Dictionaries of foreign words began to be compiled a very long time ago. One of the first was called "The Lexicon of New Vocabularies in Alphabet", was written in the 18th century. This dictionary contained 503 words. The dictionary contains words from the sphere of military art, navigation, diplomacy, administration. At the words with the letters A, B, C, D, Peter's own corrections were made (1725). Since at that time there was an active process of borrowing the terms of maritime, military affairs, art, music, science and technology, then handwritten terminological dictionaries of foreign words were also compiled. In the XIX and XX centuries. the creation of dictionaries of foreign words for a wide range of readers continues.
We can find an explanation of foreign words that you do not understand in the “School Dictionary of Foreign Words” (M., 1983), compiled by V. V. Odintsov, G. P. Smolitskaya, E. I. Golanova, I. A. Vasilevskaya or in any other dictionary of foreign words. The authors tried to introduce the most common words into it. You will find more than one and a half thousand of these in the directory. The dictionary contains a preface written by the famous linguist V.V. Ivanov, a manual “How to use the dictionary”, a list of abbreviations.
From the preface, we learn what words should be considered foreign, how the process of borrowing and mastering foreign words in Russian goes, how borrowed words should be used. “With the correct understanding of a foreign word,” writes V.V. Ivanov in the preface, “and under the condition of its appropriate use, the use of borrowing in speech enriches the language and improves the culture of speech of the speaker and writer. Knowledge of foreign words expands a person's horizons, introduces him to the world of other languages, helps him to better navigate in modern life. From the preface, you will be interested to know that by the appearance of a word you can often determine whether it is native Russian or foreign in origin. “Borrowed,” notes V.V. Ivanov, “are almost all words beginning with a and e (lampshade, agent, agony, questionnaire, floor, study, era); in the same way, borrowings are words with f (plywood, facade, torch, lantern), with combinations ke, ge, heh in the root (layout, package, coat of arms, scheme), with combinations of pyu, byu, mu, kyu, gyu and kya , gya (mashed potatoes, bust, communiqué, cuvette, guis, giaour), with a confluence of vowels in the root (poet, theater, theory, geometry)”. In the preface, you will also read about other signs that indicate not only the foreign nature of the word, but even the language from which it came to Russian.
In the "School Dictionary of Foreign Words" the introduction is called "How to use a dictionary." This manual consists of two sections: "Composition of the dictionary", "Content and structure of dictionary entries". The composition of the dictionary is very diverse. It includes words that are socio-political vocabulary widely used in modern periodicals, journalistic and fiction (for example, declaration, democracy, ideology); words denoting phenomena and concepts of modern scientific and cultural life, as well as modern life (brochure, annotation, engraving, hotel, patient); words denoting phenomena and concepts of modern science and technology (for example, vacuum, dismantling, range); words of a socio-political and cultural-historical nature, denoting phenomena and concepts of the past, reflected in the literature of the 19th century. (for example, divertissement, police chief). What borrowed words can you not find in the dictionary? The authors deliberately did not include obsolete borrowings that were not widely used before (for example, guild, insurgent, procurator); highly specialized vocabulary of various fields of science, technology and culture (for example, denazification, devaluation, doyen); colloquial and slang words; words borrowed into Russian from the languages of the peoples of the CIS (such as plov, shshlyk, saklya).
Dictionary entries are arranged in the dictionary in alphabetical order of heading words. Single-root foreign words (nouns, adjectives and verbs) are combined in one dictionary entry after the dark triangle sign p. One word is chosen as the title of the article, the rest are given in the dictionary entry in alphabetical order as part of a word-formation nest.
In the dictionary, you will read not only about the meaning of borrowed words, but also about their pronunciation and grammatical features, since they most often cause you certain difficulties in using them. The heading word indicates the place of stress, and after the heading word in square brackets, the correct pronunciation of the word is recommended, followed by grammatical information about the word. For example, the word burime should be pronounced with [me] with an accent on the last syllable, it is not declined and belongs to the middle gender.
In the dictionary you will find an indication of the source language, that is, the language from which the Russian borrowed the word, read the interpretation of the word. As in the dictionaries known to you - explanatory, antonyms, phraseological, etc., the "School Dictionary of Foreign Words" often contains quotations from works of fiction and speech using foreign words. For example, in the dictionary entry sociology, the following statement is given: Engage in sociology.
