«NATURAL COMPLEX. GEOGRAPHICAL ZONING"
Lesson type: combined.
The purpose of the lesson: to form an idea of natural zonality and altitudinal zonation.
Tasks:
subject:
metasubject:
personal: to cultivate a culture of mental work, to promote the environmental education of students;
communicative: to form a culture of communication and cooperation, to improve the reflective skills of students, to form a positive motivation to study the subject.
interactive board «
Terms and concepts:
based on acquired knowledge
know basic concepts on the topic: "Natural zoning".
be able to explain the reasons for the change of natural zones, formulate the law of geographical zoning;
be able to work with atlas maps, contour maps, show areas of occurrence on the map;
1. ORGANIZATIONAL TIME
Before moving on to the study of a new topic, let's check how you learned the previous topic. You need to complete the sentences. Write down your first and last name and get to work. You have 4 minutes to complete the tasks.
Time is up, we're done. And now exchange work with a neighbor on the desk, take red pens, check each other and, according to the criteria, rate.
You see the correct answers on the screen
Raise your hands those who completed the task by 5, by 4, by 3, by 2. Submit your work. From the last rows we pass to the first rows.
2. STUDY OF NEW MATERIAL
I ask you to pay attention to the screen, look and think about what topic of our lesson ?
Open your notebooks and write down the topic of the lesson:
SLIDE. Natural zoning
What do you think is the purpose of the lesson, What do we need to know and learn today?
The concept of "Natural complex".
I propose to solve a crossword puzzle. It encodes the concepts that you studied in previous lessons and which will serve as a basis for you to study new material. Reading in order:
- long-term weather regime characteristic of the given territory (climate);
All irregularities of the earth's surface (relief);
It can be in three states (water);
All substances deposited to the earth's crust (rocks);
Upper fertile layer (soil);
Producer organisms (plants);
Consumer organisms (animals).
- Climate, topography, waters, rocks, soils, plants and animals are the components of PC.
Let's try to visualize the natural complex. (The teacher offers to stretch the tapes from different components to each other)
All these components are interconnected, interact? How do water and rocks interact? Like relief and climate? Plants and animals. Pass the ribbons to each other. We've got a PC. Try to formulate this concept?
PC IS A PIECE OF THE EARTH'S SURFACE WHERE ALL COMPONENTS OF NATURE INTERACT WITH EACH OTHER
Natural complexes are subdivided according to their origin: land and ocean PCs and anthropogenic PCs.
Exercise. On the screen you see examples of PC forest, mainland, city, ocean, ravine, fields, bay, mountain system, orchard, strait, lake, park, sea). Read carefully and classify them into groups.
Are natural complexes the same? No. Why? Justify your answer.
If yes, will the PC change if the climate and topography change.
PCs are also divided by size: large, medium and small.
Task: on the board you see cards with natural complexes, put them in order of decreasing area
Planet
Mainland
Plain
Steppe-desert-tundra
Steppe desert tundra - these are natural areas, they are on the same level
Let's try to formulate the concept
NATURAL AREA
it is a large natural complex with a common temperature and moisture conditions, soils, vegetation and wildlife.
Highlight keywords. Now write the definition in a notebook.
What do you think causes the formation of natural zones on Earth? CLIMATE
Take a look at the climate map of the world: how is the climate changing?
The climate is changing from equator to the poles→ the ratio of heat and moisture changes → soils, plants and animals change. Outwardly, the PZ differs in the nature of vegetation and is named according to the type of vegetation prevailing in them. For example, mixed forest reserves, equatorial forests, deserts.
How are PPs placed on land? For this travel along the 20th meridian east longitude. But first, let's remember the climatic zones from the equator to the north (entry in notebooks).
Let's start our journey from the equator. It is hot and very humid at the equator → humid equatorial forests are formed here.
Task: Work in pairs. You have information sheets on your desks. Read the text carefully and find errors in the description of natural areas.
