Participle- part of speech, which is a special form of the verb, which denotes signs of action. Answers questions such as “what?”, “what?”, “what?”, “what?”.
As a verb form, participles have the following grammatical features:
- Type: perfect and imperfect (for example: evening (what?) slumbering(what to do? - doze off); jumping cat(what to do? - jump off);
- Time: present and past (grandfather (what?) Dozing, cat (what?) Escaped);
- Returnability: returnable and non-refundable.
Morphological and syntactic signs of participles
There are scientists who believe that the participle is an independent part of speech, because it has features that are not characteristic of the verb. In particular, participles have some of the characteristics of adjectives, such as
- object attribute designation
- and agreement with the noun (that is, the same gender, number, and case).
Participles are real and passive, some have full and short forms. The short form of the participle in the sentence plays the role of the nominal part of the compound predicates. For example: Textbook disclosed on the tenth page.
Participles are able to decline in cases, numbers and gender, like adjectives. Even though participles have verb features, in a sentence they are definitions. For example: The book is lost, the briefcase is lost, the panel is lost.
Participles have an initial form, but only participles that are formed from imperfective verbs have it. Participles real and passive are formed with the help of suffixes.
Types of participles and their examples.
Passive participles.
Passive participles- these are the participles that denote a sign that is created in one object under the action of another. Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs. For example: A picture (what?) Drawn or drawn by a student.
They are formed from the stems of the verb in the present and past tenses with the help of suffixes:
- -om- (-em-) - for verbs of I conjugation
- -im- for verbs of II conjugation
- -nn-, -enn-, -t- – from the stems of verbs in the past tense
Examples: read, carried, kindled, divided, heard, sown, broken, baked. trimmed, beaten, split
Real participles.
Real Communion- this is a participle, which denotes a sign produced by the subject / object itself. For example: Boy painting a picture.
Real participles are formed from verbs in the present and past tense with the help of suffixes
The participle is a special form of the verb with the following features:
1. Denotes a sign of an object by action and answers the questions which? What is doing, what is doing?, what is done?.
2. It has the morphological features of a verb and an adjective.
The features of the verb are
Type (SV and NSV),
Transitivity (the sign is relevant for real participles),
recurrence,
Time (present and past).
Voice (active and passive).
In school grammar, voice is considered as a feature that is not characteristic of all verb forms, but only participles, while in scientific grammar the feature of voice is seen in the verb in any form (cf.: Workers build a house - The house is built by workers) - see reflexivity of the verb .
The features of the adjective are
Case (for full participles),
Completeness / brevity (only for passive participles).
3. Participles agree with nouns like adjectives and in the sentence they are the same members as adjectives, that is, the definition and nominal part of the compound nominal predicate (short participles are only part of the predicate).
Dependence of the number of participial forms on transitivity and the form of the verb
A verb can have from one to four participial forms, depending on its transitivity and aspect.
Transitive verbs can have forms of real and passive participles, intransitive verbs have only forms of real participles.
ST verbs have only past participles (that is, ST verbs cannot have any present tense forms - neither in the indicative mood, nor in participial forms), NSV verbs can have both present and past participles. In this way,
transitive verbs NSV have all 4 participles (reading, reading, reading, reading),
intransitive verbs NSV have 2 participles - real present and past tense (sleeping, sleeping),
transitive verbs CB also have 2 participles - real and passive past tense (read, read).
intransitive verbs CB have only 1 participial form - the real participle of the past tense (overslept).
Valid participles
Real participles denote a sign of an object that itself produces an action: a boy reading a book.
The real participles of the present tense are formed from transitive and intransitive verbs NSV from the stem of the present tense using suffixes
Usch-(-yushch-) for verbs of the I conjugation: run-yush-y, run-yush-y,
Ash-(-box-) for verbs of the II conjugation: lying-ash-th, hundred-box-th.
The real past participles are formed from the transitive and intransitive verbs NSV and SV from the basis of the past tense using suffixes
Vsh- for verbs with a stem ending in a vowel: chita-vsh-y,
Sh- for verbs with a consonant stem: carried-sh-th.
Verbs can form real past participles from another stem:
Some verbs in -sti (to lead, to acquire) form the participles under consideration from the stem of the present / simple future tense (and not from the stem of the past tense): who has found (the stem of the future tense has found-ut, the stem of the past has found-la), who led;
The verbs to go and fade form these participles from a special stem that is not equal to any other: walked-sh-th, fade-sh-th.
Some verbs can form two participles from different stems: one from the stem of the past tense dried up and the other from the stem of the infinitive dried up, and the choice of the suffix is carried out in accordance with the above rule.
