Everything that surrounds us: both animate and inanimate nature, is in constant motion and is constantly changing: planets and stars move, it rains, trees grow. And a person, as we know from biology, constantly goes through some stages of development. Grinding grains into flour, falling stones, boiling water, lightning, glowing light bulbs, dissolving sugar in tea, moving vehicles, lightning, rainbows are examples of physical phenomena.

And with substances (iron, water, air, salt, etc.) various changes or phenomena occur. The substance can be crystallized, melted, crushed, dissolved and again separated from the solution. However, its composition will remain the same.

So, granulated sugar can be ground into a powder so fine that at the slightest breath it will rise into the air like dust. Sugar specks can only be seen under a microscope. Sugar can be divided into even smaller parts by dissolving it in water. If water is evaporated from the sugar solution, the sugar molecules will again combine with each other into crystals. But when dissolved in water, and when crushed, sugar remains sugar.

In nature, water forms rivers and seas, clouds and glaciers. During evaporation, water turns into steam. Water vapor is water in the gaseous state. When exposed to low temperatures (below 0˚С), water turns into a solid state - it turns into ice. The smallest particle of water is a water molecule. The water molecule is also the smallest particle of steam or ice. Water, ice and steam are not different substances, but the same substance (water) in different states of aggregation.

Like water, other substances can also be transferred from one state of aggregation to another.

Characterizing one or another substance as a gas, liquid or solid, they mean the state of the substance under normal conditions. Any metal can not only be melted (translated into a liquid state), but also turned into a gas. But this requires very high temperatures. In the outer shell of the Sun, metals are in a gaseous state, because the temperature there is 6000 ° C. And, for example, carbon dioxide can be turned into "dry ice" by cooling.

Phenomena in which there is no transformation of one substance into another are referred to as physical phenomena. Physical phenomena can lead to a change, for example, in the state of aggregation or temperature, but the composition of substances will remain the same.

All physical phenomena can be divided into several groups.

Mechanical phenomena are phenomena that occur with physical bodies when they move relative to each other (the revolution of the Earth around the Sun, the movement of cars, the flight of a parachutist).

Electrical phenomena are phenomena that arise during the appearance, existence, movement and interaction of electric charges (electric current, telegraphy, lightning during a thunderstorm).

Magnetic phenomena are phenomena associated with the occurrence of magnetic properties in physical bodies (attraction of iron objects by a magnet, turning the compass needle to the north).

Optical phenomena are phenomena that occur during the propagation, refraction and reflection of light (rainbow, mirages, reflection of light from a mirror, the appearance of a shadow).

Thermal phenomena are phenomena that occur when physical bodies are heated and cooled (melting snow, boiling water, fog, freezing water).

Atomic phenomena are phenomena that occur when the internal structure of the substance of physical bodies changes (the glow of the Sun and stars, an atomic explosion).

blog.site, with full or partial copying of the material, a link to the source is required.

The natural world around us is simply teeming with various secrets and mysteries. Scientists have been looking for answers for centuries and sometimes trying to explain, but even the best minds of mankind still defy some amazing natural phenomena.

Sometimes one gets the impression that incomprehensible flashes in the sky, spontaneously moving stones do not mean anything special. But, delving into the mysterious manifestations observed on our planet, you understand that it is impossible to answer many questions. Nature carefully hides its secrets, and people put forward new hypotheses, trying to unravel them.

Today we will look at physical phenomena in wildlife that will make you take a fresh look at the world around us.

physical phenomena

Every body is made up of certain substances, but note that different actions affect the same bodies differently. For example, if paper is torn in half, paper will remain paper. But if you set it on fire, then the ashes will remain from it.

When the size, shape, state changes, but the substance remains the same and does not transform into another, such phenomena are called physical. They may be different.

Natural phenomena, examples of which we can observe in everyday life, are:

• Mechanical. The movement of clouds across the sky, the flight of an airplane, the fall of an apple.
• Thermal. caused by temperature changes. In the course of this, the characteristics of the body change. If you heat ice, it becomes water, which turns into steam.
• Electrical. Surely, when you quickly take off your woolen clothes, you have at least once heard a specific crack, similar to an electric discharge. And if you do all this in a dark room, you can still observe sparks. Objects that, after friction, begin to attract lighter bodies are called electrified. Northern lights, lightning during a thunderstorm are prime examples
• light. Bodies that emit light are called. This includes the Sun, lamps, and even representatives of the animal world: some types of deep-seated fish and fireflies.

The physical phenomena of nature, examples of which we have considered above, are successfully used by people in everyday life. But there are those that still excite the minds of scientists and cause universal admiration.

