Empty you hearty you
She, having spoken, replaced,
And all the happy dreams
Aroused in the soul of a lover.
Before her, I stand thoughtfully,
There is no power to take your eyes off her;
And I say to her: how sweet you are!
And I think: how I love you!

you and you
A.S. Pushkin

Probably the first thing a beginner learns in class is the fact that there is no formal distinction between the forms you and you in English. The English perfectly bypass one, short pronoun you.

But the question arises, has it always been so simple? And what strange forms are found in poetry? Maybe these are typos?

The fact is that the English language, like any other, is constantly evolving, changing grammatically, lexically, phonetically, and so on. This path is not always associated with the acquisition of a new one, it happens that old, long-"worn out" forms are left behind.

If W. Shakespeare had been given a newspaper of our day, he would hardly have read it easily.

But back to you.

Many years ago, the English made a distinction between "you" and "you". It looked like this:

For example, in sonnet 3 V. Shakespeare refers to the Friend as "you":

Look in your glass and tell the face thou viewsest
Now is the time that face should form another;
Whose fresh repair if now thou not renewest,
Thou dost beguile the world, unbless some mother.
For where is she so fair whose unear "d womb
Disdains the tillage of your husbandry?
Or who is he so fond of will be the tomb
Of his self-love, to stop posterity?
Thou art your mother's glass, and she in thee
Calls back the lovely April of her prime:
So thou through windows of thin age see shall
Despite this wrinkles thy golden time.
But if thou live, remember "d not to be,
Die single and thin image dies with thee.

However, in the Middle Ages, the plural forms - Ye and You - became widespread. They were used to express respect and reverence, especially in relation to officials, important people. The popularity of plural forms, one might say, ruined the singular pronouns - thou and thee (by the way, it was the pronoun thou that would correspond to Russian you), since already by 1600. they acquired a tinge of familiarity and soon fell into disuse altogether, surviving only in poetry and in the Bible.

It is worth noting that the pronoun "you" appeared in Russian only in the 16th century.

But to this day, in some dialects, there are separate "you" and "you". For example, in Lancashire and Yorkshire, thu/tha is found as the nominative singular and thee as the object singular.

In South American speech, the expression you all or y "all is found, as a polite appeal to several people.

What do you think of this book?

By the way, you all also has a possessive form - you all "s:

We "ll finish soon with you all" s help!

Pronoun ye can now be found in literature, dialects and expressions.

As ye sow, so shall ye reap	saying used to mean that the way you behave in life will affect the treatment you will receive from others
ye gods	used to show surprise

Irina Babkina,
February, 2007

Is there a pronoun "you" in English?

MAKHLIN P.Ya.

Anyone who starts learning English notices that the forms of "you" and "you" in English are the same:you. What does it mean? Do the English really not distinguish between "you" and "you"? In fact, this state of affairs in English is only 3 centuries old, earlier in English, as in other European languages, there was a special pronoun "you"thou. How did it happen that for many centuries the English have become the most polite people and do not allow the familiar "you"?

Where did this tradition come from to call a respected (older) person on you? And everything is very simple: it turns out that the reason for the emergence of such appeals is the solemnity of the letter. Anyone who has come across scientific monographs has probably noticed that they are always written in the plural: "as it seems to us ... in our opinion ... we believe ...". Although the author can be one person. This tradition is more than two thousand years old. For greater solemnity of style, Roman authors wrote in this way, speaking of themselves in the plural. So wrote, for example, Cicero and many others.

How, you say, does this pompous style relate to the polite "you"? And the most immediate: by analogy, “I” > “we” began to use instead of “you” - “You”. Thus, since III centuries of the new era began to address the emperor - to emphasize the importance of his position. And already with 5th century new era, the appeal to "you" to superiors became ubiquitous in the Roman Empire.

Hence "you" as a polite form was borrowed into the Romance languages. And among them in French, wherevous"you" also means polite treatment. Probably in Russian You received such a value under the refined French influence. It was this influence that led to the fact that in English with 8th century thou "you" began to be considered too rude and began to be used in literary English you both in the meaning of "you" and "you". So English became the most polite language in Europe.

