Full, juicy, precise, vivid speech best conveys thoughts, feelings and assessments of the situation. Hence the success in all endeavors, because a well-formed speech is a very accurate tool of persuasion. It briefly outlines which expressivenesses a person needs in order to achieve the desired result from the world around him every day, and which ones in order to replenish the arsenal of expressiveness of speech from literature.

Special expressiveness of language

A verbal form that can attract the attention of a listener or reader, make a vivid impression on him through novelty, originality, unusualness, with a departure from the usual and everyday - this is linguistic expressiveness.

Any means of artistic expression works well here, in literature, for example, metaphor, sound writing, hyperbole, personification and many others are known. It is necessary to master special techniques and methods in combinations of both sounds in words and phraseological units.

Vocabulary, phraseology, grammatical structure and phonetic features play a huge role. Each means of artistic expression in literature works at all levels of language proficiency.

Phonetics

The main thing here is sound recording, a special one based on the creation of sound images by means of sound repetitions. You can even imitate the sounds of the real world - chirping, whistling, rain, etc., in order to evoke associations with those feelings and thoughts that need to be evoked in the listener or reader. This is the main goal that the means of artistic expression must achieve. Most of the literary lyrics contain examples of onomatopoeia: Balmont's "Sometimes at Midnight ..." is especially good here.

Almost all poets of the Silver Age used sound writing. Fine lines were left by Lermontov, Pushkin, Boratynsky. Symbolists, on the other hand, have learned to evoke both auditory and visual, even olfactory, gustatory, tactile representations in order to move the reader's imagination to experience certain feelings and emotions.

There are two main types that most fully reveal the sound-writing means of artistic expression. Blok and Andrei Bely have examples, they extremely often used assonance- repetition of the same vowels or similar in sound. The second kind - alliteration, which is often found already in Pushkin and Tyutchev, is a repetition of consonant sounds - the same or similar.

Vocabulary and phraseology

The main means of artistic expression in literature are tropes that expressively depict a situation or object using words in their figurative meaning. The main types of trails: comparison, epithet, personification, metaphor, paraphrase, litote and hyperbole, irony.

In addition to tropes, there are simple and effective means of artistic expression. Examples:

• antonyms, synonyms, homonyms, paronyms;
• phraseological units;
• stylistically colored vocabulary and limited use vocabulary.

The last point includes both slang and professional jargon, and even vocabulary that is not accepted in a decent society. Antonyms are sometimes more effective than any epithets: How clean you are! - baby swimming in a puddle. Synonyms enhance the brilliance and accuracy of speech. Phraseologisms please with the fact that the addressee hears the familiar and quickly makes contact. These linguistic phenomena are not a direct means of artistic expression. The examples are rather non-special, suitable for a specific action or text, but can significantly add brightness to the image and to the impact on the addressee. The beauty and liveliness of speech completely depends on what means of creating artistic expression are used in it.

Epithet and comparison

Epithet - application or addition in translation from Greek. Marks an essential feature that is important in this context, using a figurative definition based on a hidden comparison. More often it is an adjective: black melancholy, gray morning, etc., but it can be an epithet of a noun, adverb, gerund, pronoun and any other part of speech. It is possible to divide the used epithets into general language, folk poetic and individual author's means of artistic expression. Examples of all three types: deathly silence, good fellow, curly twilight. It can be divided differently - into pictorial and expressive: in the fog blue, nights crazy. But any division, of course, is very conditional.

Comparison is a comparison of one phenomenon, concept or object with another. Not to be confused with a metaphor, where the names are interchangeable; in comparison, both objects, signs, actions, etc. should be named. For example: glow, like a meteor. You can compare in various ways.

• instrumental case (youth nightingale flew by);
• comparative degree of an adverb or adjective (eyes greener seas);
• unions as if, as if etc. ( like a beast the door creaked);
• the words similar to, like etc. (your eyes look like two fogs);
• comparative clauses (golden foliage swirled in a pond, like a flock of butterflies flies to a star).

In folk poetry, negative comparisons are often used: That is not a horse top ..., poets, on the other hand, often build works that are quite large in volume, using this one means of artistic expression. In the literature of the classics, this can be seen, for example, in the poems of Koltsov, Tyutchev, Severyanin, the prose of Gogol, Prishvin and many others. Many have used it. This is probably the most sought-after means of artistic expression. It is ubiquitous in the literature. In addition, he serves scientific, journalistic, and colloquial texts with the same diligence and success.

