History does not have exact data on where the first Slavs appeared. All information about their appearance and settlement on the territory of modern Europe and Russia was obtained indirectly:

• analysis of Slavic languages;
• archaeological finds;
• written references in chronicles.

Based on these data, we can conclude that the original habitat of the Slavs was the northern slopes of the Carpathians, it was from these places that the Slavic tribes migrated to the south, west and east, forming three branches of the Slavs - Balkan, western and Russian (eastern).
The settlement of East Slavic tribes along the banks of the Dnieper began in the 7th century. Another part of the Slavs settled along the banks of the Danube and received the name of the Western. Southern Slavs settled on the territory of the Byzantine Empire.

The resettlement of the Slavic tribes

The ancestors of the Eastern Slavs were Veneti - an association of tribes of ancient Europeans who lived in Central Europe in the 1st millennium. Later, the Venets settled along the coast of the Vistula River and the Baltic Sea to the North of the Carpathian Mountains. The culture, life and pagan rites of the Venets were closely connected with the Pomeranian culture. Part of the Veneti living in the more western regions was influenced by Germanic culture.

Slavic tribes and their resettlement, table 1

In the III-IV centuries. Eastern European Slavs were united under the rule of the Goths and part of the Power of Germanarich, located in the Northern Black Sea region. At the same time, the Slavs were part of the tribes of the Khazars and Avars, but were in the minority there.

In the 5th century, the settlement of East Slavic tribes began from the territories of the Carpathian region, the mouth of the Dniester and the banks of the Dnieper. The Slavs actively migrated in various directions. In the East, the Slavs stopped along the Volga and Oka rivers. The Slavs, who migrated and settled in the East, began to be called Ants. The neighbors of the Antes were the Byzantines, who endured the raids of the Slavs and described them as "tall, strong people with beautiful faces." At the same time, the southern Slavs, who were called Slavs, gradually assimilated with the Byzantines and adopted their culture.

Western Slavs in the 5th century were settled along the banks of the Odra and Elbe rivers, and constantly raided more western territories. A little later, these tribes broke up into many separate groups: Poles, Czechs, Moravians, Serbs, Lutiches. The Slavs of the Baltic group also separated

Slavic tribes and their settlement on the map

Designation:
green - Eastern Slavs
light green - Western Slavs
dark green - southern Slavs

The main East Slavic tribes and places of their settlement

in the 7th-8th centuries. stable East Slavic tribes were formed, the resettlement of which took place as follows: glade - lived along the Dnieper River. To the north, along the Desna River, northerners lived, and in the northwestern territories - Drevlyans. Dregovichi settled between the Pripyat and Dvina rivers. Polotsk people lived along the Polota River. Along the Volga, Dnieper and Dvina rivers - Krivichi.

Numerous Buzhans or Dulebs were settled on the banks of the Southern and Western Bug, some of which migrated towards the west and assimilated with the Western Slavs.

The places of settlement of the Slavic tribes influenced their customs, language, laws and ways of doing business. The main occupations were the cultivation of wheat, millet, barley, some tribes grew oats and rye. Cattle and small poultry were bred.

The settlement map of the ancient Slavs displays the boundaries and areas characteristic of each tribe.

East Slavic tribes on the map

The map shows that the East Slavic tribes are concentrated in Eastern Europe and in the territory of modern Ukraine, Russia and Belarus. In the same period, a group of Slavic tribes began to move towards the Caucasus, therefore, in the 7th century. part of the tribes ends up on the lands of the Khazar Khaganate.

More than 120 East Slavic tribes lived on the lands from the Bug to Novgorod. The largest of them:

1. Vyatichi is an East Slavic tribe that lived at the mouths of the Oka and Moscow rivers. Vyatichi migrated to these areas from the coast of the Dnieper. This tribe lived apart for a long time and preserved pagan beliefs, actively resisting joining the Kievan princes. The Vyatichi tribes were subjected to raids by the Khazar Khaganate and paid tribute to them. Later, the Vyatichi were still attached to Kievan Rus, but did not lose their originality.
2. Krivichi - the northern neighbors of the Vyatichi, lived on the territory of modern Belarus and the Western regions of Russia. The tribe was formed as a result of the merger of the Balts and the Finno-Ugric tribes that came from the north. Most elements of the Krivichi culture contain Baltic motifs.
3. Radimichi - tribes living on the territory of the modern Gomel and Mogidev regions. Radimichi are the ancestors of modern Belarusians. Their culture and customs were influenced by Polish tribes and eastern neighbors.

These three Slavic groups subsequently merged and formed the Great Russians. It must be understood that the ancient Russian tribes and the places of their settlement did not have clear boundaries, because. between the tribes there were wars for land and alliances were concluded, as a result, the tribes migrated and changed, adopting each other's culture.

In the 8th century the eastern tribes of the Slavs from the Danube to the Baltic already had a single culture and language. Thanks to this, it became possible to create a trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks" and became the root cause of the formation of the Russian state.

The main East Slavic tribes and places of their settlement, table 2

Krivichi	The upper reaches of the rivers Volga, Dnieper, Western Dvina
Vyatichi	Along the river Oka
Ilmen Slovenes	Around Lake Ilmen and along the Volkhov River
Radimichi	Along the river Sozh
Drevlyans	Along the Pripyat River
Dregovichi	Between the rivers Pripyat and Berezina
Glade	Along the western bank of the Dnieper River
Streets and Tivertsy	Southwest East European Plain
northerners	Along the middle course of the Dnieper River and along the Desna River

Western Slavic tribes

West Slavic tribes lived on the territory of modern Central Europe. They are usually divided into four groups:

• Polish tribes (Poland, Western Belarus);
• Czech tribes (part of the territory of modern Czech Republic);
• Polabian tribes (lands from the Elbe River to the Odra and from the Ore Mountains to the Baltic). The "polabian union of tribes" included: Bodrichi, Ruyans, Drevyans, Lusatian Serbs and more than 10 tribes. In the VI century. most of the tribes were captured and enslaved by the young German feudal states.
• Pomeranians who lived in Pomerania. Starting from the 1190s, the Pomeranians were attacked by the Germans and Danes and almost completely lost their culture and assimilated with the invaders.

Southern Slavic tribes

The composition of the South Slavic ethnos included: Bulgarian, Dalmatian and Greek Macedonian tribes settled in the northern part of Byzantium. They were captured by the Byzantines and adopted their customs, beliefs and culture.

Neighbors of the ancient Slavs

In the west, the neighbors of the ancient Slavs were the tribes of the Celts and Germans. In the east - the Balts and the Finno-Ugric tribes, as well as the ancestors of modern Iranians - the Scythians and Sarmatians. Gradually they were supplanted by the tribes of Bulgars and Khazars. In the south, the Slavic tribes coexisted with the Romans and Greeks, as well as the ancient Macedonians and Illyrians.

The Slavic tribes became a real disaster for the Byzantine Empire and for the Germanic peoples, making constant raids and capturing fertile lands.

In the VI century. hordes of Turks appeared on the territory inhabited by the Eastern Slavs, who entered into a struggle with the Slavs for lands in the region of the Dniester and the Danube. Many Slavic tribes went over to the side of the Turks, whose goal was to capture the Byzantine Empire.
During the war, the Western Slavs were completely enslaved by the Byzantines, the southern Slavs, the Slavs, defended their independence, and the East Slavic tribes were captured by a horde of Turks.

East Slavic tribes and their neighbors (map)

ABOUT THE SLAVES AND OTHER PEOPLES WHO COMPOSED THE RUSSIAN STATE

The origin of the Russian Slavs. Glade. Radimichi and Vyatichi. Drevlyans. Duleby and Buzhan. Lutichi and Tivirtsy. Croats, Northerners, Dregovichi, Krivichi, Polochans, Novogorodsky Slavs. Kyiv. Izborsk, Polotsk, Smolensk, Lyubech,

Chernigov. Finnish or Chud peoples in Russia. Latvian peoples. civil strife

Russian Slavs. Domination and death Obrov. Goats. Varangians. Rus.

Nestor writes that the Slavs from ancient times lived in the countries of the Danube and,

ousted from Misia by the Bulgarians, and from Pannonia by the Volokhi (who still live in

Hungary), moved to Russia, Poland and other lands. This news about

the primitive dwelling of our ancestors is taken, it seems, from the Byzantine Chroniclers,

who in the VI century recognized them on the banks of the Danube; however, Nestor is elsewhere

says that St. Apostle Andrew - preaching in Scythia the name of the Savior,

putting a cross on the mountains of Kyiv, not yet inhabited, and predicting the future

the glory of our ancient capital - reached Ilmen and found the Slavs there:

consequently, they, according to Nestor's own legend, lived in Russia already in

the first century and much before the Bulgarians established themselves in Myzia. But

it is probable that the Slavs, oppressed by them, partly actually returned from

Misia to their northern odnozemtsy; it is also probable that the Volokhi, the descendants

the ancient Getae and the Roman monastics of Trajan's time in Dacia, yielding this

land to the Gotthams, the Huns and other peoples, sought refuge in the mountains and, seeing

finally, the weakness of the Avars, captured Transylvania and part of Hungary, where

The Slavs had to submit to them.

Maybe even a few centuries before the birth of Christ under the name

Wends known on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea, Slavs at the same

time lived inside Russia; maybe Androphagi, Melanchlena, Nevra

Herodotus belonged to their numerous tribes. The most ancient inhabitants

Dacia, Getae, conquered by Trajan, could be our ancestors: this is the opinion of those

it is more likely that Russian fairy tales of the 12th century mention happy

warriors of the Trayans in Dacia, and that the Russian Slavs, it seems, began their

chronology from the time of this courageous Emperor. Let's notice something else

an ancient tradition of the Slavic peoples that their forefathers dealt with Alexander

Great, conqueror of the Geth.

But the Historian must not offer probabilities for the truth

only clear evidence of contemporaries. So leaving without

an affirmative solution to the question: "Where and when did the Slavs come to Russia?",

we will describe how they lived in it long before the time in which the

our State.

Many Slavs, of the same tribe with the Lyakhs, who lived on the banks of the Vistula,

settled on the Dnieper in the Kyiv province and called themselves Polyany from pure

their fields. This name disappeared in ancient Russia, but became a common name

Lyakhov, founders of the Polish State. From the same tribe of Slavs there were two

brother, Radim and Vyatko, the heads of Radimich and Vyatichi: the first chose his dwelling

on the banks of the Sozh, in the Mogilev Governorate, and the second on the Oka, in Kaluga,

Tula or Oryol.

The Drevlyans, so named from their forest land, lived in Volyn

provinces; Duleby and Buzhan along the Bug River, which flows into the Vistula; Lutichi and Tivirtsy

along the Dniester to the very sea and the Danube, already having cities in their land; White

Croats in the vicinity of the Carpathian mountains; Northerners, neighbors of Polyany, on the banks

Desna, Semi and Sula, in the Chernihiv and Poltava provinces; in Minsk and

Vitebsk, between Pripyat and the Western Dvina, Dregovichi; in Vitebsk

Pskov, Tver and Smolensk, in the upper reaches of the Dvina, Dnieper and Volga,

Krivichi; and on the Dvina, where the Polota River flows into it, of the same tribe with them

Polochane; on the shores of Lake Ilmena, in fact, the so-called Slavs,

who founded Novgorod after the birth of Christ.

By the same time, the Chronicler attributes the beginning of Kyiv, telling

the following circumstances: "The brothers Kyi, Shchek and Khoriv, ​​with their sister Lybid, lived

between the Glades on three mountains, of which two are known by the name of two smaller

brothers, Shchekovitsa and Horivitsa; and the eldest lived where he is now (in Nestorovo

time) Zborichev vzvoz. They were men of knowledge and understanding; caught animals in

the then dense forests of the Dnieper, built a city and named it after

older brother, i.e. Kyiv.

Some consider Kiya to be a carrier, because in the old days he was in this place

transportation and was called Kiev; but Kiy ruled in his generation: he walked like

they say, to Constantinople and received a great honor from the King of Greece; on the

way back, seeing the banks of the Danube, fell in love with them, cut down the town and wanted

dwell in it; but the inhabitants of the Danube did not allow him to establish himself there, and to this day

they call this place the settlement of Kievets. He died in Kyiv, along with two

brothers and sister". Nestor in his narrative is based solely on

on oral legends: remote for many centuries from cases, here

described, could he vouch for the truth of tradition, always deceptive, always

wrong in details It may be that Kiy and his brothers never really

actually did not exist and that folk fiction turned the names of places

it is not known from what occurred, in the names of people. The name of Kyiv, the mountains of Shchekovitsy -

now Skavitsy - Khorivitsy, already forgotten, and the Lybid river, which flows into the Dnieper

not far from the new Kyiv fortress, could give an idea to compose a fable about

three brothers and their sister: of which we find many examples in Greek and Northern

narrators who, wishing to feed the curiosity of the people, at times

ignorance and gullibility, geographical names made up entire stories

and Biographies. But two circumstances in this Nestor's message are worthy

special note: the first thing that the Slavs of Kyiv from ancient times had a message

with Tsaremgrad, and the second is that they built a town on the banks of the Danube

long before the campaigns of the Russians in Greece. Duleby, Dnieper Polyana, Lutichi and

Tivirians could participate in the wars of the Danubian Slavs described by us, so

terrible for the Empire, and to borrow there various beneficial inventions

for civilian life.

The chronicler does not announce the time when other Slavic ones were built,

also very ancient cities in Russia: Izborsk, Polotsk, Smolensk, Lyubech,

Chernihiv; we only know that the first three were founded by the Krivichi and were already in the IX

century, and the latter at the very beginning of the X; but they could exist and much

before. Chernihiv and Lyubech belonged to the Severyan region.

In addition to the Slavic peoples, according to Nestor, they lived then in Russia and

many foreigners: Merya around Rostov and on Lake Kleshchina, or

Pereslavl; Murom on the Oka, where this river flows into the Volga; Cheremisa, Meshchera,

Mordva southeast of Mary; Liv in Livonia; Chud in Estonia and east to

Lake Ladoga; Narova where Narva is; Yam or Em in Finland; Whole on

Beleozero; Perm in the province of this name; Yugra or the current Berezovsky Ostyaks

on the Ob and Sosva; Pechora on the Pechora River. Some of these peoples have already disappeared

in modern times, or mixed with the Russians; but others exist

speak languages ​​so similar to each other that we can doubtless

recognize them, as well as the Laplanders, Zyryans, Ostyaks of the Ob, Chuvash, Votyakov,

peoples of the same tribe and call Finnish in general. Already Tacitus in the first

century speaks of the Finns, neighboring with the Wends, who lived from ancient times in

midnight Europe. Leibniz and the latest Swedish Historians agree that

Norway and Sweden were once inhabited by them - even Denmark itself, according to

Greece. From the Baltic Sea to the Arctic, from the depths of the European North to

East to Siberia, to the Urals and the Volga, numerous tribes scattered

Finns. We do not know when they settled in Russia; but we don't know anyone

more ancient than them in its northern and eastern climates. This people, ancient and

numerous, occupying and occupying such a great space in Europe

and in Asia, did not have a Historian, for he was never famous for victories, did not take away

foreign lands, but always ceded his own: in Sweden and Norway to Gotfam, and in

Russia, perhaps the Slavs, and in poverty alone sought security for himself:

"having (according to Tacitus) no houses, no horses, no weapons; eating herbs,

dressed in animal skins, sheltering from bad weather under woven branches.

In the Tacitus description of the ancient Finns, we recognize in part the current Finns, especially

Laplanders, who from their ancestors inherited both poverty and rude morals,

and the peaceful carelessness of ignorance. "Fearing neither the rapacity of men nor the wrath of the gods

(writes this eloquent Historian), they acquired the rarest good in the world:

happy independence from fate!"

But the Finns of Russia, according to our Chronicler, were no longer so

rude, wild people, as the Roman Historian describes them: they had not only

permanent dwellings, but also cities: All - Beloozero, Merya - Rostov, Murom -

Moore. The chronicler, mentioning these cities in the news of the 9th century, did not know when

they are built. - Ancient History of the Scandinavians (Danes, Norwegians, Swedes)

often speaks of two special Finnish countries, free and independent:

Kyrialandia and Biarmia. The first from the Gulf of Finland extended to the very

White Sea, contained the current Finland, Olonets and part

Arkhangelsk province; bordered on the East with Biarmia, and on the North-West -

with Quenlandia or Kayaniya. Its inhabitants disturbed neighboring lands with raids.

and were famous for imaginary magic even more than for courage. Biarmia

Scandinavians called the whole vast country from the Northern Dvina and the White Sea to

Pechora River, beyond which they imagined Jotunheim, home of the horrors of nature and

evil sorcery. The name of our Perm is one with the name of ancient Biarmia,

which consisted of the Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Vyatka and Perm provinces.

Icelandic stories are filled with tales of this great Finnish region,

but their fable may be curious to some gullible. First

really historical evidence of Biarmia is found on a journey

Norwegian navigator Oter, who surrounded the North Cape in the ninth century,

sailed to the very mouth of the Northern Dvina, heard a lot about the country from the inhabitants

them and neighboring lands, but it only says that the people of Biarmia

numerous and speaks almost the same language as the Finns.

Between these foreign peoples, inhabitants or neighbors of the ancient

Russia, Nestor also calls Letgola (Livonian Latvians), Zimgola (in

Semigallia), Kors (in Courland) and Lithuania, which do not belong to the Finns, but

Together with the ancient Prussians, they make up the Latvian people. In his language is

many Slavic, rather Gothic and Finnish words: from which

Historians conclude that Latvians are descended from these peoples. With great

even the beginning of their existence can be determined by probability. When the Goths left

to the borders of the Empire, then the Wends and Finns occupied the southeastern shores of the sea

Baltic; mixed there with the remnants of the primitive inhabitants, i.e., with the Gotfs;

began to destroy forests for arable farming and were nicknamed Latvians, or

inhabitants of the cleared lands, for lata marks in the Lithuanian language

clearing. They seem to be called by Iornand Vidivarii, which are half

sixth century lived near Danzig and consisted of different peoples: with which, according to

and the ancient tradition of the Latvians, who assure that their first Sovereign, named

Vidvut, He reigned on the banks of the Vistula and there he formed his people, who

inhabited Lithuania, Prussia, Courland and Letland, where he is still located and

where, until the very introduction of the Christian Faith, it was ruled by the northern Dalai Lama,

Chief Judge and Priest of Krive, who lived in the Prussian town of Romov.

Many of these Finnish and Latvian peoples, according to Nestor, were

tributaries of the Russians: it must be understood that the Chronicler is already talking about his

time, that is, about the XI century, when our ancestors mastered almost all of the current

European Russia. Until the time of Rurik and Oleg, they could not be great

conquerors, for they lived especially, according to their knees; did not think to unite the people

forces in the general government and even exhausted them with internecine wars. Yes, Nestor

mentions the attack of the Drevlyans, forest dwellers, and other neighboring Slavs

on the quiet Kyiv Polyany, who enjoyed the benefits of the state more than they

civil and could be the subject of envy. People are rude, half-wild don't know

the spirit of the people and want to suddenly take away rather than slowly appropriate

such benefits are peaceful industriousness. This civil strife betrayed the Russian Slavs

as a sacrifice to external enemies. Obras or Avars in the 6th and 7th centuries, ruling in

The Dacias also commanded the Dulebs, who lived on the Bug; brazenly insulted

chastity of Slavic wives and harnessed them, instead of oxen and horses, to their

chariots; but these barbarians, great in body and proud in mind (Nestor writes),

disappeared in our country from a pestilence, and their death was a proverb for a long time

in the Russian land. - Other conquerors soon appeared: in the south - Kozary, Varangians

in the north.

Kozars or Khazars, of the same tribe with the Turks, have lived on

the western side of the Caspian Sea, called the Khazar Sea in Geography

Eastern. Since the third century they have been known from the Armenian Chronicles:

Europe recognized them in the 4th century together with the Huns, between the Caspian and Black

by the sea, on the steppes of Astrakhan.