Curiously, Romance languages ​​other than French have developed specific forms of polite address. So in Italian "you" is conveyed by the pronoun Lei ( Literally: "she"). The fact is that in the Middle Ages there was a special appeal to a person who occupied morehigh position:Vostra Signoria"Your grace." Lei ("she") and replaces such a noble combination in modern Italian. Apparently, the situation is similar in the German language, whereSiemeans both "she" and "you" and "they".

And in Spanish, such a polite phrase was not replaced by the pronoun "she", but was greatly reduced in pronunciation. Before XVII century in spanish yke said Vuesa merced"Your grace." Subsequently, this phrase was first reduced toVuesausted and, finally, acquired the form of modern Spanish yka: Usted"You".

But be that as it may, none of the Romance languages ​​went so far as to completely abolish the pronoun "you", so that English has rightfully become the most courteous language in Europe.

Probably the first thing a beginner learns in class is the fact that there is no formal distinction between forms.

YOU in English. The English perfectly bypass one, short pronoun

From this point, the opinions of students usually diverge - there are those who claim that they say the British rudely poke everyone, while others, on the contrary, believe that the British politely poke everyone

I have witnessed such quarrels more than once ... And therefore, at least in my diary, I want to once and for all dot all Yo

in fact, in English earlier, until the 18th century, there was a form of address YOU -

Thou but from the end of the 18th century it fell into disuse ....

For example, in sonnet 3 V. Shakespeare refers to the Friend as "you":

Look in your glass and tell the face

thou viewsest

Now is the time that face should form another;

Whose fresh repair if now

thou not renewest,

Thou dost beguile the world, unbless some mother.

For where is she so fair whose unear "d womb

Disdains the tillage of your husbandry?

Or who is he so fond of will be the tomb

Of his self-love, to stop posterity?

Thou art your mother's glass, and she in

Calls back the lovely April of her prime:

thou through windows of thin age shall see

Despite the wrinkles this thy golden time.

thou live, remember "d not to be,

Die single, and thin image dies with

the fact is that the English language, like any other, is constantly evolving, changing grammatically, lexically, phonetically, and so on. If the same Shakespeare were given a newspaper of our day, he would hardly read it easily. The British are an island nation and scrupulousness in matters of dealing with each other is very clearly observed by them. in the end, from the island as from a submarine - you just can’t leave ... and therefore impoliteness and familiarity could turn out to be, to put it mildly, a spoiled life. In addition, literary English is incomparably richer and older than, for example, the Russian language. Therefore, it so happened that now the Englishman, addressing both the janitor and the queen equally to all YOU, is vykat.

Although many many years ago, the British made a distinction between "you" and "you". It looked like this:

Nominative singular

Nominative case, plural

Object case, singular

Objective, plural

YOU was used to express respect and reverence, especially in relation to officials, important people. The popularity of the plural forms YOU, one might say, ruined the singular pronouns - thou and thee (by the way, it was the pronoun thou that would correspond to the Russian you), since by 1600. they acquired a tinge of familiarity and soon fell into disuse altogether, surviving only in poetry and in the Bible.

It is worth noting that the pronoun "you" appeared in Russian only in the 16th century.

And in Yakut, some citizens still believe that EVERYONE - both the president and the milkmaid - should be treated in a rustic familiar way

EN, although there is a form of address

EHIGI- more polite and respectful!

And since the history of the language continues and the development and complication of society goes on, it is personally very unpleasant for me when an unfamiliar person or someone who is below me on the social ladder suddenly turns to me on EN ...

actually WHO is he to me to treat like that? If this is not my kindergarten friend or army friend, then such a rude-village treatment jars me! I myself use the EhIGI form when addressing all elders and superiors, and I demand the same for myself!

Anyone who starts learning English, sees that the forms "you" and "you" are the same in it is you. The question arises: do the British really not distinguish between these "you" and "you"? In fact, English has been this way for only three centuries. Earlier in this language, as in other European languages, there was a pronoun "you" thou. What happened, after which the British turned into the most polite people, completely eliminating this familiar "you"?

First, let's remember where such a tradition came from - to call a person on you? It turns out that the whole point is in the solemnity of the letter. Anyone who has read scientific monographs probably knows that they are presented in the plural. For example: "as it seems to us ... we believe ... in our opinion." In this case, often the author is one person. This tradition is over two thousand years old. For greater solemnity of style, this is how Roman authors began to write (for example, Cicero and others).

