morphological categories of the verb.
A grammatical (morphological) category in linguistics is understood as “a system of rows of grammatical forms opposed to each other with homogeneous meanings” [Novikov, 2001: 438]. A grammatical category is the meanings of a generalized nature inherent in words, meanings abstracted from the specific lexical meanings of these words.
The term "grammatical category" is also used in another, broader sense - in the sense of a class of words united by common grammatical features. In this sense, we are talking about the category of a noun, adjective, verb, etc. [Valgina, 2001: 143].
The meanings of the procedural feature and its carrier are combined in the grammatical semantics of the verb and are expressed in the Russian language by a system of grammatical categories: the categories of tense, aspect, voice, mood, person, number, gender (only in the past tense and subjunctive mood) and case (only in the forms participles).Time category expresses the process in terms of the temporal localization of its manifestation in relation to the moment of speech or some other reference point.view category - from the point of view of the special nature of the process in time.Collateral category emphasizes the significance of the process through an indication of its connection with its carrier or object.Mood category expresses the process in terms of its relationship to reality. Categories face, numbers and kind characterize the carriers of the process in terms of their participation in the communicative act, the number and generic attribution.Case category in participles indicates the connection (attributive) of the procedural attribute with its carrier.
As A. N. Matveeva notes, the central categories of the Russian verb areview categories and pledge , since not a single verbal lexeme, not a single verbal form can do without them. If we keep in mind the weak morphological expression of the category of voice in the Russian language and the dependence of its morphological design on the category of aspect, then the category of aspect turns out to be the leading one in the grammatical system of the Russian verb [Matveeva, 1995: 17].
By lexical meaning and syntactic properties, verbs are divided into transitive and intransitive. According to P. A. Lekant, transitive verbs denote actions that are directly and necessarily directed to the subject. For example, the verb is transitivebuild , meaning "to build, erect (a building, structure)". The action denoted by this verb presupposes one or another object and is impossible without it. The object to which the action of the transitive verb passes is expressed in the form of the accusative case without a preposition. Transitive verbs include creation, destruction, movement, perception:write, create, draw, break and etc.
Intransitive verbs denote actions that are not directed at any object. They have the meaning of position in space, sound, etc.:sitting, standing, singing etc. In accordance with their meaning, they cannot control the form of the accusative case without a preposition, i.e. they cannot have a direct object with them [Lekant, 2001: 304].
As D. E. Rosenthal rightly points out, the question of the transitive and intransitive meanings of the verb is historically connected with the category of voice. It is more correct, however, from the point of view of modern linguists, to understand the pledge as “something different from transitivity, but closely related to it” [Rosenthal, 1979: 126].
The existing textbooks reflect two theories of collateral: three-collateral and two-collateral.
E. I. Dibrova adheres to the three-collateral classification. It is characterized by the following features:
1) three voices are distinguished: real, reflexive-middle and passive;
2) the voice is formed only from transitive verbs;
3) intransitive verbs are outside the category of voice.
An indicator of the active voice is the transitivity of the verb and the presence of a direct object and its equivalents.
An indicator of the reflexive-middle voice is the reflexivity of the verb formed from the transitive verb with the help-sya , and the presence in the instrumental form of an object with the meaning of the subject of the action, and the object, which was an object with the verb of the active voice, becomes the subject with the passive (The students study the textbook. – The textbook is studied by students – return-average pledge;Textbook being studied - passive voice).
Active voice denotes an active action that is performed by the subject expressed by the subject.
Passive voice denotes a passive action that is directed at the subject himself. This pledge has particular meanings of recurrence: proper-recurrent (getting dressed ), reciprocal (correspond ), general return (stop ), active-objectless (butts ), passive-qualitative (oxidized ), indirect-reflexive (get on the road ) [Dibrova, 2002: 88].
The verb hasmood category . The mood category is a morphological inflectional category that characterizes the conjugated forms of the verb and is expressed in the opposition of the indicative, imperative and subjunctive moods of the meaning of reality / unreality of the procedural feature indicated by the predicate, that is, the relation of the procedural feature to reality.
Indicative indicates the reality of an action, state or procedural property in the past, present or future:You were waiting, You were calling... I was chained (A. Pushkin). Change over time is a distinctive formal feature of the indicative mood.
Imperative mood - this is a verbal mood, surreal in its meaning, expressing the will (order, request, inducement to joint action, etc.):Work better! The irreality of the semantics of the imperative is connected with the fact that the speaker, giving an order, expressing a request or a wish, is by no means sure of the fulfillment of his will: the implementation of the action in question is possible, but not obligatory.
Subjunctive mood , like the imperative, expresses the unreality of a procedural attribute and represents an action, state, attitude as possible under certain circumstances. This mood is formed analytically - by adding an auxiliary wordwould to the past tense (would read ), while the form of the past tense completely loses its categorical temporal meaning (I would listen to music - the action is turned into a plan for the future, not the past). In the singular, the subjunctive mood is characterized by a change in gender, in the plural, the generic forms are neutralized. It also has no forms of time [Dibrova, 2002: 88-89].
inflectionalverb tense category is expressed in the opposition of the forms of the present, past and future tenses of the relation of the procedural feature to the time of its implementation. The type of use of time forms depends on the nature of the reference point of temporary plans. With the absolute use of temporary forms, their meaning is focused on the moment of speech, that is, on the time of the implementation of this speech act. If the time expressed by the verb form is oriented to a different reference point of temporary plans (for example, to the time of another action, also named in this context), then the relative use of the temporary form takes place (Kolya stood near the house, smiling and thinking that Matveevna was probably sitting in the yard there, knitting an endless stocking and talking to everyone who passed by – here the forms of the present tense express the simultaneity of actions not with the moment of speech, as in the absolute use of temporary forms, but with the action and state of the character, indicated by the forms of the past tense) [Dibrova, 2002: 90].
It is necessary, following C.P. Muchnik, to note that the category of time is closely related tocategories of the kind andinclinations . Perfective verbs do not have the present tense, imperfective verbs have (speaks, speaking ). The opposition of temporary forms is carried out only within the framework of the indicative mood [Muchnik, 1971: 32].
Person category is also one of the most important grammatical categories of the verb. Together with the category of tense and mood, it expresses predicability, that is, it forms a sentence as a syntactic unit. The category of a person expresses the relation of the action to the subject, established by the speaker. The subject of the action can be the speaker himself (1st person), his interlocutor (2nd person), a person or object not participating in speech (3rd person). The system of forms serving the category of person consists of six forms: three singular forms (I, you, he, she, it ) and three plural forms (we you they ).
For conjugated and participial forms of the verb, it is characteristicnumber category : I'm going - we're going, we're talking - we're talking . Verbs agree in number forms with nouns and pronouns. When a verb is combined with a noun and a pronoun, the numerical form of the verb only duplicates the corresponding grammatical characteristic of the name. When agreeing a verb with the pronoun "you", the plural form of the verb may indicate not the plurality, but the singularity of the subject (Could you, Sergey Vladimirovich, finish the report by Monday? ) [Dibrova, 2002: 91].
Genus category manifests itself in conjugated forms of the past tense of the indicative mood and in the forms of the subjunctive mood, as well as in participles. Verbs agree in gender with nouns and pronouns, duplicating grammatical information about the subject of the action, which can potentially be expressed using their generic indicators of the name [Dibrova, 2002: 92].
Thus, the grammatical categories of form, voice, tense, mood, etc. inherent in the verb show the nature of the course of the action in time, the relation of the action to its subject or object, the relationship with the moment of speech, show the action or state as a real, supposed, desired process. , affirmed or denied, that is, in its relation to reality. The categories of aspect and voice are inherent in all grammatical forms of the verb, the category of time is absent in the infinitive and gerund, the categories of person and mood are absent in the infinitive, participle and gerund. The syntactic features of the verb include, in addition to the function of the predicate, the ability to agree with the subject, to have controlled words with it, and to be determined by adverbs. In addition to the variety of lexical meanings, the verb is a synthesis of various grammatical categories and forms.
A verb is a part of speech that includes words denoting an action or state of an object.
The main role of the verb in a sentence is to be a predicate: the verb has special forms of predicability, namely: forms of mood, tense and person.
In addition to the forms of mood, tense and person, the verb has an indefinite form (for example, to turn white, spend the night, etc.), as well as participle forms (for example, whitening, whitening; overnight, spending the night) and participles (for example, whitening, spending the night). What meanings these forms have and what role the verb in these forms plays in the sentence will be discussed later.
All forms of one verb have the following grammatical meanings, uniting them into one whole: 1) transitivity and intransitivity, 2) pledge, 3) in and d, 4) time, 5) tilt.
Verbs with the suffix -sya, -s are formed both from transitive verbs: dress - dress, hug - hug, delight - rejoice, distinguish - differ, and from intransitive ones (which happens much less often): turn white - turn white, knock knock. It differs from ordinary derivational suffixes in that it joins the verb after its personal endings (washing, dressing) and after the end of the indefinite form (washing, dressing). The suffix -sya is added after consonants, and -sya - after vowels: dress, dress - dress; but in the forms of participles and after vowels, -sya is added, and not -s: dressed, dressed, etc.
By its origin, the suffix -sya is a former reflexive pronoun, the same in meaning as the modern self. When attached to transitive verbs, the suffix -sya turns them into intransitive ones (for example, dresses someone - dresses himself; hugs someone - hugs someone; pleases someone - rejoices; fines someone - is fined by someone ); it serves in this case to express various voice meanings of verbs. Joining intransitive verbs, -sya enhances the meaning of intransitiveness: whitens - whitens. The suffix -sya also serves to form impersonal forms from personal verbs: I want. - I would like to. Among the verbs with the suffix -sya there are those that do not have parallel forms without this suffix: laugh, hope, bow, fight, trudge (“go slowly”), rush (“rush”), etc.
