We will strengthen the test tube of refractory glass on a tripod and add 5 g of powdered nitrate (potassium nitrate KNO 3 or sodium nitrate NaNO 3) to it. Let us place a cup of refractory material filled with sand under the test tube, since in this experiment the glass often melts and a hot mass flows out. Therefore, when heating, we will keep the burner on the side. When we heat the saltpeter strongly, it will melt and oxygen will be released from it (we will detect this with the help of a smoldering torch - it will ignite in a test tube). In this case, potassium nitrate will turn into KNO2 nitrite. Then, with crucible tongs or tweezers, we throw a piece of cutting sulfur into the melt (never hold your face over the test tube).

Sulfur will ignite and burn with the release of a large amount of heat. The experiment should be carried out with open windows (because of the resulting sulfur oxides). The resulting sodium nitrite will be saved for subsequent experiments.

The process proceeds as follows (through heating):

2KNO 3 → 2KNO 2 + O 2

You can get oxygen in other ways.

Potassium permanganate KMnO 4 (potassium salt of manganese acid) gives off oxygen when heated and turns into manganese (IV) oxide:

4KMnO 4 → 4Mn 2 + 2K 2 O + 3O 2

or 4KMnO 4 → MnO 2 + K 2 MnO 4 + O 2

From 10 g of potassium permanganate, you can get about a liter of oxygen, so two grams is enough to fill five test tubes of normal size with oxygen. Potassium permanganate can be purchased at any pharmacy if it is not available in the home first aid kit.

We heat a certain amount of potassium permanganate in a refractory test tube and catch the released oxygen in the test tubes using a pneumatic bath. The crystals are cracked and destroyed, and, often, a certain amount of dusty permanganate is entrained along with the gas. The water in the pneumatic bath and the outlet pipe will turn red in this case. After the end of the experiment, we clean the bath and the tube with a solution of sodium thiosulfate (hyposulfite) - a photo-fixer, which we slightly acidify with dilute hydrochloric acid.

In large quantities, oxygen can also be obtained from hydrogen peroxide (peroxide) H 2 O 2 . We will buy a three percent solution in a pharmacy - a disinfectant or a preparation for treating wounds. Hydrogen peroxide is not very stable. Already when standing in air, it decomposes into oxygen and water:

2H 2 O 2 → 2H 2 O + O 2

Decomposition can be significantly accelerated by adding a little manganese dioxide MnO 2 (pyrolusite), active carbon, metal powder, blood (coagulated or fresh), saliva to the peroxide. These substances act as catalysts.

We can be convinced of this if we place about 1 ml of hydrogen peroxide with one of the above substances in a small test tube, and we establish the presence of released oxygen using a test with a splinter. If an equal amount of animal blood is added to 5 ml of a three percent hydrogen peroxide solution in a beaker, the mixture will foam strongly, the foam will harden and swell as a result of the release of oxygen bubbles.

Then we will test the catalytic effect of a 10% solution of copper (II) sulfate with the addition of potassium hydroxide (caustic potash), a solution of iron sulfate (P), a solution of iron (III) chloride (with and without the addition of iron powder), sodium carbonate, chloride sodium and organic substances (milk, sugar, crushed leaves of green plants, etc.). Now we have seen from experience that various substances catalytically accelerate the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.

Catalysts increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed. Ultimately, they reduce the activation energy needed to excite the reaction. But there are also substances that act in the opposite way. They are called negative catalysts, anti-catalysts, stabilizers or inhibitors. For example, phosphoric acid prevents the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Therefore, a commercial hydrogen peroxide solution is usually stabilized with phosphoric or uric acid.

Catalysts are essential for many chemical-technological processes. But even in wildlife, so-called biocatalysts (enzymes, enzymes, hormones) are involved in many processes. Since catalysts are not consumed in reactions, they can act even in small quantities. One gram of rennet is enough to coagulate 400-800 kg of milk protein.

Of particular importance for the operation of catalysts is their surface area. To increase the surface, porous, cracked substances with a developed inner surface are used, compact substances or metals are sprayed onto so-called carriers. For example, 100 g of a supported platinum catalyst contains only about 200 mg of platinum; 1 g of compact nickel has a surface area of ​​0.8 cm 2 and 1 g of nickel powder has 10 mg. This corresponds to a ratio of 1: 100,000; 1 g of active alumina has a surface area of ​​200 to 300 m2, for 1 g of active carbon this value is even 1000 m2. In some catalyst installations - several million marks. Thus, an 18 m high gasoline contact furnace in Belen contains 9-10 tons of catalyst.

A large amount of oxygen is obtained by electrolysis of water.

During the electrolysis of water, another valuable industrial product, hydrogen, is released simultaneously with oxygen.

