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The main members of the proposal
As you know, proposals, according to the presence of members of the proposal, are divided into non-common and widespread.
Uncommon are called sentences in which there are only main members of the sentence.
Common, are called sentences in which, in addition to the main members of the sentence, there are also secondary ones.
What is sentence members? We will devote several articles to this issue and today we will talk about the main members of the proposal.
Let's take a look at the drawing who here is depicted and what word speaks of its action.
growls(who?) tiger cub
The subject and the predicate are the main parts of the sentence. They constitute the main part (core, grammatical basis) of the sentence.
The subject is underlined with one line, and the predicate with two lines (see figure).
There are sentences that consist only of the main members:
In addition to the main members, there are other members in the proposal. They are called secondary members of the sentence:
But let us return to the main members of the sentence and talk about what is called the subject and the predicate.
Subject
it main part of the proposal, which is associated with the predicate. He answers the questions of the nominative who? or what?
The subject denotes the subject of speech (thought).
The noun names the subject of speech (thought). The pronoun refers to the subject. The pronoun often replaces the subject expressed by the noun:
From the subject, expressed by an inanimate noun, as well as animate, to the predicate, you can ask a question what is he doing? or what will he do? Actions seem to be attributed to inanimate objects:
(What?) dew drops (what they were doing?) lay on the leaves .
This is the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the subject and answers the questions:
- what does the subject do?
- what happens to him?
- which subject?
- what is he?
- what is he?
- who is he?
Sun (what is he doing?) stands up .
Night (what?) was fresh .
The subject only names the subject of speech (thought). The predicate characterizes it by action or sign.
The main property of the predicate is the characteristic of the properties of the subject of speech (thought). To characterize the action, conjugated forms of the verb are used, and to characterize the attribute, nouns, adjectives, and so on, therefore, the predicate is distinguished nominal and verbal .
The verb predicate denotes an action, the nominal denotes a sign.
So, the verb predicate denotes an action - these are verbs in different forms:
The nominal predicate can be expressed by an adjective, a noun:
Let's take a look at the uncommon sentence by the members of the sentence:
Subject – of the year- expressed by a noun, answers the question "what?" ".
Predicate – run- expressed as a verb, answers the question “what are they doing? ".
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- Homogeneous members of a sentence Homogeneous members of a sentence are members of a sentence that respond to one and.
- Parts of speech - verb Let's continue the study of parts of speech. This article will talk about.
- Parts of speech - prepositions and conjunctions Let's continue the analysis of the basic rules of the Russian language in this article.
- Declension of nouns Changing a word in numbers and cases is called declension. In this one.
- Text and sentence We compose letters into words, words into sentences, and sentences.
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Members of the proposal
The main members of the proposal
The main members of the proposal- subject and predicate.
Subject
- I sat at the table. (In this case, “I” is the subject, the main character)
- He sheltered from snowfall with a piece of slate. ("He" is the subject)
If there is “-” between the subject and the predicate, then the first part will be the subject.
- Four- even number. ("Four" - subject)
- Even number- four. (In this case, "Even number" is the subject)
- I was sitting at the table. (In this case, “sat” is a predicate that talks about what the subject “I” is doing)
- He took shelter from the snowfall with a piece of slate. ("hidden" - predicate)
Secondary members of the sentence
The secondary members of the proposal include definitions, circumstances, additions.
Definition answers questions (what? whose?)
Circumstance answers the questions of adverbs and participles (where, from where, where, how much, why, why, how, etc.)
Addition answers questions of indirect cases (by whom?, by what?)
Definition
The definition denotes a sign of the subject, that is, we make the question of the definition from the noun.
- Horse princesses(Whose? "Princesses" - the definition.)
- Table wooden(Which one? "From wood" - definition)
- Coffee mexican(Which one? “Mexican” is the definition)
Addition
Addition - an object associated with the action (on which the action is directed, with the help of which the action is performed). The question to the addition is asked from the verb or adverb.
- Remove harvester("Combine" - addition.)
- manage warehouse("warehouse" - addition)
How to distinguish an addition from a definition?
For comparison, the object most often receives the question from the verb, and the definition from the noun. That is, if a word can be asked a question and definitions, and additions, then you need to look at the word from which the question is asked. If this word is a noun, then we have a definition. If the question is asked from a verb, then this is an addition.
Circumstance
The circumstance answers the questions of adverbs and participles.
How to distinguish circumstance from addition?