Metaphor and personification

Another very widely used means of artistic expression in literature is a metaphor, which means transfer in Greek. The word or sentence is used in a figurative sense. The basis here is the unconditional similarity of objects, phenomena, actions, etc. Unlike comparison, metaphor is more compact. It cites only that with which this or that is compared. Similarity can be based on shape, color, volume, purpose, feel, and so on. (a kaleidoscope of phenomena, a spark of love, a sea of ​​letters, a treasury of poetry). Metaphors can be divided into ordinary (general language) and artistic: skillful fingers and stars diamond thrill). Scientific metaphors are already in use: ozone hole, solar wind etc. The success of the speaker and the author of the text depends on what means of artistic expression are used.

A kind of trope, similar to a metaphor, is personification, when the signs of a living being are transferred to objects, concepts or natural phenomena: lay down sleepy fog, autumn day faded and faded the personification of natural phenomena, which happens especially often, less often the objective world is personified - see Annensky's "Violin and Bow", Mayakovsky's "Cloud in Pants", Mamin-Sibiryak with his " good-natured and cozy physiognomy of the house"and much more. Even in everyday life, we no longer notice personifications: the device says, the air heals, the economy stirred etc. There are hardly any ways better than this means of artistic expression, the painting of speech is more colorful than personification.

Metonymy and synecdoche

Translated from Greek, metonymy means renaming, that is, the name is transferred from subject to subject, where the basis is adjacency. The use of means of artistic expression, especially such as metonymy, decorates the narrator very much. Adjacency relationships can be as follows:

• content and content: eat three bowls;
• author and work: scolded Homer;
• action and its tool: doomed to swords and fires;
• object and material of the object: ate on gold;
• place and characters: the city was noisy.

Metonymy complements the means of artistic expressiveness of speech, with it clarity, accuracy, imagery, clarity and, like no other epithet, laconicism are added. It is not in vain that both writers and publicists use it; it is filled with all strata of society.

In turn, a kind of metonymy - synecdoche, translated from Greek - correlation, is also based on replacing the meaning of one phenomenon with the meaning of another, but there is only one principle - the quantitative relationship between phenomena or objects. You can transfer it like this:

• less to more (to him the bird does not fly, the tiger does not walk; have a drink glass);
• part to whole ( Beard, why are you keeping silent? Moscow did not approve the sanctions).

Paraphrase, or paraphrase

Description, or descriptive sentence, translated from Greek - a turnover used instead of a word or combination of words, is paraphrase. For example, Pushkin writes "Peter's Creation", and everyone understands that he meant Petersburg. Paraphrase allows us the following:

• identify the main features of the subject that we depict;
• avoid repetitions (tautologies);
• vividly evaluate the depicted;
• give the text a sublime pathos, pathos.

Paraphrases are not allowed only in a business and official style, in the rest there are as many as you like. In colloquial speech, it most often coexists with irony, merging together these two means of artistic expression. The Russian language is enriched by the confluence of different tropes.

Hyperbole and litote

With exorbitant exaggeration of a sign or signs of an object, action or phenomenon - this is hyperbole (translated from Greek as an exaggeration). Litota - on the contrary, an understatement.

Thoughts are given an unusual form, bright emotional coloring, credible assessment. They are especially good at creating comic images. They are used in journalism as the most important means of artistic expression. In literature, these tropes are also indispensable: rare bird at Gogol will fly only to the middle of the Dnieper; tiny cows Krylov and the like have a lot in almost every work of any author.

irony and sarcasm

Translated from Greek, this word means pretense, which is quite consistent with the use of this trope. What means of artistic expression are needed for mockery? The statement should be the opposite of its direct meaning, when a completely positive assessment hides mockery: clever mind- an appeal to the Donkey in Krylov's fable is an example of this. " Unsinkable Hero"- irony used within the framework of journalism, where quotation marks or brackets are most often placed. The means of creating artistic expressiveness are not limited to it. unmerciful, sharp exposure - his handwriting: I usually argue about the taste of oysters and coconuts only with those who have eaten them.(Zhvanetsky). The algorithm of sarcasm is a chain of such actions: a negative phenomenon gives rise to anger and indignation, then a reaction occurs - the last degree of emotional openness: well-fed pigs are worse than hungry wolves. However, sarcasm should be used as carefully as possible. And not often, if the author is not a professional satirist. The carrier of sarcasm most often considers himself smarter than others. However, not a single satirist managed to get love out of it. She herself and her appearance always depend on what means of artistic expression are used in the evaluating text. Sarcasm is a deadly powerful weapon.