In the presence of cheap electricity, it is extremely profitable to obtain oxygen and hydrogen from water by decomposing it into its component parts with an electric current.

Oxygen and hydrogen were first obtained by electrolysis of water about one hundred and sixty years ago. However, this method did not find practical application for almost a hundred years.

In 1888, Russian professor D. A. Lachinov designed several types of electrolytic baths to produce oxygen and hydrogen. A few years later, the first industrial plants for the production of these gases by electrolysis appeared. These were comparatively small installations, producing 100-200 cubic meters of oxygen and hydrogen per day.

Currently, there are plants capable of producing 20,000 cubic meters of hydrogen and 10,000 cubic meters of oxygen per hour.

Such installations require a lot of electricity.

In our country, where a large amount of cheap electrical energy is produced, oxygen is obtained not only from the air, but the electrolytic method of obtaining oxygen and hydrogen from water is widely used.

At present, new giant hydroelectric power plants are being built on large rivers. In four or five years, they will produce over 22 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity per year. Part of this cheap electricity will go to electrochemical enterprises, including water electrolysis plants.

Obtaining oxygen

Oxygen is obtained in the laboratory by decomposition of potassium permanganate KMnO 4 . For the experiment, you will need a test tube with a gas outlet tube. Pour crystalline potassium permanganate into a test tube. Prepare a flask to collect oxygen. When heated, potassium permanganate begins to decompose, the released oxygen enters the flask through the gas outlet tube. Oxygen is heavier than air, so it does not leave the flask and gradually fills it. A smoldering splinter flashes in the flask: it means that we managed to collect oxygen.

Pure oxygen was first obtained independently by the Swedish chemist Scheele and the English scientist Priestley. Before their discovery, scientists believed that air was a homogeneous substance. After the discovery of Scheele and Priestley, Lavoisier created the theory of combustion and named the new element Oxygenium - giving rise to acid, oxygen. Oxygen is essential to sustain life. A person can survive without oxygen for only a few minutes.

Equipment: a test tube with a gas outlet tube, a flask, a tripod, a spirit lamp, a spatula, a torch.

Safety. Observe the rules for handling heating devices. The ingress of organic substances into potassium permanganate is unacceptable. Avoid direct contact of the skin and mucous membranes with potassium permanganate crystals.

Statement of experience- Elena Makhinenko, text- Ph.D. Pavel Bespalov.

Hydrogen from water: simple and cheap A Russian researcher has designed an electrolyzer that makes it possible to obtain hydrogen from water, spending very little energy on it.

A Russian researcher has designed an electrolyzer that makes it possible to produce hydrogen from water with very little energy.

Hydrogen is an environmentally friendly energy carrier, moreover, it is practically inexhaustible. According to calculations, 1234.44 liters of hydrogen can be obtained from 1 liter of water. However, the transition of energy to hydrogen fuel is hampered by the high energy costs required to produce hydrogen from water. The electrolysis process takes place at a voltage of 1.6-2.0 V and a current strength of tens and hundreds of amperes. The most modern electrolyzers consume more energy to produce a cubic meter of hydrogen than can be obtained by burning it. Many laboratories around the world are solving the problem of reducing energy costs for hydrogen production from water, but no significant results have been achieved so far. However, in nature there is an economical process of decomposition of water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. It takes place during photosynthesis. In this case, hydrogen atoms participate in the formation of organic molecules, and oxygen goes into the atmosphere. The electrolyzer cell developed by F. Kanarev from the Kuban State Agrarian University models this process.

Similar to photosynthesis is that the cell consumes very little energy. In fact, the device uses a voltage of only 0.062 V at a current strength of 0.02 A. F. Kanarev designed two laboratory models of the electrolyzer: with conical and cylindrical steel electrodes. As conceived by their creator, they model the annual rings of a tree trunk. Even in the complete absence of electrolyte, a potential difference of about 0.1 V appears on the cell electrodes. After pouring the solution, the potential difference increases. In this case, a positive sign of the charge always appears on the upper electrode, a negative one - on the lower one. The cell of a low-ampere electrolyzer is a capacitor. Initially, it is charged at a voltage of 1.5-2 V and a current strength much greater than 0.02 A, and then it gradually discharges under the influence of the electrolytic processes occurring in it. And at this time, the device consumes very little energy, which it spends on recharging the capacitor. Even in the device disconnected from the mains, electrolysis continues for another five hours, as evidenced by the intense gurgling of gas bubbles.

Both models of the electrolyzer, both with conical and cylindrical electrodes, operate with the same energy efficiency. The indicator of this efficiency is still to be specified. But it is already clear that the energy costs for obtaining hydrogen from water during low-amperage electrolysis are reduced by a factor of 12, and according to the most daring estimates, by almost 2000 times. According to F. Kanarev, the method he proposed for obtaining cheap hydrogen from water can be used to create industrial electrolyzers that will find application in the future hydrogen energy.