It should be remembered that an addition is an object, but a circumstance is not an object.
Examples: In these sentences, fireworks, a wedge are not objects, but a mode of action.
- The sawdust flew like fireworks. (How? How? "Fireworks" - Circumstance)
- Geese flew like a wedge (How? How? "Wedge" - Circumstance)
Examples: In this case, the nouns knife and hands denote objects associated with the action.
- She covered it with her hands. (How? What? "Hands" - addition)
- Cleaned with a knife (How? What? "Wedge" - addition)
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3. The main members of the proposal. A dash between subject and predicate. Rules
The predicate is the main member of the sentence, denoting the action,
state or sign of the subject and answering questions
what does the subject do? what happens to him? what is the subject?
what is he? who is he?
The predicate can be expressed by a verb, an adjective,
noun, combination of words: 
If the subject and predicate are expressed by nouns in
nominative case, then a dash is placed between them:
The dash is preserved if the predicate is attached to the subject
in words it, here, it means, it means, it is:
The book is a source of knowledge.
Romanticism is the first word that announced the Pushkin period.
A dash is not put if there is a negative before the predicate
particle not:
Lazy hands are not related to a smart head.
A dash is also not put if the predicate is attached
comparative conjunctions like, as if, as if, exactly, anyway, etc .:
Oil is like the black blood of the earth.
A jet plane is like lightning.
Tasks on the topic “The main members of the proposal. Dash between subject and predicate"
Underline the grammar in the sentences.
(By clicking several times on the desired word, select a graphic designation.)
Underline the grammar in the sentences.
(By clicking several times on the desired word, select a graphic designation.)
What does the predicate mean in sentences:
Antip put on a new shirt, girded himself with a belt.
1) The action of the subject.
2) Sign of the subject.
3) The state of the subject. Wrong. Do not click on an empty field. Antip beamed.
1) The action of the subject.
2) Sign of the subject.
3) The state of the subject. Wrong. Wrong. Wrong. Do not click on an empty field. Wrong. Wrong. Vera is the favorite of all relatives.
1) The action of the subject.
2) Sign of the subject.
3) The state of the subject. Wrong. Do not click on an empty field. Wrong. Passers-by looked at them.
1) The action of the subject.
2) Sign of the subject.
3) The state of the subject. Wrong. Wrong. Do not click on an empty field. Wrong. Mission completed. Wrong. Wrong.
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Grammatical basis: subject and predicate
What you need to know
You don't need to know much to understand this section; the ability to determine the grammatical basis is one of the fundamental skills with which the study of the #syntax and punctuation section begins
Nevertheless, it is desirable to have an idea about the following concepts: noun, cases, pronoun, verb.
What will you learn
- What is the subject and how can it be expressed
- What is a predicate and how can it be expressed
- What is a grammatical basis
To lovers of pure knowledge: any work with a sentence begins with finding a grammatical basis. Therefore, you are here.
For those who just want to correctly place commas: in order to isolate parts of a complex sentence and correctly place commas between them, one must be able to determine the grammatical basis. Therefore, you are here.
Passing the exam and the OGE: in order to cope with tasks in syntax and punctuation, it is necessary to be able to determine the subject and predicate, including in very non-trivial cases. Therefore, those who pass exams are also here.
In general, whoever you are, the ability to determine the grammatical basis of a sentence will be useful to you.
Subject
What is a subject?
The subject is the main member of the sentence, denoting the object, the action or feature of which is expressed by the predicate, and answering the questions “who?”, “What?”.
When parsing a sentence, the subject is underlined with one line.
Most often, the subject is expressed by a noun or personal pronoun in the nominative case ( I , you , he , she is , it , we , you , they).
Cat jumped on the windowsill. In this sentence, the subject is - cat .
He jumped on the windowsill. In this sentence, the subject is - he .
However, the subject can be expressed in other parts of speech. The subject can be:
1) any part of speech used in the meaning of a noun
Smart won't go uphill smart bypass the mountain.
Asleep did not notice that the train had left for the depot.
Walked towards him three .
2) indefinite form of the verb
Observe for the birds - a favorite pastime of our cat.
3) pronouns of other categories (not only personal, but also relatively interrogative, definitive, demonstrative) in the nominative case
Who feed the cat?
You can't help but love a cat which the lives in our house.
Sentence. The main members of the proposal
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In this lesson, we will learn that in a sentence the main members are distinguished - the subject and the predicate. The subject and predicate form the grammatical basis of a sentence. Learn to find the subject and predicate in a sentence and underline them.