Non-special means of language vocabulary

Synonyms help to give speech the subtlest emotional shades and expression. For example, you can use the word "rush" instead of "run" for greater expressive power. And not only for her:

• clarification of the thought itself and the transfer of the smallest semantic shades;
• assessment of the depicted and the author's attitude;
• intense enhancement of expression;
• deep disclosure.

Antonyms are also a good means of expression. They clarify the thought, playing on contrasts, more fully characterize this or that phenomenon: glossy waste paper in a flood, and genuine fiction - in a stream. From antonyms there is also a reception widely demanded by writers - antithesis.

Many writers, and even just noteworthy wits, willingly play with words that coincide in sound and even spelling, but have different meanings: cool guy and boiling water, as well as steep coast; flour and flour; three in the diary and three carefully stain. And an anecdote: Listen to the authorities? Well, thank you... And they fired me. homographs and homophones.

Words that are similar in spelling and sound, but with completely different meanings, are also often used as puns and have sufficient expressive power when used skillfully. History is hysteria; meter - millimeter etc.

It should be noted that such non-primary means of artistic expression as synonyms, antonyms, paronyms and homonyms are not used in official and business styles.

Phraseologisms

Otherwise, idioms, that is, phraseologically ready-made expressions, also add eloquence to the speaker or writer. Mythological imagery, high or colloquial, with an expressive assessment - positive or negative ( small fry and apple of the eye, lather the neck and sword of Damocles) - all this enhances and decorates the visual imagery of the text. The salt of phraseological units is a special group - aphorisms. The deepest thoughts in the shortest execution. Easy to remember. Often used, like other means of expression, proverbs and sayings can also be included here.

Figurative means of expressiveness of the language are artistic and speech phenomena that create the verbal figurativeness of the narrative: tropes, various forms of instrumentation and rhythmic-intonational organization of the text, figures.

In the center are examples of the use of figurative means of the Russian language.

Vocabulary

trails- a turn of speech in which a word or expression is used in a figurative sense. The paths are based on an internal convergence, a comparison of two phenomena, one of which explains the other.

Metaphor- a hidden comparison of one object or phenomenon with another based on the similarity of features.

(p) “A horse is galloping, there is a lot of space,

It snows and lays a shawl"

Comparison- comparison of one object with another according to the principle of their similarity.

(p) “Anchar, like a formidable sentry,

It stands alone in the whole universe"

personification- a kind of metaphor, the transfer of human qualities to inanimate objects, phenomena, animals, endowing them with thoughts with speech.

(p) “Sleepy birches smiled,

Disheveled silk braids "

Hyperbola- an exaggeration.

(p) "Tears a yawning mouth wider than the Gulf of Mexico"

Metonymy- replacement of the direct name of an object or phenomenon with another one that has a causal relationship with the first.

(p) "Farewell, unwashed Russia,

The country of slaves, the country of masters ... "

paraphrase- similar to metonymy, often used as a characteristic.

(p) "Kisa, we will see the sky in diamonds" (get rich)

Irony- one of the ways of expressing the author's position, the skeptical, mocking attitude of the author to the depicted.

Allegory- the embodiment of an abstract concept, phenomenon or idea in a specific image.

(p) In Krylov's fable "Dragonfly" - an allegory of frivolity.

Litotes- an understatement.

(p) "... in big mittens, and himself with a fingernail!"

Sarcasm- a kind of comic, a way of displaying the author's position in a work, a caustic mockery.

(p) “I thank you for everything:

For the secret torment of passions... the poison of kisses...

For everything that I was deceived"

Grotesque- a combination of contrasting, fantastic with the real. Widely used for satirical purposes.

(p) In Bulgakov's novel The Master and Margarita, the author used the grotesque, where the funny is inseparable from the terrible, in a performance staged by Woland in a variety show.

Epithet- a figurative definition that emotionally characterizes an object or phenomenon.