The main voice is the real one, in comparison with which other voices differ: passive and middle.
The active voice shows that the subject denotes an object that performs an action that passes to another object. The active voice is expressed by transitive verbs that require a direct object.
The remaining voices are expressed by -sya verbs, formed from transitive verbs, and the passive voice, in addition, is also transmitted by special forms of participles.
The passive voice shows that the subject denotes an object that is acted upon by another object indicated by the addition (answers the question by whom? less than?).
This pledge is expressed in two ways:
1) with imperfective verbs in -sya, most often in the 3rd person: The house is being built by carpenters. The protocol is prepared by the secretary. Money is issued by the cashier. The room was lit by a lamp;
2) short passive participles, mainly of the past tense, most often formed from perfective verbs: The house was built by carpenters. Money issued by the cashier. The room was lit by a lamp.
The middle voice shows that the action does not pass on to anyone or anything, but is locked in the subject itself. For example, the active voice: Comrade hurried me. The boy was learning a lesson. The success of the son pleased the father; middle pledge: Comrade was in a hurry. The boy was studying. The father rejoiced at the success of his son. The average pledge has several meanings. With the help of verbs of the middle voice, external changes in the state of the subject are indicated, for example: rushes, stops, rises, falls; internal changes in the state of the subject, for example: happy, upset, worried. worried, comforted; permanent properties of the item, for example: Nettle burns. Roses prickle. There are other meanings of the middle pledge, among which are recurrent and mutual.
Verbs of the middle voice with a reflexive meaning show that the action passes to the one who performs it. The suffix -sya in this voice retains its original meaning of "self", for example: Brother washes. The sister is combing her hair. father shaves,
Verbs of the middle voice with mutual meaning show that the action is performed by two or more persons and passes mutually from one to another, for example: Friends hugged and kissed, that is, they hugged and kissed each other. The name of the accomplice of the action is often put in the instrumental case with the preposition with (with whom?), for example: I met with a friend.
The indefinite form answers the question what to do? what to do?, for example: You are going to Orenburg (what to do?) to serve. (P.) He will come (what to do?) to say goodbye. (T.)
At the end of the indefinite form, it is written -ti, -t, -ch, and for verbs in -sya - -ty, -tsya, -chsya, for example: shake - shake, take - take, take care - beware.
The ending -ti is found in verbs that have stress on it, and without stress - in derivatives from them with the prefix you-: carry - take out, carry - take out, etc. The ending -t is a modification of the ending -ti in an unstressed position: instead of the old brother, take the modern; instead of praise, praise.
Verbs whose present stem ends in -t or -d have an indefinite form in -st (-sti), for example: fall - fall, lead - lead, weave - weave. On -sti (-st), the indefinite form ends in two verbs with a stem in -b: rowing - rowing, scraping - scraping; as well as the verbs I swear - cursed - curse and grow - grew - grow.
The form to grow was formed from the growth.
In an indefinite form, the verb can be: 1) subject: To fly higher than everyone is my dream; 2) a minor member: On a hot day, a lamb went to the stream to get drunk (Kr.); 3) predicate: You start. Get up! I would like to go to Moscow and 4) part of the compound predicate: I will start doing mathematics. As a predicate, the indefinite form acquires the meaning of one of the moods.
Perfective verbs, denoting an action, indicate its internal limit, boundary, result. Imperfective verbs denote an action without indicating its limit, result, but with a touch of duration or repetition.
Imperfect verbs have 3 tenses: present, past, future compound. Perfective verbs have 2 tenses: past and future simple.
Among the perfective verbs, a separate group is one-time (indicate that the action has been performed or will be performed once, moreover, instantly).
Among imperfective verbs, a separate group is multiple (indicate that the action is repeated several times, at regular intervals).
Verbs of different types, with the exception of certain special cases, are formed as follows:
1) Imperfective verbs are formed from perfective verbs by means of suffixes:
-and I-):save - saved a t, step - steps a uh, captivate – captivity I t;
-wa-; give - yes wa th, put on shoes wa th, dress - ode wa t;
-yva-, -iva-:see - see ywa thaw, thaw - otta willow th.
When forming imperfective verbs by means of a suffix -a- (-I-) in the roots of some of them, alternations of sounds are observed:
a) vowels: offer about to live - suggestion a walk,
b) consonants: answer t it - answer h at,
In individual verbs, aspectual forms are characterized by more complex differences in stems, for example: compress - compress
When forming verbs with suffixes -yva, -willow- as a rule, radically alternate about With a: vzdr about oppression - zdr a wiggles, cracks about years - rask a barks etc.
Only some verbs do not have this alternation: opoz about rit - opoz about rip, pryshp about rit-prishp about rip, choke about kick-zahl about swim, duck about thread - knot about nive, prosr about read - prosr about read and some others
2) Perfective verbs, usually with a hint of instantaneous and one-time occurrence, are formed from imperfective verbs by means of a suffix -well-: jump - jump well t; download - download well th.
Before suffix -well- some verbs lack the last consonants of the root: move - move, splash - splash, throw - throw, whisper - whisper, drown - drown.
3) Perfective verbs can be formed from imperfective verbs by means of prefixes: do - With do, write on the write, go blind about go blind, go gray on sit, build on build etc.
Most often, prefixes form perfective verbs with a new lexical meaning: write - in write, pen write, With write, under write, above write etc.
Only in a small number of cases, prefixes do not add any other meaning to the verbs, except for the meaning of the perfective form, thus forming the forms of one verb (perfective and imperfective): write - on the write; do – With do etc.
4) In some cases, pairs of perfect and imperfective verbs are formed from different roots: talk(imperfect) - to tell(perfect); catch(imperfect)– to catch(perfect); take(imperfect) -take(complete).
5) There are verbs that are used in the same forms both in the meaning of the imperfect and in the meaning of the perfect form. Such verbs are called two-part verbs. These include the words: execute, marry, use, mobilize, militarize, telegraph and some others
From verbs with suffix -ova- paired imperfective verbs can be formed by adding a suffix -ywa-, but only when the emphasis falls on a in suffix -ova- arrests a t - arrest, bargaining a t - to trade; so from verbs like R a dovat, r a weave. h e to go, such formations are not possible.
Form "use" (from use) incorrect and not accepted in literary speech; verb use It is used in the meaning of both the perfect and the imperfect aspect.
From verbs with the suffix - ova - having an attachment you - (transferring stress), paired verbs with a suffix -ywa- are formed if, when dropping this prefix, the stress is transferred to a in suffix -ova-: vykorch Eve t (writhing Eve t) - uproot, extort ovate(bargain ova s) - bargain; but to nurture (pest ova t) - suffixed form -ywa- is not formed.
6) Some verbs do not have paired verbs of another kind. So, there are no imperfective verbs with verbs rush, gush, say, need and etc.; on the contrary, there are no perfective verbs with verbs dominate, be present, limp, pace and etc.
Distinguish between transitive and intransitive verbs. Transitive verbs can carry a direct object in the accusative case without a preposition, answering the question of whom? or what?, which denotes either an object undergoing an action, or an object arising or disappearing as a result of an action.
Instead of the accusative case, the addition with the transitive verb can also be in the genitive case: 1) when indicating that the action does not transfer to the whole object, but only to its part, 2) when negated.
Intransitive verbs: cannot carry a direct object.
Transitivity and intransitivity are closely related to the lexical meaning of the verb. With a change in lexical meaning, transitive verbs can be used as intransitive. The verb "to have" when used with a negation is always combined with the genitive case of the noun.
The forms of the person in the verb show to which person the action is attributed: the speaker (1st person):
I read, I read, I will read, I would read; interlocutor (2nd person).: you read, you read, you will read, you would read, read; the person or thing in question (3rd person): student(or ohm) reads, read, will read, would read..
The three persons differ not only in the singular, but also in the plural. In the singular it is shown that the action is attributed to one person or object, and in the plural - to several persons or objects: read - read; did you read – did you read; the student (he) would read - the students (they) would read; read - read.
Note. The form of the 2nd person plural is used in the meaning of the 2nd person singular when referring to one person, i.e. . in polite , official address.
In the present and future tenses, personal forms are formed through personal endings, for example:
E d. h. M n o f. h. h.
1st l. ber-u ber-em talk-th talk-im
2nd l. take-you take-youte contract-ish talk-ite
3rd l. ber-et ber-ut talk-it talk-yat
For reflexive verbs, a suffix is added to personal endings - sya (-s), for example:
In the past tense, the verb has no personal endings and persons are denoted by personal pronouns: I talked, you talked, he talked, we talked, you talked, they talked; or are determined by the context and setting of speech, for example: Have you spoken to your father? – Talked(implied I).
Note. In the past tense, the verb changes by gender and number (see § 228).
Personal pronouns are usually used in those forms that have personal endings: I I take, you take, he takes etc.
Personal forms of the verb can denote an action that refers to an indefinite circle of people or to everyone in general. In this sense, the following personal forms are used:
I. Form of the 2nd person singular
II. 2nd person plural form
III. 1st person plural form
IV. 3rd person plural form
Impersonal verb form and impersonal verbs:
1. The form of the 3rd person singular, as well as the form of the neuter gender of the past tense of the verb, is called impersonal when it does not and cannot have any subject; with the form of the nominative case of a noun or pronoun, the impersonal form does not combine at all, for example: smells hay over meadows. storm knocked down wood.
2. Verbs that are used only in the impersonal form are called impersonal. They hide like this:
Indicative.
Nast. temp. It's getting dark.
Past temp. It was getting dark. It got dark.
Bud. temp. It will be dusk. It will grow dark.
Subjunctive mood.
It would get dark. It would die.