Repetition of knowledge about the proposal
We already know that in a sentence all the words are related in meaning.
The sentence expresses a complete thought.
The beginning of a sentence is capitalized.
Depending on the intonation of the sentence, there are:
- exclamatory: How good it is in the forest!
- non-exclamatory: It's a good weather today.
According to the purpose of the statement are:
- narrative: Children go to school.
- interrogative: How old are you?
- incentive: Pass the book, please.
Rice. 1. Types of offers
Sentences are made up of words. Today we will find out which of them are called the main ones and why.
The main members of the proposal
Let's read the sentence: Fluffy kitten playing on the floor.
Rice. 2. The kitten is playing
Who is this proposal talking about? About the kitten. What is the kitten doing? plays. Let's close the word Kitty. Let's read the offer. Fluffy plays on the floor. The meaning is not clear. Who is playing on the floor? Now let's close the word. plays. Let's read the offer. Fluffy kitten on the floor. What he does is unknown. The words kitten plays express the main meaning of the whole sentence. These are the main members of the proposal. The main members of a sentence are the subject and the predicate.
Rice. 3. The main members of the proposal (Source)
Remember: subject names who or what the sentence is talking about, and answers the questions “who?”, “What?”. When parsing a sentence, it is underlined with one line.
For example: Schoolchildren read books. What is the proposal about? About schoolchildren. Who - pupils- subject, underline with one line. What are the students doing? Read. This is the second main member of the sentence - the predicate. Emphasized by two lines. Schoolchildren read books.
Remember: predicate- the main member of the proposal. Names what is said about the subject, answers questions what to do? what to do? When parsing a sentence, it is underlined by two lines.
We learned that in a sentence the main members are distinguished - the subject and the predicate. The subject and predicate form the grammatical basis of a sentence.
Rice. 4. The grammatical basis of the sentence (Source)
Consolidation of knowledge in practice
And now we will complete tasks that will help us consolidate the knowledge gained.
We write out the grammatical basis of the sentences and underline the subject and predicate.
Spring has come. Ringing streams ran across the land. Birds sang on the branches. The first blades of grass appeared on the thawed patches.
Let's check the correctness of this task.
Spring has come. The predicate has come, the spring is the subject.
The streams ran. Brooks - subject, ran - predicate.
The birds sang. They sang - the predicate, the birds - the subject.
Weeds appeared. Appeared - the predicate, blades of grass - the subject.
Insert a suitable subject.
The cold north __________ is blowing. White _________ fall to the ground. Fluffy ________ jumps from branch to branch in the forest.
Words to insert: squirrel, wind, snowflakes.
A cold north wind is blowing. White snowflakes fall to the ground. A fluffy squirrel jumps from branch to branch in the forest.
Let's make sentences from these words. Find the grammatical basis in each sentence and underline it.
Crow, sitting on, a branch, black.
Gray, gnaws, carrots, hare, delicious.
Apples, on, ripe, apple tree, red.
Coat, hanging, hanger, on, baby.
One of the answer options:
A black crow sits on a branch.
Proposal basis: crow sitting .
A gray hare gnaws a delicious carrot.
Proposal basis: hare gnaws .
Red apples ripened on an apple tree.
Proposal basis: The apples are ripe .
A child's coat is hanging on a hanger.
Proposal basis: coat hanging .
In the next lesson, we will learn which members of the sentence are called secondary, learn how to find them in the sentence, highlight them with underlining. Let's talk about common and non-common offers.
- Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Education, 2012 (http://www.twirpx.com/file/1153023/)
- Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language. 2. - M .: Balass.
- Ramzaeva T.G. Russian language. 2. - M .: Bustard.
- Festival of Pedagogical Ideas "Open Lesson" (Source).
- Uchitelu.net (Source).
- 4stepeni.ru (Source).
- Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M .: Education, 2012. Part 2. Do ex. 171 p. 125.
- Highlight the grammatical bases in these sentences. What fairy tale begins?
1. Grandfather planted a turnip. 2. A big, big turnip has grown. 3. Grandfather went to pick a turnip.
- * Using the knowledge gained in the lesson, make 5 sentences for the picture. Underline the subject and predicate.
Rice. 6. Leopold the cat and mice (Source)
If you find a bug or a broken link, please let us know - make your contribution to the development of the project. Periodicity and term of payment of alimony for a child Even after a divorce is filed, the child's parents are not released from the upbringing and material support of the minor. The financial part of the problem is solved with […]
The main members of the proposal - subject and predicate.
