| 17px | link=((fullurl:commons:Lua Error: callParserFunction: function "#property" was not found.)) [((fullurl:commons: Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#property" was not found. )) Images at Wikimedia Commons] |
|
Chara algae, or rays(lat. Charophyceae) - a class of a once extensive group of ancient plants that combine the features of algae and higher plants. The name comes from other Greek. χᾰρά - joy, beauty. In total, no more than 700 species of characeae are known.
The structure of the thallus
These are macroscopic algae, outwardly similar to some higher plants (horsetail, hornwort). The height of their thallus is usually 20-30 cm, but can reach 1-2 m, lateral branches of limited growth, located in whorls on multicellular nodes. The internodes consist of one long cell, which can be overgrown with a bark of narrow cells. Cell membranes are sometimes calcified. Chloroplasts are green and contain chlorophylls a and b, from additional pigments - lycopene. The reserve substance is starch.
reproduction
Chara algae are characterized by vegetative and sexual reproduction. Vegetative propagation is carried out by means of special nodules on rhizoids or star-shaped clusters of cells on the lower stem nodes, which give rise to a new thallus. There is no asexual reproduction.
The sexual organs reach the highest development among all algae in Characeae. The female reproductive organ - oogonium and the male - antheridium are multicellular and develop in most species on the same plant, but dioecious species are also known. Antheridium has the form of a ball, up to 0.5 mm in diameter, green at first, and as it matures, orange or red. It sits on a short unicellular stalk and consists of 8 flat scutes, which are in close contact with their serrated edges. From the center of each scutellum, a cylindrical “handle” cell (manubrium) departs into the antheridium, which ends in a rounded head cell. There are 6 smaller cells on the head cell. Each of them gives rise to 4 spermatogenic filaments, consisting of 200-300 cells. In each of these cells, one biflagellated antherozoid is formed.
The oogonium is rather large. Cortical cells spirally encircle it and form a crown. The oogonium contains one large ovum. The spermatozoon approaches the cells of the crown and is screwed into the oogonium. After karyogamy, a zygote is formed.
Systematics and phylogeny
For a long time their place in the systems of the vegetable kingdom was uncertain. Some researchers, given the presence of chlorophylls a and b, as well as starch as a reserve substance, attributed the charophytes to the division Chlorophyta. Others singled out Charophyta as an independent division, recognizing its early separation from green algae. Still others considered them as an intermediate link between green algae and bryophytes. Currently, based on the results of molecular genetic, biochemical, and ultrastructural studies, charophyta, along with zignematal (conjugates) and several other orders, are assigned to the class Charophyceae sensu Mattox et Stewart, which is included in the division Streptophyta.
Role in nature and human life
The role of charophytes is relatively small, but where they settle, their influence on the hydrological regime and biological characteristics of water bodies is manifested. The regime of the reservoir becomes more stable and a special biocenosis is formed in it. Many epiphytes develop on the thalli of characeae - microscopic algae and bacteria that serve as food for invertebrates eaten by fish. In the dense thickets of these algae, young fish and small animals find shelter and protection. It has been noted that mosquito larvae are absent or poorly developed in water bodies with abundant development of charophytes. It is believed that this is due to the action of antibiotics secreted by charophytes.
Characeae serve as a source of food for waterfowl, especially on their autumn migration routes. Birds mainly use oospores filled with starch and fat droplets.
In Switzerland, charal algae are used as a fertilizer for heavy soils due to the abundance of lime in them. Sometimes, with large natural accumulations and the formation of deposits, they form therapeutic mud. They are also used to purify heavy organic liquids (for example, in sugar refining). Chara algae have been widely used as a convenient object for physiological and biophysical research. The huge size of the cells that make up the internodes makes it possible to study such phenomena as the permeability of cytoplasmic membranes, the patterns of cytoplasmic movement, the bioelectric potentials of the cell, etc.
Write a review on the article "Charic algae"
Literature
- Rays // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
- Borisova E. V. Species composition and distribution Charales in Ukraine //Algology. - 15 . - No. 2, 2005. - S. 205-217.
- Seaweed. Directory. - K.: Nauk. Dumka, 1989. - S. 503-509.
- Gollerbakh M. M., Krasavina L. K. Key to freshwater algae of the USSR. Issue. 14. Chara algae. - L.: Nauka, 1983. - 140 p.