Passive participles
Passive participles denote a sign of the subject to which the action is directed: a book read by a boy.
Passive present participles are formed from the transitive verbs of the NSV, from the basis of the present tense with the help of the suffix
I eat- (sometimes -om) for verbs of the I conjugation: read-em-th, ved-ohm-th,
Im- for verbs of II conjugation: store-im-th.
Passive participles can be formed from single intransitive verbs: led and managed are formed from intransitive verbs to lead and manage (the meaning of the object with these verbs is expressed by the noun in the form not V. p., but T. p.: to manage, manage the plant).
The passive participles of the present tense do not have verbs to beat, write, sew, revenge and others.
The passive present participle of the verb to give is formed from a special stem (give-em-th).
The verb move has two passive participles in the present tense: moved and moved.
Passive past participles are formed from transitive verbs NSV and SV (participles from NSV verbs are few) from the stem of the past tense using suffixes
H (n) - from verbs on -at, -yat and -et: read-nn-th,
En (n) - from the bases to the consonant and -it: carried away-yonn-th, built,
T- from the bases to -nut, -ot, -eret and from monosyllabic verbs and their derivatives: close-t-th, ring-t-th, locked-t-th, bi-t-th, break-t- th.
Passive past participles are not formed in the verbs love, seek, take.
For some verbs in -sti, -st, passive past participles are formed from the basis of the present / future tense: given, acquired, spun, stolen.
Passive present and past participles can also be formed by adding the postfix -sya to the active form:
Passive participles have a full and short form: a letter written by me - a letter written by me. Short participles have the same grammatical properties as short adjectives, that is, they do not change by case and act in the sentence mainly as a nominal part of the predicate.
Participles and verbal adjectives
Both forms of participles and verbal adjectives can be formed from the same verb. If suffixes of different sound (letter) composition are used to form participles and adjectives, it is not difficult to distinguish them: from the verb to burn with the help of the suffix -yash- the participle is formed, and with the help of the suffix -yuch- - the adjective combustible. If both participles and adjectives are formed using suffixes that have the same sound (letter) composition (for example, -enn- or -im-), it is more difficult to distinguish between them.
However, there are differences between participles and adjectives in this case.
1. Participles denote a temporary attribute of an object associated with its participation (active or passive) in an action, and adjectives denote a permanent attribute of an object (for example, “arising as a result of an action”, “capable of participating in an action”), cf .:
She was brought up in strict rules (= She was brought up in strict rules) - communion;
She was educated, educated (= She was educated, educated).
2. A word in full form with the suffix -n-(-nn-), -en-(-enn)- is a verbal adjective if it is formed from the verb NSV and does not have dependent words, and is a participle if it is formed from the verb SV and/or has dependent words, cf.:
unmowed meadows (adjective)
not mowed slanting meadows (participle, because there is a dependent word),
sloping meadows (communion, because ST).
3. Since passive participles of the present tense can only be found in transitive verbs of the NSV, words with the suffixes -im-, -em- are adjectives if they are formed from the verb CV or an intransitive verb:
waterproof boots (adjective, because the verb to get wet in the meaning of “let water through” is intransitive),
invincible army (adjective, since the verb is to defeat the NE).
Verbs have a special participle form. For example: working, working (from the verb to work); building, building (from the verb to build). A participle is a form of a verb that has the characteristics of both a verb and an adjective.
Like an adjective, a participle denotes a sign of an object. But unlike the adjective, the participle denotes such a sign of an object that indicates the action or state of the object; working man, i.e. the person who works; sleeping baby, i.e. the child who sleeps.
The participle has a number of features of the verb: 1) the participle is present and past tense: working- present tense worked- past tense; 2) the sacrament can be perfect and imperfect: worked- imperfect species, worked- perfect view; 3) the sacrament can be recurrent; washable; 4) the participle requires the same case as other verb forms: reading (what?) a book; compare: read a book, read a book, read a book (but reading a book).
On the other hand, the participle has a number of features of an adjective: 1) the participle changes by gender and number, like an adjective: working, working, working, working (compare: mighty, mighty, mighty, mighty); 2) the participle is declined like an adjective: working, working, working etc.
In a sentence, the main role of the participle is the same as that of the adjective: it usually serves as a secondary member of the sentence (definition).
Real and passive participles.
Real participles can be formed from both transitive and intransitive verbs. Passive participles are formed only from transitive ones.
A real participle is a participle showing a sign of an object that itself produces or performed an action: a student who draws a painter (or a painter) of a picture.
A passive participle is a participle showing a sign of an object that is being acted upon by another person or object: a picture drawn (or painted) by a student.