Subject
Subject- this is the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the predicate and answers the questions of the nominative case who? or what?
Ways of expressing the subject
| Ways of expression | Examples |
|---|---|
| 1. Noun in the nominative case (or other part of speech, used as a noun) |
Blizzard moved up immediately. (N. Ostrovsky) Gathered discussed the agenda. |
| 2. Pronoun in the nominative case | Each went to the room assigned to him. (A. Pushkin) |
| 3. Indefinite form of the verb | Guard nature means protecting the Motherland. (K. Paustovsky) |
| 4. Phraseologisms | Out in the field from small to large. |
| 5. Own name | A wide strip, from edge to edge, stretched Milky Way. (V. Arseniev) |
| 6. Syntactically complete phrase | Grandma and me went quietly to their attic. (M. Gorky) |
Predicate
Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the subject and answers questions what does the subject do? what happens to him? what is he? and etc.
The predicate is expressed by the verb in the form of one of the moods.
The predicate may be simple and composite.
A predicate expressed by one verb in the form of a mood is called simple verb predicate.
In a simple verbal predicate, lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in one word. The predicate expresses the nature of the movement; at the same time, verbs indicate a real action.
Composite a predicate is called in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words.
The compound predicate can be verbal and nominal. It consists of two parts: one part (copy) expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, the other (verbal and nominal) - the main lexical meaning of the predicate. Verbs are used as links to be and auxiliary verbs.
Compound verb a predicate is called, which consists of an auxiliary verb expressing the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and an indefinite form of the verb expressing its main lexical meaning.
Auxiliary verbs express the meaning of the beginning, end, duration of an action, its desirability or possibility.
Combinations of some short adjectives ( should, glad, ready, obligated, able, intends etc.) and the service verb-bundle to be in the form of one of the inclinations.
Compound nominal a predicate is called, which consists of a linking verb expressing the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and a nominal part (adjective, noun, etc.) expressing its main lexical meaning.
The most commonly used is the linking verb. to be expressing only grammatical meanings.
Note:
The role of connectives can be verbs that have the meaning of movement, state: come, arrive, come back and etc.; sit, stand and etc.
Nominal part a compound predicate is expressed by an adjective, a noun, a short passive participle, etc.
Note:
The nominal part may include unions as, as if, as if, exactly, introducing into the predicate the meaning of comparison.
Subject- this is the main member of the sentence, which denotes the subject of speech and answers the question of the nominative case (who? what?).
Pay attention to the meaning (a) and the form of the expression (b) of the subject:
a) the subject is what is being said in a sentence (subject of speech);
b) the main form of expression of the subject - Nominative case(question who? what?).
Note!
To the question what? answers not only the nominative, but also the accusative case of the noun; nominative and accusative forms can also coincide. To distinguish between these cases, you can substitute a noun of the 1st declension (for example - book): Nominative case - book; accusative - book.
Wed: On the table lies pencil (book) - nominative case; I see a pencil(book) - accusative case.
Let's compare two sentences:
1. I did not sleep; 2. I didn't sleep.
They mean roughly the same thing in meaning. However, in the first sentence I did not sleep) has a subject, because there is a pronoun in the nominative case ( I), in the second sentence ( I couldn't sleep) there is no subject, because there is no pronoun in the nominative case ( to me- dative).