Attila ruled over them: the Bulgarians also, at the end of the 5th century; but the goats

still strong, meanwhile devastated southern Asia, and Khosra, King of Persia,

had to protect his regions from them with a huge wall, glorious in

chronicles under the name of the Caucasian and still amazing in its

ruins. In the 7th century they appear in Byzantine history with great brilliance.

and power, give a large army to help the Emperor (who

gratitude put on the royal diadem on their Kagan or Khakan, calling him

his son); twice enter Persia with him, attack the Ugrians, Bulgarians,

weakened by the division of the sons of Kuvratov, and conquer the whole earth from the mouth of the Volga

to the Seas of Azov and Black, Phanagoria, Vospor and most of Taurida,

later called Kozaria for several centuries. Weak Greece did not dare to reflect

new conquerors: her kings sought refuge in their camps, friendship and kinship with

Khagans; as a sign of their respect for them, they were decorated in some celebrations

Kozar clothes and guards were made up of these brave Asians.

The empire could indeed boast of their friendship; but leaving alone

Constantinople, they raged in Armenia, Iveria, Media; led

bloody wars with the Arabians, then already powerful, and several

once defeated their famous caliphs.

The scattered Slavic tribes could not resist such an enemy,

when he turned the force of his weapons at the end of the 7th century, or already in the 8th, to

the banks of the Dnieper and the Oka itself. Residents of Kievsky, Severyan, Radimichi and Vyatichi

recognized Kaganov's power over them. "The people of Kiev," writes Nestor, "gave their

the conquerors by the sword from the smoke and the wise elders Kozarsky in woeful

foreboding they said: We will be tributaries of these people: for their swords are sharp with

both sides, and our sabers have one blade. "A fable invented already in

happy times of Russian weapons, in the 10th or 11th century! At least

the conquerors were not satisfied with swords, but overlaid the Slavs with a different tribute and

they took, as the Chronicler himself says, "a squirrel from home": the tax is very

natural in the lands of the North, where warm clothing is one of the main

human needs and where the industry of people was limited only

necessary for life. The Slavs, having long plundered the Greek possessions beyond the Danube,

knew the price of gold and silver; but these metals were not yet in the folk

use between them. Goats searched for gold in Asia and received it as a gift from

Emperors; in Russia, rich only in wild works of nature,

were content with the citizenship of the inhabitants and the prey of their animal catching. The yoke of these

the conquerors, it seems, did not oppress the Slavs: at least our Chronicler,

depicting the disasters suffered by his people from the cruelty of Obrov, does not say

nothing like the Kozars. Everything proves that they already had customs

civil. Their khans lived for a long time in Balangiar, or Atel (rich and

populous capital, founded near the mouth of the Volga Khozroy, Tsar

Persian), and then in Tauris, famous for the merchants. Huns and others

The Asiatic barbarians only liked to destroy cities: but the Kozars demanded

skillful architects from the Greek Emperor Theophilus and built on the banks of the Don,

in the current land of Kozakov, the Sarkel fortress to protect their possessions from

raids of nomadic peoples; it is likely that the Kaganovo settlement near Kharkov and

others, called Kozarsky, near Voronezh, are also monuments to their

ancient, though unknown to us cities. Having first been idolaters, they

in the eighth century they accepted the Jewish Faith, and in 858 [the year] the Christian ...

Terrifying the Persian Monarchs, the most formidable Caliphs and patronizing

Greek emperors, Kozars could not foresee that the Slavs, enslaved

them without any bloodshed, will overthrow their strong State.

But the power of our ancestors in the South must have been a consequence

their allegiance in the North. Kozars did not rule in Russia further than the Oka:

Novogorodtsy, Krivichi were free until 850. Then - let's note this first

chronological indication in Nestor - some brave and brave conquerors,

called Varangians in our chronicles, came from across the Baltic Sea and

imposed tribute on the Chud, Slavs Ilmensky, Krivichi, Merya, and although they were through

two years expelled by them, but the Slavs, tired of internal strife, in 862

year again called to themselves three Varangian brothers, from the Russian tribe,

who became the first Sovereigns in our ancient fatherland and

which it became known as Russia. - This incident is important, serving

the foundation of the history and greatness of Russia, requires from us special attention and

consideration of all circumstances.

First of all, let's solve the question: who does Nestor call the Varangians? We know that

Since ancient times, the Baltic Sea has been called Varangian in Russia: who in this time -

that is, in the IX century - dominated its waters? Scandinavians, or inhabitants of three

Kingdoms: Denmark, Norway and Sweden, of the same tribe with the Gotfs. They, under

the common name of the Normans or Northern people, then smashed Europe. More Tacitus

mentions the navigation of the Sveons or Swedes; as early as the sixth century Danes

sailed to the shores of Gaul: at the end of the eighth, their glory was already thundering everywhere, and

Scandinavian flags, fluttering before the eyes of Charlemagne, humbled

the pride of this Monarch, who saw with annoyance that the Normans despise authority

and his strength. In the ninth century they plundered Scotland, England, France,

Andalusia, Italy; established themselves in Ireland and built cities there, which

still exist; in 911 they captured Normandy; finally founded

Kingdom of Naples and under the command of the brave William in 1066

conquered England. We have already spoken about their ancient voyage around the North Cape, or

Northern Cape: there seems to be no doubt that they are 500 years before Columbus

discovered midnight America and traded with its inhabitants. By undertaking such

distant travels and conquests, could the Normans leave alone

nearest countries: Estonia, Finland and Russia? Of course you can't believe

Danish Historian Saxo Grammar, who names sovereigns who allegedly

reigned in our fatherland before the birth of Christ and entered into

kinship alliances with the Scandinavian Kings: for Saxo had no

historical monuments to describe this deep antiquity and replaced them

figments of your imagination; one cannot also believe the fabulous Icelandic

stories composed, as we have already noted, in modern times and often

mentioning ancient Russia, which they call Ostragard,

Gardarikiey, Holmgard and Greece: but the Runestones found in Sweden,

Norway, Denmark and the much older Christianity introduced into Scandinavia

about the tenth century, prove their inscriptions (in which Girkia is named,

Grikia or Russia) that the Normans had long had a message with her. And how in that

the time when, according to the Nestor Chronicle, the Varangians took possession of the countries

Chud, Slavs, Krivichi and Mary, there was no other people in the North, except

Scandinavians so brave and strong to conquer all the vast land

from the Baltic Sea to Rostov (Mary's dwelling), then we are already with great

we can conclude with probability that our Chronicler understands them under the name

But this probability turns into perfect evidence when

Let's add the following to it:

1. The names of the three Princes of the Varangians - Rurik, Sineus, Truvor - called

Slavs and Chud, the essence is undeniably Norman: so, in the annals of the Frankish

around 850 - which is worth noting - three Roriks are mentioned: one

named Chieftain of the Danes, another King (Rex) Norman, a third simply

Norman; they fought on the banks of Flanders, the Elbe and the Rhine. In Saxon Grammar,

in Sturlezon and in Icelandic stories, between the names of Princes and Knights

Scandinavian, we find Rurik, Rerik, Truvar, Truvra, Snio, Siniya. - II.

Russian Slavs, being under the possession of the Varangian Princes, were called in Europe

Normans, which is confirmed by the testimony of Liutprand, Bishop of Cremona,

who in the tenth century twice Ambassador to Constantinople. "Russov, says

he, we call them Normans. "- III. The kings of Greece had in the first to ten centuries

special bodyguards, who were called Varangians,

Βαραγγοι, but in its own way Waringar, and

consisted mostly of Normans. The word Vaere, Vara is an ancient Gothic

and means union: crowds of Scandinavian knights, setting off for Russia and Greece

seek happiness, could call themselves Varangians in the sense of allies or

comrades. This common name turned into its own, - IV. Konstantin

Porphyrogenitus, who reigned in the 10th century, describing the neighbors of the Empire

land, speaks of the rapids of the Dnieper and reports their names in Slavic and

In Russian. Russian names seem Scandinavian: at least not

may be explained differently. - V. The laws given by the Varangian Princes to our

State, very similar to the Norman.

The words Tiun, Vira and others, which are in Russian Pravda, are

ancient Scandinavian or German (which we will talk about in its place). -

VI. Nestor himself tells that the Varangians live on the Baltic Sea to the west, and

that they are different peoples: Urmyane, Svis, Anglians, Goths. first name in

features means Norwegians, the second - Swedes, and under the Goths Nestor

means the inhabitants of Swedish Gothia.

The Anglians are ranked by him among the Varangians for the fact that they, together with the Normans

constituted the Varangian squad in Constantinople. So our story

own Chronicler confirms the truth that his Varangians were Scandinavians.

But this common name of the Danes, Norwegians, Swedes does not satisfy curiosity

History: we want to know what people, especially called Rus, gave

our fatherland and the first Sovereigns and the name itself, already at the end of the ninth century

terrible for the Greek Empire? In vain in the ancient annals of the Scandinavian

we will look for explanations: there is not a word about Rurik and his brothers, called

rule over the Slavs; however, historians find good reasons

to think that Nestor's Varangians-Rus lived in the Kingdom of Sweden, where one

the coastal region has long been called Rosskaya, Ros-lagen. Its inhabitants could

VII, VIII or IX century to be known in the neighboring lands under a special

the same name as the Gotlanders, whom Nestor always distinguishes from the Swedes.

The Finns, having once had more intercourse with Roslagen than with other countries

Sweden, until now, all its inhabitants are called Ross, Rots, Ruots. - This

opinion is based on a curious piece of historical evidence.

In the Bertin Chronicles, published by Duchenne, between the cases of 839

describes the following incident: "The Greek Emperor Theophilus sent

Ambassadors to the Emperor of the Franks, Louis the Blessed, and with them people who

called themselves Rosses (Rhos), and their King Hakan (or Gakan), and

came to Constantinople to conclude a friendly alliance with the Empire.

Theophilus in his letter asked Louis to give them a way to safely

return to their homeland: for they were traveling to Constantinople through the lands

many wild, barbarous and ferocious peoples:

why Theophilus did not want to expose them again to such dangers.

Louis, questioning these people, learned that they belonged to the people

Swedish." - Gakan was, of course, one of the Rulers of Sweden, divided

then into small regions, and, having learned about the glory of the Greek Emperor, he decided

send ambassadors to him.

Let us also present another opinion with its proofs. In Degree Book XVI

century and in some of the latest chronicles it is said that Rurik and his brothers came out of

Prussia, where the Kursk Bay has long been called Rusnaya, the northern branch of the Neman,

or Memel, Russoyu, their surroundings Porusie. Varangians-Rus could

move there from Scandinavia, from Sweden, from Roslagen itself, according to

the news of the most ancient chroniclers of Prussia, who assure that her primitive

inhabitants, Ulmigans or Ulmigers, were civilly educated

Latvians, they could understand the Slavic language and the more convenient it is to apply to

customs of the Slavs of Novogorodsk. Sim satisfactorily explains why in

In ancient Novgorod, one of the most populous streets was called Prussian. Note

also the testimony of the Geographer of Ravensky: he lived in the 7th century, and writes that

near the sea, where the Vistula River flows into it, there is the Roksolan fatherland, they think

our Rosses, whose possession could extend from the Kursk Bay to the mouth

Vistula. - Probability remains probability: at least we know that

some Swedish people in 839, therefore, even before the coming of the Princes

Varangian to the land of Novogorodskaya and Chudskaya, was called in Constantinople and in

Germany Rosses.

Offering an answer to the questions: who were the Varangians in general and the Varangians-Rus in

peculiarities?

Let's say our opinion about Nestor's chronology. Not soon the Varangians could

take possession of the whole vast country from the Baltic Sea to Rostov, where he lived

the people of Merya; could not soon establish themselves in it, so as to impose on all

inhabitants of Denmark; not suddenly could Chud and the Slavs unite for exile

conquerors, and it is most difficult to imagine that, having freed themselves from

slavery, immediately wanted to surrender again to the power of foreigners: but

The chronicler announces that the Varangians came from the Baltic Sea in 859 and that

in 862 [the year] the Varangian Rurik and his brothers already reigned in Russia at midnight! ..

Internecine strife and internal unrest opened danger and harm to the Slavs

popular government; but not knowing otherwise for many centuries, is it possible in

for several months they came to hate him and unanimously

Autocracy? For this, it seems, it would be necessary to change customs and mores;

one should have had a long-term experience in misfortunes: but customs and mores

could not change in the two years of Varangian rule, before which they, according to

According to Nestor, they knew how to be content with the ancient laws of their fathers. What

armed them against the Norman conquerors? Love for independence - and

what if this people already demands rulers? .. The historian should at least

express doubt and recognize as probable the thought of some pundits,

those who believe that the Normans before 859 took tribute from Chud and Slavs. How

Could Nestor know the years of incidents 200 or more years before his time?

The Slavs, according to his own information, did not yet know the use of letters:

consequently, he did not have any written monuments for our ancient

History and counts the years since the time of Emperor Michael, as he himself says, for

the fact that the Greek Chroniclers attribute the first invasion of the Russians to

Constantinople to Michael's Reign. From this it should hardly

conclude that Nestor, by one guess, by one probable consideration with

Byzantine news, chronologically arranged the initial incidents in

his chronicle. Its very brevity in the description of the times of the Ruriks and the following

makes one think that he speaks of this only according to oral tradition,

always laconic. The more reliable is the legend of our Chronicler in

reasoning of the main cases: for this brevity proves that he did not want

resort to fiction; but the reckoning becomes doubtful. At Court

Grand Dukes, in their elite team and among the people themselves should

the memory of the Varangian conquest and the first Sovereigns of Russia is kept: but

is it likely that the elders and princely boyars, whose stories served, can

be, the basis of our ancient chronicle, were able to accurately determine the year

every case? Suppose that the pagan Slavs, noticing some summer

signs, had the correct chronology:

one of her considerations with the Byzantine chronology, adopted by them together with

Christianity, could not our first Chronicler have been misled? -

However, we cannot replace Nestorov's chronology with another more accurate one; not

we can neither decisively refute; nor fix it, and in order to follow it

in all cases, we begin the History of the Russian State from 862.

But first of all, one must have an understanding of the ancient character of the people

Slavic in general, so that the History of the Russian Slavs would be for us both clearer and

more curious.

Let us use the news of modern Byzantine and other, no less

reliable Chroniclers, adding to them the legends of Nestorova about the customs of their ancestors

ours in particular.

EASTERN SLAVES: KRIVICHI, NOVGOROD SLOVENE, VYATICHI, RADIMICHI, DREGOVICHI, NORTH, POLANA, TIVERTSY AND STREETS, DREVLYANS