PROPERTIES OF OXYGEN AND METHODS FOR ITS PRODUCTION

Oxygen O 2 is the most abundant element on earth. It is found in large quantities in the form of chemical compounds with various substances in the earth's crust, in combination with hydrogen in water and in a free state in atmospheric air, mixed mainly with nitrogen in an amount of 20.93% vol. .

Oxygen is of great importance in the national economy. It is widely used in metallurgy; chemical industry; for flame treatment of metals, fire drilling of hard rocks, underground coal gasification; in medicine and various breathing apparatus, for example, for high-altitude flights, and in other areas.

Under normal conditions, oxygen is a colorless, odorless and tasteless gas, non-flammable, but actively supports combustion. At very low temperatures, oxygen turns into a liquid and even a solid.

Sources: www.activestudy.info, files.school-collection.edu.ru, gazeta.zn.ua, chemport.ru, forum.homedistiller.ru, metallicheckiy-portal.ru

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Oxygen appeared in the earth's atmosphere with the emergence of green plants and photosynthetic bacteria. Thanks to oxygen, aerobic organisms carry out respiration or oxidation. It is important to obtain oxygen in industry - it is used in metallurgy, medicine, aviation, the national economy and other industries.

Properties

Oxygen is the eighth element of Mendeleev's periodic table. It is a gas that supports combustion and oxidizes substances.

Rice. 1. Oxygen in the periodic table.

Oxygen was officially discovered in 1774. The English chemist Joseph Priestley isolated the element from mercury oxide:

2HgO → 2Hg + O 2 .

What Priestley did not know, however, was that oxygen was part of the air. The properties and presence of oxygen in the atmosphere were later pointed out by Priestley's colleague, the French chemist Antoine Lavoisier.

General characteristics of oxygen:

• colorless gas;
• has no smell and taste;
• heavier than air;
• the molecule consists of two oxygen atoms (O 2);
• in the liquid state it has a pale blue color;
• poorly soluble in water;
• is a strong oxidizing agent.

Rice. 2. Liquid oxygen.

The presence of oxygen can be easily checked by lowering a smoldering torch into a vessel with gas. In the presence of oxygen, the torch flares up.

How to receive

There are several ways to obtain oxygen from various compounds in industrial and laboratory conditions. In industry, oxygen is obtained from air by liquefying it under pressure and at a temperature of -183°C. Liquid air is subjected to evaporation, i.e. gradually warm up. At -196°C, nitrogen begins to volatilize, while oxygen retains its liquid state.

In the laboratory, oxygen is formed from salts, hydrogen peroxide, and electrolysis. The decomposition of salts occurs when heated. For example, potassium chlorate or Bertolet salt is heated to 500 ° C, and potassium permanganate or potassium permanganate is heated to 240 ° C:

• 2KClO 3 → 2KCl + 3O 2;
• 2KMnO 4 → K 2 MnO 4 + MnO 2 + O 2.

Rice. 3. Heating Berthollet salt.

You can also get oxygen by heating saltpeter or potassium nitrate:

2KNO 3 → 2KNO 2 + O 2 .

The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide uses manganese (IV) oxide - MnO 2 , carbon or iron powder as a catalyst. The general equation looks like this:

2H 2 O 2 → 2H 2 O + O 2.

The sodium hydroxide solution is subjected to electrolysis. As a result, water and oxygen are formed:

4NaOH → (electrolysis) 4Na + 2H 2 O + O 2.

Oxygen is also isolated from water by electrolysis, decomposing it into hydrogen and oxygen:

2H 2 O → 2H 2 + O 2 .

On nuclear submarines, oxygen was obtained from sodium peroxide - 2Na 2 O 2 + 2CO 2 → 2Na 2 CO 3 + O 2. The method is interesting in that carbon dioxide is absorbed along with the release of oxygen.

How to apply

Collection and recognition is necessary to release pure oxygen, which is used in industry to oxidize substances, as well as to maintain breathing in space, under water, in smoky rooms (oxygen is necessary for firefighters). In medicine, oxygen tanks help patients with breathing difficulties breathe. Oxygen is also used to treat respiratory diseases.

Oxygen is used to burn fuel - coal, oil, natural gas. Oxygen is widely used in metallurgy and engineering, for example, for melting, cutting and welding metal.

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O air is not a chemical compound of individual gases. It is now known that it is a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen and the so-called rare gases: argon, neon, krypton, xenon and helium. In addition, the air contains negligible amounts of hydrogen and carbon dioxide.