Ways of expressing the subject
A) Subject - one word:
| The form | Examples |
|---|---|
| 1. Name | |
| 1.1. Noun | eldest son(who?) left for the capital. |
| 1.2. Pronoun | He(who?) left for the capital. |
| 1.3. Adjective | Older(who?) left for the capital. |
| 1.4. Participle | Raised(who?) the sword will die by the sword. |
| 1.5. Numeral | Two(who?) left for the capital. |
| 2. Infinitive (indefinite form of the verb) | Be in love(what?) - this is wonderful. Live(what?) - serve the motherland. |
| 3. Invariable (significant or service) part of speech in the meaning of a noun | |
| 3.1. Adverb | It has come and the fateful day after tomorrow(what?). |
| 3.2. Pretext | "AT"(what?) is a suggestion. |
| 3.3. Union | "BUT"(what?) - antagonistic alliance. |
| 3.4. Particle | "Not"(what?) verbs are written separately. |
| 3.5. Interjection | Rushed from all sides "ay"(what?). |
| 4. Indirect form of a name, conjugated form of a verb, sentence in the meaning of a noun | "Brother"(what?) - dative form of a noun. "Reading"(what?) - 1st person form of the present tense verb. "Do not forget yourself, do not worry, work moderately" (what?) - was his motto. |
B) The subject is an integral, that is, syntactically indivisible phrase (main + dependent word):
| The form | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Name in the nominative case (adverb) + name in the genitive case | quantitative value | Five chairs stood against the wall. Some chairs stood against the wall. Some of the chairs stood against the wall. There were many chairs against the wall. |
| 2. Name in the nominative case + name in the genitive case with a preposition from | Selective meaning | Two of us will go to the capital. Each of us will go to the capital. Many of us will go to the capital. |
| 3. Name in the nominative case + name in the instrumental case with the preposition c (only with the predicate - in the plural!) | Consistency value | Wed: Mother and son are going(plural) rest. Mother and son are going(units) rest. |
| 4. Nouns beginning, middle, end+ noun in genitive case | Phase value | It was the end of September. |
| 5. Noun + agreed name (phraseologism, terminological combination and phrase with metaphorical meaning) | The members of the phrase only in the aggregate express a single or inseparable concept in this context | The Milky Way spread across the sky. white flies(snowflakes) circled in the sky. A cap of blond curls swayed on his head. |
| 6. Indefinite pronoun (from the basics who, what) + agreed name | undefined value | something unpleasant was in all its forms. |
Note!
1) You can always ask questions to the subject who? what? , even if it does not change case by case.
2) Nominative case- the only case with which the subject can be expressed.
Note. The subject can be expressed in the indirect case if it indicates the approximate number of someone or something. Wed: thirty ships went out to sea. About thirty ships went out to sea. Over thirty ships went out to sea.
Subject Parsing Plan
Specify how the subject is expressed:
- Single word: noun, adjective, pronoun, numeral, participle in the nominative case; adverb or other invariable form in the meaning of a noun; infinitive.
- Syntactically indivisible phrase (indicate the meaning and form of the main word).
Sample parsing
The lake seemed to be covered with ice(Prishvin).
Subject lake expressed by a noun in the nominative case.
Around noon, a lot of round high clouds usually appear.(Turgenev).
Subject many clouds expressed by a syntactically indivisible (whole) phrase with a quantitative meaning; main word (noun) lots of) is in the nominative case.
In the dark, the bearded man stumbled on something(Sholokhov).
Subject bearded expressed by an adjective in the meaning of a noun in the nominative case.
But to pay for something, even the most necessary, suddenly two hundred, three hundred, five hundred rubles seemed to them almost suicide.(Goncharov).
Subject pay expressed in the infinitive.
It's been about an hour(Paustovsky).
Subject about an hour expressed by the indirect case of the noun hour with the preposition near and indicates the approximate amount of time.
In this chapter:
§one. The main members of the sentence are subject and predicate
Subject
The subject is the main member of the sentence, independent of the other members of the sentence. The subject answers the questions I.p.: who? what?
In a sentence, the subject is expressed in different ways.
How is the subject expressed?
The subject can be a word or phrase.
Most often the subject is expressed:
1) noun: mother, laughter, love;
2) words that have the function of a noun: nouns derived from adjectives or participles: sick, manager, meeting, ice cream, canteen;
3) pronouns: we, nobody, anything;
4) numerals: three, five;
5) indefinite form of the verb: Smoking is harmful to health;
6) a phrase, if it has a meaning:
a) compatibility: husband and wife, duck with ducklings, me and my girlfriend;
b) uncertainty or generality: Something unfamiliar seemed in the distance. One of the guests covered the window;
c) quantities: 2 million people live in the city;
d) selectivity: Any of them could become the first. Most of the students coped with the control;
e) phraseological unit: The white nights have come.
Predicate
Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, denoting what is being said about the subject that is the subject. The predicate depends on the subject and agrees with it. It answers different questions: what does the object do? what happens to him? what is he? who is he? what it is? what is the subject? All these questions are varieties of the question: what is being said about the subject? The choice of a specific question depends on the structure of the sentence.
The predicate contains the most important grammatical characteristic of the sentence: its grammatical meaning.
grammatical meaning- this is a generalized meaning of the sentence, which characterizes its content in terms of two parameters:
- reality-irreality,
- time.
reality-irriality expressed by the mood of the verb.
- Verbs in the indicative mood are typical for statements that reflect the real situation: It's raining., It's getting light.
