subordinating relationship is such a relationship between parts of a complex sentence or phrase, in which one part is controlling, and the second is subordinate to it. Based on this, we will analyze the types of subordination in the phrase and in the sentence. For clarity, each of the above cases will be considered with an example.

Types of subordination in a phrase

There are only three of them. This is coordination, control and adjacency.

Coordination

The gender, number and case of the main word in this type of connection is consistent with the dependent word.

Examples: a beautiful flower, another world, the ninth day.

As you can see, this type of connection is typical for phrases, where the noun is the main word, and the adjective, participle or ordinal number is dependent. Also, a possessive pronoun can act as a dependent word, for example, in the phrase “our souls”. The type of subordination here will be agreement.

Control

The main word in management puts the secondary in dependence with the help of a case. The combinations of parts of speech here can be quite diverse: verb and noun, participle or gerund and noun, noun and noun, numeral and noun.

Examples: sitting on a bench, knowing the truth, entering a room, a bowl of clay, ten sailors.

In the tasks of the GIA and the Unified State Examination, students are often faced with the task of changing the type of phrase from control to coordination or vice versa. Without understanding the material, the graduate may make a mistake. In fact, the task is quite simple. To do this, it is enough to know the types of subordination and be able to apply them.

The classic version of the task is a connection of two nouns. For example, "porridge from corn." The subordinate word must be changed into an adjective. Then “corn porridge” comes out, respectively, no other types of subordinating relationship, except for coordination, are suitable here. So, everything is done correctly.

If it is necessary to change the connection from agreement to control, then we change the adjective to a noun and put it in a certain case in relation to the main word. So, from a "strawberry cocktail" you get a "strawberry cocktail".

adjoining

In this case, the main word is associated with the dependent only in meaning. Such a connection is between a verb and an adverb, a verb and a gerund, a verb and a verb, a verb and an adjective or an adverb of a comparative degree.

Examples: "smile happily," "says sobbing," "I can swim," "be smarter," "it got worse."

It is quite simple to determine this connection: the dependent word does not and cannot have a case and gender. It can be an infinitive, a participle, comparative degrees of an adjective and an adverb.

We have considered all types of subordination in the phrase. Now let's move on to a complex sentence.

Subordinating relationship in a sentence

Types of subordination in a complex sentence can be distinguished in the presence of several subordinate clauses. They connect with the main sentence in different ways. For this reason, it can be noted that the subordinating relationship, the types of which we will analyze, can be expressed in various ways, depending on the nature of the subordination.

Sequential submission

With this type of connection, the subordinate clauses are subordinate to each other sequentially. Such a proposal scheme resembles a nesting doll.

Example. I asked for a guitar from a friend who was helping me put on a show where we played Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson.

The basis of the main sentence here is "I asked." The subordinate clause, which enters into a subordinating relationship with it, has the basis "which helped to arrange." Another subordinate clause departs from this sentence, subordinate to it - "we played Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson."

Parallel subordination

This is a kind of complex sentence in which several subordinate clauses are subordinate to one main sentence, but at the same time to different words.

Example. In that park where lilacs bloom luxuriantly in the spring, I was walking with a friend whose image seemed sweet to you.

The main sentence is: “I was walking in that park with a friend.” The subordinate clause "where lilacs bloom magnificently in spring" is built into it. It obeys the phrase "in that park." From him we ask the question "in what?". Another subordinate clause - “whose image seemed cute to you” - is built from the word “familiar”. We ask from him the question "what?".

Thus, we see that the subordinate clauses are connected by a subordinate relationship with one main sentence, but at the same time with its different parts.

Homogeneous submission

Subordinate clauses with homogeneous subordination are associated with one main clause. They refer to the same word and answer the same question.

Example. They guessed that their action would have consequences, that it was better to leave the idea and let everything be as it is.

The main sentence is "they guessed". From him we ask the question "about what?". Both adjectives answer this question. In addition, both the first and second subordinate clauses are connected with the main clause with the help of the predicate “guessed”. From this we conclude that the proposal with homogeneous subordination.

All the examples given refer to sentences where there is precisely a subordinating relationship, the types of which we have analyzed. This information will be necessary for everyone who is going to take exams in the Russian language, especially the GIA and the Unified State Examination, where there are a number of tasks to test such knowledge. It is important to remember that without understanding how phrases and sentences are built, it is impossible to fully master literate speech. This is a must-know for anyone who wants to learn how to write without errors.