See the interactive map:
Climatic zones Natural zones
Equatorial - moist equatorial forests
Subequatorial - savannas
Tropical - desert
Subtropical - hardwood evergreen forests
Temperate - taiga, mixed forests, broadleaf forests
Subarctic - tundra, forest tundra
arctic - arctic desert
So we have finished our journey. Let's try to draw a conclusion. What did you see in the placement of natural areas? ( The location of the RoW is closely related to the climatic zones. Like the climatic zones, the PZ also replace each other north and south of the equator due to a decrease in solar heat and uneven moisture)
The change of PZ on the plains from the equator to the poles is called latitudinal zoning. Zoning - This is the main geographical pattern.
3.2. Altitudinal zonation. At this stage, we will work with the text of the textbook. Read the text of the textbook on p. 81 and find out what altitudinal zonation is, why there is a change in altitudinal zones in the mountains.
The change of PZ also takes place in the mountains. Why? (temperature and pressure decrease with height, the amount of precipitation has increased to a certain height).
The change of the PL in the mountains is called altitudinal zonality, since, replacing each other, the PL, as it were, encircle the mountains at different heights. Change of PZ in the mountains is faster. The first (lower) belt of mountains always corresponds to the natural zone in which the mountain is located. For example, the mountain is in the taiga:
1. taiga;
2. mountain tundra;
3. snow.
The number of software will depend on what? (from the height of the mountains, from the latitude)
IV. Consolidation.
V. Homework.
- § 11.12
List and explain the location of the RoW along 40ºN. on the Eurasian continent from west to east.
Technological map of the lesson
WMC
Date: 10/15/2013
Topic: Natural zonation
Class: 7
Lesson type: combined
The purpose of the lesson: contribute to the formation of ideas about natural areas
Tasks:
subject: expand and deepen knowledge about the geographical shell, explain the manifestation in the nature of the Earth of geographic zonality and altitudinal zonation; promote understanding of the interrelationships between the components of nature in each natural area;
metasubject: develop skills in working with a textbook, the ability to work with a geographical map; continue the development of independence and cognitive interest among students, the ability to analyze, draw conclusions;
personal: to cultivate a culture of mental work; to form a culture of communication and cooperation, to promote the environmental education of students; to improve the reflective skills of students, to form a positive motivation to study the subject;
Equipment and teaching aids: interactive board « SMART Board", multimedia projector, computer, printer, presentation.
Terms and concepts: natural zone, natural complex, altitudinal zonality, latitudinal zonality
Planned learning outcomes: based on acquired knowledge
know basic concepts
The warmth of the sun, clean air and water are the main criteria for life on Earth. Numerous climatic zones led to the division of the territory of all continents and water space into certain natural zones. Some of them, even separated by vast distances, are very similar, others are unique.
Natural areas of the world: what is it?
This definition should be understood as very large natural complexes (in other words, parts of the geographic belt of the Earth), which have similar, uniform climatic conditions. The main characteristic of natural zones is the flora and fauna that inhabits this territory. They are formed as a result of uneven distribution of moisture and heat on the planet.
Table "Natural zones of the world"
natural area | climate zone | Average temperature (winter/summer) |
Antarctic and Arctic deserts | Antarctic, arctic | 24-70°С /0-32°С |
Tundra and forest tundra | Subarctic and Subantarctic | 8-40°С/+8+16°С |
Moderate | 8-48°C /+8+24°C |
|
mixed forests | Moderate | 16-8°С /+16+24°С |
broadleaf forests | Moderate | 8+8°С /+16+24°С |
Steppes and forest-steppes | subtropical and temperate | 16+8 °С /+16+24°С |
temperate deserts and semi-deserts | Moderate | 8-24 °С /+20+24 °С |
hardwood forests | Subtropical | 8+16 °С/ +20+24 °С |
Tropical deserts and semi-deserts | Tropical | 8+16 °С/ +20+32 °С |
Savannahs and woodlands | 20+24°C and above |
|
Variable rainforests | subequatorial, tropical | 20+24°C and above |
Permanently wet forests | Equatorial | above +24°C |
This characteristic of the natural areas of the world is only introductory, because you can talk about each of them for a very long time, all the information will not fit in the framework of one table.
