§ 83. Homogeneous members not connected by unions 1. Between homogeneous members of a sentence not connected by unions, a comma is usually placed, for example: I saw his head, tangled hair, a tattered overcoat strap (Perventsev); Zhukhrai spoke brightly, clearly, understandably, simply

§ 84. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions 1. A comma is placed between homogeneous definitions that are not connected by unions. Definitions are homogeneous: a) if they denote the distinctive features of different objects, for example: At a great distance, the city sprawled and quietly

§ 85. Homogeneous and heterogeneous applications 1. A comma is placed between homogeneous applications that are not connected by unions. Applications are homogeneous if they characterize an object on the one hand, indicate close signs, for example: Fifteen versts from mine

§ 83. Homogeneous members not connected by unions 1. Between homogeneous members of a sentence not connected by unions, a comma is usually placed, for example: At this time, a swallow flew into the colonnade, made a circle under the golden ceiling, sank,

§ 84. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions 1. A comma is placed between homogeneous definitions that are not connected by unions. Definitions are homogeneous: 1) if they indicate the distinguishing features of different objects, for example: A crowd of children in blue, red, white

§ 85. Homogeneous and heterogeneous applications 1. A comma is placed between homogeneous applications that are not connected by unions. Applications are homogeneous if they characterize an object on the one hand, indicate close signs, for example: Fifteen miles from mine

§ 86. Homogeneous members connected by non-repeating unions 1. Between homogeneous members of a sentence connected by single connecting unions and, yes (in the meaning of “and”), separating unions or, or, a comma is not put, for example: Khlopusha and Beloborodoe did not say

§ 87. Homogeneous members connected by repeated unions 1. A comma is placed between homogeneous members of a sentence connected by means of repeated unions and ... and, yes ... yes, neither ... nor, or ... or, whether ... whether, or ... or, then ... then and etc., for example: Darkness of an early winter morning

§ 88. Homogeneous members connected by paired unions 1. If homogeneous members are connected by paired (comparative, double) unions like ... and, not like ... like, not only ... but also, not so much ... how much, how much ... so much, although ... but, if not ... then, etc., then a comma is placed

Homogeneous members of a sentence, a comma between homogeneous members not connected by unions § 25 with repeated unions (such as and ... and, neither ... nor). § 26 with a double repetition of the union and § 26 with a double repetition of other unions, except for and § 26 with a pairwise union of members

In this lesson, you will get acquainted with homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions, learn how to distinguish between them, learn the rules for determining homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions, consider interesting examples of sentences.

2. Homogeneous will be definitions that characterize one subject, but on different grounds.

For example:

terrible, tragic, an incredible set of circumstances did not allow me to complete my homework in the Russian language(Fig. 2) .

Each of these definitions refers directly to the word being defined, and a coordinating conjunction can be inserted between them:

terrible and tragic,

terrible and incredible

Rice. 2. The boy is doing homework ().

3. As a rule, artistic definitions, that is, epithets, are homogeneous.

For example:

bright, gentle sun(Fig. 3)

gloomy, evil neighbor

important, haughty look

happy, optimistic disposition

Rice. 3. Bright, gentle sun ().

4. Definitions will be homogeneous if they form a semantic gradation, i.e., each subsequent definition enhances the expressed feature.

For example:

Light, joyful , festive mood overwhelmed Maxim, who finally returned home.

5. If a participle turnover follows after a single definition, then such definitions are homogeneous and are separated by a comma.

For example:

It's been a long time , months-long return(Fig. 4) .

Do not forget that the participial turnover, standing before the word being defined, is not isolated. So after the word months there is no comma.

1. Definitions will not be homogeneous if the previous definition does not refer to the word being defined directly, but to the combination of the next definition with the word being defined.

For example:

Bigsquare chocolate candy(Fig. 5) .

If you carefully consider the sentence, it becomes clear that the word big refers to the combination square chocolate candy, a

definition square refers to the combination chocolate candy.

These definitions characterize an object, in our case, a chocolate candy, according to different features, according to different characteristics.

square(the form)

big(the size)

chocolate(material)

2. Heterogeneous definitions are very often expressed by a combination of a qualitative and a relative adjective. After all, different types of adjectives denote different signs.

For example:

I got delicious strawberry ice cream today(Fig. 6) .

The words delicious and strawberry are heterogeneous definitions.

Rice. 6. Strawberry ice cream ().

There was a huge striped lollipop in a red cardboard box.(Fig. 7) .

Red and cardboard- heterogeneous definitions.

Huge and striped- heterogeneous definitions.