1. Polynomials complex sentences with several subordinate clauses differ in their construction.

All subordinate clauses can be of the same name (i.e., have the same meaning) with the same relationship: they refer to the same word of the main part or to the entire main part as a whole. Such adjuncts are considered homogeneous and subordinate :

1) They could hear the skids creaking in the street, how the coal trucks were passing to the factory, and how half-frozen people shouted hoarsely at the horses.(M.-Sib.);

2) On holidays, the owner purposely looked for some business, if only to occupy time with something, if only his farmhand would not be without work.(Shol.).

Heterogeneous are subordinate clauses that are different in meaning (with the same reference to the main part), as well as the same in meaning, but related to different words of the main part. The following combinations of accessory parts are possible:

1) It's not about what they called it, but that it's an amazing street!(S. Bar.);

2) Although it was almost dry in the landings, it seemed to Kovtun from loss of blood that with every step he was stretching his legs from somewhere deep from the ground(Sim.);

3) Before it got dark, we left the forest, as we were afraid to get lost.

However, often homogeneous and heterogeneous clauses are present in a complex sentence at the same time: And perhaps, precisely because the road always pleases the soldier, and the collection is always a little troublesome, none of us- neither officers, nor sentries, nor we, who dragged equipment to the cars,- did not notice what should have been seen or at least heard(S. Bar.).

The subordinate clauses can form a sequential chain: the first refers to the main one, the second to the first subordinate clause, the third to the second, etc. Such subordination is considered consistent , and subordinate clauses - respectively, subordinate clauses of the first degree, subordinate clauses of the second degree, etc. For example:

1) The silent visitors of the branch were struck by the fact that the choristers, scattered in different places, sang very smoothly, as if the whole choir was standing, not taking their eyes off the invisible conductor.(Bulg.);

2) In the mornings, when you can't walk ten steps across the grass without getting wet to the skin with dew, the air

Prorve smells of bitter willow bark, grassy freshness, sedge(Paust.).

Consistently subordinate clauses and clauses homogeneous and heterogeneous can be combined within one complex sentence:

1) I lived, worked, loved, suffered, hoped, dreamed, knowing only one thing,- that sooner or later, in adulthood, or perhaps even in old age, but I will begin to write, not at all because I set myself such a task, but because my being demanded it(Paust.);

2) While you were at school, in the classroom, your mother wiped away her tears so that you would not know that there is a need and that she is cruel.(Luke.).

2. A polynomial complex sentence may have two (or more) main parts with a common (or common) subordinate clause. As a rule, these are sentences with a subordinate clause related to the entire main part as a whole (in this case, simultaneously to two or even three). These are subordinate clauses with adverbial meanings, more often temporary and conditional.

1) ... When the action of this story took place, the ramparts were still covered with thickets of honeysuckle and hawthorn and birds nested in them(Paust.);

2) ... When Vronsky drove up at the full trot of a native, pulling out the harnesses, already galloping without reins through the mud, the sun came out again, and the roofs of the dachas, the old lindens of the gardens on both sides of the main street shone with a wet sheen, and dripped merrily from the branches, and ran from the roofs water(L. T.).

Less common are constructions with a conditional dependence, for example, a pronominal-union correlative type: Lyalya slept so calmly, and such good dreams seemed to swarm in her eyelashes, that Natalya Petrovna did not dare to wake her daughter.(Paust.) - and sentences of the substantive-definitive type: There was a sea and there was a steppe, which Petya had never seen in reality before.(Cat.).

Comments of the teacher on the studied material

Possible difficulties	good advice
It can be difficult to distinguish between a simple sentence complicated by homogeneous predicates and a complex sentence, especially if one of the parts of the complex sentence is an incomplete sentence. For example: I was late because I forgot my watch at home.	It should be remembered that homogeneous members of a sentence can only be connected by coordinating unions. Do not confuse a coordinating union, linking parts of a complex sentence, and a coordinating union, linking homogeneous members of a sentence: I was tired and lay down to rest. - the union connects homogeneous predicates; I was tired, and I wanted to rest. - the union connects parts of a compound sentence. If there is a subordinating conjunction in a dubious sentence, then you have a complex sentence, the second part of which is an incomplete sentence: I was late because I left my watch at home. I was in a hurry, but I was still late.
A part of a complex sentence can be confused with a separate member of a sentence, a clarifying member of a sentence, an introductory construction, a comparative turnover. For example: Having rounded a high cape, the steamer entered the bay. Many gases, such as hydrogen, are lighter than air. I think his name is Ivan.	Make sure that you have a part of a complex sentence with an independent grammatical basis, and not any of the above constructions. It should be especially noted that the target turnover with the union to is the subordinate part of a complex sentence, the grammatical basis of which consists of a predicate expressed by an infinitive: To memorize the poem, she read it aloud six times.
If the subordinate clause is inside the main one, you can make a mistake in counting the number of parts of a complex sentence (in the options for answering a task of this kind, the number of parts of a complex sentence is sometimes indicated).	Find the grammatical foundations of the sentences that make up the complex. There are exactly as many parts in a sentence as there are grammatical bases. For example: He quickly learned what was then known in the field of mathematics, and even took up his own research. The basis of the first part: he studied and engaged. The basis of the second part: what was known. Therefore, there are two parts in a complex sentence.
It can be difficult to determine the types of connection between parts of a complex sentence with different types of connection. For example: It was impossible to stop: as soon as I stopped moving, my legs were sucked in, and the traces were filled with water.	The type of connection is determined by the union. Find conjunctions with which parts of a complex sentence are connected. If there is no union between some parts, then the connection between them is unionless, if the union is coordinating or subordinating, then the connection is respectively coordinating or subordinating. In the example above, the sentence consists of four parts. The first (it was impossible to stop) and the third (the legs were sucked in) are connected by an union-free connection, the second (as soon as I stopped moving) and the third (the legs were sucked in) are connected by a subordinating connection with the help of a subordinating union as soon as the third and fourth (traces were filled with water) - by a coordinating connection with the help of a coordinating union a.