Craniological materials on medieval Slavic groups, which formed the basis of this study, began to enter the museums of Russian anthropological institutions a hundred years ago. For the first time, a small part of them, relating to the Vyatichi, Severyans and Polans, was published by A.P. Bogdanov (1867, 1878, 1879, 1880, 1880a), who showed that the East Slavic population of various territories is mainly characterized by a long-headed Caucasoid type. New craniological material on the Krivichi of the Kostroma province was introduced into science by N. G1. Konstantinov-Shipunin (1897), whose studies did not fundamentally change the view of the place of the anthropological type of the ancient Slavs in racial systematics. V. V. Bunak (Bunak, 1932), referring to the craniological series on the Slavs, Krivichi, Vyatichi and Northerners, for the first time pointed out the role of the Eastern Mediterranean or, in his terminology, Pontic elements in the composition of the anthropological type of ancient Slavism and its possible heterogeneity racial composition. The Slavs of Belarus and Ukraine were studied by G. F. Debets (1932a, 1948), who, based on the anthropological similarity of the Belarusian Krivichi with the Letto-Lithuanian and East Finnish groups, expressed the idea of ​​the formation of tribes of the Slavic, Baltic and Finnish language systems in a homogeneous racial environment.
A thorough revision of all the materials accumulated by the forties of our century was carried out by T. A. Trofimova (1946). In terms of the coverage of crannological data, her work should be considered the most complete, since it is based on the study of about 800 Slavic kurgan skulls. This author managed to differentiate the Dnieper population and the eastern groups. In the east, she noted a Mongoloid admixture, in the Dnieper basin - the presence of relatively broad-faced types. The materials and conclusions of T. A. Trofimova were widely used by G. F. Debets in a summary work on paleoanthropology of the USSR (1948). During the time that has passed since the study by T. A. Trofimova and
19
G. F. Debets, craniological series on the Slavic tribes of the Middle Ages increased as a result of intensive study of Slavic monuments by archaeologists.
At the same time, some new techniques for measuring facial flatness and nasal prominence, which were not available in previous publications, were introduced into the practice of craniometric work by Soviet researchers. This required, along with the study of new material, a re-examination of previously published material. Thus, I had at my disposal 1506 skulls belonging to the Slavic tribes of the Oka, Volga and Dnieper basins - Vyatichi, Krivichi, Radimichi, Dregovichi, Severyans and Polyans (Alekseeva, 1960, 1961, 1961a, 1963, 1965, 1966).
Craniological data on northerners and polyans are supplemented by calculations of individual measurements of skulls from some collections of Ukrainian museums lost during the Great Patriotic War, published by G. F. Debets (1948). Unfortunately, during the war, craniological series on the Drevlyans and Polotsk Krivichi were lost, and therefore I am forced to use published data (Debets, 1948), which lack such important racial diagnostic features as angles and indicators of flattened faces and nose bridges. As for the Slovenes of Novgorod, Tivertsy and Ulichi, they were not measured again by me, as they were studied according to the methodology adopted at the present time. Slovenes are described by V.V. Sedov (1952), Tivertsy and Ulichi by I.S. Velikanova (1964).
The breakdown into ethnic groups was made in accordance with the generally accepted ideas in modern archaeological literature about the boundaries of various tribal groups of the Eastern Slavs. The works of P. N. Tretyakov (1941) and T. N. Nikolskaya (1949) were used for Krivichi, B. A. Rybakov (1947) for glades and northerners, A. V. Artsikhovsky (1930, 1947) and G. F. Solovyova (1956), according to Radimichi - G. F. Solovyova (1956) and A. V. Uspenskaya (1953), according to Dregovichi - G. F. Solovyova (1956). The ethnicity of the Slovenes was determined by V.V. Sedov, the Tivertsy and Ulichs by G.B. Fedorov (1960, 1961).
The given archaeological data in no way claim to be complete, and they can be used only insofar as they allow us to distinguish between local groups within a particular tribe. A detailed description of the material culture of these tribes is contained in a number of extensive publications by Soviet archaeologists. Dating is given according to burial mounds2.
Krivichi
“... Krivichi, like to eat on the top of the Volga, and on the top of the Dvina and on the top of the Dnieper, their own city is Smolensk; (P. V. L., vol. I, p. 13). Judging by the data of archeology (Nikolskaya, 1949, Sedov, 1960), several local groups stand out among the Krivichi:
I - Pskovskaya, its habitat includes the territory from Lake Pskov and the basin of the river. Great to the Valdai Lakes and the upper reaches of the river. Volga; a characteristic feature of the burials is an ash-coal layer at the base of the mounds.
II - Smolenskaya in the zone of the Smolensk current of the Dnieper.
III - Polotsk - in the Polotsk course of the Western Dvina. The Smolensk-Polotsk kurgans differ from the Pskov kurgans in the absence of ash-coal layers in the foundations of the burial mounds and their replacement by ritual bonfires, bred before the construction of the kurgan. The orientation of the dead in all groups of the Krivichi is western; on the border with the Radimichi, the eastern one is also found.
IV - Tverskaya - the upper course of the river. Volga with tributaries. According to the burial rite and grave goods, this group has much in common with the Smolensk group.
In the Yaroslavl and Kostroma Volga regions, in the lower reaches of the river. Klyazma and Oka burial mounds of the Krivichi were also found, however, the local Meryan influence is very noticeable in the burial rite and grave goods (Spitsyn, 1905; Tretyakov, 1931; Nikolskaya, 1949).
The Krivichi mounds are dated with corpses of the 10th-12th centuries. I had at my disposal material on all the Krivichi groups, with the exception of the Polotsk and Pskov groups, which were represented by only single skulls.
Pskov group of burial mounds
MA Moscow State University, no. 10552-10554. Skulls from mounds near the village of Tyakovo, Kachanovsky district, Pskov region. Excavations of the Pskov Museum of Local Lore in 1957
Smolensk group of mounds (51 male and 34 female skulls).
MA Moscow State University, No. 1371-1375. Skulls from mounds near the village. Volochek, Dorogobuzh near .. Smolensk province. The author of the excavations A. A. Spitsyn, 1892
MA Moscow State University, No. 1383; 1478. Skulls from mounds near the village of Staroselye, Dorogobuzh district, Smolensk province. The author of the excavations I. E. Brandenburg, 1889
MA Moscow State University, 1376-1377; 1379-1380; 1384; 1472. Skulls from mounds near the villages of Berezovka and Maly Pochinok, Dorogobuzh district, Smolensk province. Author of excavations
A. A. Spitsyn, 1892
MA Moscow State University, No. 1424; 1427-1431; 1440; 1444; 1448-1449; 1457; 1466; 1469-1470. Skulls from mounds near the village. Village, Velsky district, Smolensk province. The author of the excavations K. A. Gorbachev, 1886
MA Moscow State University, No. 1479. Skull from the mounds of Dukhovshinsky district, Smolensk province. The author of the excavations is N. G. Kertselli (the year of the excavations and the exact location of the mounds is unknown).
MA Moscow State University, no. 1385-1387; 1389. Skulls from burial mounds near the village of Dobronosichi, Roslavsky near the Smolensk province. The author of the excavations is V. I. Sizov, 1890-1891.
MA Moscow State University No. 1390—"1392. Skulls from mounds near the village of Blinnye Kuchi, Roslavl region, Smolensk province. Author of the excavations V. I. Sizov, 1885
MA Moscow State University, no. 1401-1402; 1407. Skulls from burial mounds near the village of Zubovo, Porechsky district, Smolensk province. The author of the excavations is V. I. Sizov, 1890-1891.
MA Moscow State University, no. 1403-1404. Skulls from mounds near the village of Vederniki, Roslavl near .. Smolensk province. The author of the excavations V. I. Sizov, 1885
MA Moscow State University, no. 1480-1482; 1484. Skulls from mounds near the villages of Varnavino and Selishche, Porechsky district, Smolensk province. The author of the excavations V. I. Sizov, 1890
MA Moscow State University, no. 1397-1399; 1483; 1485-1489; 1491; 1493; 1496; 1501-1502; 1504-1507. Skulls from burial mounds near the village of Kokhany, Ilyinsky near .. Smolensk province. The author of the excavations V. I. Sizov 1890-1891. and I. I. Bulychev, 1889
MA Moscow State University, No. 1405. Skull from a mound near the village of Azobichi, Roslavl district, Smolensk province. The author of the excavations is V. I. Sizov, 1890-1891.
MA Moscow State University, No. 1404. Skulls from a mound near the village of Litvinovka, Roslavl near .. Smolensk province.
MA Moscow State University, no. 1173-1475; 1477. Skulls from burial mounds and Trukhnov farm, Dorogobuzh district, Smolensk province. on the right bank of the river Dnieper, at the confluence of the river. Kamenki. Author of the excavations V. M. Chebysheva, 1879
MAE, coll. 1161, No. 2. Skull from a mound near the village of Yadrovo, Volokolamsk district, Smolensk province. The author of the excavations S. A. Gatzuk, 1904
MAE, coll. 1161, No. 3. Skull from a mound near the village of Nikolskoye, Gzhatsky district, Smolensk province. The author of the excavations S. A. Gatzuk, 1904
MAE, coll. 1161 No. 5. Skull from a mound near the village of Polepinovo, Gzhatsky district, Smolensk province. The author of the excavations S. A. Gatzuk, 1904
MAE, coll. 1161, No. 5. Skull from a mound near the village of Zhela, Volokolamsk district, Smolensk province. The author of the excavations S. A. Gatzuk, 1904
MAE, coll. 1161, No. 1, 6. Skulls from burial mounds near the village of Zhilye Gory, Volokolamsky near .. Smolensk province. The author of the excavations S. A. Gatzuk, 1904.
MA Moscow State University, no. 1665-1667. Skulls from mounds near the village of Ivanovichi, Bryansk near .. Smolensk province. The author of the excavations M. E. Eremenko, 1896
MA Moscow State University, No. 1168-1669. Skulls from mounds near the village. Peklino, Bryansk district, Smolensk province. The author of the excavations M. E. Eremenko, 1896
MA Moscow State University, No. 1670. Skull from the mound near the village. Zagorye, Bryansk region, Smolensk province. The author of the excavations M. E. Eremenko, 1891
MA Moscow State University, no. 1393-1396. Skulls from mounds near the village of Staraya Rudnya, Dorogobuzh district, Smolensk province. The author of the excavations is V. I. Sizov, 1885-91.
MAE, coll. 1162, No. 1. Skull from a mound near the village of Klimenki, Porechsky district, Smolensk province. The author of the excavations I. S. Abramov, 1905
Tver group of mounds (100 male and 47 female skulls).
MA Moscow State University, no. 853-858. Skulls from burial mounds near the village of Pavlovskaya, Zvenigorod district, on the left bank of the river. Istra, 5 miles from the city of Voskresensk, Moscow Province. The authors of the excavations A.P. Fedchenko and V.F. Oshanin, 1865
MA Moscow State University, no. 859-866; 8745. Skulls from burial mounds near the village of Yabedino, Zvenigorod district, on the bank of the river. Istra, Moscow Province. The authors of the excavations A.P. Bogdanov and L.P. Kulakovskiy, 1865
MA Moscow State University, No. 871. Skull from a mound near the village of Yudino, Zvenigorod district, Moscow province. Received from N. Dubrovin.
MA Moscow State University, no. 5660-5662; 5681-5694; 5696-5707; 5709-5711; 5714. Skulls from mounds near Dolgorukovskaya dacha, Dmitrovsky district, Moscow province. The author of the excavations was Yu. G. Gendune, 1907.
MA Moscow State University, No. 7368; 7370-7372; 7421; 7425. Skulls from mounds near the village. Vorontsov, Ruza district, Moscow province. Author of the excavations A. V. Artsikhovsky, 1928
MA Moscow State University, No. 7378. Skull from the mound near the village. Red camp. Ruza district, Moscow province. Author of the excavations A. V. Artsikhovsky, 1928
MA Moscow State University, no. 8198-8203. Skulls from burial mounds near the village of Pekunovo, Kimrsky district, Moscow province. The author of the excavations N. P. Milonov, 1933
MA Moscow State University, no. 8293-8298. Skulls from mounds near the village of Shustino, Dmitrovsky district, Moscow province. Author of the excavations N. A. Elizarova, 1933
MA Moscow State University, N ° 903-907. Skulls from mounds on the banks of the river. Darkness near the village of Tukhino, Tver region, Tver province. The author of the excavations V. Ya. Shcherbakov, 1878
MA Moscow State University, No. 908-910. Skulls from burial mounds near the village of Igrischi, Tver region, Tver province. The author of the excavations V. Ya. Shcherbakov, 1881
MA Moscow State University, No. 912-914. Skulls from burial mounds near the village of Novoselets, near Golbov and Trinity, Tver district, Tver province. The author of the excavations V. Ya. Shcherbakov, 1878
MA Moscow State University, No. 915; 917-920; 922. Skulls from burial mounds 4 versts from the city of Rzhev, on a cape formed by the confluence of the Volga and Loga. The author of the excavations D. F. Shcheglov, 1878
MA Moscow State University, no. 958-963; 965-969; 971. Skulls from burial mounds 1.5 versts from the villages of Kleopina and Kokoreva and 2 versts from the villages of Balashninoya and Rozhdest-venoy, Staritsky, Tver province. The author of the excavations L. N. Bastamoi, 1879
MA Moscow State University, No. 972 The author of the excavations L. N. Bastamov, 1882
MA Moscow State University, No. 975; 977-986. Skulls from mounds on the right, the bank of the river. Medveditsy, near the village of Vorobyeva, Korchevsky near. Author of the excavations V. A. Chagin, 1879
MA Moscow State University, No. 7384. Skull from the mound near the village. Shishimorovo, Ruza district, Moscow province. Author of the excavations A. V. Artsikhovsky, 1928
MA Moscow State University, No. 930; 932-933; 936. Skulls from mounds near the village. Petrovsky and 8 versts of Art. With. Rzhev, Tver lips. The author of the excavations D. F. Shchegolev, 1878
MA Moscow State University, No. 974. Skull from a barrow on the bank of the village. Sozi, at the village Nikolsky, Korchevsky district, Tver province. The author of the excavations was A. N. Lodyzhinsky (the year of the excavations is unknown).
MAE, coll. 5538, No. 1, 4, 5, 6, 11, 13, 14, 16, 28. Skulls from burial mounds near the village of Abakumova and Lake Ilov, Vyshnevolotsky district, Tver province. Author of the excavations N. A. Ushakov, 1843-1844.
Yaroslavl group of mounds (58 male and 27 female skulls).
MA Moscow State University, no. 1083-1099. Skulls from the mounds of Uglich district. Yaroslavl province. The author of the excavations N. A. Ushakov, 1878
MA Moscow State University, No. 1040-1968. Skulls from mounds near the village of Kiryanova, Uglich near .. Yaroslavl province. The authors of the excavations N. A. Ushakov, 1878 and A. I. Kelsiev, 1878
MA Moscow State University, no. 1030-1039. Skulls from mounds on the right bank of the Volga, near the village of Zhukova, near the village. Klimontov and 5 versts from the town of Myshkin. The author of the excavations N. A. Ushakov, 1878
MA Moscow State University, no. 1069-1070; 1072; 1074-1080. Skulls from burial mounds near the village of Voronova, Uglich district, Yaroslavl province. The author of the excavations A. I. Kelsiev, 1878
MA Moscow State University, no. 1081-1082. Skulls from mounds near the village of Stromyn, Uglich district, Yaroslavl province. The author of the excavations A. I. Kelsiev, 1878
MA Moscow State University, no. 1020-1023. Skulls from mounds on the banks of the river. Rynovki, near the village of Yury-evets, 34 km from the city of Rybinsk. Author of the excavations N. G. Kertselli, 1871
MA Moscow State University, No. 1027, 1029. Skulls from burial mounds near the village of Dertniki, Rostov district, Yaroslavl province. Author of the excavations N. G. Kertselli, 1878
MA Moscow State University, no. 1024-1026. Skulls from barrows on a lion. bank of the river Bird cherry, near the village. Elokhov, 18 versts from the city of Rybinsk, Yaroslavl province. The author of the excavations was N. G. Kertselli, 1871.
MA Moscow State University, no. 1012-1017; 1019. Skulls from mounds near the village. Semenovo, Molozhskoe district, Yaroslavl province. The author of the excavations L.P. Sabaneev, 1878
MA Moscow State University, No. 1009. Skull from a mound near the village of Bolshoe Timirevo, Yaroslavl district, Yaroslavl province. The author of the excavations A. I. Kelsiev, 1878
MA Moscow State University, No. 1007. Skull from a mound near the city of Yaroslavl. Vogel excavations, year unknown.
Kostroma group of mounds (53 male and 43 female skulls).
MA Moscow State University, no. 1324-1333; 1335-1336"; 1338-1342; 1344-1347; 1350; 1358-1359; 1363. Skulls from burial mounds near the city of Plyos on both banks of the Volga River in the Nerekhtsky district, near the villages of Zinovyina, Ilyinka, in the wastelands of Reutovo, Gravitsa , Kineshma district; Popovo, Zolotukha, "Graveyard" and Sech, Kostroma district, Kostroma province Author of the excavations F. D. Nefedov, 1895
MA Moscow State University, no. 1260-1272; 1275-1279; 1281-1283; 1286-1298; 1303-1308; 1310-1315; 1318-1323. Skulls from barrows on a lion. bank of the river Poksha and partly on the right bank of the Volga, Kostroma Province. Excavations of the Kostroma Archival Commission, 1894
MA Moscow State University, No. 1348; 1357; 1360-1361; 1365-1369. Skulls from mounds near the village. Gorodok, Nerekhtsky district. Kostroma province. The author of the excavations was F. D. Nefedov, 1895-1896.
MA Moscow State University, no. 1353-1354. Skulls from mounds on the right bank of the river. Volga, in the estate of V.I. Korolev, Nerekhtsky district, Kostroma province. The author of the excavations was F. D. Nefedov, 1895-1896.
MA Moscow State University, No. 1355; 1362; 1364. Skulls from mounds near the village of Studenets, Nerekhtsky district, Kostroma province. The author of the excavations was F. D. Nefedov, 1895-1896.
MA Moscow State University, 1351. Skull from a mound near the village of Konishcheva, on the right bank of the river. Chernaya, Kineshma district, Kostroma province. The author of the excavations was F. D. Nefedov, 1895-1896.
MA Moscow State University, No. 1356. Skull from a mound near the village of Novoselki, Nerekhtsky district, Kostroma province. The author of the excavations was F. D. Nefedov, 1895-1896.
Vladmir-Ryazan-Nizhny Novgorod group of burial mounds (24 male and 23 female skulls).
MA Moscow State University, no. 1139-1140; 1142-1145. Skulls from burial mounds. Arkhangelsk Vol. Vladimir province. The author of the excavations was F. D. Nefedov, 1895-1896.
MA Moscow State University, no. i 118; 1122; 1185-1187; 1190; 1193-1194; 1196; 1198; 1199. Skulls from mounds on the bank of the river. Plemni, near the village of Ziminki, 18 nests from the city of Murom, Vladimir province. The authors of the excavations were N. G. Kertselli, 1878 and F. D. Nefedov, 1886.
MA Moscow State University, No. 1216; 1218-1219; 1221-1223; 1225-1226; 1228; 1230-1231; 1233-1237; 1240-1242. Skulls from burial mounds near the village of Popovskaya, 5 versts from the city of Kasimov, Ryazan Province. The author of the excavations F. D. Nefedov, 1877
MA Moscow State University, No. 1247; 1249-1258. Skulls from mounds near the village. Settlement, Balakhna district, Nizhny Novgorod province. The author of the excavations P. D. Druzhkin, 1877
MA Moscow State University, No. 1256. Skull from a mound near the village of Bokovo, Balakhna district, Nizhny Novgorod province. The author of the excavations P. D. Druzhkin, 1877
MA Moscow State University, No. 1255. Skull from a mound near the village of Terekhovo, Balakhna district, Nizhny Novgorod province. The author of the excavations P. D. Druzhkin, 1877
MA Moscow State University, no. 1207-1215. Skulls from burial mounds near the Velikoye Kasimovsky tract. The author of the excavations F. D. Nefedov, 1877
Polotsk group of burial mounds. I did not have the skulls of the Polotsk Krivichi at my disposal, since during the Great Patriotic War the craniological series, which were in the museums of Belarus, perished. I used the data published by G. F. Debets (1948), summing them up with the measurements of individual skulls of the Polotsk Krivichi, stored in the Museum of Anthropology of Moscow State University, carried out by V. P. Alekseev (1969). The burial mounds of the Polotsk Krivichi date back to the 11th-13th centuries.
Slovenian Novgorod
“Sloven sedosha near the lake Ilmer, and called by his name, and made hail and called Novgorod.” (P. V. L., vol. I, p. 11).
Mapping and studying the kurgan inventory of the northwestern lands of Veliky Novgorod, VV Sedov singled out two series of burials with certain types of decorations. The first series of burials is widespread on the territory of the b. Novgorod, Luga, the southern half of the Gdov districts, the southern and central parts of the Izhora plateau. This series is characterized by bracelet-shaped and rhombic-shielded temporal rings, which serve as an ethnic sign of the Slovene-Krivichi population.
The second group of burials is scattered over a vast territory. Some burials are located in the northern part of the b. Gdovsky district, in the northwestern, northern and northeastern parts of the Izhora plateau, in the southeast of the same plateau, near the village of Novo-Siverskaya. Some burials go beyond the river. Narova in the Estonian SSR. The multi-beaded temporal rings, typical of the second series of burials, belong to the Chud population of the northwest, the chronicle Vodi and Izhora.
Craniological materials from barrows with Slavic inventory were studied and published by V. V. Sedov in full. In addition to those studied by V.V. Sedov, the Novgorod Slovene group includes skulls from the kurgans of the Slantsy district of the Leningrad region, published by K. Yu. Kositsky, studied by H. N. Cheboksarov (1947). Slovenia dates back to the XI-XIV centuries.
V. V. Sedov (1952) measured skulls from the following barrow groups: Beseda (XI-XIII centuries, excavations by L. K. Ivanovsky), Kalitino, Tarovitsy (XII-XIII centuries, excavations by L. K. Ivanovsky), Artyushkino , Gorodnya, Rogatino, Torosovo, Ushchevitsy (XII-XIV centuries, excavations by L.K. Ivanovsky), Bornitsa, Gongolovo, Goritsy, Klitsa, Lorvila, Nedoblytsy, Khotynitsa, Yakovlevo (XI-XIII centuries, excavations by L.K. Ivanovsky), N. Zarechye, Ryabbolovo, Kholopovitsy, Shpankovo, Yablunitsa (XI-XII centuries, excavations by L.K. Ivanovsky), near Lake Retensky, b. Luzhsky y. (XI-XII centuries, excavations by F. Shchitnikov).
N. N. Cheboksarov (1947) measured skulls from Kositsky (XI-XII centuries, excavations by N. G. Bogoslovsky), G. F. Debets (1948) - skulls from Khreple (XI-XII centuries, excavations by A. V . Artsikhovsky), T. I. Alekseeva (1963) - from the burial mounds of the Slantsevsky district of the Leningrad Region. (villages Holguin Krest, Kriushi, Zagrivye, Mokred,
XI-XIV centuries, excavations by H. N. Gurina). 6 male and 4 female skulls from the excavations of O. V. Saadre and A. Frpden-tal, measured by K. Yu. Mark (1956), were added to the series from the burial ground near the village of Oyabgin Kresg.
Vyatichi
“A vyatko congress with his kind according to Ots, from him they were nicknamed Vyatichi” (P. V. L., vol. I, p. 14).
At present, we know of two extensive groups - Moscow and Verkhneokskaya. The Verkhneokskaya group of mounds with cremations has not been studied enough. The excavations of N. I. Bulychev, V. A. Gorodtsov, I. E. Evseev, P. E. Tkachevsky, P. N. Tretyakov and T. N. Nikolskaya allow, apparently, to consider them the oldest Vyatichsky mounds .
The Moscow group of mounds is characterized by the rite of burial (Artsikhovsky, 1930). The latest archaeological research in the field of studying burial rites makes it possible to single out six local groups within the Vyatichi tribe (Solovyeva, 1956).
I - the upper course of the river. Moscow and its tributary - the Istra. Burials in a grave pit up to a meter deep. In the graves there are remains of coffins and birch bark; sometimes the deceased was laid directly on the ground. The orientation of the burials is western.
II - the middle course of the river. Moscow. Burials were made on the horizon. Orientation is always western.
III - the interfluve of the Moscow and Klyazma rivers. Burials are in the burial pit. Western orientation. Bark was used in the burials; stonework and remains of wood were found in some burials.
IV - lower reaches of the river. Moscow and the river basin. Pakhry. Burials are on the horizon, but starting from the 13th century, burials in grave pits appear. The orientation of the dead is western, sometimes there are burials with an eastern orientation.
V - the middle course of the river. Oka and its tributary Proni. Burials were made in a grave pit, sometimes in decks. Western orientation.
VI - the middle course of the river. Ugry. Burials were made on the horizon. Western orientation.
In all local groups, except for V, traces of coal and ceramics were found.
The burial mounds of the Vyatichi are dated to the 12th-13th centuries.
I had at my disposal craniological material for all six local groups, but groups I-IV are most fully represented.
Data on the origin of the studied Vyatichi skulls.
Group I (35 male and 24 female skulls).
MA Moscow State University, No. 757-758. Skulls from burial mounds 30 versts from the city of Ruza and 0.5 versts from the village. Porechye, on the banks of the river. Moscow. Moscow province. The author of the excavations I. I. Ilyin, 1867
MA Moscow State University, no. 759-761; 763-764; 766; 768-769. Skulls from mounds near the village of Novinki, 14 versts from the city of Ruza and 13 from Mozhaisk, on the banks of the river. Palva at the confluence with the river. Iskon, Moscow province. The author of the excavations I. I. Ilyin, 1865
MA Moscow State University, no. 774-775. Skulls from burial mounds near the village of Rybushkino, Ruza district, Moscow province. Author of the excavations N. G. Kertselli, 1876
MA Moscow State University, No. 779. Skull from a burial mound near the village of Zakhryapina, Ruza district, Moscow province. Author of the excavations N. G. Kertselli, 1876
MA Moscow State University, no. 780-781. Skulls from mounds near the village of Palashkina, 12 versts from the city of Ruza, Moscow Province. The author of the excavations I. I. Ilyin, 1865
MA Moscow State University, No. 762. Skull from a burial mound near the village of Pesoshnya, Ruza district, Moscow province. Author of the excavations N. Yu. Zograf, 1888
MA Moscow State University, no. 783-785; 791-801. Skulls from mounds near the village. Krymsky, 31 miles from the city of Vereya, Vereisky, near .. Moscow province. The author of the excavations A.P. Bogdanov, 1865
MA Moscow State University, No. 7419. Skull from a burial mound near the village of Shishimorov, Ruza district, Moscow province. Excavations by A. V. Artsikhovsky, 1928
MA Moscow State University, No. 7365; 7427. Skulls from mounds near the village. Krasny camp, Ruzsky district, Moscow province. Author of the excavations A. V. Artsikhovsky, 1928
MA Moscow State University, No. 7383; 7428. Skulls from mounds near the village. Savino, Ruza district, Moscow province. Author of the excavations A. V. Artsikhovsky, 1928
MA Moscow State University, No. 8653. Skull from the mound near the village. Yabedino, Zvenigorod district, Moscow province. The authors of the excavations A.P. Bogdanov and N.I. Kulakovskiy, 1865
MA Moscow State University, N° 8798-8808; 8810. Skulls from mounds near the village of Volkov, Zvenigorod district, Moscow province. Author of the excavations A. V. Artsikhovsky, 1940
MA Moscow State University, No. 8760; 8811; 8846-8850. Skulls from burial mounds near St. Povorovka, Voskresensky district, Moscow province. Excavations by A. V. Artsikhovsky and M. V. Voevodsky, 1940
MA Moscow State University, no. 770-771; 8658. Skulls from mounds on the left bank of the river. Ozerny, Moscow Province. The authors of the excavations N. D. Dolgorukov, 1875, N. G. Kertselli, 1876
MA Moscow State University, No. 778. Skull from a burial mound near the village of Timokhina, Ruza district, Moscow province. Author of the excavations N. G. Kertselli, 1876
Group II (27 male, 11 female skulls).
MA Moscow State University No. 558. Skulls from a burial near a grotto in the Alexander Garden in Moscow. Delivered to the Museum of Anthropology by prof. G. Shchurovsky.
MA Moscow State University, No. 639; 641; 644. Skulls from mounds near the village. Ilinskoye, Moscow region, -Moscow province. Received as a gift from Prince Sergei Alexandrovich
MA Moscow State University, Ki 645-647. Skulls from mounds in the village. Bratsevo, Moscow district, Moscow province. Received as a gift from the book. N. S. Shcherbatov. v
MA Moscow State University, No. 656 -658; 660-662; 664. Skulls from burial mounds near the village. Kosino, Moscow u. The author of the excavations N. I. Lyzhin, 1886
MA Moscow State University, No. 666-667. Skulls from mounds near the village of Kotlyakovo, near the village. Kolomna, Moscow district, Moscow province. The author of the excavations was L. K. Ivanovsky, 1889-1890.
MA Moscow State University, no. 670-674. Skulls from burial mounds near the village of Rudnevo, Moscow region, Moscow province. Author of the excavations N. Yu. Zograf, 1888
MA Moscow State University, no. 5674-5676; 5681. Skulls from mounds near the village. Spas-Tushino, Moscow district, Moscow province. The author of the excavations I.K. Lindeman, 1907
MA Moscow State University, no. 7219-7226; 7289. Skulls from mounds in the village. Fili, Moscow near .. Moscow province. The authors of the excavations V. A. Gorodtsov, 1882; B. A. Kuftin, 1920
MA Moscow State University, No. 7227. Skull from the mound near the village. Listvyany, Moscow district .. Moscow province. The author of the excavations B. A. Kuftin, 1920
MA Moscow State University, No. 8441; 8550; 8818-8819. Skulls from burial mounds near the village of Cheryomushki, Moscow district, Moscow province. The authors of the excavations O. N. Bader and B. S. Zhukov, 1926; A. V. Artsikhovsky, 1936-1938
MA Moscow State University, No. 638. Skull from a burial mound near the village of Mitino, Moscow district, Moscow tube. The author of the excavations A. I. Kelsiev, 1878
111 groups (38 male and 14 female skulls).
MA Moscow State University, no. 809-810; 814-815. Skulls from mounds on the banks of the river. Pelovki, near the village. Petro-Pavlovsky, Bogorodsky district, Moscow provinces. The author of the excavations A.P. Bogdanov, 1865
MA Moscow State University, No. 5679. Skull from the mound near the village. Miletus, Bogorodsky district, Moscow province. The author of the excavations I.K. Lindeman, 1907
MA Moscow State University, no. 816-820; 822-823. Skulls from mounds on the banks of the river. Klyazma, near the village of Osevo, Bogorodsky district, Moscow province. The author of the excavations A.P. Bogdanov, 1865
MA Moscow State University, no. 824-826; 828-830. Skulls from mounds near the village of Obukhova, 10 versts from the city of Bogorodsk, Moscow Province. The author of the excavations A.P. Bogdanov, 1865
MA Moscow State University, no. 5682-5685; 5688-5690; 5692-5694; 5697-5698; 5700-5714; 5716. Skulls from mounds near the village of Lepeshki, Dmitrovsky district, Moscow province. The author of the excavations I.K. Lindeman, 1907
MA Moscow State University, No. 7276; 7282; 7285. Skulls from mounds near the village. Bolshevo, Moscow district, Moscow province. The author of the excavations was V. A. Gorodtsov, 1919-1923.
MA Moscow State University, No. 7351. Skull from the mound near the village. Nikolskoye, Moscow district. Moscow province. The author of the excavations A.P. Smirnov, 1927
MA Moscow State University, No. 8501. Skull from a burial mound near the village of Aseevo, Moscow District, Moscow Province. Author of the excavations K. Ya. Vinogradov, 1923
MA Moscow State University, No. 8853. Skull from the mound near st. Fryazevo, Noginsky district, Moscow region From Kalinin, 1934
Group IV (51 male, 27 female skulls).
MA Moscow State University, no. 648-649. Skulls from mounds on the left bank of the river. Pekhorki, near the village Troitsko-Kainardzhi, Moscow district, Moscow province. The authors of the excavations V.F. Miller, V.N. Sizov, 18C9
MA Moscow State University, no. 689-696; 698-702. Skulls from mounds near the village. Myachkovo-Lukovo, Kolomna u. 15 versts from the city of Kolomna, Moscow province. Author of excavations