The dictionary uses conditional abbreviations, most of which you know from previous dictionaries. There is also a very important part in many dictionary entries - a cultural-historical commentary. It is located at the end of the dictionary entry. The commentary offers historical information about the word, about scientists who have made any discoveries, about the development of the meanings of the word and its history in different languages, etc.
There are adopted words in absolutely every language of the world. They come with any interaction of countries. This article will help you understand what borrowed words are and how to distinguish between them.
In contact with
Loanword Dictionary
Borrowed words in Russian appear in relationships with representatives of other countries, nationalities, in a similar way, speech is supplemented and improved. Borrowed vocabulary appears when an important concept is missing.
Borrowing words from other languages significantly complements the speech they enter, makes people closer to each other, it becomes easier to understand foreigners who use international terms in speech.
The dictionary of borrowed words contains borrowed words that came to Russian in different time periods. Meaning they are revealed very fully, the etymology is explained. You can find the necessary word by the first letter, as in a regular glossary.
Words borrowed from other languages
Foreign words that came through adoption behave differently. Some take root, enter into speech, changing according to all the rules of the Russian dialect (for example, a sandwich), while others do not change, they are used in their original state (a vivid example of the word sushi).
Borrowed words divided into Slavic and non-Slavic. For example, Slavic dialects - Czech, Ukrainian, Old Slavonic, Polish, etc. Non-Slavic - Finno-Ugric, Germanic, Scandinavian, Turkic, etc.
List of foreign words in Russian
Borrowed words in the majority are simply forced to change according to all the rules of the Russian dialect: phonetically, semantically and morphologically. But over time, such terms are so firmly established in everyday life that most simply cease to be regarded as alien. For example, words "school", "sugar", "activist", "banya", "artel" and others were originally brought into Russian from other dialects, only now they are taken for Russian.
Attention! Borrowed from others adverbs, words can change drastically: some change only the endings, others can change gender, others even change their meaning.
Consider the words conservatory, conservative, canned food.
At first glance, their meanings are completely different, even these three expressions came from completely different countries, but they have something in common, something that catches the eye even at first glance - they are similar in spelling.
This is explained very simply. They came to our dialect from Italian, French and Latin. And in their turn came one term from Latin, meaning "preserve."
Important! To correctly determine the lexical meaning of any word, you need to find out where it was introduced from.
If there is no certainty whether an expression came from other languages or is native Russian, dictionaries come to the rescue, which explains not only the meaning, but also the occurrence.
For clarity, below are examples of borrowed words in Russian:
| Borrowing language | adopted word | Semantics |
| Business | Occupation, business | |
| Price list | price list | |
| Gameplay | Game process | |
| Diving | Swimming underwater | |
| Penalty | Punishment | |
| Blogger | Man posting online diary on internet | |
| parking | Parking | |
| Cake | Cake | |
| Arab | Admiral | sea lord |
| Score | Stock | |
| Robe | Honorary Outfit | |
| ancient greek | Aristocracy | The power of the chosen |
| Atheism | godlessness | |
| Comedy | Joyful songs | |
| Optics | See | |
| Skeleton | withered | |
| Telephone | far audible | |
| Tragedy | goat song | |
| Photo | light recording | |
| Bank | Bench | |
| Italian | Vermicelli | Worms |
| Paparazzi | Annoying mosquitoes | |
| Tomato | Golden Apple | |
| Latin | gravity | severity |
| Oval | Egg | |
| Rail | straight stick | |
| Soldier | Coin for military service, salary | |
| Stimulus | animal stick | |
| Pot | round cauldron | |
| Deutsch | Cup | Bowl |
| Camp | storage | |
| Mouthpiece | Mouth product | |
| Leggings | Pants for riders | |
| Market | Circle, square | |
| Prison | Tower | |
| Apron | front handkerchief | |
| Barrier | felled tree | |
| State | State | |
| Chess | Shah passed away | |
| Persian | Kebab | six slices |
| Suitcase | Warehouse of things | |
| redneck | livestock | |
| Polish | begging | Kneel |
| Bouillon | Decoction | |
| Conductor | drive | |
| French | Corset | Body |
| Marauder | Robber | |
| Still life | dead nature | |
| Dude | Pigeon | |
| Masterpiece | business professional | |
| Floor | platform |
foreign words
You can often hear the phrase foreign word. What are foreign words what are they?