Impersonal verbs do not have an imperative mood.
All other verbs, as opposed to impersonal, are called personal.
The following groups of impersonal verbs can be outlined:
1) Impersonal verbs for which it is impossible to indicate personal ones with the same stem, for example: shines, shivering, sore and etc.
2) Impersonal verbs formed from personal ones as a result of a change in the lexical meaning of personal verbs. Compare: I) horse lucky cart. - Me lucky. 2) He is greedy enough bread. - I have enough time for everything.
Note. These impersonal verbs should not be confused with impersonal forms of verbs: the lexical meanings of impersonal forms are the same as for other forms of these verbs: River blurred shore. - By the river blurred shore (washed out - impersonal form of the verb blur).
3) Reflexively impersonal verbs, which are formed from irrevocable personal verbs with the help of a suffix -sya (, -ss) : I want. - I want. I can't sleep. - I can't sleep. I live well. - I live well.
Impersonal forms of verbs and impersonal verbs serve to designate natural phenomena, natural phenomena, various sensations, states of the body and internal experiences of a person - in general, facts that do not depend on the will of the person
Conjugation is the totality of all forms of verb change by person.
Depending on the personal endings, two conjugations are distinguished: the first and the second.
Personal endings:
1 l. 2 l. 3 l. 1 l. 2 l. 3 l.
I u(u) eat em I eat em ut(u)
II y (y) ish it II im ite at (yat)
The personal endings of the verbs of the I conjugation with the letter E (under the stress ё) correspond in the 3rd person plural to the ending ut (ut), while the personal endings of the verbs of the II conjugation with the letter I correspond in the 3rd person of the plural to the ending at (yat).
In the 1st person singular, the ending y (u) is the same in both conjugations; the personal endings of I and II conjugations differ in pronunciation only when they are stressed.
When the emphasis falls not on personal endings, they do not differ in pronunciation, but differ only in writing. In this case, with the endings of the II conjugation, it is customary to write:
1) verbs that in an indefinite form end in -it, except for the verb shave
2) 11 following verbs: look, offend, hear, see, hate, drive, hold, twirl, depend, endure, breathe and all verbs formed from them with the help of a prefix.
The rest with stress on the basis are written with the endings of I conjugation. If another verb is formed from a verb that has an accent on the ending by adding the prefix “you-”, then the stress, as a rule, goes to this prefix, but the ending is written the same as it was in the non-prefixed version. Non-prefixed verbs and prefixes derived from them are written with the same personal endings.
The verbs “I want”, “want”, “run”, “run”, as well as those formed from them with the help of a prefix, are conjugated: the verb “I want” in the singular has the endings of I conjugation, and in the plural - II. The verb "run" in the 3rd person plural has the ending of the I conjugation, and in the other persons - the II conjugation.
The verbs “eat”, “eat”, “ladies”, “give”, “create”, “create”, as well as those formed from them with the help of prefixes, have special personal endings.
Singular Plural
1e l. I want to run, I'll eat ladies, I'll create 1e l. we want to run eat let's create
2nd l. you want to run eat give you create 2e l. want to run eat give create
3rd l. wants to run eats will give will create 3e l. want to run eat give create
You can’t mix the infinitive “succeed”, “surrender”, “surrender”, “set out”, “stand out” and the 3rd person singular of business time “succeed”, “surrender”, “surrender”, “set yourself”, “stand out” .
Mood forms show how the speaker views the action in relation to reality.
The indicative mood shows that the speaker considers the action to be a fact, referring it to the past, present or future time, the forms of time are also forms of the indicative mood, for example: Your sincerity is sweet to me; she has stirred long-silent feelings into agitation, but I don’t want to praise you, I will repay you for her with a confession also without art. (P.)
The subjunctive mood has two main meanings: conditional and desirable.
In a conventional sense, this inclination shows that the action is not a fact, but only assumed: Or maybe that: an ordinary poet was waiting for a lot. The youth of summer would have passed: in it the ardor of the soul would have cooled. In many ways, he would have changed, parted with the muses, married. (P.) It can be done on some condition: Without you, I would not have made it to the city and would have frozen to death on the road. (P.) At the same time, the condition itself can also be expressed hypothetically: What a fuss you all made here, friends, when I would do it! (Cr.)
In the desirable meaning, the subjunctive mood shows that the speaker wants the action to be carried out or continued: And I wouldn’t drink or eat - I would listen and look at everything. (P.) I was silent and turned away so that the frost from my breath would not fall into my face (Cor.) (the desired result is indicated in the clause).
The imperative mood expresses the impulse to act, which the interlocutor (2nd person) must take: Come out, sir, you have arrived. (P.) On the skin, so be it. take. (Cr.) It is characterized by a special stimulating intonation, which has many varieties depending on the nature of the urge. Compare, for example, the expression of the order: Go and you are with us! (Letters); exhortations: Listen to me, old man, write to this robber that you were joking (P.); requests: Do not crush me, old woman. (T.)
When the predicate is expressed in the imperative mood, the subject is you, you usually do not exist.
The -ka particle, joining the form of the imperative mood, softens the order, gives it a familiar character: Ivan Ignatievich, bring the Bashkir. (P.)
Formation of the subjunctive mood:
The subjunctive mood is formed by adding a particle to the form of the past tense: past tense - read, read, read, read, subjunctive mood - would read, would read, would read. would read. Therefore, in the subjunctive mood, as in the past tense, the verb changes in gender and number.
The particle would (b) is written separately from the verb. It can stand before the verb and after the verb, it can be separated from the verb by other words, for example: 1) Would you, grandfather, ride on horseback. (Letters.) 2) She does not see anyone who would give her a hand from that side. (P.) Most often, the particle would be placed after the first word of the sentence, and it can enter into conjunction with conjunctions and other particles: if, if only, if only, at least, as if, etc., for example: I) Everything was would have been saved if my horse had had enough strength for another ten minutes. (L.) 2) The waiter sternly told the porter to take us into the hall to the left. (L.T.)
Formation of the imperative mood:
The form of the imperative mood, as a rule, is formed from the basis of the present (or future simple) tense: 1) by adding the suffix -i: I lead - lead, I write - write, I say - speak, I will bring out - bring out; 2) with zero suffix; in the latter case, at the end of the imperative form, there is either and: I read - read, I play - play; or another soft consonant: throw - throw, throw - throw, sit down - sit down, stand up - stand up or w, w (after which, just like after other consonants, a soft sign is written in this form: cut off - cut off, eat - eat). Notice the formation of the imperative mood from the verb to lie down: lie down - lie down (without alternating Mrs.).
In the plural, the ending -te is added to the singular form: lead - lead, bring out - bring out, speak - speak, throw - throw, read - read, lie down - lay down.
For reflexive verbs, both in the singular and in the plural, the suffix -sya or -s is added at the end: take - take, take - take, wash - wash, wash - wash; mark - mark, mark - mark.
Note. The following verbs form the imperative mood in a special way:
1) Verbs; having the suffix -va- in an indefinite form, in which this suffix is omitted in the present tense, form an imperative mood with this suffix: give - give - come on, create - create - create, confess - confess - confess.
2) Verbs in the root and (beat, twist, pour, drink, sew) have a stem in the imperative mood, which differs both from the stem of the present (or future simple) tense, and from the stem of the indefinite form: neopr. f. - pour, crust. temp. - lew (l "j-y), command, inclination, - lei, indefinite f. - sew, present temp. - sew (wj-y), command, inclination - neck.
3) The imperative from the verb is, eat - eat (from zhzh, in which the root d alternates with zh); from the verb to give, ladies-give (instead of sales; according to the model, read, read-read); from the verb to go, food-go (from another stem).
4) For a number of verbs, the imperative form is either not formed, or is uncommon, for example, for verbs to rot, be able, want, see, hear, etc.
Imperative spelling:
1. When in the imperative mood the verb ends in a consonant, the letter ь is written after this consonant; throw, throw, gird. The letter b is also preserved before the ending -te: throw, throw, gird, and before the particle -sya: throw, throw, gird.
2. If in units h. imperative mood the verb ends in -and, the letter and is written in the plural before the ending -te, while it is the same as for the verbs of the first conjugation: carry - carry, write - write, and for the verbs of the second conjugation: look - look, look - look.
Thus, the plural form of the imperative mood for verbs of the second conjugation coincides in writing with the form of the 2nd person plural of the present (or future simple) tense, and for verbs of the first conjugation it differs from it.
The use of forms of some moods in the meaning of others:
1. The singular form of the imperative mood can be used in the meaning of the subjunctive mood (sometimes with special shades). In this case, it is pronounced without motivating intonation and can refer not only to the 2nd person, but also to other persons of speech. It expresses a wish, an opportunity, a duty, for example: a) a wish: Pass us beyond all sorrows and lordly anger and lordly love. (Gr.); b) opportunity: Well, I admit, cut down forests out of necessity, but why destroy them? (Ch.); c) duty: You will leave, but I stay and answer for everything (I must remain and answer).
Expressing a suggestion, a similar form occurs in the subordinate clause and concession; for example, in the conditional: And if pistols had happened, he would have been long gone (G.) (if pistols had happened); concessively: I don’t want to live here, so I won’t, even if you cut me. (Sharp)
2. The form of the subjunctive mood can be used in the meaning of the imperative mood. In this case, it expresses an impulse and refers only to the 2nd person: Efim. you would go to him. (M. G.)
3. Some forms of the indicative mood can be used in the meaning of the imperative mood (with special shades).
a) The form of the 1st person plural, pronounced with an imperative intonation, expresses the urge to perform an action together: Well, let's go, children. Let's run!