MA Moscow State University, no. 703-704; 706. Skulls from barrows on a lion. bank of the river Moscow, near the village Tishkovo, 30 miles from the city of Kolomna, Moscow province. Author of excavations
A. M. Anastasiev, 1875-1876
MA Moscow State University, no. 707-708; 710-717. Skulls from barrows on a lion. bank of the river Moscow, near the village Suvorovo, 18 versts from I. Kolomna, Moscow Province. Author of excavations
A. M. Anastasiev, 1875-1876
MA Moscow State University, no. 719-722. Skulls from burial mounds near the village of Rechka, 10 versts from the city of Kolomna, on the left. side of the Moscow highway, Moscow province. Author of excavations
A. M. Anastasiev, 1864
MA Moscow State University, no. 723-726. Skulls from mounds near the village. Nikolskoye, 8 versts from

MA Moscow State University, No. 727; 729-731. Skulls from burial mounds near the village of Bessonikha, 25 versts from the city of Kolomna, Moscow Province. Author of the excavations A. M. Anastasiev, 1875-1876.
MA Moscow State University, no. 732-735. Skulls from mounds near the village. Bogdanovka, 20 versts from
Kolomna, Moscow province. Author of the excavations A. M. Anastasiev, 1875-1876.
MA Moscow State University, No. 831-832. Skulls from mounds on the banks of the river. Pakhry, near the village Intercession, 5 miles from the city of Podolsk, Moscow Province. Author of the excavations N. G. Kertselli, 1876
MA Moscow State University, No. 834-836. Skulls from burial mounds on the banks of the Pakhra and Desna rivers, near the village. Dubrovitsy, 4 miles from the city of Podolsk, Moscow Province. Author of excavations
A. P. Bogdanov, 1865
MA Moscow State University, no. 837-843. Skulls from mounds on the banks of the river. Pakhry, near the village of Dobryatino, 1 verst from the city of Podolsk, Moscow Province. The author of the excavations A.P. Bogdanov, 1865
MA Moscow State University, No. 844-845. Skulls from mounds near the village. Potapovo, near Catherine's Hermitage. Podolsky district, Moscow province. Author of the excavations A. A. Gatsuk, 1865
MA Moscow State University, no. 847-848. Skulls from mounds near the village. Trinity, Podolsky near .. Moscow province. Author of the excavations A. A. Gatsuk, 1865
MA Moscow State University, No. 882. Skull from the mound near the village. Tikhvinskoe-Avdotyino, on the bank of the river. Se-verki, 18 miles from the city of Bronnits, Moscow Province. The author of the excavations S. D. Nechaev, 1854
MA Moscow State University, No. 883. Skull from the mound near the village of Golovino, on the banks of the river. Gnilushi (a tributary of the Severka River), 12 versts from the city of Bronnits. The authors of the excavations A.P. Fedchenko and
B. F. Oshanin, 1866
MA Moscow State University, No. 884. Skull from the mound near the village of Khamynyanovo, on the bank of the river. Gnilushi, 12 km from the city of Bronnits, Moscow Province. The authors of the excavations A.P. Fedchenko and
V. F. Oshanin, 1866
MA Moscow State University, No. 7275; 7278; 7287. Skulls from a mound on the bank of the river. Severki, near
D. Barabino. Podolsky district, Moscow province. Author of the excavations V. A. Gorodtsov, 1914
MA Moscow State University, no. 7348-7349. Skulls from mounds near the village. Meshcherskoye, Podolsky district, Moscow province. The author of the excavations M. E. Arsakova, 1924
MA Moscow State University, No. 7350. Skulls from the mound near the village. Puzikovo, Podolsky near .. Moscow province. The author of the excavations A. Ya. Bryusov, 1924
MA Moscow State University, No. 7359. Skull from the burial mound at the Sarafimo-Znamensky Skete, Podolsk district, Moscow province. Author of the excavations A. A. Dmitriev, 1924
MA Moscow State University, No. 8538. Skull from a mound near the village of Saburovo, Leninsky district, Moscow region. The authors of the excavations O. N. Bader and S. V. Romanovskaya, 1937
MA Moscow State University, no. 10005-10006. Skulls from mounds near the village. Tsaritsyno, Leninsky district, Moscow region Author of the excavations T. V. Ravdina, 1960
MA Moscow State University, no. 10007-10008. Skulls from burial mounds near the village of Dubki, Leninsky district, Moscow region. Author of the excavations A. V. Artsikhovsky, 1944
MA Moscow State University, no. 10009-10012. Skulls from burial mounds near the village of Beseda, Leninsky district, Moscow region. Author of the excavations A. V. Artsikhovsky, 1944
MA Moscow State University, No. 736. Skull from the barrow near the village of Pyat Krestrv, 20 versts from Kolomna. The author of the excavations A. I. Anastasiev, 1875-1876.
MA Moscow State University, No. 850. Skull from burial mounds on the bank of the river. Pakhry, near the village of Zabolotye, 6 versts from the city of Podolsk. The author of the excavations A.P. Bogdanov, 1865
Group V (15 male, 5 female skulls).
MA Moscow State University, no. 6733-6734; 6736-6737. Skulls from the necropolis in Staraya Ryazan, Spassky district. Author of the excavations A. V. Selivanov, 1888
MA Moscow State University, no. 8405-8413. Skulls from the necropolis in Staraya Ryazan. Southern town. Author of the excavations V. A. Gorodtsov, 1926
MA Moscow State University, no. 8416-8417; 8420; 10253-10255. Skulls from the necropolis in Staraya Ryazan. Middle town. The authors of the excavations V. A. Gorodtsov, 1926 n A. L. Mopgait, 1948
MA Moscow State University, no. 10556. Skull from a mound near the village. Settlements, near the city of Pronsk, Ryazan Province. The author of the excavations A. Cherepnin, 1897
MA Moscow State University, No. 6735. Skull from the necropolis in Staraya Ryazan, Ryazan Province. Author of the excavations V. A. Gorodtsov, 1926
MA Moscow State University, No. 7274. Skull from the dune "Mogilki", in the vicinity of the village. Alekanov, Ryazan district, Ryazan province. Author of the excavations V. A. Gorodtsov, 1897
Group VI (10 male and 4 female skulls).
MA Moscow State University, No. 1683. Skull from the mound near the village. Zykeevo, Zhnedrinsky district, Kaluga province. The author of the excavations is V. K. Labunsky, the year is unknown.
MA Moscow State University, No. 1684. Skull from the mound near the village. Petrovka, Zhizdrinsky district, Kaluga province. The author of the excavations is V. K. Labunsky, the year is unknown.
MA Moscow State University, no. 1686-1687; 1689-1696; 1698-1699. Skulls from burial mounds along the left littors of the Bolva river, which flows into the river. Desna, near the villages of Shui, Dobroselya and Trashkevichi, Bryansk district, Oryol province. The author of the excavations N. I. Bulychev, 1899
MA Moscow State University, no. 1408-1418. Skulls from burial mounds: a) near the town of Yukhnov, on the right bank of the river. eels; b) in the Rubakhinskaya vol., at the village of Mokroy, on the left. bank of the river Ugry, 3 versts from Yukhnov; c) in the Znamenskaya vol., at the village of Shipunya, on the left. bank of the river Ugry, 4 miles from the village. Znamensky; d) in the Znamenskaya vol., at the village of Zarechia, on the banks of the river. Ugry, 22 versts from the village. Znamensky; e) in Zhelaninskaya vol., 4 versts from the village. Desires; f) in Voskresenskaya vol., at the village of Bogatyri, 12 versts from the village. Znamensky. Author of the excavations N. G. Kertselli, 1875
Vyatichi-Krivichi group (31 male and 5 female skulls).
MA Moscow State University, no. 879-881. Mounds near Vlasov, on the banks of the Protva, 13 versts from Mozhaisk, Moscow Province. Excavations by A.P. Bogdanov, 1865
MA Moscow State University, No. 7367: 7382; 7385-7388; 7424. Mounds near Krasny Stan, Ruza near .. Moscow province. Excavations by A. V. Artsikhovsky, 1928
MA MGU. No. 7369. Mound near Tikhonovo, Ruza district, Moscow province. Excavations by A. V. Artsikhovsky, 1926
MA Moscow State University, No. 7374; 7389-7390. Skulls from mounds near the village. Savino, Ruza district, Moscow region Author of the excavations A. V. Artsikhovsky, 1928
MA Moscow State University, No. 7377; 7379-7380; 7420; 7422-7423. Skulls from mounds near the village. Shi-shimorovo, Ruza district, Moscow region The second of the excavations A. V. Artsikhovsky, 1928
MA Moscow State University, No. 7376. Skull from the burial mound of Mozhaisky district, Moscow province. (exact location unknown). Excavations by A. V. Artsikhovsky, 1928
MAE, coll. 5540, no. 1-2. Skulls from burial mounds near the village of Verkhogryaze, Zvenigorod district, Moscow province. The author of the excavations was A. D. Chertkov, 1838-1845.
MAE, coll. 1007, No. 1. Skull from a burial mound near the village of Popelkov, Klin district, Moscow province. The author of the excavations N. A. Smirnov, 1902
MA Moscow State University, No. 10309. Skull from the mound near the village. Podgorny, Orekhovo-Zuevsky district, Moscow region (The author of the excavations and the year is unknown).
Radimichi
"And coming from the reach of Radim to Szhyu, and called Radimichi." (P. V. L., vol. I, p. 14).
Based on archaeological data, a group of mounds along the left bank of the Dnieper in its middle reaches and in the basin of the river. The Sozha are associated with the Radimichi tribe (Rybakov, 1932; Solovieva, 1956). The Dnieper-Sozh group of mounds dates back to the 10th-12th centuries. Within the Radimichi tribe, eight local groups are distinguished on the basis of the burial rite (Solovyeva, 1956):
I - between the Dnieper and Sozh. Distinctive features are burial in an embankment, in coffins, orientation of the head to the west, the presence of dishes at the feet of the deceased.
II - river basin. Sozha. Burials on the horizon, no coffin, no crockery, head oriented to the west.
III - river basin. Iputi. Burials on the horizon, in coffins; along with the western orientation, mounds with an eastern orientation were found (eastern orientation in male burials), an abundance of coal next to the dead.
IV - the basin of the rivers Iput and Again. Burials in a pit, on the horizon and in an embankment. Burials on the horizon predominate. Along with the western orientation, there is also an eastern orientation (in male burials), the presence of coffins and an abundance of coal.
V - river basin. Again. Burials on the horizon, western orientation; lack of coal, coffins and dishes.
VI - the interfluve of the Iput and Again rivers. Burials in a pit, on the horizon and in an embankment, western orientation, no coal.
VII - the middle reaches of the Dnieper (from the city of Rogachev to the mouth of the Sozh), burials in a pit, on the horizon and in an embankment, burials in logs (more often male burials); orientation western, eastern is very rare (only in male burials); the presence of coal.
VIII - the interfluve of the rivers Sozha and Beseda. Burials in the mound (male) and on the horizon (male and female), orientation of women to the west, men to the west and east, the presence of coal, no burial structures.
Of the eight groups listed above, only III, VII, and VIII are represented by craniological materials, and only one skull is known from group VII. In view of the rather small number of skulls belonging to the Radimichi, the arithmetic mean and other parameters were calculated not for each local group, but for the entire Radimichi tribe as a whole.
Data on the origin of the Radimich skulls. (Total 52 male and 19 female skulls.)
I group. GM BSSR, without number (8 skulls). Skulls from mounds near the village. Kurganye, Rogachevsky district, Minsk province. The author of the excavations I. A. Serbov, 1926
III group. MA Moscow State University, no. 1954-1971. Skulls from mounds along the rivers Snova and Iputn, Novozybkovsky district, Minsk province. The author of the excavations was P. M. Eremenko, 1893-1894.
VII group. GM BSSR, No. 7, 11; 695/1. Skulls from burial mounds near the village of Gadzilo-Vnchi, Rogachevsky district, Mogilev province. The author of the excavations A.P. Lyavdansky, 1930
MA Moscow State University, No. 1870. Skull from a mound near the village of Fedorovka, Rogachevsky district, Mogilev province. (The author and year of excavation is unknown).
VIII group. MA Moscow State University, No. 1872-1877. Skulls from burial mounds in the Raduga estate, Gomel region, Mogilev province. The author of the excavations E. R. Romanov, 1888
MA Moscow State University, No. 1879. Skull from the mound near the village. Catch of Gomel district, Mogilev province. (The author and year of excavation is unknown).
MA Moscow State University, no. 10015-10016. Skulls from burial mounds near the village of Chaplin, Loevsky district, Gomel region. The author of the excavations Yu. V. K. Ukharenko, 1953
Without a group. MA Moscow State University, No. 1868. Skull from a kurgan on a lion. bank of the river Orshitsy (a tributary of the Dnieper River) near the village of Grozovitsy, 3 versts from the city of Orsha, Mogilev Province. The author of the excavations P. E. Brandenburg, 1889
MA Moscow State University, No. 1862-1865. Skulls from burial mounds near the village of Khominichi, Senno district, Mogilev province. The author of the excavations E. R. Romanov, 1886
ML MGU, No. 1867; 1880. Skulls from burial mounds in the town of Lukoml, Senno district, Mogilev province. The author of the excavations E. R. Romanov, 1886
MA Moscow State University, No. 1881-1884. Skulls from mounds on the banks of the river. Honeycomb, near the village of Ispody, near Krichev, Mogilev province. The author of the excavations V. I. Sizov, 1890
GM BSSR, without №№ (3 skulls). Skulls from burial mounds near the village of Peschanka, Slavgorod district, Mogilev region. The author of the excavations I. A. Serbov, 1926
GM BSSR, without №№ (2 skulls). Skulls from burial mounds near the village of Vasilievka, Mogilev Province. The author of the excavations is Nikolaev (the year of the excavations is unknown).
GM BSSR, No. 8/4, 7. Skulls from mounds near the village of Berdysh, Chechersky district, Gomel district, Mogilev province. Author of the excavations K. M. Polikarpovich, 1928
GM BSSR, No. 6608. Skull from a mound near the village of Kasakovka, Rogachev district, Mogilev region. Author of the excavations A. N. Lavdansky, 1930
MA Moscow State University, no. 2099-2106. Skulls from mounds along the river. Iput, Surazh district, Chernigov province. The author of the excavations P. M. Eremenko, 1891 and 1894
MA Moscow State University, no. 2076-2081. Skulls from barrows on a lion. bank of the river Babinichi, near the village Merinovka, in the tract Zarechye, 3 versts from the town of Starodub, Chernihiv Province. The author of the excavations D. Ya. Samokvasov, 1874
Dregovichi
“And the druzip sidzha between Pripet and the Dvina and draped over the Dregovichi” (P. V. L., vol. I, p. 11). The burial mounds of this territory date back to the 10th-13th centuries. (Uspenskaya, 1953).
Based on the study of the burial rite among the Dregoviches, two local groups are distinguished (Solovyeva, 1956);
I - western, right bank of the Berezina and left bank to the upper reaches of the river. Olsy. Burials on the horizon and in a pit, orientation western, very rarely eastern, burial in towers, often in a sitting position.
II - eastern, right bank of the mouth of the Berezina. Distinctive features are burials on the horizon, orientation to the west, sometimes there is an orientation to the east and north (eastern and northern orientation only in male burials), burials in towers; the use of birch bark and tombs, sometimes the sitting position of the deceased.
Data on the origin of the Dregovichi skulls.
Western group (30 male and 17 female skulls).
Without No. GM BSSR. Skulls from burial mounds near Minsk. The author of the excavations" I. A. Serbov.
MA Moscow State University, no. 1975-1979. Skulls from mounds in the villages of Yazyl and Uregva, Bobruisk district, Minsk province. The author of the excavations is N. A. Yanchuk.
MA Moscow State University, No. 1980-1983. Skulls from burial mounds in the town of Zaslavl, Minsk district, Minsk province. The author of the excavations is V. Sventsitsky.
MA Moscow State University, no. 1940-1945; 1947-1952. Skulls from mounds near the village. Solomorechie, Minsk district, Minsk province. The author of the excavations R. G. Ignatiev, 1878
MA Moscow State University, no. 1914-1925; 1928-1939. Skulls from mounds: a) near the village. Crest,. Igumensky district; b) near with. Vidogoshche, Minsk district; c) near Legoysk, Borisovsky district. Author of the excavations K. P. Tyshkevich, 1866
MA Moscow State University, No. 1973. Skull from the mound near the village. Selishche, Bobruisk near the Minsk province. Author of the excavations V. Z. Zavitnevich, 1892
Eastern group (28 male skulls).