(p) “The Rhine lay before us all silver…”

Oxymoron- a stylistic figure, a combination of opposite in meaning, contrasting words that create an unexpected image.

(p) "heat of cold numbers", "sweet poison", "Living corpse", "Dead souls".

Stylistic figures

Rhetorical exclamation- the construction of speech, in which one or another concept is affirmed in the form of an exclamation, in a heightened emotional form.

(p) “Yes, this is just witchcraft!”

Rhetorical question- a question that does not require an answer.

(p) "What summer, what summer?"

Rhetorical address- an appeal that is conditional in nature, informing poetic speech of the desired intonation.

stanza ring- sound repetition located at the beginning and at the end of a given verbal unit - lines, stanzas, etc.

(p) "Affectionately closed the darkness"; " Thunder skies and guns thunder"

polyunion- such a construction of a sentence when all or almost all homogeneous members are interconnected by the same union

Asyndeton- omission of unions between homogeneous members, giving the worst. speech compactness, dynamism.

Ellipsis- an omission in the speech of some easily implied word, a member of a sentence.

Parallelism- concomitance of parallel phenomena, actions, parallelism.

Epiphora- repetition of a word or combination of words. Identical endings of adjacent poetic lines.

(p) “Baby, we are all a bit of a horse!

Each of us is a horse in his own way ... "

Anaphora- monotony, repetition of the same consonances, words, phrases at the beginning of several poetic lines or in a prose phrase.

(p) “If you love, then without reason,

If you threaten, it’s not a joke ... "

Inversion- a deliberate change in the order of words in a sentence, which gives the phrase a special expressiveness.

(p) “Not the wind, blowing from a height,

Sheets touched on a moonlit night ... "

gradation- the use of means of artistic expression, consistently reinforcing or weakening the image.

(p) “I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry ...”

Antithesis- opposition.

(p) “They came together: water and stone,

Poetry and prose, ice and fire…”

Synecdoche- transfer of meaning based on the convergence of the part and the whole, the use of singular instead of pl.

(p) “And it was heard before dawn how the Frenchman rejoiced ...”

Assonance- repetition in verse of homogeneous vowel sounds,

(p) "A son grew up without a smile at night"

Alliteration- repetition or consonance of vowels

(p) "Where the grove whinnying guns whinnying"

Refrain- exactly repeated verses of the text (as a rule, its last lines)

Reminiscence - in a work of art (mainly poetic), individual features inspired by involuntary or deliberate borrowing of images or rhythmic-syntactic moves from another work (someone else's, sometimes one's own).

(p) "I have experienced many, many"

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The Russian language is one of the richest, most beautiful and complex. Last but not least, the presence of a large number of means of verbal expression makes it so.

In this article, we will analyze what a language tool is and what types it comes in. Consider examples of use from fiction and everyday speech.

Language means in Russian - what is it?

The description of the most ordinary object can be made beautiful and unusual by using language

Words and expressions that give expressiveness to the text are conditionally divided into three groups: phonetic, lexical (they are also tropes) and stylistic figures.

To answer the question of what a language tool is, let's get to know them better.

Lexical means of expression

Tropes are linguistic means in the Russian language, which are used by the author in a figurative, allegorical sense. Widely used in works of art.

Paths serve to create visual, auditory, olfactory images. They help to create a certain atmosphere, to produce the desired effect on the reader.

Lexical means of expression are based on implicit or explicit comparison. It may be based on external resemblance, personal associations of the author, or the desire to describe the object in a certain way.

Basic language tools: trails

We are confronted with trails from the school bench. Let's take a look at the most common ones:

1. The epithet is the most famous and common trope. Often found in poetry. An epithet is a colorful, expressive definition that is based on a hidden comparison. Emphasizes the features of the described object, its most expressive features. Examples: "ruddy dawn", "light character", "golden hands", "silver voice".
2. Comparison is a word or expression based on the comparison of one object with another. Most often it is drawn up in the form of a comparative turnover. You can find out by using the unions characteristic of this technique: as if, as if, as if, as, exactly, what. Consider examples: “transparent as dew”, “white as snow”, “straight as a reed”.
3. Metaphor is a means of expression based on hidden comparison. But, unlike it, it is not formalized by unions. A metaphor is built relying on the similarity of two objects of speech. For example: "onions of churches", "whisper of grass", "tears of heaven".
4. Synonyms are words that are close in meaning but differ in spelling. In addition to classical synonyms, there are contextual ones. They take on a specific meaning within a particular text. Let's get acquainted with examples: "jump - jump", "look - see".
5. Antonyms are words that have exactly the opposite meaning to each other. Like synonyms, they are contextual. Example: “white - black”, “shout - whisper”, “calm - excitement”.
6. Personification is the transfer of signs, characteristics of an animate object to an inanimate object. For example: “the willow shook its branches”, “the sun smiled brightly”, “the rain pounded on the roofs”, “the radio chirped in the kitchen”.