But let me ask you, what does this pompous style have to do with polite address to "you"? The most direct: following the analogy "I" > "we", they adopted instead of "you" - "You". So they began to address the emperor from the 3rd century AD, in order to emphasize his high position. And from the 5th century AD, such treatment in the Roman Empire in relation to superiors became widespread.

This is where the polite form of "you" comes from in the Romance languages. So she got into, which subsequently had her exquisite influence on. The same influence changed the English language in the 17th century. thou"you're on you"You", because the former treatment was considered too rude. Then the literary language acquired a new and ubiquitous appeal to "you". And English has become the most polite language in Europe.

Interestingly, other Romance languages, besides French, are distinguished by their special forms of polite address. For example, the Italian language uses the pronoun Lei ("she") to address "you". The thing is that during the Middle Ages, someone who held a high position was addressed: "Your Grace." Therefore, today Lei (“she”) is a substitute for such a noble combination in Italian. This seems to be the case in German as well, where Sie has three meanings - "she", "you" and "they".

But in Spanish, this courteous phrase was not replaced by the pronoun “she”, however, it was reduced in pronunciation. Until the 17th century, they said Vuesa merced, which means "Your Grace". This phrase was later changed to Vuesausted, and then it took on a modern look: Usted"You" (abbreviated to Ud and capitalized).

Be that as it may, the pronoun "you" has not been completely abolished in any of the Romance languages, so English is rightfully the most courteous of all the languages ​​​​of Europe.

Many of us are familiar with the situation when we don’t know how best to address the interlocutor: “you” or “you”. And then you willy-nilly remember the English-speaking comrades. Here people are lucky, no pangs of choice: only “you” and nothing else.

Probably, many people came to read this article after a simple operation “I asked Yandex”, when they discovered that in English the pronoun “you” denotes both “you” and “you”. We are always itchy. Is it really impossible to "poke" in English? It turns out not. But it was not always so.

Until the 16th century in England there was a word " thou", which just meant "you". As evidence, we can take, for example, the works of Shakespeare: there the heroes “poke” with might and main. And then politeness killed the British. To emphasize their respect for high-ranking persons, they began to call them in the plural. As a result, "we, Nicholas II" successfully replaced the "heartfelt you." Since then, translators have been awake at night, burning hot coffee, trying to decide when the English-speaking heroes have already moved to the “you” stage, and when they still express their respect with “you”.

It's funny that on the Slavic territory of the former CIS everything happened exactly the opposite. We are rushing ahead of the rest, so the word "you" appeared only in the 16th century. Not otherwise, as our travelers visited the mounds-oceans and adopted the example. But it was possible to address the prince with “you”.

However, you should not think that when referring to a British / American, it’s enough to say “you" and not bathe. Their system of addresses is so wise that it would be better if “thou” was still preserved. In our store, you can say to a saleswoman of respectable age “girl, please weigh 200 g of sausage” and receive from the beaming woman a kilo of cervelat, on which a phone number will be scratched. And in the UK and the US, no “girl” will give a ride if you want to get an extra towel from the maid in the hotel.

So, what did the English-speaking comrades think in their appeals to various people?

1 The most versatile appeals: Sir(to a man) and madam(to the woman). Must be capitalized. You are especially at risk if you write “ madam”, because this is the name of the mistress of a brothel. In the USA, with their love of simplification, the word "Madam" was generally shortened to "ma'am."

You can translate Sir and Madam as "Mr" and "Madam". These expressions are boldly inserted into official letters and used in everyday life when the interlocutor wants to emphasize his respectful attitude. For example, if you looked into a store, then Sir / Madam will certainly turn to you.

A small but important nuance: after these calls, you CANNOT put a surname. To do this, use option number 2.

2 Mr(Mr., to a man) Mrs(Mrs., to a married woman) and Miss(miss, to an unmarried woman, girl, girl). Here, however, English-speaking women were again not pleased: there would be no rejoicing at such attention, because already 2 different ways have been invented to address a respected lady. But feminism is marching around the planet, huts are burning, horses are running, so women wanted to equalize their rights with men and demanded a single appeal: Ms. (miz). The UN kindly recommended the use of this form as early as 1974. However, most women do not belong to the narrow circle of celibate feminists and do not see anything shameful in emphasizing their married status with the help of Mrs.