Perfect and imperfect participles.
Active and passive participles retain the form of the verb from which they are formed: read-reader, read, readable(imperfect view); read - read, read(perfect view). At the same time, participles of both present and past tenses are formed from imperfective verbs. And from perfective verbs, only past participles are formed.
Formation of real participles of the present and past tenses.
I. The real participles of the present tense are formed from the stem of the present tense using the suffixes -usch-(-yush-) for verbs of the 1st conjugation, -ash- (-yash-) for verbs of the 2nd conjugation.
1) Carrying - carrying 2) Holding-at-holding
Work-yut-working Vid-yat - seeing Bor-yut-sya - struggling Build-yat-sya - under construction
II. Real past participles are formed from the stem of an indefinite form using the suffix -vsh- if the stem ends in a vowel, and the suffix -sh- if the stem ends in a consonant: read - read, see - seen, carry - carried.
The real present and past participles of reflexive verbs retain the particle -Xia: fighting-fighting; fight - fought.
The case and generic endings of participles are the same as those of adjectives.
Note. Communion on shchy (powerful, lying) penetrated into the literary language from the Old Church Slavonic language. In the Old Russian language, these participles corresponded to participles in -chiy (mighty, recumbent), which later turned into ordinary adjectives, i.e. with. have lost their time value. Therefore, in Russian there are such pairs: standing-standing, current - fluid, piercing - prickly. The first word of each pair is of Old Slavonic origin, the second is Russian.
The formation of passive participles of the present and past tense.
Passive participles are formed from transitive verbs.
I. Passive present participles are formed from the stem of the present tense using the suffix -em- for many verbs of the 1st conjugation and the suffix -im- for verbs of the 2nd conjugation: kita-yut, read-em-th; see, view-im-th.
Note. From some verbs of the 1st conjugation, passive participles of the present tense are formed using the suffix -om: Ved-ut, Ved-om-th; attracted-ut, attracted-ohm-th. These sacraments are bookish in nature.
II. Passive past participles are formed from the stem of the indefinite form of the verb:
a) using the suffix -nn-, if the stem of the indefinite form of the verb ends in -а(-я), -е: read-be-read; sow-th - sown; see-th- seen.
b) With the help of the suffix -enn- (-enn-), if the stem of the indefinite form of the verb ends in a consonant or in and (moreover, the suffix -i- is omitted): carried away - carried away; baked - baked; paint-th - painted; illuminate - illuminated; convince - convinced; glorify-th- glorified.
At the same time, the verbs of the 2nd conjugation have alternations of sounds (s-sh, s-zh, t - h - u, d-zh-zhd, v-vl, etc.).
c) From some verbs, passive past participles are formed using the suffix -t- we-th - washed; vi-t - twisted; mya-th - crumpled; touch - touched; tere-th- grated; lock up - locked; mo-mo-th - ground; koloty - chipped.
Notes. 1. The verbs of group c) include verbs of the 1st conjugation, if the stem of the indefinite form ends in and, s, u, oh, and also i(a), alternating with n or m: vi-t - twisted, we-t - washed, throne-t-touched, prick-t - chipped, mt-t (mn-y) - crumpled, compress (compress-u, compress-u ) is compressed.
2. For verbs whose stem of the indefinite form ends in -ere-, the final e of the stem is omitted: tere-t - grated.
Short form of passive participles.
Passive participles have two forms - full and short: read - read; open - open.
The full form of participles in a sentence is usually a definition. The short form of passive participles is not declined and serves as a predicate in a sentence.
Compare: 1. Noisy forest entangled in fog. - The forest is shrouded in mist. (The word shrouded is a definition, and the word shrouded is a predicate.) 2. The children went to the open door. -The door is open. (The word open is a definition, and the word open is a predicate.)
Passive participles of the short form are formed using the suffix -i- or less often -t-.
Unlike full participles, short participles have one n: book read - book read, floors painted - floors painted.
Declension of participles.
Full participles have the same case endings as adjectives.
The past participles are also declined: fought, fought, fought etc.
Transition of participles into nouns and adjectives.
The participle can be used in the sense of an ordinary noun or adjective. For example, in sentences: 1. The working people of the USSR joyfully meet the May Day holiday, 2. The students are preparing for the spring tests - the words of students and workers have the meaning of nouns.
The participle, which turns into an adjective, loses the meaning of time and denotes a permanent property of the subject. Passive past participles are especially often used in adjectives. For example: baked bread, loaded barge. Such participles do not carry explanatory words. Passive participles without prefixes, which have turned into adjectives, are written with one n. For example, a wounded beast (compare: a beast wounded by a bullet); baked bread (compare; well-baked bread).