Are there other paths?

There are a lot of means of lexical expressiveness in the Russian language. In addition to the group familiar to everyone, there are those that are unknown to many, but also widely used:

1. Metonymy is the substitution of one word for another that has a similar or the same meaning. Let's get acquainted with examples: "hey, blue jacket (appeal to a person in a blue jacket)", "the whole class opposed (meaning all the students in the class)".
2. Synecdoche is the transfer of comparison from part to whole, and vice versa. Example: “it was heard how the Frenchman rejoiced (the author speaks of the French army)”, “the insect flew in”, “there were a hundred heads in the herd”.
3. Allegory is an expressive comparison of ideas or concepts using an artistic image. Most often found in fairy tales, fables and parables. For example, the fox symbolizes cunning, the hare - cowardice, the wolf - anger.
4. Hyperbole is deliberate exaggeration. Serves to give the text more expressiveness. Emphasizes a certain quality of an object, person or phenomenon. Let's get acquainted with examples: "words destroy hope", "his deed is the highest evil", "he became more beautiful forty times."
5. Litota is a special understatement of real facts. For example: “it was thinner than a reed”, “it was no higher than a thimble”.
6. Paraphrase is the replacement of a word or expression with a synonymous combination. Used to avoid lexical repetitions in one or adjacent sentences. Example: "the fox is a cunning cheat", "the text is the brainchild of the author."

Stylistic figures

Stylistic figures are linguistic means in the Russian language that give speech a certain imagery and expressiveness. Change the emotional coloring of its meanings.

Widely used in poetry and prose since the time of ancient poets. However, modern and obsolete interpretations of the term differ.

In ancient Greece, it was believed that stylistic figures are linguistic means of language, which in their form differ significantly from everyday speech. Now it is believed that figures of speech are an integral part of the spoken language.

What are stylistic figures?

Stylistics offers a lot of its own means:

1. Lexical repetitions (anaphora, epiphora, compositional junction) are expressive language means that include the repetition of any part of a sentence at the beginning, end, or at the junction with the next. For example: “That was a great sound. It was the best voice I've heard in years."
2. Antithesis - one or more sentences built on the basis of opposition. For example, consider the phrase: "I drag myself in the dust - and soar in the sky."
3. Gradation is the use of synonyms in a sentence, arranged according to the degree of increase or decrease of a feature. Example: "The sparkles on the Christmas tree shone, burned, shone."
4. Oxymoron - the inclusion in the phrase of words that contradict each other in meaning, cannot be used in one composition. The most striking and famous example of this stylistic figure is Dead Souls.
5. Inversion is a change in the classical order of words in a sentence. For example, not "he ran", but "he ran".
6. Parceling is the division of a single sentence into several parts. For example: “Nicholas is opposite. Looks without blinking.
7. Polyunion - the use of unions to connect homogeneous members of the proposal. It is used for greater speech expressiveness. Example: "It was a strange and wonderful and beautiful and mysterious day."
8. Unionlessness - the connection of homogeneous members in the proposal is carried out without unions. For example: "He rushed about, shouted, cried, moaned."

Phonetic means of expression

Phonetic expressive means are the smallest group. They include the repetition of certain sounds in order to create picturesque artistic images.

Most often this technique is used in poetry. The authors use the repetition of sounds when they want to convey the sound of thunder, the rustle of leaves or other natural phenomena.

Also, phonetic means help to give poetry a certain character. By using some combinations of sounds, the text can be made more rigid, or vice versa - softer.

What are the phonetic means?

1. Alliteration is the repetition of the same consonants in the text, creating the image necessary for the author. For example: "I dreamed of catching the departing shadows, the departing shadows of the fading day."
2. Assonance is the repetition of certain vowel sounds in order to create a vivid artistic image. For example: "Do I wander along the noisy streets, do I enter a crowded temple."
3. Onomatopoeia is the use of phonetic combinations that convey a certain clatter of hooves, the sound of waves, the rustle of leaves.

