Expressively colored vocabulary is closely related to differences in assessment. Moreover, it exists precisely for expressing estimates. So, in the language there are a large number of synonymous rows that combine words that are identical in meaning, but radically different in their evaluation of words. The range of assessments that expressively colored vocabulary can convey is very wide. This is evidenced by the variety of marks in dictionaries: high (forerunner), solemn (accomplishments), rhetorical (aspirations), ironic (deign), familiar (whistle), dismissive (paint), etc. Therefore, it is necessary to be very careful about the use of evaluative vocabulary. The correct choice of the word allows you to convey subtle shades of thought, and thereby enhance the speech impact on the interlocutor. In addition, the choice of an inappropriate word often leads to comic effect.

Stylistically neutral vocabulary does not carry a special assessment. As a rule, stylistically neutral vocabulary coincides with commonly used vocabulary. However, it is typical for official business as well as scientific speech.

From the point of view of the system of the Russian (not literary!) language, the existence of all the listed types of vocabulary is completely justified. Even if only because such words exist. They are possible. The mere repetition of these words is all that is needed for them to be assimilated by people. All non-literary languages ​​(or non-literary forms of language) generally exist in this way. People speak a certain way precisely because others speak the same way.

But the constant mixing of vocabulary from different layers does not create in the minds of people the idea of ​​good speech and, moreover, completely disorientates ordinary native speakers. The constant violation of norms will inevitably lead to the fact that the correct assessment of language units in terms of their appropriateness or inappropriateness will simply be erased in the minds of people. In most cases, people do not think about the motives that really justify the violation of style norms. Their imitative speech behavior is much more automatic than one would like to think. But if everything can be said in any situations and conditions, then what, in fact, is the difference? As a result, such important oppositions for any communication as “official/domestic”, “public/private” are completely erased and lose their meaning.

So we can forget that the colloquial form dadeno is appropriate in oral speech in the market, but not in the check that is knocked out after the purchase. After all, “tama” is appropriate in a different form - received

2. Use colloquial vocabulary implies situations of informal communication, therefore its use is completely unacceptable in informational texts and texts of an official nature. Yes, in the proposal FROM50 wagons arrived in the capital today potatoes the colloquial word potato requires a mandatory replacement with a neutral one potato . Similarly, in an official text, it is unacceptable to use the word failed instead of didn't pass the exam.

However, colloquial vocabulary is used in journalistic articles, essays, reports, popular science literature and discussion statements to create an atmosphere of informality and trust. For example, in newspaper articles: Often one or another of the foreign correspondents turn to officials for help; No one knows what a political union should or could look like, and already even more so no one imagines what political order could mean in such an alliance. Spoken word substitution often to neutral often , even more so on the especially leads to a change in the communicative situation: it becomes more official, the conversation with the reader turns into a message, information.

The use of colloquial words in a non-verbal situation requires a certain amount of caution and self-control, since being carried away by them can lead to the fact that informality develops into familiarity.

3. An even stricter approach should be to the use of non-literary vocabulary - vernacular, dialect, jargon. It is used when describing the environment using this type of vocabulary, but requires mandatory explanations and "translation" type as they say in the North, as it is customary to call y .... which, translated into literary language, means as well as graphic and font selections (quotation marks, italics). In this case, the effect of likelihood is achieved and the language norm is not blurred. In other words, non-normative lexical units can be used in normative texts, but in such a way that their non-normativeness is obvious. For example, in a post about a robbery of a bakery and commercial store, it says: The employees of the 68th police department who arrived at the scene agreed that the case– "Hanging", that is, practically undisclosed.

4. The use of expressive vocabulary creates an opportunity to succinctly express the attitude of the speaker to what is being expressed. Expressiveness has a part of colloquial and book words. For example, in a sentence ATthose years of his and hid in mental hospital injustice, illegality of the committed actions is expressed in colloquial words hid (put in a place where it's hard to get out) and mental hospital (disparaging); cf. with neutral ... was placed in a hospital for the mentally ill, in a psychiatric clinic. In the phrase ranting deputies the negative attitude towards the deputies is expressed with the help of the book participle, which characterizes the speeches of the deputies as wordy and meaningless. Wed also opposite evaluations in the sentence Pushkin left us Pushkinian, Benediktov– Benedictism. In combination apologists version of the hand of Moscow relation to the reliability of this version is expressed by the word apologists , denoting a person who is overly protective or praising someone or something.