Natural zones of the temperate climate zone
1. Taiga. Surpasses all other natural zones of the world in terms of the area occupied on land (27% of the territory of all forests on the planet). It is characterized by very low winter temperatures. Deciduous trees do not withstand them, so the taiga is dense coniferous forests (mainly pine, spruce, fir, larch). Very large areas of the taiga in Canada and Russia are occupied by permafrost.
2. Mixed forests. Characteristic to a greater extent for the Northern Hemisphere of the Earth. It is a kind of border between the taiga and the broad-leaved forest. They are more resistant to cold and long winters. Tree species: oak, maple, poplar, linden, as well as mountain ash, alder, birch, pine, spruce. As the table "Natural areas of the world" shows, the soils in the zone of mixed forests are gray, not very fertile, but still suitable for growing plants.
3. Broad-leaved forests. They are not adapted to harsh winters and are deciduous. They occupy most of Western Europe, the south of the Far East, the north of China and Japan. Suitable for them is a maritime or temperate continental climate with hot summers and fairly warm winters. As the table "Natural zones of the world" shows, the temperature in them does not fall below -8 ° C even in the cold season. The soil is fertile, rich in humus. The following types of trees are characteristic: ash, chestnut, oak, hornbeam, beech, maple, elm. The forests are very rich in mammals (ungulates, rodents, predators), birds, including commercial ones.
4. Temperate deserts and semi-deserts. Their main distinguishing feature is the almost complete absence of vegetation and sparse wildlife. There are a lot of natural areas of this nature, they are located mainly in the tropics. There are temperate deserts in Eurasia, and they are characterized by sharp temperature changes during the seasons. Animals are represented mainly by reptiles.
Arctic deserts and semi-deserts
They are huge areas of land covered with snow and ice. The map of natural zones of the world clearly shows that they are located on the territory of North America, Antarctica, Greenland and the northern tip of the Eurasian continent. In fact, these are lifeless places, and polar bears, walruses and seals, arctic foxes and lemmings, penguins (in Antarctica) live only along the coast. Where the land is free of ice, lichens and mosses can be seen.
Moist equatorial forests
Their second name is rainforests. They are located mainly in South America, as well as in Africa, Australia and the Greater Sunda Islands. The main condition for their formation is a constant and very high humidity (more than 2000 mm of precipitation per year) and a hot climate (20 ° C and above). They are very rich in vegetation, the forest consists of several tiers and is an impenetrable, dense jungle that has become home to more than 2/3 of all types of creatures that now live on our planet. These rainforests are superior to all other natural areas of the world. Trees remain evergreen, changing foliage gradually and partially. Surprisingly, the soils of moist forests contain little humus.
Natural zones of the equatorial and subtropical climatic zone
1. Variably humid forests, they differ from rainforests in that precipitation falls there only during the rainy season, and during the period of drought that follows it, the trees are forced to shed their leaves. The animal and plant world is also very diverse and rich in species.
2. Savannas and woodlands. They appear where moisture, as a rule, is no longer enough for the growth of variable-humid forests. Their development occurs in the depths of the mainland, where tropical and equatorial air masses dominate, and the rainy season lasts less than six months. They occupy a significant part of the territory of subequatorial Africa, the interior of South America, partly Hindustan and Australia. More detailed information about the location is reflected in the map of natural areas of the world (photo).
hardwood forests
This climate zone is considered the most suitable for human habitation. Hardwood and evergreen forests are located along sea and ocean coasts. Precipitation is not so abundant, but the leaves retain moisture due to a dense leathery shell (oaks, eucalyptus), which prevents them from falling off. In some trees and plants, they are modernized into thorns.
Steppes and forest-steppes
They are characterized by the almost complete absence of woody vegetation, this is due to the meager level of precipitation. But the soils are the most fertile (chernozems), and therefore are actively used by man for agriculture. Steppes occupy large areas in North America and Eurasia. The predominant number of inhabitants are reptiles, rodents and birds. Plants have adapted to the lack of moisture and most often manage to complete their life cycle in a short spring period, when the steppe is covered with a thick carpet of greenery.