AN BSSR, No. 663/4, 12, 34, 91, 95, 111, 115. Skulls from mounds near the village. Mityavnchi,. Slutsky district, Minsk province. The author of the excavations S. A. Dubinsky, 1929
AN BSSR, No. 657/1, 26; 660/10, 34; 664/6. Skulls from mounds near the village. Ogorodniki, Slutsky district, Minsk province. The author of the excavations S. A. Dubinsky, 1929
Academy of Sciences of the BSSR, no. 2, 5, 7 and two without no. Skulls from mounds near the village of Murava, Borisov near .. Minsk province. Author of the excavations A. N. Lyavdansky, 1930
GM BSSR, No. 666/16, 19, 29, 55; 66E / 70, 79. Skulls from mounds near the village of Milkovichn, Slutsky near .. Minsk province. The author of the excavations S. A. Dubinsky, 1929
GM BSSR, No. 658/1, 10. Skulls from mounds near the village of Azdyachitsy, Borisov district.,. Minsk province. Author of the excavations A. N. Lyavdansky, 193Ó
GM BSSR, No. 1, 5. Skulls from mounds near the village of V. Poozerye, Slutsk district, Minsk province. The author of the excavations S. A. Dubinsky, 1929
MA MSU, without no. Skull from a mound near the village of Glybovskaya, Gomel district, Mogilev province. (The author and year of excavations are unknown).
northerners
“And the friends have eaten along the Desn, and along the Seven, along the Sul, and naked the north” (P. V. L., vol. I, p. 11).
Along the middle course of the river Desna (from Trubchevek to the mouth of the Seim) * In the course of the Seim, in the upper reaches of the Sula, a mound group was discovered, which is associated with a tribe of northerners (the Seima group of mounds). Among historians and archaeologists, there are still disagreements about the boundaries of the settlement of this tribe. The majority expands the territory occupied by the northerners, considering the Dnieper as their western border (Golubovsky, 1881; Barsov, 1885; Grushevsky, 1911; Seredonin, 1916; Mavrodin, 1945; Nasonov, 1951). Recently, the point of view of B. A. Rybakov (1947), who established a new border for northerners, coinciding with the borders of the Seima group of mounds with cremations on the side and with the borders of the Novgorod-Seversky principality of the 12th century, has been gaining more and more supporters. The burial mounds date from the 10th-12th centuries. (Solov'eva, 1956). Based on the materials of this time, it is not possible to single out primary tribal groups, as was the case among the Vyatichi, Radimichi and Dregovichi.
Distinctive features of the burial rite of the northerners are burials on the horizon, orientation mainly to the west, eastern orientation is found in areas bordering with the Radimichi.
Data on the origin of the Severyansk skulls. (Total 22 male and 32 female skulls).
MA Moscow State University, no. 1886-1888; 1890-1893; 1897-1907; 1909. Skulls from mounds on the elevated bank of the river. She sang at the Belogorsk-Nikolaev Monastery, Sudzhansky District, Kursk Province. The author of the excavations D. Ya. Samokvasov, 1872
MAE, coll. 2108, No. 1, 12; coll. 2588, No. 1, 2. Skulls from mounds near the village. Gochevo, Oboyansky district, Kursk province. The author of the excavations P. S. Rykov, 1913
MA Moscow State University, No. 1910-1911. Skulls from mounds on the banks of the river. Rati, at Aleksandrovka, Kursk region, Kursk province. The author of the excavations D. Ya. Samokvasov, 1875
MAE, coll. 1030, No. 4. Skull from the mound near the village of Lebedki, Uritsky district,. Oryol province. The author and year of excavations are not known.
MA Moscow State University, No. 6805; 6816. Skulls from mounds near the village. Krasny, Konotop district, Chernihiv province. The author and year of excavation are unknown.
MA Moscow State University, No. 10048 (3 skulls) - 10054. Skulls from burial mounds at the Moiseevsky settlement of the Dmitrovsky district, Kursk region. Author of the excavations A. E. Alikhova, 1955
MA Moscow State University, no. 10305-10307. Skulls from burial mounds in the Golubitsa tract, Leninsky district. Kursk region The author of the excavations P. I. Zasurtsev, 1948
MA Moscow State University, No. 1913. Skull from a burial mound on the border of Dmitrovsky and Lgovsky districts, Kursk province. (The exact location, author and year of excavations are not known).
MA Moscow State University, No. 1912. Skull from the mound near the village. Korobkin. Lgovsky district, Kursk province. The author of the excavations is V. I. Sizov, 1885-1891.
MA Moscow State University, No. 2340. Skull from a burial mound near the village of Setnoy, Sumy district, Kursk province. The author of the excavations D. Ya. Samokvasov, 1875
Glade
According to B. A. Rybakov (1947), the middle reaches of the Dnieper (from Pereyaslavl-Khmelnitsky to Kyiv), the lower reaches of the Desna (to Novgorod-Seversk), the upper reaches of the Sula, as well as the cities of Kyiv, Chernigov and Pereyaslavl should be attributed to the territory of the meadows. -Khmelnitsky cue.
The Tale of Bygone Years, linking the resettlement of the glades with the Dnieper, does not give a more accurate localization of them: “It’s the same with the Slovene who came and went down the Dnieper and crooked the glade ...” (P. V. L., vol. I , page 11).
Distinctive features of the burial rite are burial in a deep pit, orientation is western, sometimes with a deviation to the north or south; almost complete absence of dishes and coal, as remnants of the cremation rite.
Burial mounds date back to the 9th-13th centuries. No local group differences can be found based on the materials of this time.
Data on the origin of the Polyana skulls.
Chernihiv group of mounds (24 male and 13 female skulls).
MA Moscow State University, № 2001-2003; 2006-2010; 2012; 2015; 2016; 2018; 2020-2021. Skulls from mounds in the grove of the Trinity Monastery on the Boldin Hills on the banks of the river. Desna, near the city of Chernigov. The author of the excavations D. Ya. Samokvasov, 1872
MA Moscow State University, No. 2083; 2085-2095; 2098. Skulls from mounds on the banks of the river. Stryzhnya, near the village of Gushchino, Chernigovsky near. The author of the excavations is D. Ya. Samokvasov, the year is not known.
MA Moscow State University, No. 2108. Skull from a mound in the town of Stolnoye, Sosnitsky district, Chernihiv province. The author of the excavations D. Ya. Samokvasov, 1878
MA Moscow State University, No. 2109. Skull from a burial mound near st. Bakhmach, Landvarovo-Romny railway D., Konotop district, Chernihiv province. The author of the excavations is D. Ya. Samokvasov, 1876-1878.
Poltava Museum, No. 25, 27, 28. Skulls from burial mounds near the village of Shestovitsy, Chernigov district, Chernigov province. The author of the excavations P. Smolichev, 1925
MA Moscow State University, No. 2107. Skull from the "Ocheretovatoy Grave", a mile and a half from the village. Koshar, Konotop district, Chernigov province. The author of the excavations P. V. Kibalchich, 1878
Pereyaslav group of burial mounds (36 male and 11 female skulls).
Poltava Museum No. 92, 95, 102-104, 111, 121, 123, 126, 132, 146, 150, 161-162, 169, 175, 176, 179, 184, 194, 200, 201, 217, 213; 185/1, 2. Skulls from mounds near the city of Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky, Poltava province. Author of the excavations V. M. Shcherbakovsky, 1914
MA Moscow State University, no. 2269-2283; 10325-10327. Skulls from burial mounds near the city of Persyasla-va-Khmelnitsky, Poltava province. The author of the excavations D. Ya. Samokvasov, 1877
MA Moscow State University, no. 2304-2314. Skulls from mounds near the village. Bear, Romensky district, Poltava province. The author of the excavations D. Ya. Samokvasov, 1876
MA Moscow State University, no. 2284-2287; 2289-2301; Poltava Museum 336/1; 336/2; 337, 339. Skulls from mounds near the village. Linden, Romensky district, Poltava province. The authors of the excavations D. Ya. Samokvasov, 1876; T. V. Kibalchich, 1878; I. F. Ogneva, S. A. Mazaraki
1877
Poltava Museum No. 74; 235; 250; 259. Skulls from mounds near the village of Liplyava, Pereyaslavsky district, Poltava province. The author of the excavations V. M. Shcherbakovsky, 1913
Poltava Museum No. 275; 281; 295; 276/1; 276/2. Skulls from a burial mound near Laman's farm, Kremenchug district, Poltava province. The author of the excavations V. M. Shcherbakovsky, 1913
MA Moscow State University, no. 6817-6819. Skulls from burial mounds near the village of Brovarkn, Godyachsky district, Poltava province. Author of the excavations V. V. Khvoyko, 1903
MA Moscow State University, no. 6807-6808; 6821. Skulls from mounds on Castle Hill, near
Dubna, Dubansky district, Poltava province. Author of the excavations N. Shmytkin, 1912
Kyiv group of mounds (36 male and 26 female skulls) 3.
MA Moscow State University, no. 2233-2241; 7335; 8863 and one skull without no. Skulls from mounds on the Prince's Mountain on the banks of the river. Ros, Cherkasy district, Kyiv province. The author of the excavations N. D. Belyashevsky, 1891
MA Moscow State University, No. 1045 (two skulls), 10458 (four skulls). Skulls from mounds
Sagunovka village, Cherkasy district, Cherkasy region The author of the excavations was E. A. Symonovich, 1957.
MA Moscow State University, No. 2209. Skull from the burial mound near the Kitaevskaya desert and the ancient settlement (annalistic Pereskin). Author of the excavations V. B. Antonovich, 1874
The Kyiv glade group also includes the craniological series published by G.P. Zinevich (1964) from the Nikolaevsky (17 skulls) and Khutor-Polovtsy (26 skulls) burial grounds.
From the mounds of the Kyiv group, a craniological series is also known, mined by D. Ya. Samokvasov in 1878 in the Kanevsky district of the Kyiv province. These skulls in their morphological features differ sharply from other skulls of the Polyana territory in the direction of rapprochement with the Mongoloid groups. Apparently, these are the skulls of the nomadic population. The series was studied separately. Skulls from the burial mounds of the Kanevsky district are stored under the number 6801-6804; 6810-6812; 6814— 6815 at MA Moscow State University.
Chernihiv group of cemeteries. (44 male and 39 female skulls).
MA Moscow State University, no. 2022-2024; 2025-2029; 2031-2033; 2042-2069. Skulls from an ancient cemetery in Chernigov. The author of the excavations D. Ya. Samokvasov, 1877
MA Moscow State University, no. 1985-1994; 1996-2000 Skulls from an ancient cemetery on the banks of the river. Strizhnya, near the Church of Boris and Gleb. The author of the excavations T. V. Kibalchich, 1878
MA Moscow State University, no. 2036-2038; 2040-2041. Skulls from an ancient cemetery on the banks of the river. Strizhnya, in the city of Chernigov. The author of the excavations D. Ya. Samokvasov, 1878
MA Moscow State University, No. 2070; 2072-2075; 2110. Skulls from the ancient cemetery in the estate
S. Ya. Ponomarev, in the city of Konotop, Chernigov Province. The author of the excavations is T. V. Kibalchich,
1878
MA Moscow State University, no. 10899-10915. Skulls from the ancient cemetery on the "Castle" mountain in the city of Lyubech, Chernihiv region. The author of the excavations B. A. Rybakov and T. I. Makarova 1958
MA Moscow State University, no. 2034-2035. Skulls from the caves at the Holy Trinity Monastery in Chernigov. The author of the excavations T. V. Kibalchich, 1878
Kyiv group of cemeteries (29 male and 11 female skulls).
MA Moscow State University, no. 2113-2127; 2129-2137. Skulls from an ancient cemetery in Kyiv. The author of the excavations T. V. Kibalchich, 1878
MA Moscow State University, No. 2155. Skull from an ancient cemetery on the corner of Lukyanovskaya st. and Nameless lane. in Kyiv. The author of the excavations T. V. Kibalchich, 1878
MA Moscow State University, no. 2141-2148. Skulls from the ancient cemetery on Kirillovskaya st. in Kyiv. The author of the excavations V. B. Antonovich, 1870.
MA Moscow State University, No. 2138. Skull from the ancient cemetery near the Church of the Tithes in Kyiv. Author of the excavations V. B. Antonovich, 1870
MA Moscow State University, No. 2156-2159. (No. 2159—two skulls). Skulls from ancient graves on Upper Yurkovitsa, above the river. Glubochitsa in Kyiv. The author of the excavations T. V. Kibalchich, 1878
MA Moscow State University, No. 2211; 2213. Skulls from the mound beyond the river. Lebedyo near Kyiv. The author of the excavations D. Ya. Samokvasov, 1878
MA Moscow State University, No. 2160. Skull from the ancient cemetery on Trekhsvyatitelskaya st. in
Kyiv. Random find book. P. A. Trubetskoy, in 1878
For information about the origin of the skulls, see: Anastasiev, 1876; Artsikhovsky, 1930, 1947; Bader, 1947; Bastamov, 1886; Belyaev, 1876; Benzingr, 1878;
Bogdanov, 1865, 1867, 1878, 1879, 1880; Bogoyavlensky, 1947; Brandenburg, 1890; Bulychev, 1899; Vinogradov, 1926; Gatsuk, 1903; Gorbachev, 1886; Gorodtsov, 1898, 1905, 1927; Druzhkin, 1878; Dubshsk1, 1930; Zhiznevsky, 1878-1879, 1878-1879a, 1879, 1886; Ignatiev, 1880; Kamensky and S. A. A., 1903; Kelsiev, 1878-1879, 1879; Kerzelli,
1876, 1878, 1878-79; Kibalchich, 1878-1879, 1878-1879a; Kozhevnikov, 1894; Lindemann, 1909; Lyaudansky (unpublished materials); Magura, 1903; Miller, 1890; Mongait, 1955, 1961; Nefedov, 1878, 1878a, 1899; Report on the status and activities of the imp. Moscow archeol. Society, 1894; Minutes of the meetings of the imp. Moscow archeol. Society, 1894, 1904, 1904a; Rabinovich, 1940; Romanov, 1886, 1889; Rykov, 1923; Samokvasov, 1878-1879, 1908, 1908a, 1915, 1917; Serbau, (unpublished materials); Sizov, 1908; Smolichev, 1926; Spitsyn, 1894, 1896, 1899, 1905, 1905a, 1906; Tyshkevich, 1876; Uspenskaya, 1953; Ushakov, 1843, 1878-1879; Chagin, 1879; Chebysheva, 1886; Cherepnin, 1898; Shcheglov, 1878; Shmytkina, 1914.
Tivertsy and Uchi
"... improve and tivortsi sityahu more along the Dniester, sit down to Dunaev." (P. V. L. vol. I, p. 14). Based on chronicle data, it is difficult to accurately localize the location of each of these tribes. This difficulty has not yet been removed by studying the material culture of the Slavic tribes of the Dniester region. The archaeological complex that accompanies the burials does not make it possible to accurately establish ethnicity. It can equally belong to both the Tivertsy and the streets (Fedorov, 1960, 1961), therefore, the craniological materials from the Branesht burial ground in Moldova and the Vasiliev burial ground in the Chernivtsi region are combined under the name - Tivertsy and streets. The burial grounds of the Slavs of the Prut-Dniester interfluve are dated
X—XI centuries
I used already published works on both of these cemeteries (Velikanova, 1964). In addition, craniological series from the village of Khansk of the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which, however, could not be combined with the series from the Braneshtsky and Vasilyevsky burial grounds due to morphological dissimilarity with them.
Drevlyans
"... and you are Slovenes who came from gray hair along the Dnieper and roamed the clearing, and the friends of the Drevlyans, behind gray hair in the forests ...". The chronicle places the Drevlyans next to the glades. However, the territory of the settlement of the Drevlyans is determined by the chronicle very inaccurately. Although in the grave inventory, which is very poor, it is not possible to single out items characteristic of the Drevlyans, the burial rite has a number of features (mounds with burials on the horizon and in the mound), which make it possible to outline the boundaries of the territory of the Drevlyans. They stretch "from Zdvizh and Teterev in the south to the mouth of the Goryn and Pripyat in the north, and from the lower reaches of the Uzh and Teterev in the east to the interfluve of Sluch and Goryn in the west" (Rusanova, 1960, p. 68). The Drevlyanian craniological series from the burial mounds of the Sluch-Pripyat interfluve were published by G. F. Debets (1948). Unfortunately, only male Drevlyansk skulls are known. Women's skulls were not published at one time, and during the Great Patriotic War, while in the museums of Ukraine, the skulls of the Drevlyans died. In this regard, I had neither the opportunity to measure the female series, nor to supplement the research program with signs of a high taxonomic rank (the angles of the horizontal profiling of the face and the protrusion of the bridge of the nose), which are currently accepted by Soviet anthropological science. The mounds of the Drevlyans date back to the 11th-13th centuries. (Rusanova, 1960).
33

Rice. 1. The resettlement of the East Slavic tribes in the IX-XIII centuries. (the map was compiled on the basis of burial grounds with corpses).