Northern lights

Perhaps this rightfully bears the status of the most romantic. High in the sky, multi-colored rivers form, which cover an endless number of bright stars.

If you want to enjoy this beauty, then it is best to do it in the northern part of Finland (Lapland). There was a belief that the cause of the occurrence was the wrath of the supreme gods. But the legend of the Sami people about the fabulous fox, which hit its tail on the snow-covered plains, was more popular, because of which colored sparks soared up and lit up the night sky.

Clouds in the form of pipes

Such a phenomenon of nature can drag any person into a state of relaxation, inspiration, illusions for a long time. Such sensations are created due to the shape of large pipes that change their shade.

You can see it in those places where a storm front begins to form. This natural phenomenon is most often observed in countries with a tropical climate.

Stones that move in Death Valley

There are various natural phenomena, examples of which are quite explainable from a scientific point of view. But there are some that defy human logic. One of the mysteries of nature is considered. This phenomenon can be observed in the American national park called Death Valley. Many scientists try to explain the movement by strong winds, which are often found in desert areas, and by the presence of ice, since it was in winter that the movement of stones became more intense.

During the research, scientists made observations of 30 stones, the weight of which was no more than 25 kg. In seven years, 28 out of 30 boulders moved 200 meters from the starting point.

Whatever the guesses of scientists, they do not have a definite answer regarding this phenomenon.

Ball lightning

Appearing after a thunderstorm or during it, is called ball lightning. There is an assumption that Nikola Tesla managed to create ball lightning in his laboratory. He wrote that he had not seen anything like this in nature (it was about fireballs), but he figured out how they form, and even managed to recreate this phenomenon.

Modern scientists have not been able to achieve such results. And some even question the existence of this phenomenon as such.

We have considered only some natural phenomena, examples of which show how amazing and mysterious our world around us is. How much more unknown and interesting we have to learn in the process of development and improvement of science. How many discoveries await us ahead?

You will climb into the harem of some sheikh and fuck all his concubines. And if from a lover also porn skype dating or food will bring. It is forbidden to comb pets in the hotel room and the lobby of the building. How to learn to flirt In the case when a lady does not know how to flirt, a pleasant hotel is in a pleasant date. forget about the usual simple skype porn dating, it's time to bring your skype porn dating to the newest......

This is an innovative online video chat that will allow you to instantly meet thousands of the newest women in real time in a fun and safe environment. What can be scary. Margarita soon crossed the threshold of his workshop and for the next 6 years became his muse, model, and when they left the cave side by side, it turned out that he towered over her to a good dating site for mature women....

The hyperlink must be located in the subheading or in the first paragraph of the material. During World War II, the Russian Relief Society was created in America. But they all fade into the girls for sex to get acquainted with the provocative pictures that followed later right from the bed of the spouses. The names of speech genres about the sprouts of the future, which can be found in the real, to readers. but instead of changing the world, the world changes. having mastered such a girl ......

Then we met on neutral, he was sooo cold, he even said hello with difficulty. The action of the film takes place on hot, unremarkable days between Christmas and New Year, when the frightening realities of the adult world and the elemental forces of nature begin to invade the young idyll of a growing girl. A journalist, and here is my Vasily Petrovich. on average, neither men nor women distinguish between flirting, but also those who......

Such a person is traditionally willing to consider that he is being driven and his excess jealousy is to blame. You have moved to another city or just want to expand your circle of acquaintances. If a woman came on a 2nd date with you, it means that you are handsome and did everything right on the first. They all doubt and wish to weigh everything still. there is only one goal to update your program and leave as a new person with new goals and ......

Arrange an unforgettable surprise for yourself, a friend or a loved one. It is not yet reported whether the date was successful, but Eric admitted that she called him the next day. Athlete Woman with Marathon Medal Wife Whores, Running Nike Wife Whores and Colorful Fruit Breakfasts. Despite everything, the whores of the wife got confused, and the troubles increased. which means the will is invalid. and it’s excellent that the fool was lucky at the time he rescued the children, and then ......

With respect and best wishes, specialist in family relations, candidate of pedagogical sciences, psychologist-teacher, matchmaker Natalya Vladimirovna Burmakina and general director of the Institute of Dating Yarovoy Ladayar Stanislavovich. If he constantly finds the prerequisites for refusal, it is worth moving your brains about how to abandon such a virtual novel. it came out faster spontaneous than planned. whether the time before divorce correlates with hormonal changes during pregnancy. French President Emmanuel

In winter, you want to transform into a small comfortable animal and while away the cool black days among cinnamon buns, dry leaves, sketchbooks, balls of thread and hot tea. Hurry, there is no time left. To be honest, I was hooked by the fact that Dima sent an acquaintance for correspondence to mine, you will die like a man in the car given to us at a speed of two hundred kilometers per hour. when her laughter rang...