Such vocabulary is inappropriate in informative and official business texts. When using ce in texts that allow informal relations between the subject of speech and the addressee, it is necessary to ensure that there are no contradictions between the general position of the subject of speech and the assessment conveyed by the expressive word. For example, from the context of the entire sentence Hour writers are always active invaded in the life of the country it is obvious that the author approves of the activities of writers, but then the word invaded is inappropriate here because denotes violent action and evokes negative attitudes to the person who is doing it. It would be appropriate to use a non-expressive word responded to events. Word epicenter, in addition to the special, it has a general literary significance "The place where something is manifested with the greatest force. calamity, trouble". Therefore, its use in the sentence is erroneous. epicenter holiday became Manezhnaya Square(should: center! ). The phrase is also inappropriate. to contribute in a sentence ATall these organizations made mine contribution to destabilize the situation in the country, because to contribute associated with a positive, a destabilization – negative, in the same edition, the combination made their contribution receives an ironic connotation.

Expressive vocabulary is words that express a strong manifestation of feelings, experiences (affection, joke, irony, disapproval, neglect, familiarity, etc.). Daughter, son, silly, cop, rhymer, dunce, bastard, talker.

Expressive or emotional-evaluative vocabulary expresses attitude of the speaker to the subject(small flower or tiddly). Emotional coloring complements the lexical meaning of the word.

Emotion words are very strong means of expression, so care must be taken in handling them.

Emotion words can be:

1. with a bright appraisal value (usually unambiguous):

Words-“characteristics” (grouche, sycophant, slob, etc.),

2. Polysemantic words, usually neutral in the main meaning, but getting a bright emotional coloring when used metaphorically.

They say about a person: a hat, a rag, a mattress, an oak tree, an elephant;

· verbs are used figuratively: sing, hiss, saw, gnaw, dig, yawn, blink, etc.

3.Words with subjective evaluation suffixes conveying various shades of feeling:

Concluding positive emotions - son, sun, neatly, close

negative - beards, kid, bureaucracy, etc.

In the latter case, evaluation is due not to the nominative properties of the word, but to word formation. + can be divided simply into positive and negative appraisal (baby doll is a scam).

Accordingly, different speech styles, depending on their characteristics, allow the use of such marked words to one degree or another (or none at all). We look: the use of a variety of emotionally expressive means in different styles at the discretion of the author is not excluded and is private, not regulated by the rules. Distributed between bookish, colloquial and colloquial styles.

AT book style most often, words are used that give solemnity, emotionally expressive words that express both positive and negative assessments of the named concepts. Used in book styles

- vocabulary ironic(beautiful soul, words, quixoticism),

- disapproving(pedantic, mannerisms)

- contemptuous(mask, corrupt).

Separately, it should be noted that in the artistic vocabulary to characterize the characters, dialogues with direct speech are used, actively using expressive words.

Conversational style:

Affectionate (daughter, dove),

Playful (butuz, chuckle),

Words expressing a negative assessment of the named concepts (small fry, zealous, giggle, brag).

vernacular- this expanse for such words, the words are often used, cat. are outside the lit-th vocabulary. Among them may be:

Words expressing the speaker's negative attitude to the concepts they denote (crazy, flimsy, snarky).

Of the book substyles, he is most open to such catchphrases journalistic style .

But in official business they are extremely rare. But since the great and mighty has been developing lately due to the interpenetration of styles, the whole thing is mixed up and even the official business has not been spared. This happens when it comes to a situation that you can’t look at without tears (from an official letter: all funds go to darn holes in the budget).

AT scientific speech act to give greater persuasiveness. Language means of creating an expressive, emotional tone scientific speech appear: 1) superlative forms of adjectives expressing comparison ( the brightest representatives of the species); 2) emotionally expressive adjectives ( Development, innovation, progress – truly remarkable phenomena.); 3) introductory words, adverbs, amplifying and restrictive particles ( Pisarev even believed that thanks to this, Russia could recognize and evaluate Comte much more accurately than Western Europe.); 4) "problematic" issues that attract the attention of the reader ( What is the unconscious?).

41.Question. The concept of the culture of speech. The system of communicative qualities of speech as the volume of the doctrine of the culture of speech

The culture of speech is a relatively new discipline in the field of teaching Russian as a foreign language

The subject of the study of speech culture.

It is useful to start with some terminological remarks. phrase<культура речи>(synonym -<речевая культура>) is currently used in Russian-language literature in three meanings:

The culture of speech is, first of all, some of its signs and properties, the totality and system of which speak of its communicative perfection;

The culture of speech is, secondly, a set of human skills and knowledge that ensure the expedient and uncomplicated use of the language for the purpose of communication;

The culture of speech is, thirdly, the area of ​​linguistic knowledge about the culture of speech, as a set and system of its communicative qualities.