Tundra and forest tundra
In this zone, the breath of the Arctic and Antarctic begins to be felt, the climate becomes more severe, and even coniferous trees cannot withstand it. Moisture is in excess, but there is no heat, which leads to swamping of very large areas. There are no trees at all in the tundra, the flora is mainly represented by mosses and lichens. It is believed that this is the most unstable and fragile ecosystem. Due to the active development of gas and oil fields, it is on the verge of an ecological disaster.
All natural areas of the world are very interesting, whether it is a desert that seems completely lifeless at first glance, boundless Arctic ice or thousand-year-old rainforests with boiling life inside.
Main questions: What determines the distribution of natural zones across the territory? What are the main features of the climate of the arctic, subarctic, temperate, subtropical zones?
General patterns of natural zonality. In the composition of all geographical zones of the mainland, not one, but several natural zones stand out. In the north, the latitudinal zonality of natural zones is clearly manifested, which is due to the evenness of the relief and a uniform increase in the incoming heat. In the central part of the mainland, the change in climatic conditions in the belts occurs in two directions - from north to south and from the ocean margins to the interior of the mainland. Therefore, natural zones have a location close to meridional.
Natural zone of the arctic deserts formed on the islands of the Arctic Ocean. Cold and high precipitation contribute to the development of glaciation. In summer, in depressions and cracks appear mosses, lichens, cold-resistant herbs and shrubs. arctic soils contain almost no nutrients. The poverty of the animal world is associated with harsh conditions. The life of its representatives is connected with the sea. On the islands are formed bird markets. They live in the waters of the seas seals, walruses, bowhead whales. Entering coastal areas from the mainland polar bears, wolves, polar foxes. In Greenland and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago lives muskox, or musk ox.
Natural zone of tundra and forest-tundra occupies the north of the mainland. The short summer quickly gives way to a snowy cold winter. Permafrost is widespread. Tundra in the north moss and lichen. Rare herbs appear in summer ( sedge, cotton grass) and polar flowers - forget-me-nots, polar poppies, dandelions. South of the tundra becomes shrubby: meet dwarf birch and willow, wild rosemary, blueberry, bilberry. Under the conditions of summer waterlogging during thawing, permafrost is formed tundra-gley soil. herds reindeer are the object of hunting of the Eskimos and Indians. Meet polar hare, lemmings. Small animals are prey polar bear, polar wolf, arctic fox. common white partridge, predatory snowy owl, in the summer waterfowl arrive - geese, ducks, waders. Trees appear in the south along the river valleys: black and white spruce.
Taiga natural zone extends south of the forest-tundra. The vegetation is represented by dark coniferous forests from black and white firs and balsam fir. Grow in dry places pines: white(Weymouth), Banks(stone) and red (fig. 39.1). In the taiga zone are typical podzolic and gray forest soils, in the lowlands - peat-marsh.
The coniferous forests of the mountainous Pacific coast are called "rain forests", they grow in conditions of high rainfall (Fig. 40.1). stands out in the forest stand Douglas fir (Fig. 41.1)- one of the world's giants, the diameter of its trunk reaches 1.5 -2 m, and the height is 100 m. Typical North American coniferous species: thuja, Sitka spruce, yellow pine. Mountains form under the forests brown forest soil.
The animal world is diverse (Fig. 42.1-45.1): many large ungulates: wapiti deer, American Moose, meet in the mountains bighorn goat and bighorn ram. typical brown and black american bear, puma(or cougar) gray and red squirrel, chipmunk, predators - marten, wolf, Canadian lynx, ermine, wolverine, fox, in the rivers - beavers, otters a and musky rat a (muskrat). Variety of forest birds crossbills, warblers etc. In rain forests are common hummingbird.
mixed forests occupy the vicinity of the Great Lakes and part of the Appalachians. It is warmer here in winter, deciduous trees appear among the conifers. : elm, beech, linden, oak, birch, maples: sugar, red(fig. 46.1) , silver. Leaf litter allows the formation sod-podzolic soils. The Appalachian coastline is dominated by broad-leaved forests with exceptional species richness. Diverse oaks, chestnuts, beeches, grow tree hickory, deciduous magnolia, yellow poplar, black walnut, tulip tree
Falling leaves give a lot of organic matter and contribute to the formation of fertile brown forest x soils used for arable land. Previously, the animal world of forests was distinguished by unique richness. Its representatives are Virginian deer, gray fox, lynx, baribal black bear, tree porcupine, American mink, weasel, badger, raccoon (Fig. 50.1). endemic flying squirrels, skunks, the only marsupials in North America opossums (Fig. 51.1).