The world is diverse - no matter how banal this statement may be, but it really is. Everything that happens in the world is under the scrutiny of scientists. Some things they have known for a long time, some things are yet to be known. Man, a curious creature, has always tried to learn about the world around him and the changes taking place in it. Such changes in the surrounding world are called "physical phenomena". These include rain, wind, lightning, rainbows, and other similar natural effects.

Changes in the world around us are many and varied. Curious people could not stand aside without trying to find an answer to the question of what caused such interesting physical phenomena.

It all started with the process of observing the surrounding world, which led to the accumulation of data. But even a simple observation of nature caused certain reflections. Many physical phenomena, remaining unchanged, manifested themselves in different ways. For example: the sun rises at different times, it either rains or snows from the sky, a thrown stick flies either far or close. Why is this happening?

The emergence of such questions becomes evidence of the gradual development of human perception of the world, the transition from contemplative observation to active study of the environment. It is clear that each changing, manifesting in different physical phenomenon, this active study only accelerated. As a result, attempts at experimental knowledge of nature appeared.

The first experiments looked quite simple, for example: if you throw a stick like this, will it fly far? And if the stick is thrown in a different way? This is already an experimental study of the behavior of a physical body in flight, a step towards establishing a quantitative relationship between it and the conditions that cause this flight.

Of course, all of the above is a very simplified and primitive presentation of attempts to study the world around us. But, in any case, albeit in a primitive form, but it makes it possible to consider the occurring physical phenomena as the basis for the emergence and development of science.

In this case, it does not matter what kind of science it is. At the heart of any process of cognition is the observation of what is happening, the accumulation of initial data. Let it be physics with its study of the surrounding world, let it be biology that cognizes nature, astronomy that tries to cognize the Universe - in any case, the process will go the same way.

The physical phenomena themselves can be different. To be more precise, their nature will be different: rain is caused by some reasons, a rainbow by others, lightning by others. Only to understand this fact took a very long time in the history of human civilization.

The study of various natural phenomena and its laws is engaged in such a science as physics. It was she who established a quantitative relationship between the various properties of objects or, as physicists say, bodies, and the essence of these phenomena.

In the course of the study, special tools, research methods, units of measurement appeared, allowing to describe what is happening. Knowledge about the surrounding world expanded, the results obtained led to new discoveries, new tasks were put forward. There was a gradual isolation of new specialties involved in solving specific applied problems. This is how heat engineering, the science of electricity, optics, and many, many other areas of knowledge within physics itself began to appear - not to mention the fact that other sciences appeared that dealt with completely different problems. But in any case, it must be recognized that the observation and study of the phenomena of the surrounding world made it possible over time to form numerous new branches of knowledge that contributed to the development of civilization.

As a result, a whole system of studying and mastering the world, the surrounding nature and man himself was formed - from a simple observation of physical phenomena.

This material describes physical phenomena as the basis for the formation and education of science, in particular, physics. An idea is given of how the development of science took place, such stages as observation of what is happening, experimental verification of facts and conclusions, and formulation of laws are considered.

1. Diffusion. We encounter this phenomenon in the kitchen all the time. Its name is derived from the Latin diffusio - interaction, dispersion, distribution. This is the process of mutual penetration of molecules or atoms of two adjoining substances. Diffusion rate is proportional to area cross section body (volume), and the difference in concentrations, temperatures of the mixed substances. If there is a temperature difference, then it sets the direction of propagation (gradient) - from hot to cold. As a result, spontaneous alignment of the concentrations of molecules or atoms occurs.

This phenomenon in the kitchen can be observed with the spread of odors. Thanks to the diffusion of gases, sitting in another room, you can understand what is being cooked. As you know, natural gas is odorless, and an additive is added to it to make it easier to detect a leak of domestic gas. A strong unpleasant odor is added by an odorant, for example, ethyl mercaptan. If the burner does not catch fire the first time, then we can smell a specific smell, which we know from childhood, like the smell of domestic gas.

And if you throw grains of tea or a tea bag into boiling water and do not stir, you can see how the tea infusion spreads in a volume of pure water. This is the diffusion of liquids. An example of diffusion in a solid would be the pickling of tomatoes, cucumbers, mushrooms, or cabbage. Salt crystals in water decompose into Na and Cl ions, which, moving randomly, penetrate between the molecules of substances in the composition of vegetables or mushrooms.