It is easy to see the internal relationship between the culture of speech in the first sense (let's call it objective) and the culture of speech in the second sense (let's call it subjective): in order for the structure of speech to acquire the necessary communicative perfection, the author of the speech must have a set of necessary skills and knowledge; at the same time, in order to acquire these skills and knowledge, one must have samples of communicatively perfect speech, one must know its signs and patterns of its construction.

Assuming that the signs and properties of the linguistic structure of communicatively perfect speech allow generalization and as a result ideas about the communicative qualities of speech (correctness, accuracy, expressiveness, etc.) are developed, we get the opportunity in a different way than it has just been done, formulate two important definitions:

The culture of speech is a combination and system of its communicative qualities;

The culture of speech is the doctrine of the totality and system of communicative qualities of speech.

Taking into account the fact that the communicative qualities of speech are needed to influence listeners or readers, we can recognize the linguistic structure of speech in its communicative impact as the subject of the culture of speech as a doctrine.

The communicative qualities of speech are objectively existing properties and features of speech that determine the degree of its communicative perfection.

All communicative qualities of speech can be divided into structural and functional.

The structural communicative qualities of speech include its properties such as correctness, richness and purity.

The functional communicative qualities of speech include its accuracy, consistency, expressiveness, accessibility, effectiveness and relevance of speech.

42. Question. Correctness of speech

CORRECT SPEECH.

Communicative speech quality, compliance of speech with current language standards (pronunciation standards, word formation, etc.). Etc. is the main indicator of literary language proficiency. In a broad sense, speech correctness is not limited to normativity, but also includes other characteristics, for example, the logicality of speech. Etc. is the object of observation in the classes on the practice of language and the object of study in the course of stylistics, functional styles speech, culture of speech, modern literary language.

1. The main communicative quality of speech, based on the observance of the norms of the literary language. Speech errors give rise to deviations from pronunciation, word-formation, morphological, syntactic, spelling, punctuation

2. Correspondence of the language structure of speech to the current language norms.

The correctness of speech is the observance of the language norms of the modern Russian literary language. Speakers and writers, from the point of view of the norm, evaluate speech as correct (norm) or incorrect (error).
The norms in the modern Russian literary language are phonetic, lexico-phraseological, word-formation, morphological, syntactic, stylistic.

43) Question. wealth of speech

One of the communicative qualities of speech, based on the variety of linguistic signs included in the structural unit of speech, the maximum possible saturation of it with different, non-repeating means of language necessary to express meaningful information.

wealth of speech- the number and variety of language means that a person uses (a good vocabulary, the use of set expressions, comparisons, synonyms, antonyms, emotionally colored words and other expressive possibilities of the language)

44) Question. purity of speech

purity of speech- characterization of speech based on its correlation with the requirements of morality and aesthetics. Speech is pure, in which there are no elements that are alien to the literary language for moral and aesthetic reasons.

#45Question Accuracy of speech
Accuracy is a communicative quality of speech, which manifests itself in the ability to find an adequate verbal expression of a concept.
Accuracy includes the ability to correctly reflect reality and correctly express thoughts, arrange them with the help of words. There are two types of accuracy: subject and conceptual.
Subject accuracy is created due to the correspondence of the content of speech to the fragment of reality reflected in it. It is based on the relationship between speech and reality. The main condition for subject accuracy is knowledge of the subject of speech;
Conceptual accuracy is based on the connection: word-concept and consists in the correspondence of the semantics of the speech components to the content and scope of the concepts they express. Conceptual accuracy presupposes the ability to accurately designate the idea that has arisen with a word, as well as the ability to find the only correct word.
The accuracy of speech primarily depends on the correct use of words, on the choice of a word that best corresponds to the object or phenomenon of reality it designates, the content of the statement and its intended purpose. When choosing a word, one should take into account its semantics, stylistic connotations, the predominant sphere of distribution in the language and syntagmatic properties.
Accurate word usage presupposes knowledge of the system of lexical meanings. One of the main reasons for the violation of the accuracy of speech is the use of a word not in strict accordance with the meanings that are assigned to it in the system of the literary language.
The reasons that lead to inaccuracy, ambiguity and ambiguity of the statement:
a) the use of words in a meaning that is unusual for the literary language;
b) inability to use synonyms, homonyms, paronyms, terms and polysemantic words.
d) violation of grammatical, stylistic and lexical compatibility;
e) speech redundancy (verbosity), in which speech errors such as tautology and
e) speech insufficiency (accidental omission of words necessary for the accurate expression of thought).