- Verbs in the imperative and in the conditional mood are characteristic of sentences that reflect not a real, but a desirable situation. Don't forget your umbrella! If only it didn't rain today!
Time- an indicator of the correlation of the situation with the moment of speech. Time is expressed by the verb forms of the present, past and future tense.
Simple and compound predicate
The predicate in two-part sentences can be simple and compound. Compounds are divided into compound verbal and compound nominal.
Simple predicate- this is a type of predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in one word. A simple predicate is always a verb. It is expressed by the verb in the form of one of the moods. In the indicative mood, verbs can stand in one of three tenses: present - past - future.
He knows the verses by heart.
indicative mood, present. time
He knew the verses by heart.
indicative mood, past time
He will learn the verses by heart.
indicative mood, bud. time
You will memorize these verses.
imperative mood
In a circle, you would learn poems by heart.
conditional mood
Compound predicate- this is a type of predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words.
If in a simple verbal predicate the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in one word, then in a compound one they are expressed in different words. For example:
Suddenly, the baby stopped singing and started laughing.
Stopped singing, started laughing - compound predicates. The words sing, laugh are called action, while expressing the lexical meaning. The grammatical meaning is expressed by the words: stopped, started
Compound predicates are verbal and nominal.
Compound verb predicate
A compound verbal predicate is a predicate consisting of an auxiliary word and an indefinite form of the verb. Examples:
He finished working.
I want to help you.
Auxiliary words are divided into two groups:
1) verbs with the meaning of the beginning-continuation-end of the action, for example: start, finish, continue, stop, stop;
2) verbs and short adjectives with the meaning of possibility, desirability, necessity: to be able, to be able, to want, to want, to desire, to strive, to try; glad, ready, must, obligated, intends.
In a compound verbal predicate, auxiliary words express the grammatical meaning, and the indefinite form of the verb expresses the lexical meaning of the predicate.
In the event that a short adjective serves as an auxiliary word, then it is used with a bunch. The link is the verb to be. Here are the relevant past tense examples:
I was so glad to meet you!
In the present tense, the word is is not used, it is omitted: the link is zero, for example:
I'm so glad to meet you!
In the future tense, the link to be is put in the future tense. Example:
I will be glad to meet you.
Compound nominal predicate
A compound nominal is a predicate consisting of a linking verb and a nominal part. Linking verbs express the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and the nominal part expresses its lexical meaning.
1. The linking verb to be expresses only grammatical meaning. She was beautiful yesterday. In the present tense, the link is zero: She is beautiful.
2. Linking verbs to become, to become, to become, to be, to be considered, to seem, to be called, to appear: The house from afar seemed like a point.
3. Linking verbs with the meaning of movement or location in space: come, arrive, sit, lie down, stand: Mother returned tired from work., Mother sat thoughtful, sad.
In all these cases, linking verbs can be replaced by the verb to be. The sentences will be synonymous, for example:
Mother sat pensive, sad. Synonymous: Mother was thoughtful, sad.
He was considered the most talented of us. Synonymous: He was the most talented of us.
With such a replacement, of course, all the nuances of the meaning are not transmitted. Therefore, the language offers various linking verbs that emphasize different shades of meaning.
Combinations of a linking verb with auxiliary words are possible: She dreamed of becoming an actress.
The nominal part of the compound nominal predicate
The nominal part of the compound nominal predicate is expressed in Russian in different ways, and, paradoxically, not only by names. Although the most common and characteristic is the use of names as a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: nouns, adjectives, numerals. Naturally, names can be replaced by pronouns. And since the role of adjectives and participles is similar, participles can also act along with adjectives. Adverbs and adverbial combinations are also possible in the nominal part. Examples:
1) noun: Mother is a doctor., Anastasia will be an actress.,
2) adjective: He grew up strong and handsome.,
3) numeral: Twice two four.,
4) pronoun: You will be mine., Who was nobody, he will become everything ("International"),
5) communion: The composition turned out to be lost., The daughter was finally cured.,
6) adverb and adverbial combination: The shoes were just right., The trousers turned out to be just right.
The nominal part can contain not only separate words, but also syntactically indivisible phrases. Examples:
She ran into the room with a cheerful face.
She sat with thoughtful eyes.
It cannot be said: She ran in with a face., She sat with her eyes., Because phrases with a cheerful face and thoughtful eyes are syntactically indivisible - this is the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate.
test of strength
Find out how you understood the contents of this chapter.