3. It is easy to identify heterogeneous definitions expressed by relative adjectives.

For example:

openworkcast iron gate,

summerlinguistic school,

4. If a relative adjective is combined with a participle, then these definitions will also be heterogeneous.

For example:

decommissionedhomework.

That's all the basic rules that are needed to understand whether definitions are homogeneous or not. However, there are even more complex, but interesting cases, when it is not so easy to understand whether this definition is homogeneous or not, because it is related to the meaning of the sentence.

If we recognize definitions as homogeneous, then we want to say that these definitions have some common feature, that we combine them according to some characteristic:

• in appearance;
• by the impression made;
• by cause and effect, etc.

For example:

shone bright , summer sun(Fig. 8) .

In this sentence, we can put a comma if we want to say that it was bright precisely because it was summer.

Rice. 8. Bright, summer sun ().

Even in our candy example:

Large square chocolate candy.

Big , square , chocolate candy.

Big+ square+ chocolate

We combine these signs with a common meaning - a good candy, we like everything about this candy: its size, its shape, and its composition. And, of course, such a sentence is pronounced with a completely different intonation.

Consider another example:

I was treated to a delicious chocolate candy.

In this sentence, the definition is expressed by a qualitative and relative adjective, characterizes the subject in various ways, and, of course, they are heterogeneous. But not everything is so simple. If we still put a comma, this sentence will take on a new meaning:

I was treated to delicious , chocolate candy(Fig. 9) .

In this case, the word chocolate acquires a clarifying meaning, that is, we thus make it clear that only chocolate candy can be tasty, and all other sweets are tasteless.

Rice. 9. Chocolate candy ().

Compare two sentences:

I will order another cream ice cream(Fig. 10) .

I will order another , ice cream.

In the first case, the definitions are heterogeneous and it is clear that the previous ice cream was also creamy. And in the second sentence, the definitions are homogeneous, a comma is placed between them, and the second definition acquires a clarifying meaning, that is, the previous ice cream was not creamy. This sentence is pronounced with a clarifying intonation.

Rice. 10. Ice cream ().

In today's lesson, you learned to distinguish between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions, and realized how one comma can change the meaning of a sentence.

Bibliography

1. Bagryantseva V.A., Bolycheva E.M., Galaktionova I.V., Zhdanova L.A., Litnevskaya E.I., Stepanova E.B. Russian language. Textbook for senior classes of humanitarian schools, Publishing House of Moscow University, 2011.

2. Barkhudarov S.G., Kryuchkov S.E., Maksimov L.Yu.. Cheshko L.A. Russian language . 8th grade. Textbook for educational institutions,: Education, 2013

3. Russian language: textbook for 8th grade general education. institutions / T.A. Ladyzhenskaya, M.T. Baranov, L.A. Trostentsova and others - M .: Education, JSC "Moscow textbooks", 2008.

1. Website videotutor-rusyaz.ru ()

Homework

1. List the cases in which the definitions will not be homogeneous.

2. Indicate which sentences contain homogeneous definitions.

The fields were wet, loose and dazzling snow.

We walked through the quiet taiga, illuminated by stars.

Heavy cold clouds lay on the tops of the mountains.

A dry, hot wind blew.

The rain-washed young grass smelled stupefyingly.

Quiet in the old country park.

Everything fell into a sound, healthy sleep.

3. Write off the text, placing the missing commas:

In the meantime, the sun had risen slightly above the horizon. Now the sea shone no longer entirely, but only in two places. On the very horizon a long radiant streak burned, and dozens of bright eyes-cutting stars flashed in the slowly rolling waves. Throughout the rest of its vast expanse, the sea shone with the tender, sad blueness of an August calm. Petya admired the sea. No matter how much you look at the sea, you will never get bored. It is always different new unseen. It changes every hour before our eyes. Sometimes it is quiet light blue in several places covered with silvery almost white stripes of calm. That it is bright blue fiery sparkling. Then, under a fresh wind, it suddenly becomes dark indigo woolen, as if it were being stroked against the nap.