#46Question Consistency. Basic laws of logic. The main compositional-logical parts of speech, the role of the plan in the preparation of speech.
Logic of speech- this communicative quality of speech is based on the speaker's knowledge of the laws of the logic of constructing an utterance and on the ability to prevent a collision of two logically incompatible concepts.
Typical speech errors that reduce the logic of speech are associated with a violation of the most important laws of formal logic, among them:
is the law of identity (1),
is the law of non-contradiction (2),
– the law of the excluded middle (3),
– the law of sufficient reason (4).
1. The law of identity: every thought in the process of reasoning must be identical to itself.
Most often, the law of identity is violated due to the mixing of homonyms and different meanings of a polysemantic word.
Announcement in the eye department of the hospital. Sick at 7 o'clock in the morning to bury all(dig in 1 ‘drip into smth.’ - bury 2 ‘fill in with earth’).
2. The law of non-contradiction: two judgments incompatible with each other cannot be true at the same time; at least one of them is necessarily false.
At the linguistic level, the violation of this law is expressed in the lexical incompatibility of antonyms - words with the opposite meaning.
The Bible was decorated with large miniatures(large - miniature ‘work of fine art of small size’)
3. The law of the excluded middle: of two contradictory judgments, one is true, the other is false, and the third is not given. Such two judgments are called contradictory, in one of which something is affirmed about the subject, and in the other the same is denied about the same subject.
They had no weapons at all, five of them had two pistols and one grenade(They didn't have weapons, which is not true. You could say they had few weapons.)

4. The Law of Sufficient Reason: Any thought is recognized as true if it has a sufficient reason. The cause is the objective and sufficient reason, and the result of its action is the effect.
Consider examples of violations of the law of sufficient reason.
The rains came, so autumn came.
There are no sufficient grounds to consider the first part of the statement as the cause of the second, therefore, the causal relationship between the phenomena is violated here.

The main compositional-logical parts of speech
A speech is a process of conveying information, the main purpose of which is to convince listeners of the correctness of certain provisions. The main part is the main compositional part of the speech, in which the main material is presented, the proposals put forward are consistently explained, their correctness is proved, and the necessary intermediate conclusions are given. The tasks of the main part: to consistently explain the put forward provisions; prove their correctness; lead listeners to the necessary conclusions. The main part implements the logical sequence and harmony of the presentation of the material. The task of the speaker is to skillfully arrange all the compositional moments in order to have the desired impact on the audience with his speech. It is important that the material works for the main idea of ​​the speech, corresponds to the intentions of the speaker, and helps to achieve his goal. For greater persuasiveness, it is necessary to use at least three arguments in the proof. The conclusion is an important compositional part of the speech, where the results are summed up, conclusions are formulated on the main issue, the problem of the speech, ways of further activities are outlined. Tasks of the conclusion: to summarize what has been said; increase interest in the subject of speech; emphasize the meaning of what was said; set tasks. At the end of the speech, its main theses can be briefly repeated, the main idea and importance for the listeners of the developed topic are once again emphasized, additional strong arguments can be used to increase the persuasiveness of the speech and leave a good impression of the speaker. Options for acceptable endings: quote; call to action; popular expression; illustration; audience compliment; thanks for your attention. The end of the speech should also be thought out. The conclusion is the result, here it is necessary to consolidate and strengthen the impression, encourage action, summarize what has been said, express wishes, approve the thesis in an accessible form.
Development of a speech plan. In the process of preparation, it is very important to determine the order in which the material will be presented, i.e. to make a plan. Speeches written without a pre-planned plan, as practice shows, usually have significant compositional flaws. A speaker who has not thought out the speech plan often “leaves” the main topic, does not fit into the time allotted for the speech. The plan should help to reduce the material to the necessary minimum. After all, real eloquence consists in saying all the most important things without overloading the listener's attention with unnecessary details and digressions. You need to be able to say the most important things at the moment of maximum concentration of the audience's attention.

Expression in Russian means "emotionality". Consequently, expressive vocabulary is an emotionally colored set of expressions aimed at conveying the internal state of a person who speaks or writes. It concerns exclusively the artistic style in speech, which is very close to colloquial in oral utterances. But at the same time, the artistic style has several significant limitations in comparison with the Author can say a lot, but not everything, if he wants to stay within the framework of literary norms.

Expressive coloring of speech

Many concepts contained in the Russian language mean not only the material or spiritual object itself, but also its assessment from the standpoint of the speaker. For example, the word "Armenian" is simply a fact that testifies to the nationality of a person. But if it is replaced by the word "khach", then a predominantly negative assessment of a person of this nationality will be expressed. This word is not only expressive, but also colloquial, it does not correspond to literary norms.