Final test
What members of the proposal are considered the main ones?
- subject and object
- definition, circumstance and addition
- subject and predicate
Can the subject be expressed by words derived from adjectives or participles: head, sick, in love?
Can the subject be expressed in phrases, for example: we are with friends?
What is the subject of the sentence: Any of you can prepare for the exam and successfully pass it.?
- any
- any of you
What characteristics are included in the grammatical meaning of the sentence?
- reality - unreality and time
- type and time
Is it true that a simple verbal predicate is a predicate whose lexical and grammatical meaning is expressed by one verb?
Is it true that a compound predicate is a special type of predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words?
I can't help you.?
- simple verb
- compound verb
- compound nominal
What is the predicate in the sentence: He was always taken seriously.?
- simple verb
- compound verb
- compound nominal
What is the predicate in the sentence: Two by two is four.?
- simple verb
- compound verb
- compound nominal
Sentences in Russian have a certain structure. Popular in terms of frequency of use, these are syntactic statements containing a grammatical basis consisting of a subject and a predicate. The subject and its modes of expression are a separate category. Details in this article.
The main members of the proposal
This is a tandem of subject and predicate. The subject is the subject that performs the action. The action itself is the predicate.
Important! The subject cannot be an object, since the object is what the action is aimed at.
The grammatical basis, the ways of expressing the subject and predicate become the cornerstone on which the entire speech statement is built.
Semantic features of the subject
The subject and ways of expressing it are a special subsection of morphology.
What is it?
The subject is the main member of the sentence, denoting the subject of the speech statement and answering the questions: “who? what?". These are questions related to the nominative case.
The meaning of the subject is very simple to determine - this is what the sentence says. In fact, without a subject sentence, they lose their semantic component. However, there are exceptions to the rule, for example, impersonal, definitely-personal or indefinitely-personal types of sentences, where either there is no subject at all, or it is implied, but not included in the general structure of the sentence.
Subject and object in a sentence
The main form of expression of the subject becomes the nominative case with the questions “who? what?". There is an interesting situation here. The fact is that in Russian two cases answer the same questions: nominative and accusative. In addition, the very form of the nominative and accusative cases may coincide.
For example:
- "The house is on the side of the road." Here the subject is the noun "House", which is in the nominative case and answers the question "what?".
- "I see a beautiful house on the outskirts of the village." In this case, the subject is the pronoun "I", and the noun "house" becomes an object (a minor member of the sentence), but also answers the question "what?".
In such a situation, it is important to correctly determine the subject and object, and you can also use a little trick and substitute any noun of the first declension for an incomprehensible case form, for example, mother.
Get:
- The house (mother) stands by the road - the nominative case.
- I see a beautiful house (mother) on the outskirts of the village - accusative.
This example shows that similar nouns have different word forms and endings. Thus, the questions of the subject will no longer cause any difficulties.
Ways of expressing the subject
The subject, its semantics and ways of expression depend on the part of speech that takes the place of one of the main members in the sentence. It is impossible to say that the subject is a more significant member of the sentence than the predicate. So, for example, in impersonal sentences there is not and cannot be a subject, therefore all the semantic load there falls precisely on the predicate.
Examples of the subject and its ways of expression in Russian are presented below.
Noun
If the form of the main member is a noun:
- Mom (who?) cooked a delicious dinner.
- Natasha (who?) washed the dishes.
- Ivan (who?) cleaned up the books.
- The bus (what?) left for the depot.
- The book (what?) is on the table.
- A brush (what?) is in a glass.
Pronoun
If the form of the main member is a pronoun:
- She (who?) went to watch a movie.
- He (who?) left for Moscow.
- They (who?) rode horses.
- Someone (who?) was hiding behind a curtain.
- Something (what?) is in the box.
- I (who?) saw the new student first.
Adjective
If the form is an adjective:
- The eldest (who?) stayed with the kids.
- The last one (who?) stands in line on the left.
- Silent (who?) stood next to us and frowned.
- We haven’t thought about sneakers on a trip for a long time. Forgotten and lost (what?) lay in the same place.
- Not always tasty (what?) Is useful.
- The miser (who?) pays twice.
Participle
If the form is participle:
- The seeker (who?) will always find.
- He who raised (who?) the sword from the sword will die.
- The desired (what?) was nearby.
- The departed (who?) suddenly returned.
- Everything good (what?) is remembered for a long time.
- Has the missing (what?) been found?
numeral
If the form is a numeral:
- Twice two (what?) is four.