Passive participles with prefixes are always written in two n (-НН-): frozen, reinforced, red-hot, chosen, educated. Participles with the suffix -ovanny, even if they have turned into adjectives, are also written with two organized team, skilled worker.
Particle spelling not with sacraments.
Particle not with participles in full form is written separately if the participle has an explanatory word with it.
Particle not with participles it is written together if the participle does not have explanatory words with it.
Winding led to the garden uncleared track.
On the uncut the meadow was full of flowers..
unfinished a glass of milk was on the table. Winding led to the garden, not cleared by anyone track.
In the meadow, more not mown by collective farmers, dazzled flowers.
Not drunk by a child a glass of milk was on the table.
With participle in short form negation not written separately: Work not finished. Required materials more not collected.
Notes. 1. With explanatory words denoting the degree (extremely, absolutely, absolutely, very, extremely, extremely etc.), not with participle is written together, for example: a completely unresolved issue, an extremely rash act.
2. If it is not part of amplifying negations - far from, far from, not at all and others standing before the sacrament, then the negation is not written separately, for example: far from a thoughtful decision, not at all a settled issue.
Participle - an independent part of speech denoting a sign of an object by action and answering a question which? The participle has the characteristics of a verb and an adjective.
Morphological (grammatical) signs of participle:
Permanent(these are signs taken from the verb):
1. Lexical meaning(the meaning of the action; unlike the adjective, denoting a permanent attribute of an object, the participle denotes a sign of an object by action, i.e., a variable sign that exists at the moment the action is being performed: Fluffy kitten ( constant is an adjective) playing kitten(the sign is inconstant - this is participle);
2.View- imperfect and perfect: offering (what did he do?) - offering what he did ?;
3.Time- present and past: sleeping - sleeping, reading - reading.
From verbs nes. in. two participles can be formed. temp. (offering, offered) and one past participle. temp. (proposed). From the verbs of owls. in. only past participles are formed. vr .: offered, bought, removed, offered, bought, removed; four. recurrence: meeting, pleasing - irrevocable; meeting, rejoicing - returnable; 5. Pledge- real and passive. Real participles denote a sign of that person or object that itself performs the action: considering, considering, considering. Passive participles denote a sign of the person or object to which the action is directed: considered, considered. Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs. However, participles cannot be formed from some transitive verbs. temp. with suffixes -om-, -em-, -im-, in particular, from verbs: protect, beat, take, wake up, call, write, drink. Some transitive verbs, such as wait, love, see, push, do not have passive past participles. temp. 6. The participle preserves all lexical and syntax links, which the verb had: head the government - headed the government, work on a book - worked on a book, think deeply - thought deeply.
Fickle(these are signs taken from the adjective)
1. Designate a sign of a person, an object.
2. They change in numbers, genders and cases: a sleeping child, a sleeping daughter, sleeping children, to sleeping children.
3. Passive participles, like quality adjectives, except for the full one, have a short form: purchased goods - the goods are purchased, the beloved child is loved by everyone.
4. Role in the sentence: there are only full participles definition, brief - only part compound nominal predicate.
Participle formation
Present participles are formed from the stem of the present tense verb: nes-ut → nes- yi-y, don't- ohm th. Past participles are formed from the stem of the infinitive: brought-ti →brought- sh-y, brought- yonn th. Passive participles are formed from transitive verbs: decide → decide eat th.
Passive past participles - mainly from perfective verbs: decide → decide yonn-and I. The real participles of the present tense are formed using suffixes -usch- (- yusch-) from verbs I ref., -ash- (-ash-) from verbs II ref.: carried yi uh, game Yusch uh; scream ash oy, white crate uy. Passive present participles are formed using suffixes –em-(-om-) from verbs I ref., -them- from verbs II ref.: chita eat oh, ved ohm th; import them th.
Real past participles are formed using suffixes –vsh-(after a vowel) and –sh-(after consonant): resolving vsh yy, grew up sh uy. Passive past participles are formed using suffixes –nn-, -enn-(-yonn-), -t-: read nn oh, brought yonn oh, smash t th.
Spelling participles
1. The choice of a vowel in the suffixes of present participles depends on the conjugation of the original verb: wavering(from swaying - I ref.), wavering(from fluctuate - I ref.); under construction(from build - II ref.), visible(from seeing - II question). ! from the verb glimpse participle is formed squeamish.
2. In the passive participles of the past tense, it is written –nn-, if the verb in the indefinite form ends in -at, -yat: write - written, dispel - dispelled; spelled –enn-(-enn-), if the verb ends in -et, -it, -ti, -ch: see - seen, shoot - shot, save - saved, save - saved.