When the impulse is addressed to more than one person, or when, addressing one person, they want to express themselves more politely, the ending -te is added to the 1st person plural form: Let's get down to business as soon as possible. (T.) The form of the 1st person plural when expressing motives in colloquial speech can be accompanied by particles come on, and when politely addressed or addressed to several people - let's: Let's fly away. (P.) Let's go. (Ch.)
b) The third person singular and plural of the present or future tense with the particle let (let), sometimes accompanied by the words of his, her, them. used when expressing an order or permission: 1) Let the children clean their class for the holiday! 2) Let the guys have fun! With a particle yes, this form expresses a wish (has an additional meaning of solemnity): long live the sun, let the darkness hide! (P.)
Notes. 1. The forms of the present, past and future tense with particles are unlikely, hardly, as if some others express an assumption, doubt and are close in their meaning to the subjunctive mood:
I) He seemed to be with us then. 2) He was hardly aware of this. (Hound.) 3) You can hardly find my father and mother. (L.)
2. The past tense form of the perfect form (and from some verbs and the imperfect form), when combined with the particle was, means that the action has begun or was ready to begin, but did not take place: I) I rushed to help him. (T.) 2) I wanted to run away, but it was too late. (L.)
§ 240. Indefinite form in the meaning of different moods.
The indefinite form as a predicate is used in the meaning of any mood: a) indicative: He will scream, and I will run; b) imperative: Sit quietly, do not dirty your sleeves, do not meddle in the pot! (AND.); c) subjunctive (with a particle would) when expressing a desire: I would like to go to the village! and when expressing the possibility of action: There would be a big quarrel if the father did not intervene.
The indefinite form, used in the meaning of the imperative mood with a motivating intonation, denotes an order in the sharpest, categorical form: Silence! Get up! etc.
Forms of time show the ratio of the time of action to the moment of speech.
The present tense indicates that the action is taking place at the moment of speaking about it: read, write, delete etc.; past - that the action happened or happened before the beginning of speech about it: wrote, wrote; removed, deleted etc.; future - that the action will take place or will take place after the end of the speech about it: I will write, I will write. Two-word future tense form (I will write) is formed from imperfective verbs and is called the future complex; one-word future tense form (write) is formed from perfective verbs and is called the future simple.
The present tense can denote an action as a permanent property of an object (present constant): Iron melts, being forged or to characterize the capabilities (or abilities) of a person: He runs through hundred meters in 11 seconds - I mean, it can run. This use of the present tense is called present potential.
As already mentioned, imperfective verbs have three tenses; present, past and future complex; Perfective verbs have two tenses: past and future simple.
Past tense.
The past tense is usually formed from the stem of the indefinite form by adding a suffix -l and endings indicating the number, and in the singular and gender. These endings are:
Singular Plural
Male genus null Equally
Jenek, genus - a for all -and
Avg. genus - about childbirth
Examples. Unspecified f. send - past temp. sent, sent a, sent about, sent and; unspecified f. send - past time . sent, sent a, sent about, sent and.
Deviations from the general rule are: verbs with. stems into consonants and some verbs with a suffix -well-
1) For verbs with bases on consonants (except for bases on -d and - t ) in the masculine gender there is no suffix - l : carried, baked, could(but: carried, carried, carried) etc.
2) For verbs with stems on -G, -to, -b the basis of the past tense is the same but with the basis of the indefinite form, and with the basis of the 1st person unit. hours of the present tense: indefinitely. the form - bake, cut, row, present temp.– I bake, shear, row, past temp. baked, sheared, rowed.
3) For verbs with stems in - d and - t these sounds are preserved in the basis of the present tense, in an indefinite form before -be, they moved to With , and in the past tense before the suffix - l fell out; thus, in the past tense, the verb has a special stem: neopr. the form - lead, weave; present temp.– I lead, weave; past temp.– led. weaving.
4) For verbs die, rub, rub, stretch in an indefinite form, the basis with full agreement, in the past tense, the basis without full agreement: indefinitely. the form - die, rub; past temp.– died, ter.
5) Verbs with suffix -well-, indicating status: to freeze, to tremble, to dry, to shiver, to wilt, to disappear etc., form the past tense without a suffix -well-: cold, drog, dry, chilly, sluggish, disappeared etc., however, many verbs of the same category, especially non-prefixed ones, have past tense forms with the suffix -well- faded, faded, faded and etc.
6) From the verb grow past tense grew - grew - grew - grew; from the verb curse-curse(present time I swear).
7) Verb go(and derivatives from it) forms the past tense from another root: go - walked. leave - left etc.
Since the past tense, as a rule, is formed from an indefinite form, then before the suffix - l you must write the same vowel as in the base of the indefinite form before -th: view e t - view e l, resentment e t - resentment e l, hung e t - hung e l hate it e t - hate e l, listen a t - hear a l, voroch a to turn a lol, se I th-se I l, re I t-re I l, ta I t - that I l, la I t - la I l, chu I th - chu I l, lele I t - lele I l, ka I tsya - ka I hope I tsya - hope I lazed, then I th - then I l.
In verbs went, counted, burned under stress is written yo. In verbs shaking, harnessed is written I; pronunciation on the spot I- [o]: [tr "os], (request" ok] - is obsolete.
Three meanings of the present tense were mentioned above: 1) the present in the proper sense of the word: It is raining; 2) present constant: Fish breathe with gills; 3) present potential: The boy is already reading. In addition, the present tense form can be used: 4) to denote future facts, when they want to express confidence in their implementation or readiness to implement them: Irina (shudders). Everything scares me somehow today (pause). I have everything ready, I'm in the afternoon send your things. Baron and I tomorrow getting married, tomorrow we are leaving to the brick factory, and the day after tomorrow I'm already at school, starts new life. (Ch.) 5) To denote past facts, when they want to present them visually, as if taking place now, before our eyes (real historical), for example: And the battle broke out, the Poltava battle! In the fire, under a red-hot hail, reflected by a living wall, a fresh line of bayonets over the fallen formation closes. With a heavy cloud, detachments of flying cavalry, reins, sabers, knocking together, are chopped from the shoulder. Throwing piles of bodies on top of piles, cast-iron balls everywhere between them jumping, breaking, dust dig and in blood hiss. Swedish, Russian - stabs, cuts, cuts.(P.)
The form of the future simple tense is used not only to denote an action that will occur after the end of a speech; in context, it can take on other meanings. Let's point out some of them.
1) The form of the future simple can take the value of the present tense:
a) when she, standing in the same row with the forms of the present tense, draws short, short actions in the story, quickly replacing each other: And the young bride takes her tambourine. And here she is, with one hand circling him over her head, then suddenly will rush lighter than a bird stop - she looks, and her wet gaze shines from under an envious eyelash (L.);
b) when, in combination with negation, it indicates a complete, absence of action that does not appear even for a moment: Silence. Not moves not a single sheet (Ch.);
c) when it shows a limited possibility or (with denial) the complete absence of the possibility of action in the present tense: We live in the same city, almost nearby, and you will see each other once a week (Ostr.); i.e. we can see each other. A word in simplicity they won't say- all with a grimace (Gr.), i.e. can't tell.
2) Like the present tense form (“present historical”), the future simple tense form is used in a story about the past to present the past more vividly, clearly, in the following cases:
a) when actions are drawn that are short, short, replacing each other (compare with point 1, a): Almost no noise was heard around ... Only occasionally in a nearby river with a sudden sonority splash big fish, and coastal reeds weakly make a noise barely shaken by the oncoming wave (T.);
b) when (with denial) a complete absence of action is shown, which did not manifest itself even in a weak form (compare with point 1, b): Everything was quiet, a wave will not rise sheet won't move(BUT.); .
c) when, in conjunction with a particle as a form of the future simple, it serves to denote an instantaneous and sudden action: Zhilin gave her back a jug. How is she will jump away like a goat. (L.T.)
3) Like the forms of the present tense, the form of the future simple can denote an action as a permanent property of an object: How it will backfire- so and will respond.(Last) Old man on the wind of the word won't quit.
The past tense form of the perfect form can be used in the meaning of the future tense, when they want to present the future action as already carried out in order to emphasize the complete readiness to perform it: Take a bag, catch up, and I'm going to the market went(leaves). (Sharp)
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View is one of the most important categories of the Russian verb. This category covers all verb vocabulary.
The verb category of aspect expresses differences in the course of action: decide - decide, do - do, speak - say. These are perfective and imperfective verbs.
Imperfect forms call actions that last, develop, are not limited in any way: He writes a letter; He will write a letter; He was writing a letter. In the last example, the verb denotes an action that has already taken place, but there is no indication that the limit has been reached.
Perfective forms are called limited actions, that is, which stop when the limit is reached: I wrote a letter. The action called by the verb wrote, achieved its result and then stopped. An indication of reaching the limit can appear both in the past and in the future tense: He wrote a letter; He will write a letter. In the last example, the action will take place after the moment of speech, but the speaker indicates that the action will reach its limit.
Thus, aspect is a grammatical category indicating the limited or unlimited action.
The general species values of integrity and processivity in the conditions of the context are manifested in particular species values.
Particular values of the imperfect form:
specific process: I write (wrote) a letter (the verb denotes a specific non-repeating action as a process);
unlimited multiple: She participated in all the vanity of the big world, dragged herself to balls, where she sat in the corner ... (A. Pushkin) (unlimitedly repeated action);
generalized-factual: “How? Narumov said. “Do you have a grandmother who guesses three cards in a row, and you still haven’t adopted her Kabbalism from her?” (A. Pushkin) (the fact of the presence or absence of action);
constant ratio value: The ticket is inexpensive.
Particular values of the perfect form:
concrete-factual: wrote a letter, read a book (the verb denotes a single holistic concrete action);
visual-approximate: Before, every evening I went to my father's office. And now, whenever you enter, there he is (V. Kaverin) (a holistic, limited action, which is, as it were, an example of such facts).