Important note: all of these Mrs/Ms/Miss/Ms can only be used with the first name, last name and some positions. For example, Mr. DJ, Miss Universe, Mrs. Swarovski, Ms. Brown.

True, there are usual exceptions. For example, simply "Miss" is used by students to address a teacher in the UK. Queen Victoria should be thanked for this, because in her time only an unmarried woman could work as a teacher (I wonder why). By the way, for the same reason, British students, if they add a surname to the word " Miss"When referring to a dear teacher, then only a girl's. In the USA, they don’t suffer from such wisdom and calmly say “Mrs smith” (surname by husband).

PS: in official letters you can still find the mysterious Esq . , which is placed after the name. For example Jack M. Stone Esq. This is nothing but an analogue of Mr. stands for esquire(Esq). He has never been an employee of the magazine of the same name. And not even a squire, as it used to be in medieval England. Esquire now equated in meaning to the word "gentleman." However, in the United States, this addition to the name and surname has taken root for some reason with certified lawyers. In general, by and large, it is better not to play around with Esquires. Mr - and all the cases.

3 Ladies and Gentlemen! Ladies and Gentlemen! This is a polite form of addressing several people at once. Again, against all logic. Why not respected "sirs" and "madames", namely "ladies" and "gentlemen"? Let's leave it on the conscience of the mysterious islanders, after all, they have a lot of rain there, and entertainment had to be invented.

4 Adults do not have to stand on ceremony and address unfamiliar young people and girls with Sir / Madam / Ms / Mr. So just: youth / young man(young man) or young lady / young woman(young woman). Almost like ours.

5 Older people, when addressing young people, allow affectionate appeals: Dear! Dearie! Ducky! Love!(daughter); Son! Sonny! Boy!(son).

6 The most interesting: vernacular forms of address: friend(friend); pal / mate / buddy chum(buddy). So you can turn not only to your bosom friend, but also to a stranger who does not deserve any respect from you (well, for example, someone showed up at your girlfriend's house while you honestly plowed on a business trip. How can you not say: “Hey , you , chum , get out !

Old man/boy/chap! (old man, buddy) old girl/sister! (old lady, sister) Brother! Buddy! Mate!(brother)

7 Probably, the film "Don't Call Me Baby" would not have been released at all if the screenwriter had remembered many other affectionate forms of address. For example, in addition to the notorious baby(baby, baby) it is quite possible to take a synonym kid. And if you don’t want to hit childhood, then you can pour honey: honey , sweet(sweet, th). Or more banally: dear girl / boy(dear girl/boy). And it is possible for the whole breadth of the soul: love , sweetheart, angel , precious . Let it melt.

8 Appeals to high-ranking persons (what if it comes in handy?)

Your Majesty(your majesty)
Your Highness(Your Highness). When addressing a prince/princess or duke/duchess.
Your Lordship(Your Highness). When addressing a Lord or a Justice of the Supreme Court.
Your Honor(Your Honor). When addressing a lower court judge.

9 As a bonus: like ours, taxi drivers can easily ask “where are we going, boss?” Only their boss will sound “chief”.

The military must be addressed by rank.
To the valiant policemen - officer, constable, inspector.
To those who took the oath of Hippocrates - Dr+ surname, Doctor ( doctor), Nurse/Matron/Sister ( nurse).

Now you have in your arsenal a whole set for referring to English-speaking comrades. By the way, the word "comrade" (comrade) you will only find in communist / socialist parties, as well as in Soviet English textbooks. In other cases, "Comrade Ivanov" is not used. The same about "citizen" (citizen) - this is our Soviet invention, and in the world it took root only in translations of works from Russian into English. Instead of all sorts of "comrade sergeant, two hours before dawn" you just have to say officer, and instead of comrade Petrov / Sidorov - Mr Retr ov / Si dorov .

It remains only to arm yourself with this knowledge and put it into practice. For example, write a letter to the remaining Prince Harry. After all, why are you worse than Kate Middleton? :)

specially for