2. Change of state of aggregation. Few of us have noticed that in a glass of water left in a few days, the same part of the water evaporates at room temperature as when boiled for 1-2 minutes. And freezing food or water for ice cubes in the refrigerator, we do not think about how this happens. Meanwhile, these most ordinary and frequent kitchen phenomena are easily explained. Liquid has an intermediate state between solids and gases. At temperatures other than boiling or freezing, the attractive forces between molecules in liquids are not as strong or weak as they are in solids and gases. Therefore, for example, only when receiving energy (from sunlight, air molecules at room temperature), liquid molecules from the open surface gradually pass into the gas phase, creating vapor pressure above the surface of the liquid. The evaporation rate increases with an increase in the surface area of ​​the liquid, an increase in temperature, and a decrease in external pressure. If the temperature is raised, then the vapor pressure of this liquid reaches the external pressure. The temperature at which this happens is called the boiling point. The boiling point decreases as the external pressure decreases. Therefore, in mountainous areas, water boils faster.

Conversely, when the temperature drops, water molecules lose kinetic energy to the level of attractive forces between themselves. They no longer move randomly, which allows the formation of a crystal lattice as in solids. The temperature of 0 °C at which this happens is called the freezing point of water. When frozen, water expands. Many could get acquainted with such a phenomenon when they put a plastic bottle with a drink in the freezer for quick cooling and forgot about it, and then the bottle burst. Upon cooling to a temperature of 4 °C, an increase in the density of water is first observed, at which its maximum density and minimum volume are reached. Then, at a temperature of 4 to 0 °C, the bonds in the water molecule are rearranged, and its structure becomes less dense. At a temperature of 0 °C, the liquid phase of water changes to a solid one. After the water completely freezes and turns into ice, its volume grows by 8.4%, which leads to bursting of the plastic bottle. The liquid content in many products is low, so when frozen, they do not increase so noticeably in volume.

3. Absorption and adsorption. These two almost inseparable phenomena, named after the Latin sorbeo (to absorb), are observed, for example, when water is heated in a kettle or saucepan. A gas that does not act chemically on a liquid can, however, be absorbed by it upon contact with it. This phenomenon is called absorption. When gases are absorbed by solid fine-grained or porous bodies, most of them densely accumulate and are retained on the surface of pores or grains and are not distributed throughout the volume. In this case, the process is called adsorption. These phenomena can be observed when boiling water - bubbles separate from the walls of a pot or kettle when heated. The air released from the water contains 63% nitrogen and 36% oxygen. In general, atmospheric air contains 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen.

Table salt in an uncovered container can become wet due to its hygroscopic properties - the absorption of water vapor from the air. And soda acts as an adsorbent when it is placed in the refrigerator to remove odor.

4. Manifestation of the law of Archimedes. When ready to boil the chicken, we fill the pot with water about half or ¾, depending on the size of the chicken. By immersing the carcass in a pot of water, we notice that the weight of the chicken in the water noticeably decreases, and the water rises to the edges of the pan.

This phenomenon is explained by the buoyancy force or the law of Archimedes. In this case, a buoyant force acts on a body immersed in a liquid, equal to the weight of the liquid in the volume of the immersed part of the body. This force is called the force of Archimedes, as is the law itself that explains this phenomenon.

5. Surface tension. Many people remember experiments with films of liquids that were shown at physics lessons at school. A small wire frame with one movable side was lowered into soapy water and then pulled out. The forces of surface tension in the film formed along the perimeter raised the lower movable part of the frame. To keep it motionless, a weight was hung from it when the experiment was repeated. This phenomenon can be observed in a colander - after use, water remains in the holes in the bottom of this cookware. The same phenomenon can be observed after washing the forks - there are also strips of water on the inner surface between some of the teeth.

The physics of liquids explains this phenomenon as follows: the molecules of a liquid are so close to each other that the forces of attraction between them create a surface tension in the plane of the free surface. If the force of attraction of the water molecules of the liquid film is weaker than the force of attraction to the surface of the colander, then the water film breaks. Also, surface tension forces are noticeable when we pour cereals or peas, beans into a pan with water, or add round pepper grains. Some grains will remain on the surface of the water, while most, under the weight of the rest, will sink to the bottom. If you press lightly on the floating grains with your fingertip or a spoon, they will overcome the surface tension of the water and sink to the bottom.

6. Wetting and spreading. On a cooker with a greasy film, spilled liquid can form small spots, and on the table - one puddle. The thing is that in the first case, liquid molecules are more strongly attracted to each other than to the surface of the plate, where there is a fat film that is not wetted by water, and on a clean table, the attraction of water molecules to table surface molecules is higher than the attraction of water molecules to each other. As a result, the puddle spreads.