The difference between colloquial expressions and expressive

Colloquial expressions are mostly characteristic of people who live in a certain area, have common hobbies, and may also be in the same age group. This is somewhat similar to dialects, although they are not characteristic of a particular ethnic group, but of a subcultural one. For the most part, colloquial expressions are expressive, but are not reduced to them.

The same word "khach" is colloquial. But it also has an expressive coloring. Nevertheless, even an ordinary word can be emotional in context. For example, if the usual word "Armenian" is used in a negative context, then it becomes synonymous with the word "khach", although it is more literary. Colloquial expressions are very often a subspecies of expressive vocabulary. But here, for example, the word "white-haired" is quite literary, although it refers to emotionally colored expressions.

Emotional and evaluative vocabulary - the same thing?

Actually, they are synonyms. Because expressive vocabulary always expresses a certain attitude of the speaker to something. But in some cases, emotional words do not contain evaluation due to their contextuality. For example, "ah" people say both when something good and bad happened in their life.

It also does not include words whose lexical meaning already contains an assessment. The use of expressive vocabulary is the use of words that have an emotional component, and not containing only emotion. So one conclusion must be drawn. A word becomes evaluative when an emotional component is superimposed on it by creating a certain context. At the same time, independence is preserved.

The use of expressive vocabulary in life

In life, a person uses a lot of value judgments, the main links of which are emotional expressions. In all spheres of life, even in the business sphere, expressive vocabulary is used. Examples are the statements of Russian diplomats regarding other countries. Even the president recently used a catchphrase, which is, after all, still colloquial, at a recent conference.

Any word can be made expressive if you choose the right context for it. For example, take the sentence: "These citizens, if you can call them that, chose not the most powerful." If you take the word "citizens" out of context, then this is the most common expression of a person's belonging to a particular country. But the part "if you can call them that" adds expressive coloring to this concept in the above sentence. The author's assessment is immediately expressed regarding the actions of people living in a certain country. Now we should give a small classification of emotionally colored expressions.

Single-valued words with a bright evaluative meaning

In some terms, the emotional coloring is so pronounced that whatever the context, it will still be clear what assessment the one who writes or speaks wants to give. In another sense, such words are incredibly difficult to use. For example, how can you say the word "henpecked" in a positive or neutral context. As a rule, such expressions are used only if a person wants to express a negative attitude. Otherwise, softer words and phrases like "good husband" and others will be used.

"Henpecked" is a word-characteristic. There are also terms containing the evaluation of the action. Such are, for example, the words "shame", "cheat". The former refers to the person who made the other feel ashamed, while the latter refers to deceit. This word, by the way, also has a predominantly negative connotation.

Polysemantic words that acquire an emotional color when used as a metaphor

It happens that expressive vocabulary is formed only when using a word as a metaphor. Examples - nag her husband (a reference to the previous word), sing to the authorities, miss the bus. In general, the word "cut" means dividing wood into several parts using a special tool. But if you use it as a metaphor, then literally you get something like "divide the husband into several parts." That is, even with a literal interpretation of this metaphor, there is hardly anything positive. So here is an example of a clearly expressive expression.

The use of expressive vocabulary creates the possibility of expressing one's attitude to certain phenomena or events. True, the slightest intellectual effort is required to recognize the expressive component of such metaphors, if a person has not encountered such expressions before.

Words with emotional evaluation suffixes

This type of expression is very interesting because it can have different shades, which depend on the context. Expressively colored vocabulary of this type can have both a positive assessment (neatly), a negative one (children), and a contextual assessment (my friend). For example, the latter can denote both tender feelings for a friend and an ironic statement in relation to an enemy.

And what about suffixes? And because with their help you can give the word a different assessment. For example, take the usual word "table". If you add the suffix "ik" to it, you get a "table", and this is a positive assessment. If we add the suffix "seek", then a "capital" will come out, which carries a predominantly negative connotation.

conclusions

Expressive-emotional vocabulary occupies a rather serious position in our speech. Without it, it would be impossible to fully express the feelings of a person. And in the technologies for creating artificial intelligence at this stage, they have learned to make robots convey emotions only through emotionally colored expressions.

Also, expressive vocabulary allows you to better express your own thoughts in Internet correspondence, when there is only an opportunity and non-verbal is not readable. Of course, the latter plays an incredibly serious role in communication, but without the use of expressive vocabulary, even the most artistic nature would not show anything.