1. What is natural zoning? What is its cause? Why can natural zones change in different directions? What factors determine the patterns of change in natural zones in North America? 3. List the geographical zones in which the territory of North America is located.
The natural complexes of the Earth are very diverse. These are hot and icy deserts, evergreen forests, endless steppes, bizarre mountains, etc. This diversity is the unique beauty of our planet.
You already know how the natural complexes "mainland" and "ocean" were formed. But the nature of each continent, like each ocean, is not the same. In their territories there are various natural zones.
A natural zone is a large natural complex with a common temperature and moisture conditions, soils, vegetation and wildlife. The formation of zones is due to climate, on land - the ratio of heat and moisture. So, if there is a lot of heat and moisture, that is, high temperatures and a lot of precipitation, a zone of equatorial forests is formed. If the temperatures are high, and there is little precipitation, then a zone of deserts of the tropical belt is formed.
Natural areas of land outwardly differ from each other in the nature of vegetation. Of all the components of nature, the vegetation of the zones most clearly expresses all the most important features of their nature, the relationship between the components. If there are changes in individual components, then outwardly this affects primarily the change in vegetation. The names of the natural zones of the land were received according to the nature of the vegetation, for example, zones of deserts, equatorial forests, etc.
Rice. 33. Natural belts of the oceans
There are also natural zones (natural belts) in the World Ocean. They differ in water masses, organic world, etc. The natural zones of the ocean do not have clear external differences, with the exception of the ice cover, and are named according to their geographical location, like climatic zones (Fig. 33).
Patterns of placement of natural zones on Earth. In the placement of natural zones on the earth's surface, scientists have found a clear pattern, which can be clearly seen on the map of natural zones. To understand this regularity, let us trace the change of natural zones on the map from north to south along 20°E. e. In the subarctic zone, where temperatures are low, there is a zone of tundra and forest-tundra, which gives way to taiga to the south. There is enough heat and moisture for the growth of coniferous trees. In the southern half of the temperate zone, the amount of heat and precipitation increases significantly, which contributes to the formation of a zone of mixed and broad-leaved forests. Somewhat to the east, the amount of precipitation decreases, so the steppe zone is located here.
On the Mediterranean coast in Europe and Africa, the Mediterranean climate dominates with dry summers. It favors the formation of a zone of hard-leaved evergreen forests and shrubs. Then we get into the tropical zone. Here, in the expanses scorched by the sun, it is hot, the vegetation is sparse and stunted, in some places it is completely absent. This is a tropical desert zone. To the south, it is replaced by savannas - tropical forest-steppes, where there is already a wet season of the year and a lot of heat. But the amount of rainfall is not enough for the growth of the forest. In the equatorial climatic zone there is a lot of heat and moisture, therefore a zone of humid equatorial forests with very rich vegetation is formed. In South Africa, zones, like climatic zones, are repeated.
Rice. 34. Blooming steppe is especially beautiful in spring
In Antarctica, there is a zone of the Antarctic desert, characterized by exceptional severity: very low temperatures and strong winds.
So, you, apparently, were convinced that the alternation of natural zones on the plains is explained by a change in climatic conditions - geographical latitude. However, scientists have long noted that natural conditions change not only when moving from north to south, but also from west to east. To confirm this idea, let us follow the map of the change of zones in Eurasia from west to east along the 45th parallel - in the temperate zone.
On the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, where sea air masses coming from the ocean dominate, there is a zone of broad-leaved forests, beech, oak, linden, etc. grow. When moving east, the forest zone is replaced by a zone of forest-steppes and steppes. The reason is the decrease in rainfall. Even farther to the east, precipitation becomes less and the steppes turn into deserts and semi-deserts, which further to the east are again replaced by steppes, and near the Pacific Ocean - by a zone of mixed forests. These coniferous-deciduous forests amaze with their richness and diversity of plant and animal species.