The basis of the species as a grammatical category is paired verbs, that is, verbs that form a species pair, or species correlation (ratio).
The verbs that form an aspect pair denote the same fact of reality. Compare: writing a letter (imperfect aspect, duration, action duration) and writing a letter (perfect aspect, relation of action to internal limit). Semantic coincidence is a necessary condition for the aspect pairing of verbs. They differ only grammatically. Therefore, the verbs write - write - this is an aspect pair, and the verbs write - write, write - write, write - unsubscribe are not aspect pairs.
All the given prefix formations differ not only in their specific meaning. Prefixes clearly retain their temporal meanings: the prefix indicates the beginning of the action, shows that the action is carried out for a limited time in its duration, expresses the meaning of bringing the action to an end, the exhaustion of the action in time.
There is no verb in Russian that does not have a form. However, not every verb forms an aspect pair. So, the perfective verbs to come to their senses, to find oneself, to gush, etc., do not have correlative forms of the imperfective form, and the imperfective verbs to be absent, to dwell, to be inactive, etc., do not have correlative forms of the perfective form. Such verbs are called single-species, unpaired.
One-dimensional verbs are divided into two groups:
- verbs that have only perfect forms: startle, wake up, rush, collapse (these verbs denote instant actions), play out, run, overdo it (these verbs indicate the exhaustion of the action) and many other verbs denoting actions limited in their development;
- verbs that have only forms of an imperfect form: walk around, sentence, do nothing, pursue, participate, sympathize, fawn, preen, look after, dwell, depend, regret, cost, mean, etc. These verbs denote actions that are not limited in their development.
Two-species verbs fall into two groups: verbs with a native Russian stem (marry, execute) and verbs with a borrowed stem (activate, asphalt). Many two-species verbs, in connection with the general desire of the language to distinguish between aspectual meanings, begin to form parallel forms, that is, they pass into the category of paired ones. For example, instead of the two-species verb to spend the night, the paired verb to spend the night - to spend the night appears, and instead of the two-species verb to confiscate - the paired verb to confiscate.
Imperfective verbs are formed from perfective verbs with the help of suffixes:
a) -yva-, -iva-: write off - write off, plow - plow;
b) -va-: give - give, put on - put on shoes;
c) -eva-: get stuck - get stuck, extend - extend;
d) -a-: grow up - grow up, domesti - sweep, bake - bake;
e) alternating suffixes -i- and -a-: train - train, unload - unload.
Perfective verbs are formed from imperfective verbs in the following ways:
a) using the suffix -nu-: fade - fade, sour - turn sour, get wet - get wet, dry out - dry out;
b) with the help of prefixes: build - build, write - write, do - do, get stronger - get stronger.
During the formation of gdagol types in the roots of some verbs, alternations of vowels and consonants are observed: earn - earn, heat - heat, dry - dry, unload - unload, mark - mark.
Species pairs are sometimes formed by moving the stress: cut - cut, pour - pour, as well as from another base (suppletive species pairs): take - take, speak - say.
More on the topic VERB CATEGORY:
- Perfectification: aspectual pair “unprefixed verb nesov. species - prefixed verb owl. kind "(do - do)
- SPECIAL COURSE "GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY OF RUSSIAN VERB SPECIFIC"
- Petrukhina E.V. Russian verb: categories of aspect and tense (in the context of modern linguistic research). Study guide. - M, 2009. - 208 p., 2009
Grammatical categories of the verb. A verb is a part of speech denoting a procedural attribute - an action (writing, walking, children) or a state (sleeping, waiting) - and expressing this meaning in the grammatical categories of aspect, voice, tense, number, person, mood and gender. Being the most complex class of words in terms of the composition of forms, the verb is opposed to names in the system of parts of speech as a class of words that has conjugation forms and is the basis of the syntactic category of predicativity.
Verbs differ in types.
The perfect form includes verbs denoting a holistic action limited by a limit: do, write, sing, stand. The imperfective form includes verbs with the meaning "unlimited non-integral action": do, write, sing, stand; the limit of the action is the completion of the entire action (I read the book) or part of it, including the initial one (He sang). The value of the integrity of the action is a value that represents the action brought to the limit as a single act, indivisible into phases (initial, final, etc. cf. began, continued, finished singing, but did not start, continued, finished singing). The voice of the verb is related to the expression of the meanings "perform an action" (active, active voice) and "experience an effect" (passive, passive voice). The active voice includes verbs, the meaning of which does not indicate the direction of the action on the object (or person), expressed in the form of the nominative case (Workers are building a house; Students are solving a problem). The passive voice includes verbs with the postfix -sya, which have the meaning of an action directed at that object (or person) that is expressed in the nominative case (The house is built by workers; The task is solved by students). The meaning of the passive voice is also expressed in the forms of passive participles (we love, beloved; chitan, read; built, built). All verbs have the grammatical meaning of a voice, but only transitive verbs form a voice opposition.
Transitive verbs are combined with a name in the accusative or (more rarely) genitive case without a preposition and denoting the object of the action: Students solve a problem; Employees write a report; We are waiting for the train.
Some intransitive active verbs have the postfix -sya. Such verbs are called reflexive verbs: wash (He washes in the shower), study, hug, etc. The forms of the verb are divided into conjugated and non-conjugated. The conjugated forms are the forms of time, number, person, gender and mood. Changing the verb in tenses, numbers, persons, genders and moods is called conjugation.
Each verb belongs to either the 1st or 2nd conjugation.
An exception is the verbs called multi-conjugated, as well as the verbs to give, create, eat, get bored. The 1st conjugation includes verbs that have the following endings in the forms of the present and future tense (in spelling): (carries, throws), -em, -em (carry, throw), -yote, -et (carry, throw), -ut, -yut (carry, throw). The 2nd conjugation includes verbs that have the following endings in the same forms: -u, -u (I shout, praise), -ish (shout, praise), -it (shout, praise,) -im (shout, praise) , -ite (shout, praise), -at, -yat (shout, praise). The tense category of the verb shows the relation of the action to one of the three real time plans - present, past or future. The action referred to the plan of the past is expressed by the forms of the past tense (wrote, said, ran away), to the plan of the present - by the forms of the present tense (I write, I speak, I run), to the plan of the future - by the forms of the future tense (I will write, I will write; I will I will speak, I will say; I will run away, I will run away). Imperfective verbs have all three forms of tense (I wrote, I am writing, I will write), perfective verbs have only past and future tense forms (I have written, I will write). The number category of the verb shows that the action is performed by one subject (singular: I write, he will write, you wrote) or more than one (plural: we write, they will write, they wrote). The category of a person expresses the attitude of the producer of the action to the speaker.
In the present and future tenses of the indicative mood, the verb has the forms of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd person singular and plural (I write, you write, he writes; we write, you write, they write). Forms of the person indicate that 1) the speaker is the producer of the action (1st person singular); 2) the speaker is one of the producers of the action (1st person plural); 3) the producer of the action is the addressee of the speech (2nd person singular) or 4) the addressees of the speech or a group of persons including the addressee (2nd person plural); 5) the producer of the action is a person (persons) not participating in speech, or an object, phenomenon (objects, phenomena) (3rd person singular and plural). The gender category of the verb shows that the action refers to a person or object called a word with a grammatical meaning of masculine, feminine or neuter: He (the boy) read; She (the girl) was reading; The sun was shining; He would have gone (she would have gone) if a thunderstorm had not approached.
In the event that the producer of the action is a living being, designated by a masculine or common noun; as well as personal pronouns I, you, the verb form indicates the gender of the producer of the action: the doctor came - the doctor came, the orphan remained - the orphan remained, I sat ~ I sat, you left - you left. In the plural, generic differences are not expressed: They (boys, girls) read.
Gender forms as conjugated are characteristic of verbs only in the past tense and subjunctive mood.
The mood category of the verb expresses the relation of action to reality. The real action, carried out in the present, past or future tense, is expressed in the forms of the indicative mood: He plays, played, will play; played, will play.
The action to which someone is encouraged is expressed in the forms of the imperative mood: go, run, prepare, prepare, let's go, let's go. A possible, desired or intended action is expressed in the forms of the subjunctive mood (I would read, I would prepare). Non-conjugated verb forms are infinitive, participle and participle.
The infinitive, or indefinite form, names the action, but does not show its relation to the person, time, reality (its reality or unreality): write, play, carry, cherish, go. Participle and participle, also called attributive forms of the verb, have, along with verbal features, the features of an adjective (participle) and an adverb (germ participle). At the same time, the participle denotes the action as an attributive sign of the object (reading, waiting, being considered, built), and the gerund as a sign characterizing another action (reading, giving, reading, giving, pouting, freezing, returning, entering). Verb forms are formed from two stems: the stem of the past tense (most often coinciding with the stem of the infinitive) and the stem of the present tense.
The basis of the past tense is distinguished by cutting off the suffix -l- and the generic ending -a in the form of the feminine past tense: wrote-la, carried-la, rowed-la, me-la, ter-la, won-la. The basis of the present tense is distinguished by cutting off the ending in the forms of the 3rd person plural. h. present or simple future tense: write-ut, gamepam, carry-ut, row-ut, tr-ut, win-yat. The stem of the present tense always ends in a consonant, the stem of the past tense usually ends in a vowel, with the exception of a few verbs where it coincides with the stem of the past tense, as well as verbs of non-productive groups.
