Dictionary of linguistic terms

Service words

Parts of speech that do not name the phenomena of reality, but indicate the relationship that exists between these phenomena. Just like affixes, functional words denote grammatical meanings and serve significant parts of speech. They are often referred to as "particles of speech".

These include:

l. prepositions are functional words that precede a noun or a word that replaces it. Forming prepositional or prepositional-case combinations, they perform the same formal organizing role as inflections. For example: the book of the student (English) is the student's book. Pretext of performs the same function as inflection [a] in Russian. Like case forms, they express typical relationships between objects: spatial, temporal, causal, target, object, instrumental, and some others. But inflection is part of the word, the preposition is written separately;

2. postpositions are functional words used after a noun, i.e. postpositively expressing typical relationships between objects: spatial, temporal, causal, target, object, instrumental, etc. Postpositions are the most important grammatical means in the Chechen, Ingush, Turkic, Finno-Ugric languages, Mongolian, Japanese, etc. For example: asha(through, through) (Tatar);

3. articles are service words that serve a noun, unlike other parts of speech, indicating in some languages ​​the gender of a noun.

Articles can be;

1) prepositive (they stand before nouns);

2) postpositive (stand after nouns).

Articles are used in a number of European languages ​​( English, German, fr. and etc.): the act (English) - a business, die Arbeit (German, noun and. p.) - work;

4. particles are service words used for various purposes:

a) for shaping (shaping particles) - I would like to,

b) to express syntactic and modal meanings: Do I see you?

1. General characteristics of service words in Russian.

2. Classification of service parts of speech.

1. General characteristics of service words in Russian

The opposition of significance - service in the system of parts of speech of the Russian language has been taking place since the time of M.V. Lomonosov. V.V. Vinogradov in the book “Russian language: (grammatical doctrine of the word)” called significant words parts of speech, service words - particles of speech, describing the latter as a separate structural-semantic class. “Parts are called classes of such words that usually do not have a completely independent real or material meaning, but mainly introduce additional shades into the meanings of other words, groups of words, sentences, or serve to express various kinds of grammatical ( and consequently , both logical and expressive) relations. The lexical meanings of these words coincide with their grammatical, logical or expressive-stylistic functions. Therefore, the semantic volume of these particles is very wide, their lexical and grammatical meanings are very mobile, they are in the power of syntactic use" [Vinogradov, 1972, p. 520].

Functional words are deprived of the ability to designate objects, signs of objects, processes, signs of other signs, etc. Significant words do this, as you know, in two ways: nominative (nominal, when a certain meaning, one or more is assigned to a sound complex) and pronominal ( pronominal, when the meaning of the word is not assigned to the sound complex, it is variable and depends on the context and situation).

In this regard, function words do not enter into phrases, but are themselves a formal means of expressing the connection of words (cf .: near the house- a preposition cannot be an independent component of a phrase, it is only a formal means of expressing the connection of words).

Service words are not independent members of the sentence.

As a rule, service words do not change (except for connectives), do not have grammatical categories of gender, number, case, etc., and are not divided into morphemes. Most of the service words do not have independent stress and join the significant word in the preposition (proclitic: in front of the house) or postposition (enclitic: did you read), forming with it a large phonetic word.

Functional words do not have their own word-formation apparatus, therefore, they are replenished due to diachronic transformation - the transition from significant parts of speech.

It is noted that after service words, pauses are not possible, written in a comma, colon or dash, but, as an exception, pauses are possible, decorated with ellipsis: Cucumbers from ... the Arctic.

1. Classification of service parts of speech

In the linguistic literature (for example, in the works of V.N. Sidorov and others), attempts are known in the system of auxiliary vocabulary to distinguish groups of words expressing syntactic formal meanings (prepositions, conjunctions, connectives) and non-syntactic ones (actual particles). Prepositions, conjunctions and connectives express various kinds of relationships (temporal, spatial, causal, etc.) transmitted as part of a phrase, sentence. Own particles can form some grammatical meanings ( Have you read this book?– Particle whether together with intonation serves to express a question), but much more often they introduce various kinds of semantic shades into the statement: restrictive, intensifying, etc., for example: Even a wordblouse declared incorrect. Women were only allowed to wearblouses (K. Chuk.). Listening to the sounds of the night, he thought that life was passing by, but nothing had really been done yet.(K.P.). The town of Spas-Klepiki is already very small, quiet(K.P.).

Therefore, some linguists talk about the grammaticality of prepositions, conjunctions, connectives and the semantics of particles proper, which, as shown above, is not entirely correct.

According to the grammatical and communicative purpose, official vocabulary is divided into prepositions, conjunctions, proper particles and bundles. The latter are the most controversial. They will be discussed in more detail in the relevant sections.

FUNCTIONAL WORDS SERVICE WORDS, words that are not able to act independently as members of a sentence and serve to connect significant words in a phrase (for example, conjunctions, prepositions) or for their grammatical (syntactic) characteristics (for example, articles).