Foreign words are adopted terms from other dialects. The introduction of borrowed words occurs in two ways: through conversation and through literature. This is a natural process in the interaction of two different languages and cultures.
There are a number of differences that can be used to determine How do native Russian words differ from borrowed ones?.
The first sign is phonetic:
- Starts with the letter a. It is easy to distinguish them, since truly Russian expressions with the letter a begin extremely rarely. They start with a only interjections, imitate sounds and their derivatives.
- Native Russian words do not have the letter e at the root, this is typical for adopted terms. Exceptions - , interjections and formed from adopted words.
- Letter f. Exceptions are imitation of sounds, interjections, the word owl.
- Several vowels at the root of a word indicate loanwords in Russian.
- Consonant combinations"kg", "kd", "gb" and "kz" in the roots of words.
- Combinations of "ge", "ke" and "he" in the root. Originally Russian words have these combinations only in the stem-end combination.
- Combinations of "vu", "mu", "kyu" and "byu" in the root.
- Doubled consonants in the root.
- A solid consonant sound before the vowel e, read as e.
- The words, starting with the letter e.
The second sign is morphological:
- Nouns that are not inflected.
- Invariability of gender and number of nouns.
The third sign is derivational:
- Prefixes of foreign origin.
- Suffixes of foreign origin.
- Roots such as aqua-, geo-, marine-, grapho-, etc.
Summing up, it should be noted that original Russian and borrowed words easy to distinguish, just paying attention to the above signs.
Borrowed vocabulary
What is borrowed, really? These are expressions that have entered speech from other languages due to external (political, commercial, general cultural ties, definitions of concepts, objects) and internal (the law of conservation of verbal means, language enrichment, a popular term) reasons.
Consider examples of loanwords and their meaning.
Examples of English words
| Russian term | English term | Meaning |
| Bodysuit | Body - body | body-hugging outfit |
| Jeans | Jeans - denim | This type of trousers is in the wardrobe of almost everyone. |
| clutch | To clutch - squeeze, grab | Small women's bag, carried in the hand |
| Leggings | Leggings - gaiters, leggings Leg - leg |
Tight gaiters of various textures and colors have been extremely popular among fashionistas for more than one year. |
| Pullover | To sweat - sweat | The sweater is very warm and the origin of the name is obvious |
| Stretch | To stretch - stretch | Highly stretchy fabrics. The Russians transformed it into a "stretch" |
| Hoodie | Hood - hood | Hoodie |
| Shorts | Short - short | Cropped trousers |
| Jam | To jam - crush, squeeze | Jelly density jam |
| Roast beef | Roast - fried Beef - beef |
Most often a piece of meat, grilled |
| Crisps | Chips - crispy fried potatoes | One of the favorite treats of children and adults |
| Brand | Brand - name, brand | Popular Brand |
| Investor | Investor - contributor | A company or individual who invests money in projects in order to multiply the invested funds |
| know-how | To know - to know | A unique technology that allows you to make an exceptional product or service |
| Release | Release - release | Production of products such as a music disc, a book, etc. |
| Browser | Browse - browse | Utility for viewing sites on the Internet |
| Notebook | Notebook - notebook | laptop computer |
| Best-seller | Best - the best Seller - sold |
The product that serves the best |
| Loser | To lose - lose, fall behind | Jonah |
| puzzle | puzzle | Puzzle with an impressive number of pieces |
| Rating | To rate - evaluate | Product awareness level |
| Soundtrack | sound - sound Track - track |
Most often music written for a film |
| Thriller | Thrill - nervous trembling | A movie that can make you chill with fear |
List of foreign words in Russian can be continued indefinitely. Finding out from which language the word came into speech, one can trace how the interaction between countries took place.
Examples of native Russian and borrowed words in the science of lexicology are strictly distributed according to their origin.
There are many glossaries explaining what foreign language terms are. They explain, from what language some expression came. It also contains sentences with borrowed words from all ages. Many expressions after a long time began to be perceived as primordially Russian.