From the basis of the past tense, conjugated forms of the past tense are formed (chita-l, vari-l, ot-we-l), real participles of the past tense (read-wishing, vari-shing), passive participles of the past tense in -any and -ty (read, washed), gerunds in -v (shi) (read-in, boil-lice). From the basis of the present tense, the conjugated forms of the present and the simple future tense (chita, svar-yu, rewind), imperative mood (read, svar-i), participles of the present tense (reading, reading [j]), passive past participles into -enny (welded) and gerunds into -a (-ya) (chita). Depending on the belonging of the verb to the 1st or 2nd conjugation, as well as the nature of the correlation of the foundations of the past and present tense and the formation of the infinitive form, 5 productive classes of verbs and a number of unproductive groups are distinguished.
The productivity of the five classes is determined by the fact that they are regularly replenished with new stems: all new verbs formed with the help of productive derivational suffixes and borrowed from other languages belong only to these five classes.
At the same time, unproductive groups can be replenished only at the expense of purely prefixed and postfixal formations.
Standing apart are isolated verbs that are not included in any of the classes and in any of the groups.
These include: multi-conjugated verbs to run, want and honor; verbs to give, eat, create, get bored, having special endings that are different from both conjugations; the verb to go, the stems of which are suppletive (went - go); verbs to be (with a full set of forms of the future tense - will be, etc. in the presence of only residual forms of the present tense, there is also an essence), forget, go, roar. 1.2. Ways of word formation of verbs.
Derivative verbs belong to different ways of word formation.
Suffixal verbs: with suffixes -i(t), -ova(t) (-irova(t), -izi-rova(t), -izawa(t)), -nicha(t), -stova(t), -а(т), motivated by nouns and adjectives, have the following meanings: “perform an action characteristic of a person or animal” - laborer, cheat, parrot, teach; “to act with the help of an object” - to crimson, cycle; “endow with property” - dry, activate, equalize; “to show property” - to be cunning, to be fierce, to be important, to rage, to limp, etc. Verbs with suffixes -e (t) and -nu (t), motivated by adjectives, have the meaning “to acquire property”: to turn white, to go blind.
The suffix -iva(t) / -va(t) / -a(t) serves to form imperfective verbs from perfective verbs: rewrite - rewrite, learn - recognize, win - win, as well as verbs with the meaning of multiplicity ( walk, sing); suffixes -nu(t) and -anu(t) - for the formation of perfective verbs with the meaning of a single action: push, chop.
Prefixed verbs mean the direction of action in space (enter, exit, approach, come, leave, move away, walk, get off, go around, go over, go through, come in), perform an action in time (sing, get excited; go; stand, sit out, wait out, sit out, win back, etc.), the degree of intensity of the action (to smooth, polish, chill, frighten, think over, feed; overheat; fall behind, cheer up, muffle; underfulfill), the plurality of objects of action (perforate , run around, fly around; review all films, take out, etc.), the effectiveness of the action (boil, prevent, cure, mine, measure, fine, exchange, repair, wash, sweep, shame, demonstrate, wake up, make ). In addition, the following word-formation methods are characteristic of verbs: prefix-suffixal (wet - moisten, hurt - hurt, doze - take a nap), postfixal (wash - wash), suffixal-postfixal (stingy - stint), prefixal- postfixal (run - run), prefixal-suffixal-postfixal (joking - joking around, bold - dare), addition (half-close, self-ignite), addition in combination with prefixation (fertilize), addition in combination with prefixation and suffixation - (weak weather), fusion (malice), fusion in combination with suffixation (christianize), fusion in combination with postfixation (please). A variety of derivational types of verbal verbs that modify the nature of the course of action serve to form the ways of verbal action. In the sentence, the conjugated forms of the verbs act as a simple predicate (The boy reads). The infinitive can act as a subject, a simple verbal predicate, the main member of an infinitive sentence, an addition, an inconsistent definition and a circumstance of the goal. Full participles in a sentence, like adjectives, act as a definition; together with the words related to them, they can be part of the participial turnover. Short forms of participles in a sentence usually act as a predicate (The house is built). The participle acts in the sentence as an adjoining definition and denotes an action that accompanies another action, expressed by the conjugated form of the verb or infinitive (We walked talking; We must look silently). Together with the words related to it, the participle can be part of the participle turnover.
The Russian verb has undergone significant historical changes. The main directions in the development of the Old Russian verb are the simplification of the system of tenses, primarily the past, and the parallel process of the formation of the category of aspect as a regular system of two-term correlations, as a result of which the diverse shades of the flow of action in time began to be expressed through the interaction of aspectual and temporal characteristics of the verb (the aspectual system). In the circle of attributive forms of the verb, the most noticeable change was the separation from the participles of a special semi-predicative form - the gerund.
The use of verbs in the stories of V.M. Shukshin. 2.1. "Village prose" as a literary genre. One of the most full-flowing streams of literature of the 1950s and 1970s was called "village prose". It would seem that the only thing that unites the works of such different, dissimilar writers as V. Ovechkin, E. Dorosh, V. Soloukhin, A. Yashin, I. Akulov, M. Alekseev, V. Tendryakov, F. Abramov, V. Belov, S. Zalygin, V. Astafiev, V. Shukshin, B. Mozhaev, V. Rasputin - this is a topic: we are talking about works that tell about the Russian village. This circumstance involuntarily makes one think about the legitimacy of the concept of "village prose". It is no coincidence that in the critical discussions in the second half of the seventies and in the eighties many attempts were made to find a worthy replacement for this concept.
However, a little time passed, and they began to write about “village prose”, calling it the usual, given to it, as it were, involuntarily, spontaneously, but firmly fixed name.
The village for Russian writers is something immeasurably more than just an economic, geographical or demographic region.
To say about a writer that he is a "villager" means to say about the philosophical and historical content of his work.
What makes “village prose” a contradictory, complex, but nevertheless unified trend is not the theme itself, but the peculiarity of this theme, which contains the problems of our national development, our historical destinies.
Therefore, the village theme is not just an object, but a mystery of the historical path of Russia, its pain, its pangs of conscience, a crossroads in the future.
Only by understanding what a village theme is, one can understand the phenomenon of “village prose”. In Russian literature, the genre of rural prose differs markedly from all other genres.
What is the reason for this difference? One can talk about this for an exceptionally long time, but still not come to a final conclusion.
This is because the scope of this genre may not fit within the description of rural life. Works that describe the relationship between the people of the city and the village, and even works in which the main character is not a villager at all, but in spirit and idea, these works are nothing more than village prose, can also fit under this genre. Contemporary rural prose plays a large role in the literary process today.
This genre today rightfully occupies one of the leading places in terms of readability and popularity. The modern reader is concerned about the problems that are raised in the novels of this genre. These are questions of morality, love for nature, a good, kind attitude towards people and other problems that are so relevant today. Among the writers of our time who wrote or are writing in the genre of village prose, the leading place is occupied by Viktor Petrovich Astafiev (“The Tsar-Fish”, “The Shepherd and the Shepherdess”), Valentin Grigoryevich Rasputin (“Live and Remember”, “Farewell to Mother”), Vasily Makarovich Shukshin (“Villagers”, “Lubavins”, “I have come to give you freedom”) and others.
Vasily Makarovich Shukshin occupies a special place in this series. His original work has attracted and will continue to attract hundreds of thousands of readers not only in our country but also abroad. After all, one can rarely meet such a master of the folk word, such a sincere admirer of his native land, as this outstanding writer was. 2.2. The verb in the works of V.M. Shukshin.
The language of Shukshin's prose occupies an important place in the language of Russian fiction. Having absorbed the culture of the past, Shukshin reflected the ideological and aesthetic transformations in his contemporary culture, and also implemented in his work new artistic trends that allowed him to stand at the origins of the prose of the future: the language of this writer played a special role in the development of the language of Russian prose of the second half of and cc. In Shukshin's prose, the language traditions of Russian literature were realized. The predominance of folk colloquial speech testifies to the writer's assimilation of the traditions of the language of fiction, dating back to the depths of centuries.
In Shukshin's prose, various speech layers coexist: colloquial and bookish spheres of language, vernacular, jargons, dialectal language, oral and written speech, folklore language, the language of fiction. Traditions of using elements of dialect speech in depicting the life of peasants have existed in Russian literature since the 18th century. In line with these traditions, Shukshin's work can also be considered.
An analysis of the language of Shukshin's prose allows us to conclude that dialect vocabulary is used only when describing the life of the villagers. It is impossible to reflect the material and spiritual culture of the peasantry without the use of words specific to folk speech. And in this regard, the Altai Russian village found its best spokesman in Shukshin.
He knew folk speech from childhood, loved and understood its significance for literature: “You can’t jump higher than the navel, it’s better than the people said (whether he called someone, compared, treated him, sent him to hell), you can’t say.” The writer includes in his works about the life of the peasants not only colloquial and colloquial vocabulary, but also dialectisms characteristic of the dialects of Siberia, thereby recreating the living folk speech with its inherent naturalness, imagery, and expression. In Shukshin's prose, the diversity of speech systems is due to the strengthening of the role of the narrator, regardless of whether he acts as an author or a hero, which ultimately leads to the democratization of speech. Dialect vocabulary performs a certain stylistic function, and depending on this, its different types are used. Most often in the stories of Shukshin there are actually lexical dialectisms.
They name natural phenomena, household items, actions, etc. From the stories: Why bother; No wait - zausilis in Krayushkino; he could mend such a closet; it looks better to work; loosened up to underwear; Taisiya< >She opened the drawer and slipped under the lid.
Among the actual lexical dialectisms, verbs predominate: dislodge (smash to smithereens), natorkat (carelessly push), kafirkat (cough), squeeze (put on with difficulty), put on (impose), bazlanit (scream loudly), etc. The frequency of verbs is explained by their leading text-forming role in dynamic storytelling.