Difficult sentence. Types of compound sentences

In addition to simple sentences, complex sentences are often used in speech, with the help of which we express thoughts in more detail, linking them together.

Compound sentences are sentences that consist of two or more simple sentences. Simple sentences as part of a complex one do not have intonational completeness, do not have their own purpose of expression and are combined in meaning and in pronunciation into one whole.

The storm has died down, the wind has eased.

As it comes around, so it will respond.

The frost was terrible, but the apple trees survived.

Simple sentences are combined into complex ones in two main ways. In allied complex sentences, parts are combined with the help of intonation and conjunctions (or allied words - relative pronouns and adverbs). In non-union complex sentences, parts are combined only with the help of intonation (without unions and allied words).

The sun is shining over the lake, and the eyes are blinding from the glare(union).

Sentences with unions and allied words are divided into two groups: compound sentences, compound sentences.

Compound sentences are sentences in which simple sentences can be equal in meaning and are connected by coordinating conjunctions.

June turned out to be hot, and the windows in the houses at night were opened wide.

The moth broke the fur coat, but the mittens were like new.

Complex sentences are sentences in which one of the sentences is subordinate to the other in meaning and is connected with it by a subordinating union or allied word. An independent sentence as part of a complex subordinate is called the main one, and a dependent one, subordinate to the main one in meaning and grammatically, is called a subordinate clause.

If you are in Myshkino(adjective), go to Efimkin(main).

I want to find a stone(main), which you don't have(adjective).

Compound sentences with various types of allied and allied connection

If a complex sentence consists of three or more parts, then some of them can be connected with the help of coordinating unions, others - with the help of subordinating unions, and others - without unions. Such a sentence is called a complex sentence with different types of allied and allied connection.

I did not have any one too strong vice that would stick out more clearly than all my other vices, there was no picture virtue in me that could give me some kind of picture appearance, but instead of that, a collection of all possible nasty things, a little bit of each, and, moreover, in such a multitude, in which I have not yet met in a single person. (N.V. Gogol).

(This is a complex sentence, consisting of six simple ones, the parts of which are connected by a subordinating, coordinating and non-associative connection.)

In which there is a subordinating or coordinating connection, they differ significantly from similar phrases and simple sentences. Further in the article we will consider the main differences between the mentioned structures.

General information

If we talk about phrases and simple sentences, then it is fair to say that the subordinating relationship can appear only in the first variant, while the composing type is more often used in the second. In the latter case, the task of converting to a common construction is performed, creating a series of homogeneous members. In complex structures, the coordinating and subordinating connection does not have such sharp differences. This is due to the fact that the same statement can be formulated using conjunctions of both types.

First difference

The use of composition and subordination helps to determine the semantic relationships that exist in simple and complex formulations. At the same time, there is a difference in the very structure of the utterance. Thus, the compositional connection does not create such clear boundaries. When using the second type of connection, parts of the statement are highlighted indicating the need to pay more attention to a particular fragment of the message.

Thus, we can say that the unions used in different variants differ in how they reveal relationships in expressions. In the case of a subordinating relationship, such types of relations as concessive, conditional-effect and causal, take an unambiguous form. At the same time, they are expressed by the unions "although", "because", "if". A coordinative connection in a sentence allows you to use the same union. It is the connecting element "and". But there are situations when the coordinative conjunctions "a" and "but", which are usually considered contrastive, can give the statement a shade of concession, conditions, consequences, comparisons and comparisons. In imperative expressions, conjunctions can create a condition in the message, which in the subordinating clause is expressed by the elements "if (instead, the particle "not" is allowed) ... then". Some interaction is found between composition and submission due to the fact that they cannot be considered absolutely opposite concepts.