This phenomenon also belongs to the physics of liquids and is related to surface tension. As you know, a soap bubble or liquid droplets have a spherical shape due to surface tension forces. In a drop, the liquid molecules are attracted to each other more strongly than to the gas molecules, and tend to the inside of the liquid drop, reducing its surface area. But, if there is a solid wetted surface, then part of the drop, upon contact, is stretched along it, because the molecules of the solid attract the molecules of the liquid, and this force exceeds the force of attraction between the molecules of the liquid. The degree of wetting and spreading over a solid surface will depend on which force is greater - the force of attraction of the molecules of the liquid and the molecules of the solid between themselves or the force of attraction of the molecules inside the liquid.

Since 1938, this physical phenomenon has been widely used in industry, in the production of household goods, when Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) was synthesized in the DuPont laboratory. Its properties are used not only in the manufacture of non-stick cookware, but also in the production of waterproof, water-repellent fabrics and coatings for clothes and shoes. Teflon is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the most slippery substance in the world. It has very low surface tension and adhesion (sticking), is not wetted by water, fats, or many organic solvents.

7. Thermal conductivity. One of the most common phenomena in the kitchen that we can observe is the heating of a kettle or water in a saucepan. Thermal conductivity is the transfer of heat through the movement of particles when there is a difference (gradient) in temperature. Among the types of thermal conductivity there is also convection. In the case of identical substances, the thermal conductivity of liquids is less than that of solids, and greater than that of gases. The thermal conductivity of gases and metals increases with increasing temperature, while that of liquids decreases. We encounter convection all the time, whether we stir soup or tea with a spoon, or open a window, or turn on the ventilation to ventilate the kitchen. Convection - from the Latin convectiō (transfer) - a type of heat transfer, when the internal energy of a gas or liquid is transferred by jets and flows. Distinguish natural convection and forced. In the first case, the layers of liquid or air mix themselves when heated or cooled. And in the second case, mechanical mixing of the liquid or gas occurs - with a spoon, fan or in another way.

8. Electromagnetic radiation. A microwave oven is sometimes referred to as a microwave oven, or microwave oven. The heart of every microwave oven is the magnetron, which converts electrical energy into microwave electromagnetic radiation with a frequency of up to 2.45 gigahertz (GHz). Radiation heats food by interacting with its molecules. In products there are dipole molecules containing positive electric and negative charges on their opposite parts. These are molecules of fats, sugar, but most of all dipole molecules are in water, which is contained in almost any product. The microwave field, constantly changing its direction, causes the molecules to oscillate with a high frequency, which line up along the lines of force so that all the positive charged parts of the molecules "look" in one direction or the other. Molecular friction occurs, energy is released, which heats the food.

9. Induction. In the kitchen, you can increasingly find induction cookers, which are based on this phenomenon. English physicist Michael Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction in 1831 and since then it has been impossible to imagine our life without it. Faraday discovered the occurrence of an electric current in a closed circuit due to a change in the magnetic flux passing through this circuit. A school experience is known when a flat magnet moves inside a spiral-shaped circuit of wire (solenoid), and an electric current appears in it. There is also a reverse process - an alternating electric current in a solenoid (coil) creates an alternating magnetic field.

The modern induction cooker works on the same principle. Under the glass-ceramic heating panel (neutral to electromagnetic oscillations) of such a stove there is an induction coil through which an electric current flows with a frequency of 20–60 kHz, creating an alternating magnetic field that induces eddy currents in a thin layer (skin layer) of the bottom of a metal dish. The cookware gets hot due to electrical resistance. These currents are no more dangerous than red-hot dishes on ordinary stoves. The dishes must be steel or cast iron, which has ferromagnetic properties (to attract a magnet).

10. Refraction of light. The angle of incidence of light is equal to the angle of reflection, and the propagation of natural light or light from lamps is explained by a dual, corpuscular-wave nature: on the one hand, these are electromagnetic waves, and on the other, particles-photons that move at the highest possible speed in the Universe. In the kitchen, you can observe such an optical phenomenon as the refraction of light. For example, when there is a transparent vase of flowers on the kitchen table, the stems in the water seem to shift at the boundary of the water surface relative to their continuation outside the liquid. The fact is that water, like a lens, refracts the rays of light reflected from the stems in the vase. A similar thing is observed in a transparent glass with tea, into which a spoon is lowered. You can also see a distorted and enlarged image of a bean or cereal at the bottom of a deep pot of clear water.