Lexico-phonetic dialectisms are also fixed in the speech of the characters: frighten, remember. Lexico-semantic dialectisms are noted both in the speech of the characters and in the author's narration. And among them, verbs are also more common: straighten up (get out of obedience), bleach (dawn), rinse (run), weld (hit), knock down (be like). Lexical and derivational dialectisms are also rarely used: to complain, to get out (to get in touch with), to get messed up, to get rid of, sunk in.
In general, in Shukshin's stories, dialect vocabulary makes up a relatively low percentage. A significant place among them is occupied by vocabulary characteristic of the dialects of Siberia: to babble, to look, to complain, to make a fuss, to bite, to get out, to get in trouble, to get sick, etc. Lexico-phonetic dialectisms also belong to Siberian: frighten, drunk, etc. It is indicative in use dialect vocabulary as a specific means of artistic narration, the novel "Lyubaviny", which reflected the life of the Siberian village, and, consequently, the features of the old-timer dialect of Siberia, more precisely, the dialect of the writer's native village of Srostki. “Accepting with all his heart the way of life of the Russian peasantry, its mentality, Shukshin described this moral and material way of life on the example of his village and using those words that enshrine these realities” (I.A. Vorobyova). Dialect vocabulary is used to describe the house, estate, life of Siberians, their social status, relationships, labor processes.
In this dynamic work, the verb is also the most common part of speech (up to 69%): stare, look, thresh, wear out, chop (collect), break (hit), rob, turusit (say whatever), weasel ( to beat hard), to swipe, to whip, to swagger.
Their increased frequency with the postfix -sya is characteristic, which is also indicative of Siberian dialects. Such verbs can express a joint action (growth, flattening), state, demeanor (to balk, bulge, vykobenitsya, swagger, look). In Shukshin's works, there are words that are not noted in dialect dictionaries: to sag, to push, to natorkat, to coat, to bleach, etc. Observations show that they are not authorial, but exist in the Siberian old-timer dialect.
It follows from this that the writer was well aware of the specifics of the folk speech of his homeland and not intuitively, but purposefully used regional vocabulary in accordance with the intention of the work.
The morphology of Shukshin's language is complex. It clearly presents: the scene modeled by the verb; close-up filled with adjectives; the second plan, recreated by the adverb, noun, interjection, union. Shukshin's verb is like a visual beam gliding behind a light stream, from object to object, filling the scene-situation (E. I. Plotnikova). The verb word can convey a complex situation consisting of a complex of organically related actions of the same person (E.V. Kuznetsova): Fedor looked at his brother, trying to convey with his eyes all the stupidity and bitterness of this kind of reasoning (“How did the hare fly on balloons"); temples fell out from pain ("Mother's Heart"); the engineer came off his motorcycle ("Stubborn"). Colloquial vocabulary in Shukshin's prose occupies a significant place: about 1200 units.
Vernacular vocabulary as a non-literary composition of lexical units serves oral forms of communication and is used in the literary language for a reduced, rough characterization of the subject of speech (F.P. Filin). Colloquial vocabulary has neither territorial restrictions (like dialectisms), nor narrow social ones (like professionalisms and jargonisms). The colloquial word differs from the interstyle and colloquial words, expressing the concept identical with it, by the volume of the seme structure and the relationship between the central and peripheral seme of the lexical meaning.
So, for synonyms to deceive ~ to pass (colloquial) - to cheat (colloquial vocabulary) the same denotative semes (addressee, sign of the addressee "failed to counteract", sign of action - "selfish goal" (colloquial)). Conduct connotative semes: “knowledge of ways to achieve the goal; dexterity in using methods” express objective signs of action, subjective attitude to action (sympathy, irony, regret) is expressed to a low degree, negative evaluation is intense.
In a colloquial verb, connotative semes are put forward in the center of the seme structure: emotional (sympathy, regret) and a generally negative assessment of the action; the verb forms the modality of the speech situation, for example, threats: Well, he (the wise man) asked sternly and incomprehensibly. Ivan was swindled. For each word of colloquial vocabulary, there is a basic, identifying interstyle word. For example, the verb that gave the name to the story "Cut off" is wider in semantic volume than each of the figurative meanings of the species pair cut - cut (Dictionary of the Russian Language); the verb was cut off and its vernacular synonyms in Sh.'s story were pulled back, combed "overlap" the marked meanings: Gleb, in a kind of exam, "failed", as it seems to him and his fellow villagers, the candidates, confused them, as he did repeatedly with the city "upstarts". Shukshin uses the possibilities of colloquial vocabulary not so much to name as to evaluate the subject of speech, to combine this assessment with gestural, mimic and other situational means.
It is noteworthy that the analysis of colloquial vocabulary requires voluminous, semantically sufficient illustrations-contexts.
The semantic composition of colloquial vocabulary in Shukshin's works is diverse.
The most active are the semantic classes of verbs (E.V. Kuznetsova, A.A. Chuvakin) - about 700 units. The most represented classes are: relations (causing physical and moral suffering) - burn, star, snuggle, eat, work; subordination - to seize, to drive in, to stir up, to bake; superiority - to ataman, lead, inflate; compatibility - to become attached, stick, fail; comparisons - to get mad, to get angry; beingness (biological existence) - cuckoo, stumble; the transition to biological existence - to bend over, to turn around, to hoof, to strangle yourself; psychophysical existence - fidget, chirp, turn sour, moderate, swell; a specific physical action (creation or destruction) - to repair, bungle, blast, chatter; becoming - to get into trouble, to get out, to roll, to get rid of, to go astray, to be fined, to pull off; speech-thinking activity - bazaar, prank, shave, ring, laugh; displacement - to move, pull, cluck, play pranks; sounds - to please, vzhikat, rumble; behavior - to make a fuss, to get out, to fuss, to foul, to turn around - and others. Often in the works of Shukshin, verbs are part of various phraseological units.
Phraseological units expressing any process: stand on the hind legs, stand on the wrong foot, put (fold) your head, hit a nerve, lie down on the spot, walk on the ground for a short time, haggard (fall off) from your face, shove on horns, lead shoulders, break your head, push in the side, hit back, there is nothing to brag about, etc. Phraseological unity of attribute semantics: knocked out of the mind, chickens will not offend, chickens will laugh.
Qualitatively circumstantial: even lie down and die, even just right to howl.
Shukshin's prose represents a stage in the development of Russian literature, which raises the question of the influence of the writer's language on the language of fiction.
In the development of the language of Russian prose, Shukshin's language played an important role as a continuation of the traditions of the previous and contemporary culture of the author, as an expansion of the colloquial layer of live oral speech, and also as an appeal to new trends in the development of literature. Having absorbed the achievements of his predecessors, Shukshin in his work creates the poetic style of a new generation.
End of work -
This topic belongs to:
The use of verbs in rural prose
Observers note that the advanced, leading groups of the collective farm population differ in language in lexical and other respects from other collective farmers. When studying Siberian dialects, it is really impossible not to pay attention to that. Very little has been done to study the language of Siberian writers in the past and present. Critical articles in magazines..
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Topic 4.6.
Verb how part speeches . Main grammatical categories and forms verb .
2. Types of the verb.
3. Transitive and intransitive verbs.
4. Reflexive verbs.
5. Inclination of the verb.
6.Verb tense.
7. Conjugation of verbs.
8.Impersonal verbs.
9.Morphological analysis of the verb.
Basic concepts and terms on the topic : transitive and intransitive verbs, reflexive verbs, verb mood, verb tense, verb conjugation, impersonal verbs.
https://pandia.ru/text/80/016/images/image002_12.png" width="55" height="215 src="> Indicative verb
For example: look, arrived, will come, we will write
Conditional mood verb
For example: would go, would offer
Imperative mood verb
For example: read, read, measure, cut, live, learn
Verbs in the indicative mood change by tense:
1) the verbs shine, lie - used in the present tense,
2) the verbs sang, extinguished - in the form of the past tense;
3) verbs we will learn, we will study, we will grow up, we will lead, we will help - they are used in the form of the future tense.
In the present and future tenses, verbs change according to persons and numbers in present and future tenses
present tense
Face | Unit h | Mn. h |
you write | you write |
|
they write |
Future time
Verbs used in the past tense change according to numbers and gender(in singular):
Past tense
The verb has initial form, which is called indefinite form of the verb (or infinitive). The infinitive shows no time, no number, no person, no gender. Verbs in an indefinite form answer the question what to do? or what to do?
For example: walk, stand, participate, grow, guard.
The verbs in the sentence are predicates. The indefinite form of a verb can appear in a sentence in different ways. The infinitive can be part of a compound predicate, it can be a subject, a definition or an object, and even a circumstance.
For example:
I will say I am fairy tales.
In this case, the verb is a compound predicate.
To study - will always come in handy.
In this case, the verb is the subject.
I ask you to sign.
Here the verb is used as an object.
Impatience to breathe until Tiflis took possession of me.
Here the verb plays the role of a definition.
The guys ranhide.
Here the verb plays the role of circumstance.
Verbs in indefinite form have form, transitivity and intransitivity, conjugation.
Verb types.
Imperfect verbs answer the question what to do? And perfective verbs - what to do?
Verbs imperfect form does not indicate completion action, its end or result.
And here are the verbs perfect look indicate to the completion of the action, to its end or result.
A verb of one kind can correspond to a verb of another kind with the same lexical meaning. Such verbs form species pair.
For example:
unite - unite
reach - reach.
When forming verbs of one type from verbs of another type, different methods are used:
For example: prefixes - (go - leave)
suffixes (push - push).
The formation of verb types can be accompanied by an alternation of vowels and consonants in the root.
For example:
to be late - to be late
start - start
win - win.
Some aspect pairs represent different words, have different stems.
For example:
take - take
say - speak
find - seek.
Individual species pairs may differ in stress.
For example:
cut - cut.
Transitive and intransitive verbs.