Second difference

In complex constructions, the coordinative connection is an important independent element. But in simple structures, its task is to determine the relationship between members of a homogeneous sequence. In addition, a coordinative connection is included in a simple construction in order to enrich the statement with additional members. This is how it is transformed into a common one. In structures consisting of several parts, the coordinative connection is of greater importance.

Third difference

If we compare submission and composition with non-union, then the last two types of communication have much in common. This is explained by the semantic relationship within the structure. So, the coordinative connection reveals them in expression to a lesser extent. However, let's compare them in more detail. The writing connection is not only a syntactic, but also a lexical way of interaction. Thus, the relations that arise between phrases do not have a specific meaning, but only receive a certain characteristic. Coordinating conjunctions can also be combined with subordinating and various lexical elements. This creates a variety of syntactic constructions. As examples of the allied connection, various combinations of the service parts of speech "and", "here", "a", "well", "therefore", "because", "means" can be given. Subordinating conjunctions do not need additions, since they themselves can create clear boundaries for semantic segments.

Special cases

If a coordinating or non-union connection does not allow you to fully explore the relationships that exist in these sentences, then you need to turn to additional factors. They can be the general structure of the statement, as well as the introductory words, particles, various pronouns, turns present in it. In addition, inclinations and forms of time can highlight individual parts and indicate their features. In allied constructions, the meaning of the condition and the consequence is more noticeable when the imperative mood in the first sentence interacts (in the case of a complex formulation, its main part is meant) and other moods or other forms of time located in the second element (in the subordinate part).

Fourth difference

In complex sentences, the subordinate relationship is less multifaceted than in phrases and simple phrases. There are cases when part of the meaning of a complex structure formed from a set of simple ones is not realized. This may be due to the fact that a contradiction is likely to arise with the meaning of the subordinating union, as well as its complete change. An example would be the "when" connector. It is used in subordinating sentences. Its main value is an indicator of time. However, if the main part of the sentence describes any feelings, emotions, or someone's condition, then this union can turn from a temporary one into an investigative one. When in the subordinate clause something is evaluated, trying to determine the importance or significance, then the element "when" takes on the target value. In addition, this union may have a comparative meaning and carry an indication of inconsistency.

subordination

Subordination, or subordination- the relation of syntactic inequality between words in a phrase and a sentence, as well as between the predicative parts of a complex sentence.

In such a connection, one of the components (words or sentences) acts as main, the other - as dependent.

The linguistic concept of "subordination" is preceded by a more ancient concept - "hypotaxis".

Features of the subordination

To distinguish between coordinating and subordinating connections, A. M. Peshkovsky proposed a criterion of reversibility. Submission is characterized irreversible relations between parts of the connection: one part cannot be put in place of another without prejudice to the overall content. However, this criterion is not considered decisive.

The essential difference between the subordination relationship (according to S. O. Kartsevsky) is that it functionally close to the dialogic unity of the informative (question-answer) type, firstly, and predominantly has pronominal character of means of expression, Secondly .

Subordination in a phrase and a simple sentence

Types of subordination in a phrase and sentence:

• agreement
• contiguity

Subordination in a complex sentence

The subordinating relationship between simple sentences as part of a complex sentence is made using subordinating conjunctions or allied (relative) words. A complex sentence with such a connection is called a complex sentence. The independent part is called main part, and dependent - adnexal.

Types of subordinating connection in a complex sentence:

• allied subordination
  - subordination of sentences with the help of unions.
  I don't want the world to know my mysterious tale(Lermontov).
• relative subordination
  - subordination of sentences with the help of allied (relative) words.
  The moment has come when I realized the full value of these words(Goncharov).
• indirect interrogative submission(interrogative-relative, relatively-interrogative)
  - subordination with the help of interrogative-relative pronouns and adverbs that connect the subordinate part with the main one, in which the member of the sentence explained by the subordinate part is expressed by a verb or a noun with the meaning of utterance, perception, mental activity, feeling, internal state.
  At first I couldn't figure out what exactly emo was.(Korolenko).
• serial submission (switching on)
  - subordination, in which the first subordinate part refers to the main part, the second subordinate - to the first subordinate, the third subordinate - to, the second subordinate, etc.
  I hope this book makes it clear enough that I didn't hesitate to write the truth when I wanted to.(Bitter).
• mutual subordination
  - mutual dependence of the predicative parts of a complex sentence, in which the main and subordinate clauses are not distinguished; relations between parts are expressed by lexical-syntactic means.
  Before Chichikov had time to look around, he was already grabbed by the arm of the governor.(Gogol).
• parallel subordination (subordination)

Notes

Links

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