List of burial grounds where the studied skulls come from 4. Vladimir province. Murom district: Ziminki village, N. G. Kertselli, 1878; F. D. Nefedov, 1886. Kaluga province. Zhiedrinsky U.: with. Petrovka and Zykeyevo, V.K. Labunsky (the year of excavations is unknown). Kyiv province. Kanevsky U.; excavations by D. Ya. Samo-kvasov, 1878 (the exact location of the burial mounds is unknown). Kyiv u.:
1) Kyiv, Kirillovskaya st. and Tithe Church, V. B. Antonovich, 1870;
2) Kyiv (ancient cemetery), Upper Yurkovitsa, Lukyanovskaya st. and Bezymyanny Lane, T. V. Kibalchich, 1878; 3) Kyiv, bank of the river. Swan,. D. Ya. Samokvasov, 1878; 4) Kiev, Trekhsvyatitelskaya st., P. A. Trubetskoy, 1878; 5) Kitaevskaya Pustyn, V. B. Antonovich, 1874. Cherkassky y.: 1) Knyazhya Gora, N. D. Belyashevsky, 1881; 2) the village of Sagunovka, E. A. Symonovich, 1957. Kostroma province. Kineshma district: the village of Zinovyina, Ilyinka, Konishcheva, Nukultseva, F. D. Nefedov, 1895-1896. Kostroma y.: 1) the deserts of Gravitsa, Zolotukha, Mogiltsy, Popovo, Reutovo, Secha, F. D. Nefedov, 1895-1896; 2) mounds on the left bank of the river. Poksha and on the right bank of the river. Volga, Kostroma Archival Commission, 1894. Nerekhtinsky district; With. Gorodok, v. Novoselki, outskirts of Ples,
village Studenets, the estate of V. I. Korolev. F. D. Nefedov, 1895-1896. Kursk province. Dmitrovsky Moiseevsky settlement, A. E. Alpkhova, 1955. Kursk U.: p. Alexandrovna, D. Ya-Samokvasov, 1875. Lgovsky University; With. Korobkino, V. I. Sizov, 1885-1891; mounds on the border of Dmitrovsky and Lgovsky counties (the year and the author of the excavations are unknown). Oboyansky With. Gochevo, P. S. Rykov, 1913. Sudzhansky at. Belogorsk-Nikolaev Monastery, D. Ya. Samokvasov, 1872. Sumy region:
1) Setnoy farm, D. Ya. Samokvasov, 1875; 2) Golubitsa tract, P.I. Zasurtsev, 1948. Mogilev province. Gomel y.: 1) p. Vylevo (author and year of excavation unknown); 2) Raduga estate, E. R. Romanov, 1888. Krichevsky district: der. Undersides, V. I. Sizov, 1890. Orsha district. the village of Grozovitsa, H. E. Brandenburg, 1889. Sennensky district: M. Lukomlya, the village of Khominichi, 1886. Loevsky y.: 1) the village of Chaplin, Yu. V. Kukharenko, 1953; 2) the village of Glybovskaya (the author and year of the excavations are unknown). Moscow province. Vologda y.: 1) village Obukhova, Oseevo, s. Petrovo-Pavlovskoe, A. P. Bogdanov, 1865; 2) with. Milet, I. K. Lindeman, 1907. Bronnitsky y.; 1) the village of Golovino and Khamyyanovo, A.P. Fedchenko and V.O. Oshanin, 1866;
2) with. Tikhvinskoe-Avdotino, S. D. Nechaev, 1854. Voronezh district. With. Crimean,
A. P. Bogdanov, 1865. Voskresensky at. Art. Povorovka, A. V. Artsikhovsky and M. V. Voevodsky, 1940. Dmitrovsky y.: 1) Dolgorukovskaya dacha, Yu. G. Gendune, 1907; 2) the village of Lepeshki, I.K. Lindenman, 1907; 3) the village of Shustino, I. A. Elizarova, 1933. Zvenigorod y .: 1) the village of Verkhogryazye, A. D. Chertkov, 1838, 1845; 2) the village of Pavlovskaya, A.P. Fedchenko and V.F. Oshanin, 1805; 3) with. Yabedino, A. P. Bogdanov. I. I. Kulakovsky, 1805; 4) v. Volkovo, A. V. Artsikhovsky, 1949; 5) d. Yudino. N. Dubrovin (year of excavation unknown). Kimrsky district: the village of Pekunovo, N. P. Milonov, 1933; Klinsky district: der. Popelkova, N. A. Smirnov, 1902. Kolomna district.
1) the village of Rechka, A. M. Anastasiev, 1864; 2) with. Bogdanovka, p. Myachkovo-Lukovo, with. Nikulskoye, d. Five Crosses, s. Tishkozo, A. M. Anastasiev, 1875-1876. Mozhaysky U.: Vlasova, A.P. Bogdanov, 1865. Moscow U.: 1) Mitino, A.I. Kelsiev, 1878; 2) with. Kosino, P. I. Ski, 1886; 3) the village of Rudnevo, N. Yu. Zograf, 1888;
4) with. Troitsko-Kainardzhi, V. I. Sizov, 1889; 5) with. Kolomenskoye, L. K. Ivanovsky, 1889-1890; 6) p. Spas-Tushino, I.K. Lindenman, 1907; 7) p. Bolshevo.
B. A. Gorodtsov, 1919-1923; 8) p. Fili. V. A. Gorodtsov, 1882; B. A. Kuftin, 1920; 9) p. Listvyany, B. A. Kuftin, 1920; 10) the village of Aseevo, K. Ya. Vinogradov, 1923.;
11) p. Nikolskoe, A. P. Smirnov, 1927; 12) Moscow (Alexander Garden), G. E. Shchurovsky (year unknown); 13) p. Ilinskoe, S. A. Romanov (year unknown); 14) p. Bratsevo, P. S. Shcherbatov (year unknown); 15) d. Cheryomushki. O. N. Bader and B. S. Zhukov, 1926; A. V. Artsikhovsky, 1936-1938. Noginsk district: st. Fryazevo, Kalinin, 1934. Orekhovo-Zuevsky district: p. Podgornoye (author and year of excavation unknown). Podolsky district: with. Dubrovitsy, the village of Dobryatino, Zabolotye, A.P. Bogdanov, 1865; 2) with. Potapovo, Troitskoe, A. A. Gatsuk, 1865;
3) with. Pokrov, N. G. Kertselli, 1876; 4) village Barabino, V. A. Gorodtsov, 1914;
5) with. Meshcherskoe, M. E. Arsakova, 1924; 6) p. Puzikovo, A. Ya-Bryusov, 1924; 7) Se-rafimo-Znamensky Skete, 1924. Ruza y.: 1) Novinki village, Palashkina, I. I. Ilyin, 1865; 2) with. Porechye, I. I. Ilyin, 1867; 3) v. Zakhryapina, Rybushkina, Timokhina, N. G. Kertselli, 1876; 4) with. Volynshchina, N. D. Dolgorukov, 1875; N. G. Kertselli, 1876; 5) the village of Pesosni, N. Yu. Zograf, 1888; 6) p. Tikhonovo,
A. V. Artsikhovsky, 1926; 7) p. Krasny Stan and Savino, Vorontsovo, the village of Shishimorovo, A. V. Artsikhovsky, 1928. Tsaritsynsky y.: 1) the village of Saburovo, O. N. Bader and
S. V. Romanovsky, 1937; 2) d. Conversations, Dubki, A. V. Artsikhovsky, 1944;
3) with. Tsaritsyno, T. V. Ravdina, 1960. Minsk province. Bobruisk y.: 1) p. Selishche, V. Z. Zavitnevich, 1892; 2) the village of Yazyl, Uregva, N.A. Yanchuk (the year of the excavations is unknown). Borisovsky y.: 1) Logoisk estate, K. P. Tyshkevich, 1866;
2) the village of Azdyachitsy, Murava, A.N. Lyavdansky, 1930. Igumensky district. With. Comb, K. P. Tyshkevich, 1866. Minsk y.: I) p. Vidogoshche, K. P. Tyshkevich, 1866;
2) the town of Zaslavl, V. Sventsitskin (the year of excavations is unknown); 3) with. Solomo River, R. G. Ignatiev, 1878. Novozybkovsky U.: Mounds along the rivers Snova and Pput, P. M. Eremenko, 1863-1894. Slutsky district: d. V. Poozerye, Mnlkovpchp, p. Myativici, Ogorodniki, S. A. Dubinsky, 1929. Rogachevsky University: p. Kurganye, d. Peschanka, I. A. Serbov, 1926; the village of Fedorovka (the author and year of excavations are unknown). Nizhny Novgorod province. Balakhninsky district: d. Bokovo, Torokhov, s. Settlement, P. D. Druzhinin, 1877. Oryol province. Bryansk y.: 1) p. Zagorie, Peklino, M. E. Eremenko, 1896; 2) village Ivanovichi, M.E. Eremenko, 1926; 3) the village of Dobroselye, Trashkevichi, Shuya, N. I. Bulychev, 1890; Uritsky district of the village of Lebedka. Poltava province. Godyachsky district: Brovarki village, V. V. Khvoyko, 1903. Kremenchug district: Broken farm. V. M. Shcherbakovsky, 1913. Lubansky District: Dubna (Castle Hill), N. Shmytkina, 1912. Pereyaslavsky District: 1) Pereyaslav, D. Ya. Samokvasov and V. I. Shcherbakovsky, 1877; 2) v. Liplyava, V. M. Shcherbakovsky, 1913. Romensky y.: 1) p. Linden, D. Ya. Samokvasov, 1876; T. V. Kibalchich, 1878; I. F. Ognev and S. A. Mazaraki, 1887; 2) with. Bear, D. Ya. Samokvasov, 1876. Ryazan province. Kasimovsky district: Velikoye tract, village Popovskaya, F. D. Nefedov,
1877. Pronsky University: p. Selishche, A. Cherepnin, 1897. Ryazan University: p. Alekanovo,
V. A. Gorodtsov, 1897. Spassky district: Old Ryazan, A. V. Selivanov, 1888;
V. A. Gorodtsov, 1926; A. L. Mongait, 1948. Smolensk province. Velsky U.: p. Seltso, K. A. Gorbachev, 1886. Volokolamsk district: the village of Zhela, Zhiliye Gory, Yadrovo, S. A. Gatzuk, 1904. Gzhatsky district: the village of Nikolskoye, Polepino, S. A. Gatzuk, 1904. Dorogobuzhsky y.: 1) Trukhnovo farm, V. M. Chebyshev, 1879; 2) d. Sta-
3* rai Rudnya, V. I. Sizov, 1885-1891; 3) d. Staroselye, H. E. Brandenburg, 1889;
4) with. Volochek, A. A. Spitsyn, 1892; 5) the village of Berezovka, Maly Pochinok, Dukhovishchinsky district; excavations by A. G. Kertselli (the exact location and year of the excavations are unknown). Elninskiy u.; village of Kokhany, V. I. Sizov, 1890-1891. Porechsky U.:
1) the village of Varnavno, Zubovo, Selishche, V. I. Sizov, 1890-1891; 2) the village of Klimenki, I. S. Abramov, 1905. Roslavl y.: 1) the village of Pancake heaps, Vedernnkin, Lmtvn-novka, V. I. Sizov, 1885-1891; 2) v. Azobichi, Dobronosichi, V.I. Sizop. 1890-1891. Yukhnovsky department: p. Desire, village Zarechye, s. Znamenskoye, the village of Mokraya, the village of Shipuny, the city of Yukhnov, N. G. Kertselli, 1875. Tver province. Korchevsk y.: 1) d. Vorobiev,
V. A. Chagin, 1879; 2) with. Nikolskoye, A.N. Lodyzhinsky (the year of excavation is unknown). Rzhevsky University: p. Petrovskoe, environs of the city of Rzhev, D. F. Shcheglov, 1878. Staritsk y.: 1) the village of Kleopina, Kokoreva, L. N. Bastamov, 1879; 2) "Landing mound", L. N. Bastamov, 1882. Tverskoy y.: 1) Tukhino village, V. Ya. Shcherbakov, 1878;
2) the village of Igrishi, Novoseltse, V. Ya. Shcherbakov, 1881. Chernihiv province. Konotop y.: 1) art. Bakhmach, Landvarovo-Romenskoy Railway D. Ya. Samokvasov, 1876-1878; 2) the town of Konotop (estate of S.I. Ponomarev), p. Koshar, T. V. Kibalchich, 1878. Lubech district; Lyubech, "Castle Hill", B. A. Rybakov, T. I. Makarova, 1958. Sosninsky University: M. Stolnoye, D. Ya. Samokvasov, 1878. Starodubsky University: p. Merinovka, D. Ya. Samokvasov, 1874. Surazh district: mounds along the river. Iputi, P. M. Eremenko, 1891, 1894. Chernihiv district. 1) the village of Gushchino, a grove of the Trinity Monastery on the Boldin Hills, D. Ya. Samokvasov, 1872; 2) Chernigov, ancient cemeteries, D. Ya. Samokvasov, 1877; 3) Chernigov, near the Church of Boris and Gleb, Holy Trinity Monastery, T. V. Kibalchich, 1878; 4) the village of Shestovitsy, P. Smolichev, 1925. Yaroslavl province. Molozhsky U.: with. Semenovo, L. P. Sabaneev,
1878. Myshkinsky district: the village of Zhukov, D. A. Ushakov, 1878. Rostov district: the village of Dert-niki, N. G. Kertselli, 1878. Rybinsk district; With. Elokhovo, the village of Yuryevets, N. G. Kertselli, 1871. Uglich y.: 1) the village of Voronova, Stromyn, A. I. Kelsiev, 1878;
2) village Kiryanova, A. I. Kelsiev, D. A. Ushakov, 1878; 3) excavations by D. A. Ushakov in 1878 (the exact location of the burial mounds is unknown). Yaroslavl University: 1) the village of Bolshoe Timerevo, A. I. Kelsiev, 1878; 2) environs of the city of Yaroslavl.
Vogel (year of excavation unknown)
On the basis of differences in the burial rite between individual burial grounds, it was possible to differentiate craniological materials, still attributed to the Drevlyans, into Drevlyans and Volyns (see Chapter II).
In total, the Eastern Slavs are represented by 1676 skulls, of which 1135 are male, 541 are female. The location of the studied craniological series for individual East Slavic tribes and the list of settlements from which the series originate, see Fig. one.
Age distribution of the studied skulls
Most of the skulls belong to two age categories, adultus and maturus, and in 70% of the groups in men and in 100% of women, the adultus age accounts for the majority of deaths (Table 3). In nine women's groups out of the seventeen examined, there were no skulls belonging to the senile group at all. The absence of old age is more often noted in the Middle Dnieper Slavic groups, especially among the urban and rural population of the Polyany territory. It is possible that this is due to the military events that took place on the southern borders of Russia in the Middle Ages, when men died at a young and mature age, not living to old age.
The average age of the studied male skulls by groups ranges from 33.6-45.6 years, female - from 29.7 to 41.9 years. In general, the male craniological series is 4.5 years older than the female one. This age gap is very small, therefore, in terms of age, both sexes are comparable. Data on age distribution

series due to the lack of children's skulls and the inability to judge the degree of completeness of the excavations of cemeteries cannot be used for. objective calculation of the average life expectancy of the East Slavic population. The absence of children's skulls led to a clear overestimation of the average life expectancy of the Eastern Slavs. Apparently, it was lower than the values ​​we obtained, i.e., below 40 years for men and 35 years for women. In one way or another, only the fact of women dying at an earlier age can be considered objective. In particular, for example, in adolescence from 16 to 19 years, the percentage of deaths for women ranges from 5.9 to 18.8, and for men - from 1.1 to 8.6. It is hardly possible to explain this by the better preservation of female skulls at a young age. Even if we assume the very poor preservation of juvenile skulls compared to adults, and this explains the relatively low percentage of mortality we obtain at a young age, it remains unclear why the skulls of young women are better preserved than the skulls of young men. The latter, as a rule, have more massive bone, and mineralization is only slightly lower than in women5. A large percentage of mortality in women aged 20 to 40 years and a small percentage in senile compared to men confirms the assumption that the life expectancy of East Slavic women is shorter.
When comparing the average age of deceased men and women in different groups, it turns out that in more than 80% of cases in groups with a longer life expectancy of men, a longer life expectancy of women is also observed (Table 3).
The picture of a shorter life expectancy of Slavic women in the Middle Ages is confirmed by data on the age distribution of skulls from the Mikulčice burial ground in Moravia (Stloukal, 1963) (Table 4). The fact of a shorter life expectancy of the Slavic
Table 4

mortality in childhood), higher than in the East Slavic lands. An exception is the Braneshty burial ground in the Prut-Dnieper interfluve (Velikanova, 1964), where the average age of the dead is also higher than in the series studied by me, although lower than in Moravia. Accounting for infant mortality reduces the age of the dead in the Branesht burial ground by almost ten years, and in Mikulchitskoye by only two years. The data presented in no way claim to solve paleodemographic questions. Not to mention the fact that the absence of children's skulls in our series and the lack of information about the completeness of the excavations of the burial grounds prevent the use of craniological materials on the Eastern Slavs for these purposes, the very determination of age based on the degree of wear of teeth and overgrowing of sutures suffers from a certain subjectivity. Nevertheless, I consider it possible, given the parallelism of the results for various craniological series, to present these data in order to make an indicative judgment about the paleodemographic structure of the ancient Slavic population.