- Gollerbakh M. M., Palamar-Mordvintseva G. M. Significant of freshwater algae in Ukraine. IX. Charophyta algae. - K.: Nauk. Dumka, 1991. - 196 p.
- Krause W. Charales (Charophyceae) //Süβwasserflora von Mitteleuropa. Band 18, 1997.
An excerpt characterizing Chara algae
- So it's me ... - the little girl whispered in delight. - Oh, how wonderful! This is really me...Her thin fingers began to glow brightly, and the "second" Stella began to slowly melt, smoothly flowing through the same fingers into the "real" Stella, who was standing near me. Her body began to thicken, but not in the same way as the physical body would, but as if it became much denser to glow, filled with some kind of unearthly radiance.
Suddenly, I felt someone's presence behind me - it was again our friend, Atenais.
“Forgive me, bright child, but you will not come for your “imprint” very soon ... You still have to wait a very long time,” she looked into my eyes more attentively. Or maybe you won't come at all...
- How is it “I won’t come”?! .. - I was frightened. - If everyone comes, then I will come too!
- I do not know. For some reason your fate is closed to me. I can't answer you, sorry...
I was very upset, but, trying my best not to show this Atenays, I asked as calmly as possible:
What is this “imprint”?
“Oh, everyone, when they die, comes back for him. When your soul ends its “languishing” in another earthly body, at the moment when it says goodbye to it, it flies to its real Home, and, as it were, “announces” its return ... And then, it leaves this “ seal". But after that, she must again return back to the dense earth, in order to say goodbye forever to who she was ... and a year later, having said “last goodbye”, leave from there ... And then, this free soul comes here to merge with his left part and find peace, waiting for a new journey to the "old world"...
I did not understand then what Atenais was talking about, it just sounded very beautiful ...
And only now, after many, many years (having long ago absorbed the knowledge of my amazing husband, Nikolai, with my “hungry” soul), looking through my funny past for this book today, I remembered Atenais with a smile, and, of course, I realized that something , what she called the “imprint”, was simply an energy surge that happens to each of us at the moment of our death, and reaches exactly the level that the deceased person managed to reach with his development. And what Atenais then called “farewell” to who “she was” was nothing more than the final separation of all existing “bodies” of the essence from her dead physical body, so that she could now finally leave, and there , on its "floor", to merge with its missing particle, the level of development of which, for one reason or another, it did not have time to "reach" while living on earth. And this departure took place exactly one year later.
But I understand all this now, and then it was still very far away, and I had to be content with my own, still childish, understanding of everything that was happening to me, and my own, sometimes erroneous, and sometimes correct, guesses ...
– Do entities on other “floors” also have the same “imprints”? – inquisitive Stella asked with interest.
– Yes, of course they do, only they are different, – Atenais answered calmly. - And not on all "floors" they are as pleasant as here ... Especially on one ...
- Oh, I know! This is probably the "lower"! Oh, you should definitely go and see it! It's so interesting! Stella was already chirping pretty again.
It was simply amazing how quickly and easily she forgot everything that just a minute ago frightened or surprised her, and already again cheerfully tried to learn something new and unknown to her.
- Farewell, young maidens ... It's time for me to leave. May your happiness be eternal... – Atenais said in a solemn voice.
And again she smoothly waved her “winged” hand, as if showing us the way, and the already familiar path, shining with gold, immediately ran in front of us ...
And the marvelous bird woman again quietly sailed in her airy fairy-tale boat, again ready to meet and guide new travelers “searching for themselves”, patiently serving some special, incomprehensible to us, vow ...
- Well? Where are we going, “young maiden”?.. – I asked my little girlfriend smiling.
Why did she call us that? Stella asked thoughtfully. “Do you think that’s what they said where she once lived?”
– I don't know... It must have been a long time ago, but for some reason she remembers it.
- Everything! Let's go further! .. - suddenly, as if waking up, the baby exclaimed.
This time we did not follow the path so helpfully offered to us, but decided to move “our own way”, exploring the world with our own forces, which, as it turned out, we had not so little.
We moved to a transparent, glowing gold, horizontal "tunnel", of which there were a great many, and through which entities were constantly moving back and forth smoothly.
“Is that like an earth train?” I asked laughing at the funny comparison.
- No, it's not so simple ... - Stella answered. - I was in it, it's like a "time train", if you want to call it that ...