Verbs that combine or can combine with a noun or pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition are called transitional.
For example:
I love my hometown.
Transitive verbs mean an action that moves on to something else: love (what?) - side.
A noun or pronoun with a transitive verb can stand in the genitive case:
1) if the verb has a negation:
I wrote a (what?) letter. - I didn't write (what?) letters.
2) if the action does not transfer to the whole object, but only to a part of it: drank (what?) water - drank (what?) water.
Verbs are intransitive if the action does not directly transfer to another object: walk (on skis), swim (in the sea), implement (in life).
Intransitive verbs include verbs with the suffix -sya (sya).
Reflexive verbs.
Verbs with suffix -sya (-sya) called returnable.
For example: study, meet, wash.
Some verbs can be reflexive and non-reflexive.
For example:
comb - brush,
bathe - bathe
Other verbs can only be reflexive (without a suffix - they are not used).
For example:
laugh, hope
fight, bow,
work hard, try
lie down proud
stay, become.
Suffix - Xia happens after consonants ( wonder, do), and the suffix -ss- after vowels ( meet, proud, surprised).
verb inclination.
Verbs in indicative mood indicate actions that are happening, have happened or will actually happen.
For example:
build, built
I will build.
Verbs in the indicative mood change with tenses. In the present and future tense, the end vowel of the stem of the indefinite form is sometimes cut off.
For example:
see - I see
see - see.
In the indicative mood, imperfective verbs have three tenses: present ( read, build), past ( read, built) and future complex ( willread, let's build), and perfective verbs - two tenses: past ( read, built) and the future is simple ( read, build).
Verbs in conditional mood denote actions that are desirable or possible under certain conditions.
For example:
I would make,
would bring.
The conditional mood of the verb is formed from the stem of the indefinite form of the verb with the help of a suffix -l- and particles would (b).
This particle can come after the verb and before it, can be separated from the verb in other words:
For example:
If every man on a piece of his land would do everything he can, how beautiful our land would be.
Verbs in the conditional mood change by number and in the singular by gender.
Verbs in imperative mood express an impulse to action, an order, a request.
For example:
go to school,
go to school
get up early
get up early.
Imperative verbs are usually used in the 2nd person form: believe in yourself.
Imperative verbs do not change tenses.
https://pandia.ru/text/80/016/images/image012_3.png" width="24" height="11 src="> Past tense verbs are formed from the indefinite form (infinitive) using a suffix -l-
build - built,
built, built
Verbs in the indefinite form in - whose, -ti, -choke(imperfect form) form the past tense singular. masculine numbers without suffix -l-
For example:
save - shore(but kept)
carry - carried(but carried).
from the verb go past tense walked, walked, walked.
from the verb find past tense found, found, found.
from the verb grow - grew, grew, grew, grew.
Past tense verbs change by number ( told - told), and in the singular - by birth. In the plural, past tense verbs do not change by person.
Verbs in future tense show that the action will take place after the moment of speech.
For example:
See what kind of person this is! You will immediately fall in love with him and make friends with him, my dear!
The future tense has two forms: simple and compound. The form of the future compound imperfective verbs consists of the future tense of the verb to be and the indefinite form of the imperfective verb: I will draw, I will try.
The future tense is formed from perfective verbs ( I will read), from imperfective verbs - the future tense is compound ( I will read).
The form of the future simple perfective verb is formed in the same way as the form of the present tense: open, open, open, open, open, open.
In the future simple, verbs have the same personal endings as imperfective verbs in the present tense.
Conjugation of verbs.
Changing verbs in persons and numbers is called conjugation.
Endings -u, -u, -eat (eat), -eesh, -et (-et), -it, -eat (eat), -im, -ete (ete), -ite, -ut, -yut, - at, - yat are called personal endings of the verb.
According to their personal endings, verbs are divided into two conjugations: first and second.
The difference between the first conjugation and the second.
Verb conjugation is determined by the indefinite form. If the verb has an unstressed personal ending, then you need:
1) put the verb in the indefinite form ( work - work, do - do);
2) determine which vowel comes before -th.
When determining the conjugation of a verb, the indefinite form must be taken from the same aspect as the personal form: do - perform(non-native view), execute - execute(owl view).
Verbs with prefixes belong to the same conjugation as non-prefixed ones:
fly - take off(I conjugation), teach - learn(II conjugation).
Verbs want to run change according to the first, and partially according to the second conjugation. Therefore they are called heterogeneous. Verbs are specially conjugated there is (eat) and to give.
Impersonal verbs.
Verbs that denote actions that occur on their own, without a character (object), are called impersonal: it gets dark, shivering, unwell, frosty, evening.
Impersonal verbs usually mean natural phenomena or human condition.
For example:
It's already getting light. But I can't sleep.
In sentences, impersonal verbs are predicates in which there can be no subject.
For example:
It's freezing today; It is easy to breathe in the forest; I'm not well; No wonder it is said that the work of the master is afraid.
Impersonal verbs are used:
a) in the indicative mood and have one form for each tense: the 3rd person singular form (present or future tense) and the neuter singular form (past tense): unwell, will be unwell, unwell;
b) in the conditional mood also in one form: would be unwell;
in) in indefinite form: get unwell.
Many personal verbs in a sentence can act in the meaning of impersonal ones. Wed:
Smells like spring. This sentence has no subject, verb smells used in an impersonal sense. Fresh hay smells good.
Morphological analysis of the verb.
Parsing plan
I. Part of speech. General value. Question.
II. Initial form (indefinite form).
Morphological features:
1. Permanent signs:
b) conjugation,
c) transition.
2. Non-permanent signs:
a) inclination
c) time (if any),
d) person (if any),
e) gender (if any).
III. syntactic role.
Sample parsing
The future belongs to people of honest work (M. Gorky).
Oral analysis
Belongs is a verb.
First, it denotes the action of the object and answers the question (what does it do?).
Secondly, the initial form is to belong; has constant morphological features: imperfective, intransitive, II conjugation.
Here it is used in the indicative mood, in the singular, in the present tense, in the 3rd person - these are its inconstant features.
Thirdly, in a sentence it is a predicate.
Written analysis
Belongs is a verb, since:
I. Denotes the action of the subject (what does it do?).
II. N. f. - belong. Fast. - carry. view, intransitive, II ref.; non-post. - in express, incl., in units. hours, in the 3rd l.
III. Future (What's up?) belongs.
Tasks for self-fulfillment
1. Find the verbs in the sentences and sort them according to the plan:
1) indefinite form;
2) constant signs (kind, conjugation, transitive/intransitive, inclination);
3) non-permanent features: number, time, person, gender.
1. How freely the chest breathes, how cheerfully the limbs move, how the whole person grows stronger, embraced by the fresh breath of spring! ().
2. In the evening, everyone sleeps, it’s dark in the yard, the leaf falls dry, at night the wind gets angry and knocks on the window. ().
3. "You would not read, but slept," he carefully advised. (M. Gorky).
2. Divide the verbs into three groups:
1) imperfect form;
2) perfect appearance;
3) two-species.
Collect, rush, pursue, promise, surrender, use, collect, sign, imitate, organize, shout down, call, mechanize, twirl, disgust, get bored, compete, reorganize, burst out, consist, ship, guarantee, be needed.
3. Divide the verbs into two groups:
1) I conjugations;
2) II conjugations.
Next to each verb, indicate the form of the 3rd person plural of the present (future simple) tense. Break out the accents.
Sample:
I conjugation II conjugation
prick - prick smoke - smoke
To glimpse, to see, to write, to shine, to attach, to grind, to want, to knock, to walk, to build, to turn back, to regret, to lay, to judge, to sow, to sting, to pay, to wear, to search, to pour, to hear, to doze, to find, to reap, to offend, to inspire , go crazy, fade away.
4. Rewrite with missing letters.
1. What was, then the view ... m, what will be, then we see ... m.
2. Where stro ... sh, here and ro ... sh.
3. Not according to the words of the court ... but according to deeds.
4. Work and feed ... t, and account ... t.
5. The horse breaks out ... tsya - catch up ... shh, but the words of what was said are not the gate ... shh.
6. Don't fill a bottomless tub with water.
7. Pity ... sew a strap - do not tie ... sew with a strap.
8. An empty mill and no wind chalk ... t.
9. True eye count ... t.
10 Lost time is not the gate ... sh.
11. Don’t tie a knot with one hand ... sh.
12. Pash arable land ..t - do not wave your hands ... t.
13. Legs nose ... t, and hands feed ... t.
5. Form the past tense from these verbs. Break out the accents.
1. Beat, blow, reap, lay, steal, cover, wash, crush, mouth, neigh.
2. Be, take, twist, heed, lie, drive, give, fight, live, call, pour, drink, swim, tear, send, remove, sleep.
3. Survive, pester, ask, freeze, occupy, lock, acquire, hire, start, take away, drink, give, raise, understand, arrive, give, accept, sell, live, curse, shed, decrease, die.
6. Preparation of a report on the topic: "Synonymy of verb forms in a literary text."
Questions for self-control:
1. Verb. Grammatical categories, role in the sentence.
2. Three verb tenses. How to determine the tense of a verb? How does the verb change in the past tense?
3. What is the indefinite form of the verb (infinitive)?
4. What is called conjugation of verbs? How to determine the person and number of verbs?
5. What verbs belong to the first, second conjugation?
6. How do verbs conjugate in the future tense?
7. What unstressed endings do the verbs of the first and second conjugations have? How to determine the conjugation of verbs with personal endings?
8. How to determine the unstressed ending of the verb?
9. Name the exception verbs that belong to the second conjugation.
10. How do verbs change in the past tense?
11. How to determine which suffix is written before the suffix - l - in past tense verbs?
12. Type of verbs. Which verbs do not have the present tense?