Now the most famous dictionary is the “School Dictionary of Foreign Words” by V.V. Ivanova. It describes what language the word came from, what it means, and examples of usage. This is one of the most comprehensive glossaries, covering the most basic concepts of the most commonly used terms.
Examples of loanwords
Are borrowed words necessary?
Conclusion
Find out what language some word came, quite simply, having understood its original meaning. The dictionary gives a whole list of expressions, while it is constantly updated. The history of terms and their origin can tell a lot, one has only to look for a word in a glossary.
The wealth and power of the Russian language only grows stronger over time. Foreign words are an active source of replenishment. They came and come from other nations, like everything else. At the present stage, the merging of cultures is increasingly taking place, this is reflected in all spheres of human activity. So traveling, people adopt each other's various traditions, culinary recipes, demeanor and much more. This could not but affect the Russian language. The Internet speeds up the process of exchanging experience, thanks to which a dictionary of foreign words is available online.
This manual contains words of foreign origin. Its main task is to give a brief definition and explanation of the terms. It contains foreign words used in Russian. They appear in various publications. For example, in fiction, scientific-journalistic, technical, political literature. Some of the words are part of the International Vocabulary Fund. Using a dictionary of foreign words online is very convenient due to the available functionality.
Moreover, for each word, in addition to a brief description, its origin is indicated, whether it be Latin or French. And next to it is written the word in its original version. As additional information, links to authoritative sources are given below: dictionaries of Ozhegov, Ushakov, BES and others. This makes it possible to get a complete picture of an unfamiliar term. Using such a school dictionary of foreign words online, children will be able to gain the necessary knowledge. For quick searches, the words are listed alphabetically. This option is one of the most accessible and generally accepted dictionary bases. This eBook is a valuable source of information. And most importantly, you can flip through the dictionary of foreign words online for free.
The book itself is intended for a wide audience. It can serve as a useful guide for philologists, journalists, teachers, linguists and anyone interested in words and their etymology. People whose activities are directly related to the Russian language simply need to constantly replenish their vocabulary reserves. Progress in the technological and scientific fields entails an update in terminology. Thanks to this, the dictionary of buzzwords is constantly updated with new definitions. To prove yourself a true professional and be competent in many matters, it is better to study them right away. There is one more positive moment. Constant reading of the dictionary allows you to increase the level of knowledge. So being in any society, in a short time you can gain a reputation as an intelligent and erudite person.
Indeed, in our time, a lot of words have appeared that were taken from other nations, but I don’t see anything wrong with this, since this makes it possible to further expand our vocabulary, it helps to communicate with anyone and in any way. Of course, it is better when you know all your native words, and do not resort to replacing them with a foreign word, but modern society probably cannot do otherwise, and this has become a habit. I don't know if I need to change anything, as long as everyone seems to be happy. Nikita23
There are a lot of foreign words in Russian. There are words that came to us from another language, but we no longer notice them and consider them our own, because they were firmly absorbed by their roots in our Russian speech many years ago. Basically, words of foreign origin are technical names or objects that were not invented in Russia, the name of medicines, etc. The online dictionary of foreign words shows the variety of borrowed words. It is quite interesting to dive into the history of the origin of foreign words. I believe that the borrowing of words entails an exchange of culture and enriches the language, but Belinsky had a different view on this, he believed that using a foreign word when there is a Russian equivalent to it means insulting common sense and healthy taste. Elena Helen
Foreign borrowing of words takes place in all languages of the world, and our language cannot be called an exception. The process of borrowing can rightly be called a completely natural exchange of vocabulary among the countries of the world, moreover, it is virtually impossible to prevent it, because in the conditions of modern reality, relations between states are only growing, which inevitably entails the flow of certain parts from one language to another. It remains only to watch with pleasure how the standard school dictionary of foreign words is filled with more and more new expressions, the exact translations of which are sometimes not found in Russian and which are increasingly fitting into youth slang. Contrary to the conflicting opinions and condemnations of the older generation, the process of borrowing can also be called useful: it is he who introduces a foreign culture and prevents possible contradictions. In view of this, we should not care too much about the integrity of the Russian language, which remains unshakably rich and the only native language for us. DictionaryOnline
Leave your wish for the site, or describe the found error in the article about Foreign words