Associated each directly with the word being defined and are in the same relationship to it. The definitions are the same:

1) if they denote the distinctive features of different objects, they indicate varieties of objects of the same kind. Below, in blue, yellow, lilac spots, the reflection of the city swayed measuredly (S a i - n o v);

2) if they denote different features of the same object, characterizing it from one side. Chapaev loved a strong, decisive, firm word (Furmanov). The logical basis for the homogeneity of definitions in this case is the ability to combine the features they express (species) with a broader (generic) concept. So, in the sentence: In the labyrinth of crooked, narrow and unpaved streets, the people (G. Nikolaev) were forever scurrying about - the unifying concept can be expressed by the word “unsatisfactory

Homogeneous definitions can also characterize an object from different angles, but at the same time, the context creates conditions for the convergence of the features they express (the unifying feature can be a distant general concept, the similarity of the impression produced by the enumerated features, causality, the relationship between them, appearance, a general positive or negative assessment etc.). He held out his red, swollen, dirty hand to me (Turgenev) (appearance). It was a moonlit, clear evening (Chekhov), (“lunar, and therefore clear”). The petty leader with a stubborn, small creak flowed over the glass of the windows (the unifying concept is “annoying”, “intrusive”). Wet, dark gray clouds hung motionless over the city (the unifying concept is “rain-bearing”). I met this charming, witty man many times (generally positive). A lean, red-haired, red-nosed girl in a blue plaid dress entered (the face is characterized by an unattractive appearance). The definitions denoting the various prnanaks of an object are homogeneous:

a) if under the conditions of the context they are synonymously approaching. Everywhere a brown, gloomy plain stretched endlessly (Chekhov);

b) if they are epithets (artistic definitions). His pale blue, glassy eyes ran wide (Turgenev);

c) if they form a semantic gradation. Finally comes the long, boring, stormy winter (Aksakov);

d) if they are expressed by an adjective and the participial phrase following it, which is explained by the greater semantic load of the second definition and the increase in semantic or emotional shades of the whole structure, even with the difference in the indicated features. Through a small, ice-covered window ... moonlight made its way (3 acr u t k i n);

e) if they are postpositive, which creates a direct connection of each of them with the word being defined and gives them the same semantic independence. I want to know the secrets of a wise and simple life (Bryusov);

e) if they are opposed to a combination of two definitions with the same noun being defined. These buttons are sewn on with thin, silk threads, and those with thick, paper threads.

We continue to explore the levels of the language system, based on the book "Russian language: I understand - I write - I check." We will talk about homogeneous members of the proposal.

Lesson 28. Homogeneous members of the proposal. Homogeneous members, connected only by intonation. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

Homogeneous are members of a sentence that are interconnected by a coordinating link and have the following features:

1) often act as the same parts of speech, used in the same grammatical form;

2) are interconnected by a coordinative connection, therefore they are equal in rights and do not depend on each other, unlike the components of a phrase;

3) if these are secondary members, then they spread one member of the sentence and equally define it lexically;

4) in speech are often interconnected by a special enumerative intonation.

Exercise. Read two sentences and determine in them: a) the grammatical basis; b) guided by the signs of homogeneity, which members of the proposal are homogeneous.

1) It was necessary to sell furniture, horses, cottages.(A. Chekhov)

2) Earth, air, month, stars are chained together, riveted by frost.(A. Pushkin)

The listed signs of homogeneity and the completed task show that:

a) each of the homogeneous members and all together act as the same members of the sentence: in the first example by additions, in the second by subjects and predicates;

b) any members of the sentence can be homogeneous - both main and secondary.

I. Homogeneous members connected only by intonation. Members of the proposal that are not homogeneous

With homogeneous members connected by intonation, commas, semicolons and dashes are used in writing.

1. Comma- the most common punctuation mark that separates homogeneous members from each other, connected by the intonation of the enumeration (a connecting union can be inserted between them and), for example:

The embankment is crowded steamships, schooners, barges . (A. Serafimovich)

Sentences with homogeneous members can be complicated by isolated secondary members. When punctuating, watch the intonation of the statement, and then analyze the structure of the sentence, for example:

Books are the spiritual testament of one generation to another, the advice of a dying old man to a young man who begins to live, an order transmitted by sentries going on vacation to sentries who take his place.(A. Herzen)

Exercise. Explain all the punctuation marks in this sentence. Which parts of the sentence are homogeneous?

2. Semicolon common homogeneous members are separated, connected by the intonation of the enumeration, especially if there are commas inside them. As a rule, this happens if in speech the statement is divided into clear parts-pictures, for example:

Along the ravine on one side neat barns, cells with tightly closed doors; on the other side five six pine hut with shed roofs.(I. Turgenev)

Exercise. Prove that this is an incomplete sentence. Which part of the sentence is missing?

3. Dash is set if homogeneous members are connected by opposing relations, that is, they are opposed to each other, and unions can be inserted between them a or but. In speech, an intonation pause is made in place of the adversative union, for example:

Not fishing sail small - ships I dream.(N. Nekrasov)

Compare the synonymous sentence with the conjunction: Not a fishing sail, but (but) I dream of ships.