WESTERN AND SOUTHERN SLAVES: OBODRITE, POMORIANS,
SERBS-LUZHYANS, SLEZNYANS, POLANA, VISLANY, MAZOVSHANS,
"BOHEMIANS", CZECH, MORAVANS, SLOVENES, CROATS, BULGARIANS

Due to the fact that the predominantly anthropological characteristics of the Eastern Slavs are given not on the basis of materials from individual burial grounds, but on the basis of ethnic groups, it seemed appropriate to provide comparative data for the same categories. It should be noted, however, that the combination of skulls from individual burial grounds according to ethnic groups was carried out in the case of territorial and anthropological proximity, as well as the similarity of grave goods and the burial rite. Materials from individual burial grounds were cited as comparative only when the ethnic group was represented by a single burial ground, or ethnicity was not determined, or in the case when the population that left this burial ground significantly differed in its morphological properties from other representatives of the same burial ground. ethnic group.
Western Slavs date back to the 6th-14th centuries. As a comparison, I have drawn on numerous published data on the Baltic Slavs and the Slavs of Poland and Czechoslovakia. Most of the craniological series, however, belong to the 10th-12th centuries. The total number of skulls is 1961, male - 1165, female - 796. All West Slavic series, with the exception of materials from the well-known report by I. Shvidetskaya (Schwidetzky, 1938), are published according to burial grounds. In order to compare the craniological series for the Eastern and Western Slavs, it was expedient to consider the data for the Western Slavs in accordance with tribal affiliation.
From the territory of the Western Slavs there are craniological series of ten tribal groups.
On the right bank of the Baltic Sea from the Gulf of Lübeck to the lower reaches of Varna lived obodrites, currently known from a series of skulls from Mecklenburg published by Asmus (Asmus, 1902). A series of skulls of the Pomeranians, a tribe that lived east of the Oder to the borders of the Prussians, can be attributed to the Baltic Slavs. We included the craniological Slavic series originating from western Prussia into the same group.
One of them was published by I. Shvidetskaya in this work, the other by Lissauer (Lissauer, 1878). In the upper reaches of the Elbe there was a tribe of Lusatian Serbs known from craniological materials from Saxony (Schwidetzky, 1938) and Brandenburg (Busse, 1934).
Of the tribes that lived on the territory of Poland, craniological materials are represented by Sleznyan, Polan, Vistula and Mazovshan. Sleznians are known from skulls from Silesia (Schwidetzky, 1938), Polans from a relatively recently published burial ground on Lednický Island, which provided numerous craniological material (Wokroj, 1953), 6 and from less numerous series published by Virchow (Virchow, 1873). Kopernicki (Kopernicki, 1879) and Stojanowski (1934). The Vistulas are represented by materials from cemeteries located in the upper reaches of the Vistula - Bazaar Novaya (Wolansky, 1954), Konska (Damabski, 1955), Sambozhets (Sarama, 1956) and Vistlitsa (Wiercinski, 1964). The Mazowshans, who lived in the middle reaches of the Vistula, are represented by a very small series of skulls published by L. Rutkowski (Rutkowski, 1907, 1907a).
A large number of craniological series related to the Bohemians, Czechs and Moravians originate from the territory of Czechoslovakia.
“Bohemians” are known from a series from Bohemia published by Ya-Matejka (Matiegka, 1891), Czechs from burial grounds located in the center of the country - Stara Kourzhim (Chochol et al., 1960), Brandi-shek (Chochol et al., 1961) , Suloyovitsy (Paleckova, 1961), Libice (Hajnis, 1964), Teplice (Blajerova, 1961).
The largest amount of craniological materials from the territory of Czechoslovakia belongs to the Moravans - a union of small tribes that lived along the river. Morave.
The unification into tribal groups took place not only according to ethnic and geographical principles, but anthropological unity was taken into account. In those cases where, despite the ethnic community and the common territory, there was an insignificant difference in the anthropological type, the craniological series were not combined. This applies in particular to the Moravans. From the territory of Moravia there is a significant number of craniological specimens dating back to the 9th-13th centuries. The anthropological composition of the Moravans is very heterogeneous. However, this heterogeneity is not associated with different chronological frames. Thus, the anthropological variant known from the burial ground in Mikulčice (Stloukal, 1962, 19626, 1964a) and dated
9th century, typical for the Moravans of the 11th century, who left the burial grounds of Grudy (Stloukal, 1961) and Mistrin (Stloukal, 1964), as well as for the population of Slovakia of the 12th-13th centuries, known from the Dolní Jatov burial ground (Frankenberger, 1935) . At the same time, the anthropological variant inherent in the population of the 9th century. from the burial ground near Stare Mesto (Pavelcik, 1949, 1955, 1959, 1960), Skalica (Matiegka, 1925) and the burial grounds of the modern Austrian territory (Pöch, 1922; Tuppa, 1935; Geyer, 1931; Toldt: 1912), which differs from Mikulczyk primarily a smaller width of the zygomatic diameter, can also be traced in the population of the 11th century. from Nitra (Mala, 1960). The presence of these differences does not make it possible to unite all the Moravan burial grounds. On the territory of Moravia proper, I singled out two anthropological variants “Iikulchitsky” and “Old-Mestsky”, on the territory of Slovakia, in addition to them, the so-called “Devinsky variant” is distinguished, which is found in the Devin burial ground and is characterized, unlike the first two, by brachycephaly.
The southern Slavs date back to the 4th-14th centuries. The total number is 581 skulls, 347 males, 234 females. 1955, 1965; Balan and Postnikova, 1962; Postnikova, 1962, 1962a, 1962-1963, 1963-1964, 1966, 1967). The group of Croats includes northern Croats (Lebzelter, 1929), southern Croats-Bosnias (Schwidetzky,
1938) and Croats from Ptuj (Ivanicek, 1951), a burial ground located in northwestern Yugoslavia. The Bulgarian craniological series studied by N. M. Postnikova in recent years more or less evenly cover the entire territory of Bulgaria (Postnikova, 1962, 1962a, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967). On the basis of anthropological similarity and territorial proximity, materials from Preslav in the 9th-13th centuries are summarized. and Madara VIII-X, XII-XV centuries. The same series, representing the medieval population of Central Bulgaria, includes Bulgarian skulls, previously known from the publication of I. Shvidetskaya (Schwidetzky, 1938), since they mainly come from Preslav. The population of northern Bulgaria is represented by craniological series from Lukovit of the 12th-14th centuries. and Pleven IV-XVII centuries, southern - skulls from Kazanlak XII-XIV centuries., Eastern - a series of Varna IV-V centuries.

NON-SLAVIC GROUPS: GERMANS, BALTS, FINNO-UGRICS, TURKS, POPULATION OF THE CRIMEA AND THE CAUCASUS

Western Europe. For analysis, craniological series were used only for the Germans, who were in direct contact with the Slavs of the Middle Ages. Other linguistic and ethnic groups of Western Europe, represented by a significantly smaller amount of craniological materials than the Germans, were involved in solving a number of specific issues of the origin of the Slavs, but they were not included in the summary of comparative data.
The German-language craniological series used in this work are represented by 2051 skulls, of which 1202 are male and 849 are female. The skulls of the Franks from the Franco-Belgian burials of the early Middle Ages (Hug, 1940), from the burial grounds of southern Germany and Switzerland, apparently belonging to the Franks, Allemans, Burgundians and Bayuvars (Hug, 1940), and from burials of central and northwestern Germany, craniologically representing the Saxons and Thuringians of the 5th-14th centuries. (Gildemeister, 1879; Hauschild, 1925; Asmus, 1937; Hug, 1940; Schaefer, 1963). In addition to those mentioned above, craniological series from the early medieval burial grounds of the Main-Rhine-Danube interfluve and Gallo-Roman burials were used for analysis from the territory of Germany (Hug, 1940).
The North Germanic tribes of the Middle Ages are represented by craniological materials from Danin and Sweden (Steffensen, 1953), Norway (Schreiner, 1939), Iceland (two series - the Viking Age and the 10th-12th centuries, Steffensen, 1953), Britain (Vikings, Steffensen , 1953) and Anglo-Saxons (Brash, Layard, Joung, 1935), Ireland (medieval monks, Howells, 1941).
Eastern Evopa. Comparative materials of the Middle Ages7 from the territory of Eastern Europe relating to the Baltic, Finno-Ugric, Turkic and other tribes are quite significant8. Some groups are represented by craniological materials from single burial grounds, others by numerous series of skulls from several burial grounds. As with the previous series, materials were combined into ethnic groups only when burial grounds belonging to a certain ethnic group contained series similar in anthropological composition. In case of heterogeneity of the physical appearance of the population that left burial grounds of the same culture, anthropological data were given separately in accordance with the typology.
The Baltic-speaking tribes are known from craniological series belonging to the Latgalians of the 10th-12th centuries. (Kpogge, 1930; Licis, 1939; Daiga, 1957; Alekseev, 1963; Denisova, 1964a), Semigallians of the 5th-7th centuries. (Licis,
1939), villages of the XI-XII centuries. (Denisova, 1964), Samogitians of the II—IX centuries. (Bitov, Mark, Cheboksarov, 1959).
Finno-Ugric ethnic groups. For their analysis, craniological series of pourings from the 11th century were used. (Weinberg, 1902), estam
XI-XIII centuries (Bitov, Mark, Cheboksarov, 1959), Western Finns VI—
7th century (Debets, 1964) 9, to the West Finnish population of the northwestern lands, dating back to the 11th-14th centuries. (Zhirov, 1937; Debets, 1948; Sedov, 1952) and the East Finnish population of the 7th-11th centuries, originating from the territory of the East European Plain (Debets, 1948), the Volga region and the Urals (Alekseeva, 1959; Akimova, 1961, 1961a, 19616 , 19626). Unfortunately, the Finnish population of the East European Plain is represented by one very small series of the 8th century. from the burial ground on the river Tsne (Debets, 1948), a craniological series from the Muransky burial ground of the 7th-11th centuries is known from the Finns in the middle Volga region. (Alekseeva, 1959) and presumably Finnish from the Syut Sirmi burial ground (Akimova, 1955). The Ural Finns of the Middle Ages include three craniological series from the Demenkovo ​​burial ground VI—
8th century Lomovatovskaya culture, Polomsky burial ground of the 6th-9th centuries. Polomskaya culture and burial ground Mydlan-Shay. The last three series, based on the similarity of the anthropological type of the population that left them, are combined into one series, which we consider as the Finns of the Kama region. The Birsk burial ground (Akimova, 1962) is presented separately.
Turkic and other Eastern European groups. From the Volga groups, in addition to the Finnish ones, craniological series on the Bulgarians, nomadic groups of the Lower Volga region and the population of the Khazar Khaganate were used as comparative ones. In addition to these groups, craniological materials from the medieval burial grounds of Tangichi and Berezovsky, whose ethnicity is not yet clear, were used for comparative analysis.
The Bulgars are known from several monuments. Directly from the territory of the Bulgar kingdom, craniological series originate from the Black Chamber and Babi Hillock (Debets, 1948), from the Greek Chamber and the Common Grave (Trofimova, 1956). The skulls from the burial grounds near the villages of Kaibely, Vorovskoy enemy (Gerasimova, 1956) and Tarkhany (Akimova, 1964) also belong to the Bulgar ones. The craniological materials related to the Bulgars are rather heterogeneous. Based on the anthropological commonality, we have identified four groups within the Bulgar series, one of which is represented by the craniological series of the 14th century. from the Greek Chamber, another - skulls from the Black Chamber, Babiy Hillock (XIV-XV centuries) and the Mass Grave (XIII-XV centuries), the third - skulls from the cultural layer in the center of the settlement, the fourth - a series of burial grounds of the VIII-IX centuries . and X-XII centuries. at the village Kaibela, a medieval burial ground near the Thieves' Enemy and a burial ground near the village. Tarkhany.
Craniological materials from the Berezovsky burial ground and the burial ground near the village of Berezovsky are also given as comparative ones. Tangichi (Alekseeva, 1958a). Both series reveal a great anthropological commonality, which gives the right to combine them into one series. The ethnicity of the skulls from these cemeteries has not been determined, but apparently they belong to the Turkic group.
The nomadic groups of the Volga region are known from several series of skulls from the mounds of the Bukeevskaya steppe (XIII century), from the mounds of the valley of the river. Irgiz (XIII century), from the cemeteries of the cities of the Lower Volga region (Uvek and others. XIII century). Due to territorial disunity and differences in a number of characteristics, the nomadic groups of the Volga region, despite the small number of skulls, did not unite. Skulls of the 12th-13th centuries belong to nomadic groups. from the Zamaraevsky burial ground on the river. Iset, and from the territory of the southern Russian steppes, craniological materials from the burial mounds of the Dnepropetrovsk and Kharkov regions. The skulls of nomads were published by G. F. Debets (1930, 1948). Recently, series from the city cemeteries of the Golden Horde, the mounds of the Bukeevskaya steppe and the Lower Volga region, from the Zamaraevsky burial ground were measured according to the program now adopted by V.P. Alekseev (1969) with the inclusion of new skulls. I used the data of V.P. Alekseev. In addition to these craniological series, the skulls from the Tyaginka burial ground in the Black Sea region (Debets, 1948), from the Mari-Lugovsky burial ground in the Volga region (Alekseev, 1962), skulls from barrows b. Kanevsky district of the Kyiv province and, possibly, a skull from the burial ground of Khansk, published by M.V. Velikanova (1965).
The population of the Khazar Khaganate is represented by several craniological series (Ginzburg, 1946, 1958, 1959; Ginzburg, Firshtein, 1959; Vuich, Ginzburg, Firshtein, 1963; Vuich, 1963, 1963a). Materials from nomadic burials (Sarkel-Belaya Vezha and Small Kurgans) are combined into one series based on anthropological similarity, the rest of the craniological series represent the urban population of the Khazar Khaganate. The early burials from Sar-Kel are singled out as an independent series.
Tribes of the Saltov-Mayak culture. For the steppe belt of Eastern Europe, materials from the burial grounds of the Saltov-Mayak culture, related to the Alan and Bulgar tribes, were used as comparative materials. The heterogeneity of the anthropological composition of representatives of this culture is very significant, therefore the craniological series originating from the Saltovsky (Alekseev, 1962a), Zlivkinsky (Nadzhimov, 1955) and Kamensky (Konduktorova, 1957) burial grounds are given separately.
The medieval population of the Caucasus is represented by craniological series from the territory of the North Caucasus and Dagestan.

Rice. 2. Ethnic groups of Eastern Europe and the North Caucasus in the Middle Ages: 1—Chernigov glades; 2 - Pereyaslav glades; 3—Kyiv meadows; 4 - northerners; 5 - radimichi; 6 - Dregovichi; 7 - Vyatichi; 8 - Smolensk Krivichi; 9 - Tver Krivichi; 10 - Yaroslavl Krivichi; 11 - Kostroma Krivichi; 12 - Vladimir-Ryazan Krivichi; 13 - Polotsk Krivichi; 14 - Slovenian Novgorod; 15 - Drevlyans; 16 - Volynians; 17 - Tivertsy and incriminate; 18 - Latgalians (Ludeensky and Reeknesky districts); 19 - Latgalians (Preichlenskin, Karsavsky, Tsesvainsky, Gauyansky districts); 20 - Latgals "Kivti"; 21 - Semigallians; 22 - Samogitians; 23 - villages; 24 - Livs; 25 - Estonians; 26 - Finns (northwestern lands)
XII-XIV centuries; 27—Finns (northwestern lands, former Tikhvin y.), 11th—13th centuries; 28 - Vod XIII-XIV centuries; 29 - Izhora XIII-XIV centuries; 30 - Eastern Finns (East European Plain); 31—Finns (?) of the Volga region (Syut-Sirmi); 32 - Finns of the Volga region (Muransk burial ground); 33 - Finns of the Kama region; 34 - Finns (Birsk burial ground); 35 - Bulgars (Greek Chamber); 36 - Bulgars (Black chamber, Babiy hillock, Mass grave); 37 - Bulgars (Kaibely, Thieves' enemy, Tarkhany); 38—Bulgars (cultural layer of the settlement); 39 - burial ground Berezovsky and Tangichi; 40 - nomads of the Bukeevskaya steppe; 41—city cemeteries of the Golden Horde; 42 - nomads of the Irgiz valley, 43 - nomads, Zamaraevsky burial ground on the Iset; 44 - nomadic population of the Khazar Khaganate (Sar-kel - Belaya Vezha, Small mounds); 45 - Sarkel (Large burial mounds); 46 - Sar-kel (burial grounds near the northern wall); 47 - nomads of the southern Russian steppes; 48 - Tyaginka burial ground; 49 - nomadic (?) population (Kanevsky district of Kyiv province); 50 - nomadic population (Mari-Lugovskon burial ground); 51—Saltovsky burial ground; 52 - Zlivka burial ground; 53—Kamensky burial ground; 54 - Burial grounds of the North Caucasus (narrow-faced anthropological type); 55 - burial grounds of the North Caucasus (broad-faced anthropological type); 56 - burial grounds of Dagestan (narrow-faced type); 57 - burial grounds of Dagestan (broad-faced type); 58 - population of the Crimea VI-VII centuries; 59 - population of the Crimea VIII-X centuries; 60 - population of Crimea at the end of the 1st - beginning of the 2nd millennium AD. e.; 61 - burial ground of Khansktan. Paleoanthropological materials on the Transcaucasus were not involved, since the population of this zone was not in contact with the Slavs. The North Caucasian craniological series originate from several cemeteries and cover the period from the 3rd to the 17th centuries, mainly located in the chronological range from the 6th to the 14th centuries. (Moshchevaya Balka, VI-VIII centuries; Gamovskoye Gorge, V-VII centuries; Circassia, early group, III-V centuries; late - VIII-XII centuries; Lower Arkhiz, XIII-XIV centuries; Zmeiskaya, X -XII centuries; Upper Dzhulat, XIV-XVII centuries; Kharkh, X-XIII centuries; Duba-Yurt, IX-X centuries).
The medieval population of Dagestan is known from craniological series from the Upper Chiryurt burial grounds of the 5th-7th centuries, Gotsatl of the 8th-
X centuries, Degva VIII-X centuries, Uzuntala IX-XI centuries, Miatli XII-XIII centuries. Unfortunately, the skulls from the burial grounds of the North Caucasus and Dagestan are not numerous. However, it is not possible to unite some series on the basis of anthropological similarity, since the burial grounds are territorially isolated. The summary data was used only for mapping to save space on the map. The combination was made on the basis of a combination of two features - zygomatic width and head index. Both in the North Caucasus and in Dagestan, two anthropological types are distinguished - narrow-faced, relatively long-headed and broad-faced, broad-headed. Craniological series on the Caucasus are partly taken from the article by V.P. Alekseev (1964), partly according to his unpublished data. Along with the author's materials, the article cites data contained in the works of a number of researchers (Debets, 1948; Bunak, 1953; Abdushelishvili, 1955; Beslekoeva, 1957; Miklashevskaya, 1959, 1959a, 1960; Gadzhiev, 1962; Alekseev, Beslekoeva, 1963). Some of the previously published series (Debets, 1948) were re-measured by V.P. Alekseev with the inclusion in the program of important racial diagnostic features characterizing the degree of protrusion of the bridge of the nose and areas of the nasion and the angles of the horizontal profiling of the facial part of the skull.
The medieval population of the Crimea is represented by craniological series quite widely, starting from the 6th century BC. and ending with the late Middle Ages. Anthropologically, the materials from the territory of the Crimea, belonging to different centuries, are very heterogeneous. Therefore, we present here several series, which could be enlarged in one way or another, taking into account anthropological unity and chronology. By II-IV centuries. include craniological materials on the Chernorechinsky and Inkerman burial grounds (Sokolova, 1963) to VI—
7th century - skulls from the burial grounds near the village. Bashtanovsky near Bakhchisaray, Chufut-Kale and Sugar Loaf (Sokolova, 1958). By the VIII-X centuries. skulls from burial grounds near Koktebel and Sudak (Sokolova, 1958) date back to the end of the 1st and the beginning of the 2nd millennium AD. e. - craniological materials from the cemetery of the city of Chersonesos, Mangup-Kale, Eski-Kermen (Debets, 1948, 1949) and Alushta (Sokolova, 1958, 1958a) (Fig. 2).

Traditional history dealt with the ethnic composition of the Old Russian state a long time ago. She refers to the Slavs the Polyans, Severyans, Drevlyans, Dregovichi, Vyatichi, Radimichi, Polochan, Krivichi, Ilmen Slovenes, Ulichi, Tivertsy and Volynyans. The fact that all these tribes are Slavs is a postulate, the cornerstone on which the whole Russian story. But is it? The evidence base of traditional history in this matter is small, which is not surprising: why, they say, prove the obvious to everyone? But I think that traditional historians, who are in hopeless prosperity, sooner or later will have to think about the absurdity of the history that they serve and protect.

Well, now let's consider this issue and start with The Tale of Bygone Years. Here is what it says about the Eastern Slavs: “... the Slavs came and sat down along the Dnieper and called themselves glades, and others - Drevlyans, because they sat in the forests, while others sat down between Pripyat and Dvina and called themselves Dregovichi, others sat down along the Dvina and called themselves Polochans , along the river flowing into the Dvina, called Polota, from it the Polotsk people were called. The same Slavs who sat down near Lake Ilmen were called by their own name - Slavs, and built a city, and called it Novgorod. And others sat down along the Desna, and along the Seim, and along the Sula, and called themselves northerners. And so the Slavic people dispersed.

A little further in the "Tale ..." it is stated: "That's just who speaks Slavic in Russia: the Polans, the Drevlyans, the Novgorodians, the Polochans, the Dregovichi, the northerners, the Buzhans, so called because they sat along the Bug, and then became known as the Volhynians ".

As you can see, in the second list, only Buzhans are added to the listed tribes. And where are the Krivichi, Vyatichi, Radimichi, Uchi, Tivertsy? True, in the “Tale ...” there are words that the Krivichi come from the Polotsk people, but what is meant by the verb “occur”? We still have not been able to determine all the meanings of certain words that are found in the annals. And if so, then the Old Russian texts may be misinterpreted.