Modern Encyclopedia. 2000 .

See what "FUNCTIONAL WORDS" is in other dictionaries:

Words that are unable to act independently as members of a sentence and serve to connect significant words in a phrase (for example, conjunctions, prepositions) or for their grammatical (syntactic) characteristics (for example, articles) ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Service words- FUNCTIONAL WORDS, words that are not able to act independently as members of a sentence and serve to connect significant words in a phrase (for example, conjunctions, prepositions) or for their grammatical (syntactic) characteristics (for example, articles). … Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

For function words in computer science, see Reserved word. Service words are lexically dependent words that do not have a nominative function in the language (they do not name objects, properties or relationships) and express various semantics ... ... Wikipedia

official words- Parts of speech that do not name the phenomena of reality, but indicate the relationship that exists between these phenomena. Just like affixes, functional words denote grammatical meanings and serve significant parts of speech. They often ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Service words- Functional words are lexically dependent words that serve to express various semantic and syntactic relations between words, sentences and parts of sentences, as well as to express different shades of subjective modality. S. s. ... ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

Words that are not able to act independently as members of a sentence and serve to connect significant words in a phrase (for example, conjunctions, prepositions), for their grammatical (syntactic) characteristics (for example, articles), to express various ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Words that do not have a nominative function in the language (see Nomination) and serve to express various semantic-syntactic relations between significant words, in contrast to which they are not members of a sentence. AT… … Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Service words- words used to express grammar. relations and performing services. auxiliary functions. First of all, services are related to the S.S. parts of speech, prepositions, particles and conjunctions. They are characterized by immutability, lack of morphological. categories, ... ... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary

Same as particles of speech... Dictionary of linguistic terms

Service words as philosophical terms- (connective words as philosophical terms) Functional words are an important source of replenishment of philosophical terminology, which traditionally was dominated by nouns and adjectives. Words with grammatical meaning, devoid of lexical ... ... Projective Philosophical Dictionary

Books

• Picture dictionary of the Russian language, Yu. V. Vannikov, A. N. Shchukin. "Picture Dictionary of the Russian Language" - a guide for foreigners studying Russian. The dictionary consists of four sections (nouns, adjectives, verbs, auxiliary words), divided ...
• Turkish grammar. Phonetics, morphology, etymology, semantics, syntax, spelling, punctuation. Volume 3. Service words, postpositions, conjunctions and particles, interjections, affixes, sentences, spelling rules, punctuation marks
• Turkish grammar. Phonetics (ses), morphology (sekIl), etymology (kok), semantics (mana), syntax (cumle bIlgIsI), orthography (yazim kurallari), punctuation marks (noktalama IsaretlerI): Function words (edatlar, ilgecler), postpositions (edatlar , Genish E.. This book presents the entire grammar of the modern Turkish language.The book was written on the basis of fifteen years of experience in teaching Turkish to Russian…

When studying the Russian language at school, quite often there are linguistic terms that are not always clear to schoolchildren. We have tried to compile a short list of the most used concepts with decoding. In the future, schoolchildren can use it when studying the Russian language.

Phonetics

Linguistic terms used in the study of phonetics:

• Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that deals with the study of sound structure.
• Sound is the smallest particle of speech. Highlight sounds.
• A syllable is one or often several sounds pronounced on one exhalation.
• Stress is the allocation of a vowel sound in speech.

• Orthoepy is a section of phonetics that studies the norms of pronunciation of the Russian language.

Spelling

When studying spelling, it is necessary to operate with the following terms:

• Spelling - a section that studies the rules of spelling.
• Spelling - spelling a word in accordance with the application of spelling rules.

Lexicology and phraseology

• A lexeme is a vocabulary unit, a word.
• Lexicology is a section of the Russian language that studies lexemes, their origin and functioning.
• Synonyms are words that have the same meaning when spelled differently.
• Antonyms are words that have the opposite meaning.
• Paronyms are words that have the same spelling but different meanings.
• Homonyms are words that have the same spelling but have different meanings.

• Phraseology is a branch of linguistics that studies phraseological units, their features and principles of functioning in the language.
• Etymology is the science of the origin of words.
• Lexicography is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules for compiling dictionaries and their study.

Morphology

A few words about what Russian linguistic terms are used when studying the morphology section.

• Morphology is the science of language that studies the parts of speech.
• Noun - Nominal independent It denotes the subject that is being discussed and answers the questions: "who?", "What?".
• Adjective - denotes a sign or state of an object and answers the questions: "what?", "what?", "what?". Refers to independent nominal parts.

• A verb is a part of speech denoting an action and answering the questions: “what is he doing?”, “what will he do?”.
• Numeral - indicates the number or order of objects and at the same time answering the questions: "how much?", "Which?". Refers to independent parts of speech.
• Pronoun - indicates an object or person, its attribute, while not naming it.
• An adverb is a part of speech denoting a sign of action. Answers the questions: "how?", "when?", "why?", "where?".
• A preposition is a part of speech that connects words.
• Union - a part of speech that connects syntactic units.
• Particles are words that give emotional or semantic coloring to words and sentences.