Exercise. Remember the figure of speech of non-union. What is its essence?

4. There are words and expressions that are not homogeneous members, are used mainly in colloquial, artistic and artistic-journalistic functional styles and give imagery to speech. Such words and expressions can generally be used without punctuation marks, separated by a comma and a hyphen.

no signs punctuation is not separated:

1) two verbs included in a complicated simple verbal predicate. The predicate in this case is a single semantic whole, for example:

I'll go horse with oatsfeed ;

2) repeated identical forms of words included in the complicated predicate, connected by particles no, so (believe it, don’t believe it, you don’t want to, write like that, you have to write it like that), for example:

Like it or not , but you will have to make a concession.

Comma is placed between repeated words used to emphasize a variety of objects, the duration of an action, etc. These words act as one member of a sentence, for example:

White fragrant chamomile flowers run under his feet back, back. (A. Kuprin)

Hyphen put:

1) between repeated words, if the repetition is intended to enhance the action or feature; however, they are pronounced with a single intonation, different from the enumeration intonation, for example:

By blue-blue clouds float in the sky.(A. N. Tolstoy);

2) between paired combinations-synonyms (to know the truth-truth), antonyms (terms of sale), associative combinations (pick mushrooms and berries), which represent a single concept, for example:

We called a neighbor from the other side and went more than once, this and that tasted, but soberly.(N. Leskov)

II. Homogeneous and heterogeneous single agreed definitions

Before you begin to study the paragraph, remember:

a) which adjectives are qualitative, which are relative;

b) what definitions are called agreed;

c) reasons for separating agreed definitions.

In the neighborhood of single agreed definitions expressed by adjectives and participles, it is quite difficult to establish their homogeneity and heterogeneity, since a comma is placed between homogeneous definitions, and not between heterogeneous ones.

Exercise. Homogeneous definitions-epithets serve to form a stylistic figure of gradation. What is the stylistic meaning of gradation?

It can be seen from the examples in the table that homogeneous definitions are most often expressed by qualitative adjectives. Heterogeneous definitions are usually expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives, since they denote different features.

A comma between definitions expressed by adjectives of different categories is placed if there is a proximity of lexical meanings, and refers to optional punctuation marks, for example:

ended summer, warm night.(I. Sokolov-Mikitov) - Here, in the author's opinion, the concept warm is an integral part of the concept summer.

Exercise. Read the sentences in which the definitions are after the word being defined and therefore are homogeneous. Rewrite each sentence so that the definitions come before the word being defined. Analyze the phrasal intonation in both cases and evaluate the stylistic meaning of word order.

1. Katya quickly took off her glove, beautiful, velvet. 2. Women rushed to the soldier, wounded, walking in front. 3. After a few steps, a tree, large, like a huge giant, blocked our path. 4. There was an oak tree by the road itself, clumsy, old, squat. 5. Boys, not tanned, who had just arrived for the holidays, were fishing from a boat.

Incorrect punctuation is one of the typical mistakes made in writing. The most complex punctuation rules usually include the placement of commas in sentences where there are heterogeneous or homogeneous definitions. Only a clear idea of ​​their features and differences helps to make the record correct and well readable.

What is a definition?

This is a minor member of the sentence, denoting a sign, property or quality of the object denoted by the noun. Most often expressed as an adjective ( white scarf), participle ( running boy), pronoun ( our house), ordinal number ( second number) and answers the questions "what?" "whose?". However, there are cases of using a noun as a definition ( plaid dress), an infinitive verb ( dream of being able to fly), an adjective in the simple comparative degree ( an older girl appeared), adverbs ( Hard boiled egg).

What are homogeneous members

The definition of this concept is given in syntax and concerns the structure of a simple (or predicative part of a complex) sentence. Homogeneous members are expressed by words of the same part of speech and the same form, depend on the same word. Therefore, they will answer a general question and perform the same syntactic function in a sentence. Homogeneous members are interconnected by a coordinating or non-union connection. It should also be noted that it is usually possible to rearrange them as part of a syntactic construction.

Based on the above rule, we can say that homogeneous definitions characterize an object on the basis of common (similar) features and qualities. Consider the sentence: In the garden, white, scarlet, burgundy buds of roses that had not yet blossomed proudly towered above their fellow flowers.". Homogeneous definitions used in it denote color, and therefore characterize an object on the same basis. Or another example: Soon, low, heavy clouds hung over the city, languishing from the heat.". In this sentence, one feature is logically related to another.

Related videos

Heterogeneous and homogeneous definitions: distinguishing features

This question is often difficult. To understand the material, let us consider in more detail what features each group of definitions has.