This mention of the Krivichi can only mean that the location of the Krivichi is located outside the Polochan lands. Compare the translation with the original. The original should be understood as a version of the chronicle in the Old Slavonic language, offered by historians to readers. The real original (more precisely, its copy that has survived to this day) is difficult to access for the average reader, because it is a complex set of letters of the ancient Cyrillic alphabet. Here is the translation: “... and the other is on the Polota River, where the Polotsk people are. From these latter came the Krivichi, sitting in the upper reaches of the Volga ... ". And here is how the original sounds: “... and the other is on Polot, like the Polotsk people. From them, the Krivichi, who sit on the top of the Volga ... ". As you can see, academician Likhachev translated the original Tale of Bygone Years rather inaccurately, where it is not at all stated that the Krivichi COMES from the Polotsk people, they are simply located NEXT to the Polotsk people. Speaking in another way, it is enough to add the circumstance “aside” in the lines of “The Tale ...”, as it turns out: “... even Polotsk people. Away from them, the Krivichi. By the way, such a translation of the original would be more accurate than the one proposed by Likhachev. Why did Likhachev make such a gross mistake by adding the word "occur"? Because traditional history has always considered and considers the Krivichi to be the same Slavs as the Polochans. This is how the unobtrusive, but very important for traditional history, additional word “occur” appeared in the translation.

Until now, the words of the chronicler about the Slavs-Slovenes are interpreted absolutely incorrectly. It is mistakenly believed that the word “Slovene” (this is according to the original) refers only to Novgorod Slovenes, but, in my opinion, one must understand that these are Slavs. Let me remind you that the transcription of the modern words "Slavs" and "Slovenes" in the original "Tale ..." is the same: "Slovene".

The fact that the Krivichi are Slavs is NOT MENTIONED anywhere in the Tale ... at all. On the contrary: “Oleg set out on a campaign, taking with him many warriors: Varangians, Chud, Slovenian, I measure, all, Krivichi, and came ...”. Here's another: "The Varangians from overseas levied tribute from the Chud, and from the Slavs, and from the Mary, and from the Krivichi." And one more thing: “The Russians said Chud, Slovenes, Krivichi and all,” etc. That is, in all the above quotations, the Krivichi are clearly separated from the Slavs (Slovenes).

In this case, the modern translation of the “Tale ...” should sound like this: “Oleg went on a campaign, taking with him many soldiers: Varangians, Chud, Slavs, I measure, all, Krivichi, and came ...”, “Varangians from overseas levied tribute from the Chud, and from the Slavs, and from the Mary, and from the Krivichi”, “The Chud, the Slavs, the Krivichi and all, said the Russians.”

I note right away that all these excerpts tell about the events of the 9th century. About the events of the 10th century in the “Tale ...” we read: “... he took with him a lot of Varangians, and Slavs (!), And Chuds, and Krivichs, and Measures, and Drevlyans, and Radimichis, and Polyans, and Northerners, and Vyatichi, and Croats, and Dulebs, and Tivertsy ... ". I can only say one thing about this phrase: it does not inspire confidence, since the list of tribes is too long. This is probably a later insert - an addition to the five originally mentioned tribes. This is confirmed by three more excerpts from the Tale ... concerning the events of the 10th century. “Igor gathered many warriors: Varangians, Rus, and glades, and Slovenes, and Krivichi, and Tivertsy.” Readers should be warned in advance that the meadows are also not Slavs, but more on that a little further. "Vladimir gathered a lot of warriors - Varangians, Slovenes, Chuds and Krivichi." And finally, the last: "And he began to recruit the best husbands from the Slavs (!), And from the Krivichi, and from the Chud, and from the Vyatichi ...". As you can see, even according to the modern translation of The Tale of Bygone Years, it turns out that the Krivichi are NOT SLAVES, as, indeed, are the Vyatichi.

Tatishchev considered the Krivichi to be Sarmatians. He made such a conclusion on the basis of the fact that "the word krive in the Sarmatian language means the upper reaches of the rivers." And Tatishchev attributed both all Finno-Ugric peoples and Lithuanians to the Sarmatians. By the way, the Lithuanians called Russia krewenzemla, or the land of the Krivichi. Latvians call Russians krevs. We know that, as a rule, the name of the people is given by himself or his closest neighbors. Here is just a typical second version of the origin of this name: the Krivichi really lived in the upper reaches of the rivers: the Volga, the Dnieper, the Western Dvina and many others.

Without denying a certain Iranian-speaking component among the Krivichi, the latter, in my opinion, are definitely Balts. This is confirmed by archeology. In the area of ​​the western settlement of the Krivichi (the region of the Smolensk-Polotsk-Pskov triangle) of the 7th-9th centuries, they are represented by the culture of long mounds, in which the Baltic influence is clearly noticeable. And one more thing: krive is among the ancient Lithuanians the high priest of Krive-Kriveito.

About Radimichi and Vyatichi in translation it is said that they come from the kind of Poles. And again, according to the original: “A glade is a living person, as if a rekoh, existing from the Slovene family, and having become a clearing, and the Derevlyans are from the Slovenes, and having become a Drevlyane; radimichi bo and vyatichi from Poles. Byasta bo 2 brothers in laces, Radim, and the other Vyatko. That is, according to the "Tale ...", the glade and the Drevlyans are from the KIND of Slavs, but the Vyatichi and Radimichi are simply, without mentioning the clan, from the "Polyakhs", which, it seems, are not even Poles, but simply inhabitants of the "Lyasehs", which can mean simply the inhabitants of the FORESTS. Vyatichi and Radimichi on TV turned out to be Polish Slavs due to a misinterpreted word that meant nothing more than a forest. Indeed, these tribes lived in the forests. Besides, haven't the "Polish" Vyatichi climbed too far from Poland?

According to one of the existing versions, the name of the people of the Mordovians in its origin is ... Iranian. It turns out that in Iranian languages ​​there is a word martiya, translated as a man, a man. The suffix "va" was added to this basis, and it turned out that way: Mordovians. If you look at the map, we will see that the neighbors of the Mordovians were the Vyatichi tribe, if the Vyatichi are recognized as an Iranian-speaking tribe, it will become clear why the Mordovians got such a name.

Tatishchev, and then Miller, considered the Vyatichi not Slavs, but Sarmatians. “Their name is Sarmatian and marks in this language people who are rude, restless, what they really were. The Chuvash are still called Vetke in the Mordovian language. A number of historians associate the name "Vyatich" with the word "ant". But the Antes are not Slavs, I believe, but Iranians. We will talk about this in the next chapter.

As for the "Slavs" - the streets and the Tivertsy, the Tale ... unambiguously determines their belonging to the Iranian-speaking tribes: "... the Greeks called them the Great Scythia." In the original, the last two words were without quotes. The Scythians, as you know, are an Iranian-speaking people. I would like to ask our historians, but where did these "Slavs" go - Uchi and Tivertsy, who live so numerous and compactly?

From the foregoing, it is quite possible to assume that the Vyatichi, Radimichi, Ulich and Tivertsy were most likely Iranian-speaking tribes, and the Krivichi were a Baltic tribe.
Now it is time to consider the remaining seven Slavic tribes for their belonging to the Slavs. There are no claims to the Drevlyans, Dregovichi, Polochans, Volhynians and Slovenes of Novgorod. They are Slavs. But there are questions about glades and northerners. In my opinion, these are Sarmatian tribes, of course, not in their pure form, with a certain Slavic admixture among the Polyans and a significant, perhaps even predominant, Ugric component among the northerners.

According to a number of modern scholars, the very name of the Slavic tribe "northerners" is of Iranian origin. If the northerners come from the Slavic word “north” (and in the original “Tale ...” they are called “north”), then in what north are they located? On the contrary, it is southeast of the center of Slavic settlements. But, in my opinion, the name of the tribe of the northerners can come from the Savir tribe mentioned several times by historians. Jordan divided the Huns into two main branches: Aulzyagry (Bulgars) and Savirs. Theophanes the Confessor wrote: "The Huns, called Savirs, penetrated ...". Procopius, characterizing the Savirs, also said that they are a Hunnic tribe.

It is known about the Savirs that this tribe pushed the Ugrians and Bulgars to the west. The last time the Savirs are caught in the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov, where they are at war with the Romans and Persians. It was in 578. There is no more mention of them. And it was in the second half of the 6th century that the Avars entered the historical stage in the same region. Compare the names of two tribes: Savirs and Avars. Why did none of the researchers recognize their identity? Meanwhile, this is one and the same tribe, compare without vowels: SVR and BP! In the place of the tribe of northerners in the XV-XVII centuries, the chronicles find sevryuks - a special group of the population. The similarity of names and location give reason to recognize their identity.

Many people know about the Avar Khaganate, the center of which was Pannonia. Even the "Tale of Bygone Years" did not pass by the Obry, that is, the Avars, telling how they oppressed the Dulebs. But it is quite possible that the power of the Avars extended not only to Pannonia and part of Western Ukraine, but also much to the east, where the Avars, known to us under the name of the Savirs, probably also lived. In the 750s, there was an invasion of Transcaucasia by certain sevords, whom the Arabs call savards. The same Savirs are clearly visible in these names. The Sevordiks are identified with the Magyars, and the Magyars, as you know, are the Ugrians. Constantine Porphyrogenitus has an indication that the Magyars in Levedia were called Savarti-asfals - strong Savarts. That is, the identification of the Savirs and Magyars again takes place.

And more about northerners. According to archaeological data, aliens from the east settled on the territory of this tribe, that is, the Slavs clearly could not be these aliens. And, finally, if the northerners were Slavs, what prevented their rapid dissolution among the rest of the population of Russia?

The Khazar king Joseph reported (in the translation of Kokovtsov): “There are numerous peoples near this river ... bur-t-s, bul-g-r, s-var, arisu, ts-r-mis, v-n-n-tit, s-v-r, s-l-viyun. Let's restore these names in full: Burtases, Bulgars, Avars, Russ, Cheremis, Vyatichi, Northerners (or Savirs?), Slavs. This list mentions the Slavs separately, and among the other neighbors of Khazaria - the same Vyatichi and northerners. That is, it turns out that the Russians, and the Vyatichi, and the northerners were not Slavs, which once again proves the correctness of the statements cited here. In fact, no one will say, for example: "Russia is a Slavic country, but Tatars, Bashkirs, Mordvinians, UKRAINIANS AND BELARUSIANS also live in it ...".

In the name of the glades, the basis is clearly visible - “field”, these are the inhabitants of the fields. The Polovtsians, by the way, got their name from the Slavs according to their habitat (inhabitants of the fields, steppes). But in the region of Kyiv and its environs there were forests. So why - a clearing? The Greek historian Diodorus Siculus, who lived on TV in the 1st century BC (actually, of course, in later times), wrote about the strong people of the "pals" - the descendants of one half of the Scythians. Isn't this a clearing?

It should also be noted that the regions of southern Russia adjacent to Kyiv were practically uninhabited. Prince Vladimir, in order to strengthen the southern regions and Kyiv itself, ordered the construction of new cities there and populated them with settlers from the northeast: Slavs, Krivichi, Chud, Vyatichi.

By the way, part of the Pechenegs entered the service of the Kyiv princes, having received the land of Porose as pastures. But in this case, where are their native inhabitants, the plowmen of the Pole-Slavs, in the existence of which traditional historians believe so much?

Why does the "Tale of Bygone Years" refer to the Slavs of the glades and northerners? Here the answer is quite simple: the glades were a tribe of Kyiv, the capital city of the great princes. Glades simply HAVE to be Slavs. The same list included the neighbors of the meadows - the northerners. The reason here, of course, is not the benevolent attitude of the chroniclers and their customers towards their neighbors, they simply realized that if the neighbors of the glades did not turn out to be Slavs, then questions might arise about the glades themselves.

And the chronicler loved glades. Here is what he writes in the “Tale...”: “The meadows have the custom of their fathers meek and quiet, bashful in front of their daughters-in-law and sisters, mothers and parents; they have great shame before their mothers-in-law and brothers-in-law ... And the Drevlyans lived an animal custom, lived like animals: they killed each other, ate everything unclean, and they did not have marriages ... And the Radimichi, Vyatichi and Northerners had a common custom: they lived in the forest, like all the animals ate everything unclean and dishonored under their fathers and daughters-in-law, and they did not have marriages ... The Krivichi also kept the same custom ... ". As you can see, everyone got nuts, except for the glades, of course.

To a quite reasonable question: why were non-Slavic tribes included in the number of Slavs, and at the same time, "The Tale ..." gives a long list of other non-Slavic peoples who speak "their languages", the answer can be quite simple. The list of the so-called Slavic tribes included almost all the tribes that formed the core of the future ancient Russian people and by the 11th century (the time of the beginning of the compilation of the Tale ...) had already become Slavic, had princes-governors appointed by the rulers - the Rurikovichs; the non-Slavic tribes had complete political autonomy. Although both paid tribute.

Thus, of the twelve Slavic tribes reported by the Tale ..., only the tribes of the Drevlyans, Dregovichi, Polochans, Volynians and Slovenes of Novgorod can be considered Slavs.

Albert MAXIMOV

If we move along the East European Plain from north to south, then we have successively 15 East Slavic tribes will appear:

1. Ilmen Slovenes, the center of which was Novgorod the Great, standing on the banks of the Volkhov River, which flowed from Lake Ilmen and on whose lands there were many other cities, which is why the neighboring Scandinavians called the possessions of the Slovenes "gardarika", that is, "land of cities".

These were: Ladoga and Beloozero, Staraya Russa and Pskov. The Ilmen Slovenes got their name from the name of Lake Ilmen, which is in their possession and was also called the Slovenian Sea. For residents remote from real seas, the lake, 45 miles long and about 35 wide, seemed huge, and therefore bore its second name - the sea.

2. Krivichi, living in the interfluve of the Dnieper, Volga and Western Dvina, around Smolensk and Izborsk, Yaroslavl and Rostov the Great, Suzdal and Murom.

Their name came from the name of the founder of the tribe, Prince Kriv, who apparently received the nickname Krivoy, from a natural deficiency. Subsequently, the people called Krivich a person who is insincere, deceitful, capable of prevaricating, from whom you will not expect the truth, but you will encounter falsehood. (Moscow subsequently arose on the lands of the Krivichi, but you will read about this later.)

3. Polotsk settled on the Polot River, at its confluence with the Western Dvina. At the confluence of these two rivers, there was the main city of the tribe - Polotsk, or Polotsk, the name of which is also produced by the hydronym: "the river along the border with the Latvian tribes" - lats, years.

Dregovichi, Radimichi, Vyatichi and northerners lived to the south and southeast of the Polochans.

4. Dregovichi lived on the banks of the river Accept, getting their name from the words "dregva" and "dryagovina", meaning "swamp". Here were the cities of Turov and Pinsk.

5. Radimichi, living in the interfluve of the Dnieper and Sozha, were called by the name of their first prince Radim, or Radimir.

6. Vyatichi were the easternmost ancient Russian tribe, having received their name, like the Radimichi, on behalf of their progenitor, Prince Vyatko, which was an abbreviated name Vyacheslav. Old Ryazan was located in the land of the Vyatichi.

7. Northerners occupied the rivers of the Desna, the Seimas and the Courts and in ancient times were the northernmost East Slavic tribe. When the Slavs settled as far as Novgorod the Great and Beloozero, they retained their former name, although its original meaning was lost. In their lands there were cities: Novgorod Seversky, Listven and Chernigov.

8. Glades, inhabiting the lands around Kyiv, Vyshgorod, Rodnya, Pereyaslavl, were called so from the word "field". The cultivation of the fields became their main occupation, which led to the development of agriculture, cattle breeding and animal husbandry. The glades went down in history as a tribe, to a greater extent than others, contributing to the development of ancient Russian statehood.

The neighbors of the glades in the south were Rus, Tivertsy and Ulichi, in the north - the Drevlyans and in the west - the Croats, Volynians and Buzhans.

9. Russia- the name of one, far from the largest East Slavic tribe, which, because of its name, became the most famous both in the history of mankind and in historical science, because in disputes over its origin, scientists and publicists broke many copies and spilled rivers of ink. Many prominent scholars - lexicographers, etymologists and historians - derive this name from the name of the Normans, almost universally accepted in the 9th-10th centuries, - the Rus. The Normans, known to the Eastern Slavs as the Varangians, conquered Kyiv and the surrounding lands around 882. During their conquests, which took place for 300 years - from the 8th to the 11th century - and covered all of Europe - from England to Sicily and from Lisbon to Kyiv - they sometimes left their name behind the conquered lands. For example, the territory conquered by the Normans in the north of the Frankish kingdom was called Normandy.

Opponents of this point of view believe that the name of the tribe comes from the hydronym - the river Ros, from which later the whole country began to be called Russia. And in the XI-XII centuries, Rus began to be called the lands of Rus, glades, northerners and Radimichi, some territories inhabited by streets and Vyatichi. Supporters of this point of view consider Russia no longer as a tribal or ethnic union, but as a political state formation.

10. Tivertsy occupied spaces along the banks of the Dniester, from its middle course to the mouth of the Danube and the shores of the Black Sea. The most probable seems to be their origin, their names from the river Tivr, as the ancient Greeks called the Dniester. Their center was the city of Cherven on the western bank of the Dniester. The Tivertsy bordered on the nomadic tribes of the Pechenegs and Polovtsians and, under their blows, retreated to the north, mixing with the Croats and Volynians.

11. Convict were the southern neighbors of the Tivertsy, occupying lands in the Lower Dnieper, on the banks of the Bug and the Black Sea coast. Their main city was Peresechen. Together with the Tivertsy, they retreated to the north, where they mixed with the Croats and Volynians.

12. Drevlyans lived along the Teterev, Uzh, Uborot and Sviga rivers, in Polissya and on the right bank of the Dnieper. Their main city was Iskorosten on the Uzh River, and besides, there were other cities - Ovruch, Gorodsk, several others, whose names we do not know, but their traces remained in the form of settlements. The Drevlyans were the most hostile East Slavic tribe in relation to the Polans and their allies, who formed the Old Russian state with its center in Kyiv. They were decisive enemies of the first Kyiv princes, even killed one of them - Igor Svyatoslavovich, for which the prince of the Drevlyans Mal, in turn, was killed by Igor's widow, Princess Olga.

The Drevlyans lived in dense forests, getting their name from the word "tree" - a tree.

13. Croats who lived around the city of Przemysl on the river. San, called themselves white Croats, in contrast to the tribe of the same name with them, who lived in the Balkans. The name of the tribe is derived from the ancient Iranian word "shepherd, guardian of cattle", which may indicate its main occupation - cattle breeding.

14. Volynians represented a tribal association formed on the territory where the Duleb tribe previously lived. Volynians settled on both banks of the Western Bug and in the upper reaches of the Pripyat. Their main city was Cherven, and after Volyn was conquered by the Kievan princes, a new city, Vladimir-Volynsky, was established on the Luga River in 988, which gave its name to the Vladimir-Volyn principality that formed around it.

15. To a tribal association that arose in the habitat dulebov, In addition to the Volynians, the Buzhans, who were located on the banks of the Southern Bug, were also included. There is an opinion that Volhynians and Buzhans were one tribe, and their independent names came about only as a result of different habitats. According to written foreign sources, the Buzhans occupied 230 "cities" - most likely, these were fortified settlements, and the Volynians - 70. Be that as it may, these figures indicate that Volyn and the Bug region were rather densely populated.

The same applies to the lands and peoples bordering on the Eastern Slavs, this picture looked like this: Finno-Ugric tribes lived in the north: Cheremis, Chud Zavolochskaya, all, Korela, Chud; in the northwest lived the Balto-Slavic tribes: Kors, Zemigola, Zhmud, Yatvingians and Prussians; in the west - Poles and Hungarians; in the southwest - Volohi (ancestors of the Romanians and Moldovans); in the east - the Burtases, the related Mordovians and the Volga-Kama Bulgarians. Outside these lands lay "terra incognita" - an unknown land, which the Eastern Slavs learned about only after their knowledge of the world greatly expanded with the advent of a new religion in Russia - Christianity, and at the same time writing, which was the third sign of civilization .