Additional terms

In addition to the terms we mentioned earlier, there are a number of concepts that it is desirable for a student to know. Let's highlight the main linguistic terms that are also worth remembering.

• Syntax is a section of linguistics that studies sentences: features of their structure and functioning.
• Language is a sign system that is constantly in development. Serves for communication between people.
• Idiolect - features of the speech of a particular person.
• Dialects are varieties of one language that are opposed to its literary version. Depending on the territory, each dialect has its own characteristics. For example, okane or akanye.

• Abbreviation is the formation of nouns by abbreviating words or phrases.
• Latinism is a word that came to us into use from the Latin language.
• Inversion - a deviation from the generally accepted word order, which makes the rearranged element of the sentence stylistically marked.

Stylistics

The following linguistic terms, examples and definitions of which you will see, are often encountered when considering

• Antithesis is a stylistic device based on opposition.
• Gradation is a technique based on forcing or weakening homogeneous means of expression.
• Diminutive is a word formed with the help of a diminutive suffix.
• An oxymoron is a technique in which combinations of words with seemingly incompatible lexical meanings are formed. For example, "a living corpse."
• Euphemism is the replacement of a word related to obscene language with neutral ones.
• An epithet is a stylistic trope, often an adjective with expressive coloring.

This is not a complete list of required words. We have given only the most necessary linguistic terms.

conclusions

When studying the Russian language, students now and then come across words whose meanings they do not know. To avoid problems in learning, it is advisable to have your own personal dictionary of school terms in the Russian language and literature. Above, we have given the main linguistic words-terms that you will encounter more than once when studying at school and university.

Plan:

Introduction

• 1 general characteristics
• 2 Classification
• 3 In the languages ​​of the world
• 4 Study
Notes

Introduction

For function words in computer science, see Reserved word.

Service words- lexically non-independent words, which do not have a nominative function in the language (do not name objects, properties or relations) and express various semantic-syntactic relations between words, sentences and parts of sentences. Opposed significant, or independent, words, differing from them, in addition to meaning, by the absence of morphological categories. Approaching inflectional morphemes, auxiliary words are on the verge of vocabulary and grammar and actually belong to the sphere of grammatical means of the language. They surpass significant words in frequency of use, but are inferior to them in number, making up a list close to closed.

1. General characteristics

Functional words are characterized by some common features. Phonetically, they, as a rule, are characterized by unstressedness (exceptions in Russian are particles Yes and No) and - in tone languages ​​- the absence of tone; gravitate towards monosyllabism if non-derivatives. Usually, function words are not divided into morphemes and do not constitute paradigms (which distinguishes them, for example, from linking verbs and auxiliary verbs in analytical forms such as Rus. I will read). From a syntactical point of view, they are distinguished by their inability to be members of a sentence (unlike allied words), however, they can be included in their composition along with significant words.

2. Classification

By origin, service words are divided into primitives(non-derivative), for example, Russian. in, to, at; and, a, or; would, same, already, - and non-primitive(derivatives): during; although; let, let's. Derivatives are former significant words that have lost their nominative meaning and syntactic properties characteristic of the corresponding parts of speech, and have become isolated from their other forms as a result of functional-semantic rethinking.

The number of digits of auxiliary words distinguished by the generality of functions varies depending on the language, and their semantics largely depends on the type of language: in analytic languages, auxiliary words (especially particles) take on the functions performed in synthetic languages ​​by affixes. In many languages ​​there are relative words(prepositions or postpositions), conjunctions, particles and articles.

The degree of development of some categories of service words is also associated with the state of its literary form, especially its written variety: for example, subordinating conjunctions are more common in written speech.

3. In the languages ​​of the world

4. Study

The term "service words" ( "service parts of speech") is characteristic primarily of the Russian grammatical tradition, in the history of which the scope of this concept fluctuated: F. I. Buslaev attributed to them pronouns, numerals, prepositions, conjunctions, pronominal adverbs and auxiliary verbs, A. M. Peshkovsky - only prepositions and conjunctions, L. V. Shcherba - verb copulas ( to be, be), prepositions, conjunctions, allied words. In academic grammar, the point of view of V. V. Vinogradov was fixed, according to which “particles of speech” belong to functional words: particles, prepositions and conjunctions.

In foreign linguistics, official and significant parts of speech are usually not opposed, although sometimes a category of relative words of words is distinguished, including articles, prepositions (postpositions) and conjunctions; The French linguistic tradition also refers to functional words and pronouns.

Notes

1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Vasilyeva N.V. Service words // Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ed. V. N. Yartseva. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990. - ISBN 5-85270-031-2
2. Ventzel T.V. Service words - slovari.yandex.ru/dict/bse/article/00072/10600.htm // Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
3. 1 2 3 Service words - slovari.yandex.ru/dict/rges/article/rg3/rg3-1142.htm // Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary.

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