“But there is no time, is there?” I was surprised.
– That's how it is, but these are different habitats of entities... Those that died thousands of years ago, and those that came just now. My grandmother showed me this. That's where I found Harold... Would you like to see it?
Well, of course I wanted to! And it seemed that nothing in the world could stop me! These amazing “steps into the unknown” excited my already too vivid imagination and did not allow me to live in peace until, almost falling from fatigue, but wildly pleased with what I saw, I returned to my “forgotten” physical body and fell asleep, trying to rest for at least an hour in order to charge their finally “dead” vital “batteries” ...
6. Charovye class. General characteristics.
Characeae are the most highly organized algae, having both a complex type of thallus structure and reproductive organs. The class includes about 300 species. They are distributed mainly in freshwater reservoirs. They prefer reservoirs rich in calcium salts, where they form thickets of thalli, usually several decimeters high, and sometimes more than a meter. Attachment to the substrate with rhizoids. Outwardly, they often resemble higher plants, especially horsetails. Morphology and anatomy of the thallus. The type of thallus structure is charophytic. The articulated-whorled structure is expressed in the fact that on the main shoots, at some distance from each other, there are whorls of short equal-sized lateral shoots, also of an articulated structure. The location of the whorls is the nodes. Each internode is one multinuclear articulated cell up to several cm long. Outside, the internode is covered with a layer of special cells - the bark.
Characeae cells have a dense cell membrane of cellulose, often containing calcium carbonate. Inside the cell contains a large vacuole. The cytoplasm is parietal with numerous chloroplasts. In cells, there is a rapid movement of the cytoplasm. The speed of movement of the cytoplasm reaches 1.5 - 2 mm per minute.
Characeae are characterized by the absence of asexual reproduction. Vegetative propagation occurs due to the formation of nodules on the lower stem nodes and on rhizoids, the tops of the thallus. The sexual process is oogamy. The greatest originality in the structure of the organs of sexual reproduction. The female organ is the oogonium, the male organ is the antheridium. Oogonia are oval, up to 1 mm long, consist of an egg and its outer cover of five narrow cells. From below, the oogonium is equipped with a unicellular stem, and from above, with a crown of five or ten short cells. Antheridia are spherical, up to 0.5 mm in diameter, formed by eight flat cells fastened with edges with processes extending inward. These cells, called scutes, form the outer wall of the antheridium. On the internal processes of the antheridium, antherozoids mature - long, spiral-shaped with two flagella at the anterior end. One antheridium contains 40,000 antherozoids. Antheridia are initially green, when ripe they are brick red. Oospores develop inside the oogonia as a result of fertilization of the egg. Mature oospores are brown-yellow, their outer wall is impregnated with suberin and silica. Inside there are spare substances: grains of starch and drops of fat. After a period of dormancy and reduction division, one seedling emerges from the oospore (three nuclei degenerate), a normal shoot develops from the seedling. All Chara plants are haploid. Vegetatively, Chara algae reproduce either by nodules formed on rhizoids and at lower stem nodes, or by rooting branches from lower nodes. There is no asexual reproduction by special spores.
In the reservoirs of our zone, the most common genera are:
Nitella (Nitella). Differs in branched "leaves", branching segments are usually unicellular. The genital organs are located on the branching nodes of the "leaf", above - the antheridium, and below it - one or more oogonia. There is no bark on the "stems".
Hara (Chara)."Leaves" with "stipules", a single-layer and multilayer "bark" is well developed. The sex organs are usually arranged in pairs. Khara stinky (Chara foetida) is widespread - a thin-stemmed hard plant with long "leaves" - and brittle hara (Chara fragillis), characterized by non-branching "leaves".
International Significance:
For the first time included in the Red Book of Belarus. Included in the Red List of Plants Protected in Poland.