The use of speech means of expression

Linguistic means in the Russian language were widely used and continue to be used in literary works, whether it be prose or poetry.

Excellent mastery of stylistic figures is demonstrated by the writers of the golden age. Due to the masterful use of expressive means, their works are colorful, figurative, and pleasing to the ear. No wonder they are considered a national treasure of Russia.

We encounter linguistic means not only in fiction, but also in everyday life. Almost every person uses comparisons, metaphors, epithets in his speech. Without realizing it, we make our language beautiful and rich.

Artistic means are also characteristic of colloquial speech, but in literary work they are especially common, as they help the writer to give the described phenomena individual features, to evaluate them.

First of all, tropes belong to them - these are turns of speech in which words or expressions are used not in their direct meaning, but in a figurative one. They are based on a comparison of a pair of such phenomena that seem to us close in some way. Thus, the signs of one phenomenon characterize another, create a bright, clear, concrete idea about it, explain it.

Tropes, as used in the writer's speech to form new combinations of words with new meanings. With their help, speech acquires other semantic shades, the author's assessment of the phenomena described is transmitted.

There are two types of trails: difficult and simple.

The simplest artistic means are an epithet and a comparison.

The epithet serves to characterize, define and explain some property of an object or phenomenon. This happens only when it is combined with the word being defined. The epithet transfers its signs to it. For example: silver spoons, silk curls.

Comparison defines a phenomenon by comparing it with another phenomenon that has features similar to the first. It can be expressed through words (exactly, like, as if, etc.) or indicate similarity by constructing a sentence (she looked like ...).

Complex artistic means are litote, hyperbole, paraphrase, synecdoche, metaphor, allegory and metonymy.

A litote is one that deliberately underestimates the strength, significance, and dimensions of the phenomenon that is being depicted. The author resorts to this means to make his speech more expressive. For example, a boy with a finger.

Hyperbole is, on the contrary, an exorbitant increase in the value, strength, size of the depicted phenomenon or object. The author resorts to it to sharpen the image, to attract the attention of the reader.

Paraphrase is the replacement of a specific name of an object or phenomenon with a description of the features characteristic of it. This creates a vivid picture of life in the reader's mind.

Metaphor is one of the most used complex tropes, in which the word is used in its figurative meaning to define some phenomenon or object that is similar to it in common sides, features.

Metonymy is the replacement of the name of a phenomenon or concept with another name, but one that in the mind of a person is still associated with the first phenomenon. For example, from the phrase of A. S. Pushkin “All flags will visit us ...” it is clear that ships from several countries will come to the port.

The prevalence of certain means of language in the work creates features of the writer's artistic style. Also, the style of the author may consist in the repetition of ideas that reflect his perception of the world, in the very content of the work, in a certain circle of plots and characters that he depicts most often.

The complex of means used by the author, the features of his creative manner, his worldview, his image of life - all this is due to the historical and social conditions in which he develops. Their imprint falls on both the form of the work of art and the content.

In addition, style is understood as the features of not one author, but several. In the work of each of them, the following features are repeated (and at the same time unite them): a similar understanding of life, the same ideas of works, the use of identical artistic means.

Artistic styles, in which writers are grouped according to the criteria listed above, are usually called literary movements (symbolism, futurism, sentimentalism, acmeism, and others).

TROPE

Trope is a word or expression used figuratively to create artistic image and achieve greater expressiveness. Pathways include techniques such as epithet, comparison, personification, metaphor, metonymy, sometimes referred to as hyperbolas and litotes. No work of art is complete without tropes. The artistic word is polysemantic; the writer creates images, playing with the meanings and combinations of words, using the environment of the word in the text and its sound - all this makes up the artistic possibilities of the word, which is the only tool of the writer or poet.
Note! When creating a trail, the word is always used in a figurative sense.

Consider the different types of trails:

EPITHET(Greek Epitheton, attached) - this is one of the tropes, which is an artistic, figurative definition. An epithet can be:
adjectives: gentle face (S. Yesenin); these poor villages, this meager nature ... (F. Tyutchev); transparent maiden (A. Blok);
participles: edge abandoned(S. Yesenin); frantic dragon (A. Blok); takeoff radiant(M. Tsvetaeva);
nouns, sometimes together with their surrounding context: Here he is, leader without squad(M. Tsvetaeva); My youth! My dove is swarthy!(M. Tsvetaeva).