These are the main features, the knowledge of which will allow you to easily distinguish between sentences with homogeneous definitions and heterogeneous ones. This means correct punctuation.

In addition, when performing syntactic and punctuation analysis of a sentence, you need to remember the following important points.

Definitions that are always homogeneous

1. The adjectives standing next to each other characterize the object according to one attribute: size, color, geographical location, assessment, sensations, etc. " In the bookstore, Zakhar purchased reference books on German, Italian, French culture in advance».
2. A group of synonyms used in a sentence: they call the same feature in different ways. " From early morning everyone in the house was in a cheerful, festive mood caused by yesterday's news.».
3. Definitions after a noun, with the exception of terms such as overhead clamshell crane. For example, in A. Pushkin's poem we find: “ On the winter road, a boring trio of greyhounds runs". In this case, each of the adjectives refers directly to the noun, with each definition logically distinguished.
4. Homogeneous members of the sentence represent a semantic gradation, i.e. designation of the sign in ascending order. " The sisters, seized with a joyful, festive, radiant mood, could no longer hide their emotions.».
5. Inconsistent definitions. For example: " A tall man in a warm sweater, with shining eyes, a bewitching smile, entered the room cheerfully.».

The combination of a single adjective and participial turnover

We must also dwell on the next group of definitions. These are adjectives and participial phrases used side by side and related to the same noun. Here punctuation depends on the position of the latter.

Homogeneous almost always are definitions corresponding to the scheme "single adjective + participle turnover". For example, " In the distance, dark mountains towering above the forest could be seen.". However, if the participial turnover is used before the adjective and refers not to the noun, but to the whole combination, the rule “punctuation marks with homogeneous definitions” does not work. For example, " Yellow leaves swirling in the autumn air smoothly descended on the damp earth.».

One more point must be taken into account. Consider this example: In the midst of the thick, spreading fir-trees darkened at dusk, one could hardly see a narrow path leading to the lake.". This is a sentence with isolated homogeneous definitions, expressed by participial phrases. Moreover, the first of them is located between two single adjectives and clarifies the meaning of the word "thick". Therefore, according to the rules for the design of homogeneous members, it is distinguished in writing by punctuation marks.

Cases where a comma is optional but preferred

1. Homogeneous definitions (examples of which can often be found in fiction) denote different, but usually accompanying causal features. For example, " at night,(can be inserted BECAUSE) the deserted streets were clearly visible long shadows from trees and lanterns". Another example: " Suddenly, the old man heard deafening,(BECAUSE) terrible thunderclaps».
2. Sentences with epithets that give a diverse description of the subject. For example, " And now, looking at Luzhin's large, pale face, she... was filled with... pity."(V. Nabokov). Or A. Chekhov: “ Rainy, dirty, dark autumn has come».
3. When using adjectives in a figurative sense (close to epithets): " Timothy's large, fish-eyed eyes were sad and attentively looked straight ahead.».

Such homogeneous definitions - examples show this - are an excellent means of expression in a work of art. With their help, writers and poets emphasize certain significant details in the description of an object (person).

Exceptional Cases

Sometimes in speech one can meet sentences with homogeneous definitions, expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives. For example, " Until recently, old, low houses stood on this site, but now new, high ones flaunted.". As this example shows, in such a case there are two groups of definitions related to the same noun, but having the opposite meaning.

Another case concerns definitions linked by explanatory relations. " Quite different, alien to the boy sounds were heard from the open window". In this sentence, after the first definition, the words “namely”, “that is”, will be appropriate.

Punctuation rules

It all depends on how homogeneous definitions are related to each other. Commas are placed in case of unionless connection. Example: " A short, wrinkled, hunchbacked old woman was sitting on a chair on the porch, silently pointing to the open door.". In the presence of coordinating unions ("as a rule", "and") punctuation marks are not needed. " Women in white and blue homespun shirts peered into the distance, hoping to recognize the horseman approaching them.". Thus, these sentences are subject to punctuation rules applicable to all syntactic constructions with homogeneous members.

If the definitions are heterogeneous (their examples are discussed in the table), a comma is not placed between them. The exception is sentences with combinations that allow a double interpretation. For example, " After much debate and reflection, it was decided to resort to other proven methods.". In this case, it all depends on the meaning of the sacrament. A comma is placed if "namely" can be inserted before the word "verified".

Conclusion

An analysis of all of the above leads to the conclusion that punctuation literacy largely depends on the knowledge of specific theoretical material on syntax: what is a definition, homogeneous members of a sentence.