Description:
The plant is bushy from the base, 15-25 cm high, sometimes up to 60 cm or more, green or brownish-green with a set of pigments, like in higher plants, encrusted with lime and then very brittle or not encrusted. Stems of medium thickness, 300-800 microns in diameter, fairly straight. Internodes are usually more or less equal in length to leaves or exceed them by 2 or more times. The bark is correctly three-striped. The spines are extremely reduced, slightly visible. Stipules in two-row corolla, 2 pairs per leaf, usually rudimentary. Whorls of 6-9 leaves, moderately prostrate, more or less even. Leaves 1-1.5 cm, rarely up to 3 cm, gradually thinning, straight or somewhat curved towards the stem, of 6-9 segments with bark and 1-2-cell bare terminal segment, apical cell short, cone-shaped. Leaves 7 around leaf nodes. Oogonia ovoid or ellipsoid, 800-1050 µm long (without crown) and 495-700 µm wide; spiral cells form 14-17 coils; crown 130-320 µm high and 200-375 µm wide, straight, slightly converging or diverging with rounded-conical or rectangular cells with a beveled apex. Oospores are ellipsoid, slightly tapering downwards, 500-720 µm long and 345-450 µm wide, black, with 12-15 distinct ribs. Antheridia 300-500 µm in diameter.
Distribution:
Sporadically in different parts of the world. In Belarus it is noted in the lake. Chernovo, Gorodok district, Vitebsk region and lakes Naroch and Myastro, Myadel district, Minsk region. .
Habitat:
In freshwater, mostly stagnant small reservoirs - ponds, ditches, lakes, etc., sometimes under sharply contrasting temperature conditions: in ice water in northern Norway and in hot springs in Iceland and Yellowstone Park (USA).
Biology:
The plant is monoecious. The organs of sexual reproduction, male and female, are formed on one plant at 3-4 lower leaf nodes. It takes root with the help of numerous thin, colorless rhizoids. Vegetative reproduction - rooting of lateral shoots of the thallus with their subsequent separation from the mother plant.
Number and trend of its change:
Forms thickets.
Main threat factors:
Mechanical destruction of plants during industrial fishing, motor boats, trampling by bathers, frequent and strong disturbances, eutrophication of water bodies, acidification of the environment.
Security measures:
It is protected in the system of protection of reservoirs of the National Park "Narochansky". It is necessary to identify new growth sites and protect them, to prevent anthropogenic impacts, eutrophication of water bodies and changes in their hydrochemical regime.
Compiled by:
Mikheeva T.M.
100 r first order bonus
Choose the type of work Graduation work Term paper Abstract Master's thesis Report on practice Article Report Review Test work Monograph Problem solving Business plan Answers to questions Creative work Essay Drawing Compositions Translation Presentations Typing Other Increasing the uniqueness of the text Candidate's thesis Laboratory work Help on-line
Ask for a price
Characeae is a kind of highly organized group of macroscopic freshwater algae, reaching 20-30 cm, sometimes 1-2 m in height, and in appearance similar to higher plants - horsetails. Charophytes have a whorled branched body, the main axis of which is dissected by nodes into long internodes. The node consists of central and several very short uninuclear peripheral cells, from which lateral shoots develop; the internode is formed by one long (up to 10 cm) multinucleated cell, often covered with bark. The cells of the cortex originate from the basal cells of the lateral branches of neighboring nodes, grow and move in the form of strips towards each other, connecting in the middle of the internode. The reserve product is starch. Vegetative reproduction is carried out by nodules that arise on rhizoids or on parts of the stem immersed in the ground, and by separate sections of the thallus. The sexual process in characeae is oogamous. The organs of sexual reproduction are complex: multicellular, large, they can be seen with the naked eye. In bisexual species, the oogonia are located in the axils of the leaves, and the antheridia are located on their outer side. Antheridia are spherical in shape, reach 0.5 mm in diameter, at first they are green, and as they mature, they become orange or red. The antheridium consists of 8 scutes tightly connected by serrated edges. On the inner side of the shield there is a handle with a primary head, and on it are 6 secondary heads, on which spermatogenic filaments develop, consisting of 200-300 cells. In each of them, one spermatozoon with two flagella is formed. When the antheridium matures, its shields are separated, and the spermatozoa enter the water through the cracks. Oogonia are pedunculated, elliptical, up to 1 mm long, and consist of an elongated ovum surrounded by five spirally twisted cells, topped with a crown of 5-10 short cells. Through the cracks in the crown, sperm enter the egg, and one of them fertilizes it, after which a dark red oospore develops, with a thick shell and a significant supply of nutrients. After dormancy, the oospore germinates. Before germination, the reduction division of the oospore nucleus and the division of the protoplast into two cells occur: the lower (larger with three nuclei) and the upper (smaller with one nucleus). The upper