- Three (what?) is a good number.
- Four (what?) is not divisible by three.
- Seven (who?) do not wait for one.
- The second (who?) in line left.
- One (who?) was nearby.
In addition to the above parts of speech, unchangeable significant or auxiliary parts of speech in the meaning of a noun can also act as a subject.
Infinitive
If the form is the infinitive - the indefinite form of the verb:
- Smoking (what?) - harm health.
- To live (what?) is good!
- Protecting (what?) Motherland is the duty of every citizen.
- To love (what?) is amazing!
- To know (what?) does not mean to be able to.
- Understanding (what?) other people is an art!
Adverb
If the form is an adverb:
- Delicious (what?) - not always useful.
- Today (what?) has already arrived.
- Often quickly (what?) does not mean competently.
- Home is better (what?) than away.
- Simple (what?) - this is without unnecessary troubles!
Pretext
If the form is a preposition:
- "Oh" (what?) is a preposition.
- "K" (what?) is a spatial preposition.
- "For" (what?) is also a word.
Union
If the form is union:
- "But" is an adversative conjunction.
"And" is a connecting union.
Particle
If the shape is a particle:
- "Not" with verbs is written separately.
Interjection
If the form is an interjection:
. “Ai” is said when it hurts!
A loud "Au" (what?) rushed from the forest.
Indirect form of a noun
In addition to the invariable parts of speech, the subject can be an indirect form of a noun (that is, a noun put in any case except the nominative), or a sentence in the meaning of a noun or a form of a verb that can be conjugated.
For example:
- Where to take it? Brother.
- What are you doing? I'm reading.
- Do not think about me, do not be upset, do not overwork - this was written at the end of the letter.
Syntactically indivisible phrase
And finally, the whole form of the subject, which is a syntactically indivisible phrase, where there is a main and a dependent word, falls into the category of the subject and its ways of expression. They differ in different meanings and composition of parts of speech.
quantitative value
If the form of the subject is a tandem of a name in the nominative case and a name in the genitive case.
- Six people stood at the parapet.
- Several bags lay on the bench.
- Some of the papers lay on the table.
- Half of the documents have been checked.
- Many people passed with banners.
Selective meaning
If the form is an alloy of the name in the nominative case and the name in the genitive with the preposition "of".
- Three of the detachment went in search of the missing.
- Each of us has been to the South at some time.
- Many of them will pass all stages of mastery.
Consistency value
If the form is a tandem of a name in the nominative case and a name in the instrumental case with the preposition "with". An important nuance here is the predicate - it must necessarily have a plural form.
For example:
- Father and brother will go to see the car.
- Mother and son will go to the museum.
- My sister and uncle went to the cinema.
- The cat and kittens went around the corner of the house.
- The textbook and notebooks lay on the table.
Phase value
If the form is a tandem, consisting of a noun with the meaning "beginning, middle and end" of some state and a noun in the genitive case.
- It was the end of December.
- The beginning of March was approaching.
- It's already the middle of summer.
Phraseologisms
Phraseological forms of the subject are also considered a separate case, when the role of the main member of the sentence is a special pair - a noun and an agreed name. For example, phraseological, terminological, or a phrase with a metaphorical meaning.
In this case, the components of this syntactic alloy only in the aggregate express the single and indivisible meaning that is required to understand the semantic component.
- Working slipshod is not my habit.
- “You can’t even catch a fish out of a pond without effort” is written on a poster in the lobby.
- The rings of Saturn are visible to the naked eye.
- The Milky Way is visible far away.
- White flakes fall from the sky.
- Hedgehog hair stuck out belligerently on the top of his head.
And the last form for the subject can be indefinite pronouns, which are formed from the bases “who” and “what”, which make up a single alloy with a consistent name. Such forms of the subject carry an indefinite meaning.
- Someone bald peeked out from behind him.
- Something unpleasant fell on my head from the balcony.
- Someone nasty nasally from the stage.
- Something shaggy touched my leg.
- Someone "smart" scrawled an obscene word on the wall of the entrance.
- Something delicious smelled pleasantly from the plate.
Thus, the ways of expressing the subject in Russian may vary and depend on a certain verbal form used in place of one of the main members of the syntactic construction. The subject can be not only nouns, but also other parts of speech, and even complex syntactically indivisible phrases with phase, metaphorical and terminological meaning. In addition, it is worth remembering that the subject has a certain form of expression - the nominative case.