3. In the suffixes of the passive participles of the past tense, it is written nn if these participles have prefixes or explanatory words: is right enn th manuscript, correct enn and I corrector manuscript.
4. In non-prefixed participles formed from perfective verbs, it is written nn : abandoned, given, bought, deprived, captive; and in some participles formed from imperfective verbs: seen, seen, heard, read. Exceptions: named brother, planted father, smart boy.
5. Participles with a suffix –ova-, –eva- are written with nn : spoiled child, risky project, uprooted plot. In words forged, chewed combinations ov, ev are included in the root.
6. In short passive participles it is written n : the theory is confusing. In short verbal adjectives, nn A: Its capabilities are limited. But: The scope of work is limited by funds.
7. Case endings of participles are defined as for adjectives on the issue: parting (what?) comrades.
8.Particle not with participles is written separately if there is a contrast with the union a, or dependent words (participle turnover), or the participle is used in short form: not finished, but only begun story; manuscript not returned to the author; not verified.
9.Merge with not are written together with full single participles or with participles that are not used without not: unnoticed typos, an indignant look.
Participial- This is a participle with dependent words. The participial phrase standing after the word being defined is isolated: The waves fell silent, crushed by a heavy pile of ice. Pressed down by a heavy pile of ice, the waves fell silent. If the participial turnover has the meaning of cause or concession, then it is also isolated before the word being defined: Wounded in the hand, the commander did not leave the battlefield.
The use of participial turnover
ü The noun to be defined must be either before the whole turnover, or after it, but not inside the turnover. Not properly: A person cut off from reality finds his place in life with difficulty.(should: A man out of touch with reality...)
ü Participles have only two forms of tense - present and past, they have no future tense. In these cases, the participial turnover is replaced by a subordinate attributive clause. Not properly: A student who writes a summary without a single mistake will receive a high mark.(should: The student who writes...)
ü It is necessary to take into account the specific (or temporary, or mortgage) diversity: The book describes the events taking place in the 15th century.(should: taking place in the 15th century); Toys produced by the Zagorsk factory are known all over the world(should: produced)
! Participles used without dependent words in a figurative sense are adjectives, they can easily be replaced by synonyms: organized student (= strong-willed) - adjective teacher-organized trip (the one organized)- participle.
! Completely lost verb features and became adjectives
-uch, -uch, -ach, -ch: dense, prickly, recumbent, wandering;
*Words formed from verbs with a suffix –l: burnt, belated;
*Words formed from verbs with suffixes –n, -en, -yon , if they do not have dependent words: fried, braided;
* Compound words that include participle suffixes: all-destroying, half-burnt.
Morphological analysis of the sacrament
1. Initial form
2. Permanent signs:
- real - passive;
- time;
3. Non-permanent signs:
- genus;
- number;
- case;
- full-short form (for passive participles);
4. Function in a sentence.
Communion Parsing Sample
Participle is the part of speech that means object attribute by action and answer questions which? which? which? which? Sometimes the participle is considered not as an independent part of speech, but as a special form of the verb.
Participles are formed from the verb and have some of its constant features. Participles are perfect ( read, excited ) and imperfect form ( reading, excited ). The form of the participle coincides with the form of the verb from which it is formed ( excited - from the perfective verb to excite, worried- from the imperfective verb to worry).
Like the verb, participles have a sign of time, but for participles this sign is constant. Participles are past ( listened) and present tense ( listening). There are no future participles.
denoting attribute of an object by action, participle combines signs verb and adjective . Like an adjective, the participle agrees with the noun in gender, number and case (these are its inconstant features): child playing, girl playing, children playing . Some participles, like adjectives, can form a short form: built - built, born - born .
The initial form of the participle is the nominative singular masculine. syntax function participles: in full form most often perform the function definitions , and in short form - nominal part compound predicate .
ATTENTION. You have to differentiate!
adjectives and communion answer the same question, indicate the sign of the subject. To distinguish between them, you need to remember the following: adjectives designate a sign by color, shape, smell, place, time, etc. These signs are constantly characteristic of this subject. And the participle denotes a sign by action, this sign flows in time, it is not always characteristic of the subject. Compare: reading room - adjective, sign by purpose, and reading person - participle, sign by action; bold - emboldened, dark - darkening, troublesome - bustling . Participles are also formed with the help of suffixes peculiar only to them: - ush- (-yusch-), -ash- (-box-), -vsh-(-sh-), -em-, -im-, -om-,-t-, -enn- (the latter is found in adjectives).
Put theory into practice!
(pass tests with checking the answer immediately and explaining the correct answer)