cell is secondarily divided into two, a thallus seedling develops from one, and a rhizoid develops from the other. Charophytes form thickets on silty or sandy soil in ponds, lakes, quiet backwaters of rivers at a depth of 1-5 meters or more, preferring water bodies with pure hard water saturated with soluble calcium salts. Chara algae are of great importance in the formation of organic matter in water bodies, their self-purification, they are a kind of econiches and a food base for aquatic animals. Their large cells serve as a good model for biochemical and physiological studies, in particular for studying the permeability of plasma membranes, the bioelectric potentials of the cell, and other issues. allocate one order Charales, subdivided into 2 families - actually Characeae (Characeae) and Nitellaceae (Nitellaceae). The genus Chara (Chara) includes species whose stems and leaves are completely or partially covered with bark. The leaves are segmented, linear, have a double corolla of stipules, sometimes single row. Leaflets are located 4 or more in each leaf node. Plants are single and dioecious. In the species of the same name, the oogonium with a crown consisting of 5 cells is located above the antheridium, which is a characteristic feature of the genus. About 120 species are known, distributed in clean fresh and brackish water bodies of various types throughout the globe, except for Antarctica. Genus Nitella stems and leaves without bark, stipules absent. The leaves are single and repeatedly forked. They grow in clear calm water on soft silty soils. very sensitive to pollution. nitella flexible
Chara algae, or, as they are also called, charophytes, or rays, are completely peculiar large plants that differ sharply from all other algae. At a cursory glance, they are more like some higher plants: some of them are most of all like horsetail, which grows in forests in shady and damp places; others - on the water plant hornwort. But this similarity, of course, is purely external, since the body of charophytes does not consist of stems, leaves and roots, but is a real multicellular thallus (thallus), characteristic of lower plants, although very complex and peculiarly arranged. They are widely distributed in freshwater ponds and lakes, especially those with hard calcareous water, and some of them are found in sea bays and brackish continental waters. As a rule, characeae do not grow singly, but form thickets, often very extensive, covering the bottom of reservoirs with a continuous carpet. And in these habitats, characeae are the largest representatives of the world of algae - the height of their thalli is usually 20-30 cm, but can reach 1 or even 2 m. All parts of their body, including reproductive organs, are clearly visible to the naked eye.
, 
The most characteristic and easily conspicuous distinguishing feature of all charophytes is the external appearance of their thalli. They have the form of bushy-branching filamentous or stem-like green shoots of an arthropodic structure, rooting at the bottom of water bodies with the help of numerous thin, colorless rhizoids (Fig. 23; Table 38). The articulated-whorled structure is expressed in the fact that on the main shoots, at some distance from each other, there are whorls of short equal-sized lateral shoots, also of an articulated structure. Both of these vegetative parts of charophytes are outwardly so similar to the organs of higher plants that in the scientific literature they are conditionally called "stems" (main branching shoots) and "leaves" (side shoots arranged in whorls). The growth of stems is apical, unlimited; leaves have a limiting growth. The locations of the whorls are called nodes, and the sections of the stem between them are called internodes. The leaves can be axial, with segments arranged in one line, and with "leaves" at the nodes, and forked, when 2-4 segments of the second order are formed at the top of the first segment, and so on up to three times.
The peculiarity of charophytes also lies in the significant difference between the cells of nodes and internodes. Each internode is one multinucleated giant, up to several centimeters long, elongated cell incapable of division (in some charophytes it is still covered with bark), while each node consists of several small single-nuclear cells assembled into a disk, differentiating in the process of division and forming both lateral branches of the stem, and a whorl of leaves.
Finally, the structure of the organs of sexual reproduction, which are formed on the leaves at the top of most segments, that is, in their nodes, reaches the greatest originality in charophytes. The female organ - oogonia and the male organ - antheridium are multicellular and develop in most species on the same plant, but dioecious species are also known. Oogonia are oval, up to 1 mm long, consist of an egg and its outer cover, the walls of which are formed by five narrow cells. From below, the oogonia is equipped with a single-celled leg, and from above, with a crown of five or ten short cells. Antheridia are spherical, up to 0.5 mm in diameter, formed by eight flat cells fastened at the edges with processes extending inward, on which many male germ cells arise in a complex way.
A similar structure is not found in other groups of plants.