Rice. 35. Due to lack of moisture, plants in the desert do not form a continuous cover.
What explains the alternation of zones at the same latitude? Yes, all the same reasons - a change in the ratio of heat and moisture, which is determined by the proximity or distance from the ocean, the direction of the prevailing winds. There are changes at the same latitudes and in the ocean. They depend on the interaction of the ocean with land, the movement of air masses, currents.
latitudinal zoning. The location of natural zones is closely related to climatic zones. Like climatic zones, they naturally replace each other from the equator to the poles due to a decrease in solar heat entering the Earth's surface and uneven moistening. Such a change in natural zones - large natural complexes is called latitudinal zonality. Zoning is manifested in all natural complexes, regardless of their size, as well as in all components of the geographical envelope. Zoning is the main geographical pattern.
Rice. 36. Coniferous forest
Altitudinal zonation. The change of natural zones, as you know, occurs not only on the plains, but also in the mountains - from the foot to their peaks. With altitude, temperature and pressure decrease, up to a certain height, the amount of precipitation increases, and lighting conditions change. In connection with the change in climatic conditions, there is also a change in natural zones. The zones replacing one another, as it were, encircle mountains at different heights, which is why they are called high-altitude belts. The change of altitudinal belts in the mountains occurs much faster than the change of zones on the plains. It is enough to climb 1 km to be convinced of this.
The first (lower) altitudinal belt of mountains always corresponds to the natural zone in which the mountain is located. So, if the mountain is located in the taiga zone, then when climbing to its top you will find the following altitudinal belts: taiga, mountain tundra, eternal snow. If you have to climb into the Andes near the equator, then you will start your journey from the belt (zone) of equatorial forests. The pattern is as follows: the higher the mountains and the closer they are to the equator, the more altitudinal zones and the more diverse they are. In contrast to zonality on the plains, the alternation of natural zones in the mountains is called altitudinal zonality or altitudinal zonality.
Rice. 37. Savannah in the dry season
The law of geographical zonality also manifests itself in mountainous areas. Some of them we have already considered. The change of day and night, seasonal changes depend on the geographical latitude. If the mountain is near the pole, then there is a polar day and a polar night, a long winter and a short cold summer. In the mountains at the equator, day is always equal to night, there are no seasonal changes.
- How does a natural complex differ from a geographic envelope?
- Natural complexes are very diverse. Which of them are called natural areas?
- Highlight the main features of the concept of "natural zone".
- What are the features of the location of natural zones on the continents and in the ocean?
- What is latitudinal zonality and altitudinal zonality?
- Which mountains have the largest number of altitudinal belts, which have the least? Why?
The fact that in different places of our planet the climate, landscape, flora and fauna are very different, I knew from childhood. She knew that it was warm in the south and cold in the north, that somewhere there was permafrost, somewhere there were vast deserts, boundless oceans and huge forests. But far from immediately, I began to think about the reasons for all these differences, to pose the question “Why exactly this way and not otherwise?”. And even later, I learned about such a concept as natural zoning.
What is natural zoning
In general, the answer to this question can be slightly different. But, to make it clearer, natural zoning is the division of the entire planet into separate natural zones. These most natural areas are characterized by a common:
- climate;
- landscape;
- animal and plant world.
The natural zonality of the whole world directly depends on climatic zones, because natural zones replace each other in the direction from the equator to the poles.
What are the natural areas
As far as I remember, there are 19 natural zones in total. I will not list them all, but I will mention the main ones:
Features of the taiga as a natural area
I decided to write about the taiga, because it occupies a significant part of the territory of Russia and, in general, it is the largest natural area in the world. And the taiga in Eurasia, moreover, is considered the largest zone of continuous forests on the planet.
Basically, coniferous trees grow in the taiga, and since coniferous trees produce more O2 than deciduous trees, it is the taiga that produces the most oxygen.
The climate here is very different, depending on whether it is the western part of the zone or the eastern one. If in the west of the taiga in winter the temperature, on average, drops to 10 degrees below zero, then in the east -60 - absolutely normal weather.