Each epithet reflects the uniqueness of the author's perception of the world, therefore it necessarily expresses some kind of assessment and has a subjective meaning: a wooden shelf is not an epithet, so there is no artistic definition, a wooden face is an epithet that expresses the impression of the interlocutor speaking about the facial expression, that is, creating an image.
There are stable (permanent) folklore epithets: remote burly kind well done, clear the sun, as well as tautological, that is, epithets-repetitions that have the same root with the word being defined: Oh you, grief is bitter, boredom is boring, mortal! (A. Blok).

In a work of art An epithet can perform various functions:

• characterize the subject: shining eyes, eyes diamonds;
• create atmosphere, mood: gloomy morning;
• convey the attitude of the author (narrator, lyrical hero) to the subject being characterized: "Where will our prankster"(A. Pushkin);
• combine all previous functions in equal proportions (in most cases, the use of the epithet).

Note! All color terms in a literary text are epithets.

COMPARISON- this is an artistic technique (tropes), in which an image is created by comparing one object with another. Comparison differs from other artistic comparisons, for example, similes, in that it always has a strict formal feature: a comparative construction or a turnover with comparative conjunctions. as, as if, as if, exactly, as if and the like. Type expressions he looked like... cannot be considered a comparison as a trope.

Comparison examples:

Comparison also plays certain roles in the text: sometimes authors use the so-called extended comparison, revealing various signs of a phenomenon or conveying one's attitude to several phenomena. Often the work is entirely based on comparison, as, for example, V. Bryusov's poem "Sonnet to Form":

PERSONALIZATION- an artistic technique (tropes), in which an inanimate object, phenomenon or concept is given human properties (do not confuse, it is human!). Personification can be used narrowly, in one line, in a small fragment, but it can be a technique on which the whole work is built (“You are my abandoned land” by S. Yesenin, “Mom and the evening killed by the Germans”, “Violin and a little nervously” by V. Mayakovsky and others). Personification is considered one of the types of metaphor (see below).

Impersonation task- correlate the depicted object with a person, make it closer to the reader, figuratively comprehend the inner essence of the object, hidden from everyday life. Personification is one of the oldest figurative means of art.

HYPERBOLA(Greek Hyperbole, exaggeration) is a technique in which an image is created through artistic exaggeration. Hyperbole is not always included in the set of tropes, but by the nature of the use of the word in a figurative sense to create an image, hyperbole is very close to tropes. A technique opposite to hyperbole in content is LITOTES(Greek Litotes, simplicity) is an artistic understatement.

Hyperbole allows the author to show the reader in an exaggerated form the most characteristic features of the depicted object. Often, hyperbole and litotes are used by the author in an ironic vein, revealing not just characteristic, but negative, from the author's point of view, sides of the subject.

METAPHOR(Greek Metaphora, transfer) - a type of so-called complex trope, speech turnover, in which the properties of one phenomenon (object, concept) are transferred to another. Metaphor contains a hidden comparison, a figurative likening of phenomena using the figurative meaning of words, what the object is compared with is only implied by the author. No wonder Aristotle said that "to compose good metaphors means to notice similarities."

Metaphor examples:

METONYMY(Greek Metonomadzo, rename) - type of trail: a figurative designation of an object according to one of its signs.

Examples of metonymy:

When studying the topic "Means of artistic expression" and completing tasks, pay special attention to the definitions of the above concepts. You must not only understand their meaning, but also know the terminology by heart. This will protect you from practical mistakes: knowing for sure that the comparison technique has strict formal features (see theory on topic 1), you will not confuse this technique with a number of other artistic techniques that are also based on a comparison of several objects, but are not a comparison .

Please note that you must start your answer either with the suggested words (by rewriting them), or with your own version of the beginning of the full answer. This applies to all such assignments.

Recommended literature:

• Literary criticism: Reference materials. - M., 1988.
• Polyakov M. Rhetoric and Literature. Theoretical aspects. - In the book: Questions of Poetics and Artistic Semantics. - M.: Sov. writer, 1978.
• Dictionary of literary terms. - M., 1974.