Currently, about 300 species of charophytes are described worldwide, distributed very unevenly into six genera: nitella(NitelJa), tolipella(Tolypella), nitellopsis(Nitellopsis), lamprotamnium(Lamprothamnium), lichnotamnus(Lychnothamnus) and hara(Chara). According to some features of the structure of the vegetative organs and oogonia, they clearly fall into two groups, which are commonly called nitella(first two kinds) and char proper(other genera). The largest in terms of the number of species, uniting the most complex representatives, is the genus Hara.
Let us consider in more detail the main features of this peculiar group.
- - The department of brown algae includes numerous, mainly macroscopic algae, a common external feature of which is the yellowish-brown color of their thalli, caused by ...
Biological Encyclopedia
- - Diatoms are a very special group of unicellular organisms, sharply different from other algae: the diatom cell is surrounded on the outside by solid silica ...
Biological Encyclopedia
- - The yellow-green department includes algae, the chloroplasts of which are colored light or dark yellow, very rarely green and only sometimes blue ...
Biological Encyclopedia
- - Green algae - the most extensive department of all the currently known departments of algae. According to rough estimates, this includes from 13,000 to 20,000 species ...
Biological Encyclopedia
- - Algae belong to the golden division, mostly microscopic, the chloroplasts of which are colored golden yellow. Of the pigments, chlorophyll a was found here, once - ...
Biological Encyclopedia
- - Red algae, or purple algae, are the most extensive among the bottom seaweeds and an extremely peculiar group. There are more than 600 genera and about 4000 species of crimson...
Biological Encyclopedia
- - The pyrophytic division includes very peculiar, predominantly unicellular, theoretically interesting and practically important algae ...
Biological Encyclopedia
- - Blue-green algae, pellets, more precisely, phycochrome pellets, slime algae - how many different names this group of ancient autotrophs received from researchers ...
Biological Encyclopedia
- - Euglena algae are common inhabitants of small fresh stagnant reservoirs ...
Biological Encyclopedia
- - hara, or rays, the most highly organized algae growing in fresh, brackish, rarely salty water, in appearance very reminiscent of horsetails and herbaceous phanerogamous plants. Fig. 1. Chara fragilis...
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron
- - charophytes, rays, department of lower plants. They probably originated from green algae, to which they are often referred. Known from the Silurian. Outwardly similar to some higher plants ...
Biological encyclopedic dictionary
- - a class of green algae. Outwardly similar to horsetails. high up to 1 m. 300 species, in fresh water and desalinated areas of the seas ...
Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary
- - a type of highly organized multicellular green algae, bushy form with whorled branching of shoots at the nodes and long cells in the internodes. Many forms release lime with physiological...
Geological Encyclopedia
- - rays, algae department. Plants up to 1 m high, lateral branches depart in whorls from multicellular nodes ...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- - a class of green algae. Outwardly similar to horsetails. Height up to 1 m. 300 species. In fresh water bodies and desalinated areas of the seas ...
Big encyclopedic dictionary
- - Chara algae, luchvtsy - green algae, somewhat similar in appearance to horsetails; distributed throughout the world in fresh and brackish waters ...
Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
"Division of Charophyta (Charophyta)" in books
Seaweed
From the book Sushi and rolls we cook at home author Kostina DariaSeaweed
the author Volkova Rosabrown algae
From the book Seafood, healing the body the author Volkova Rosared algae
From the book Seafood, healing the body the author Volkova Rosa From the book Algae: Heal Your Disease! Natural pantry of vitamins and biologically active substances the author Volkova RosaSeaweed
From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (VO) of the author TSBChara algae
From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (XA) of the author TSBSeaweed
From the book I know the world. Botany author Kasatkina Yulia NikolaevnaAlgae Inferior Plants It is customary for botanists to divide all plants into higher and lower. In everyday life, we meet mainly with higher plants, that is, with those that have leaves, stems and roots. Higher plants include mosses, club mosses, horsetails and ferns,
Seaweed
From the book Crossword Guide author Kolosova SvetlanaSeaweed
From the book The History of Our Deception, or How to Eat, What to Treat, How Not to Get Radiated to Stay Healthy author Mizun Yuri GavrilovichAlgae The composition of algae includes almost all vitamins and the most important micro- and macroelements, such as iodine. It breaks down fatty elements, which are then easily excreted from the body. Algae also remove toxins and strengthen the skin. In many seaweeds