The main component of air is nitrogen. It occupies more than 3D of the total volume of air. One fifth of the air is "fire air" - oxygen. And the rest of the gases account for about one hundredth of it.

How is it possible to separate these gases and obtain pure oxygen from the air?

Thirty years ago, the chemical method of obtaining oxygen was relatively widely used. For this, a combination of barium metal with oxygen was used - barium oxide. This substance has one interesting property. Heated to a dark red color (up to about 540 degrees), barium oxide vigorously combines with atmospheric oxygen, forming a new oxygen-rich substance - barium peroxide. However, upon further heating, barium peroxide decomposes, releases oxygen, and turns back into oxide. Oxygen at

This is captured and collected in special vessels - cylinders, and barium peroxide is cooled to 540 degrees in order to regain the ability to extract oxygen from the air.

Oxygen plants operating in this way produced several cubic meters of gas per hour. However, they were expensive, bulky and inconvenient. In addition, during operation, barium oxide gradually lost its absorption properties and had to be changed frequently.

All this led to the fact that over time, the chemical method of obtaining oxygen from the air was replaced by other, more advanced ones.

The easiest way to extract oxygen from the air is if the air is first turned into a liquid.

Liquid air at normal atmospheric pressure has an extremely low temperature - minus 192 degrees, that is, 192 degrees below the freezing point of water. But the liquefaction temperature of the individual gases that make up the air is not the same. Liquid nitrogen, for example, boils and evaporates at minus 196 degrees, and oxygen at minus 183 degrees. This difference of 13 degrees makes it possible to separate liquid air into its constituent gases.

If you pour liquid air into any vessel, it will boil vigorously and evaporate very quickly. At the same time, in the first moments, predominantly nitrogen evaporates, and the liquid air is increasingly enriched with oxygen. This process is the basis for the construction of special devices used for air separation.

At present, liquid air is widely used for the industrial production of oxygen. However, in order to turn atmospheric air into a liquid state, it must be cooled to a very low temperature. Therefore, the modern method of obtaining liquid air is called the method of deep cooling.

Deep air cooling is carried out in special machines. But before we talk about their work, we need to get acquainted with a few simple physical phenomena.

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A new effect of "cold" high-voltage electrosmoke of evaporation and low-cost high-voltage dissociation of liquids was experimentally discovered and studied. Based on this discovery, the author proposed and patented a new highly efficient low-cost technology for obtaining fuel gas from some aqueous solutions based on high-voltage capillary electrosmoke.

INTRODUCTION

This article is about a new promising scientific and technical direction of hydrogen energy. It informs that a new electrophysical effect of intensive "cold" evaporation and dissociation of liquids and aqueous solutions into fuel gases has been discovered and experimentally tested in Russia without any electricity consumption - high-voltage capillary electroosmosis. Vivid examples of the manifestation of this important effect in Living Nature are given. The open effect is the physical basis for many new "breakthrough" technologies in hydrogen energy and industrial electrochemistry. On its basis, the author has developed, patented and is actively researching a new high-performance and energy-efficient technology for obtaining combustible fuel gases and hydrogen from water, various aqueous solutions and water-organic compounds. The article reveals their physical essence, and the technique of implementation in practice, a technical and economic assessment of the prospects of new gas generators is given. The article also provides an analysis of the main problems of hydrogen energy and its individual technologies.

Briefly about the history of the discovery of capillary electroosmosis and the dissociation of liquids into gases and the development of a new technology. The discovery of the effect was carried out by me in 1985. Experiments and experiments on capillary electroosmotic "cold" evaporation and decomposition of liquids with the production of fuel gas without power consumption were carried out by me in the period from 1986 -96 years. For the first time about the natural process of "cold" evaporation of water in plants, I wrote in 1988 the article "Plants - natural electric pumps" /1/. I reported on a new highly efficient technology for obtaining fuel gases from liquids and obtaining hydrogen from water based on this effect in 1997 in my article “New electric fire technology” (section “Is it possible to burn water”) /2/. The article is provided with numerous illustrations (Fig. 1-4) with graphs, block diagrams of experimental facilities, revealing the main structural elements and electrical service devices (electric field sources) of the capillary electroosmotic fuel gas generators I proposed. The devices are original converters of liquids into fuel gases. They are depicted in Fig. 1-3 in a simplified manner, with sufficient detail to explain the essence of the new technology for producing fuel gas from liquids.

A list of illustrations and brief explanations for them are given below. On fig. 1 shows the simplest experimental setup for "cold" gasification and dissociation of liquids with their conversion into fuel gas by means of a single electric field. Figure 2 shows the simplest experimental setup for "cold" gasification and dissociation of liquids with two sources of an electric field (a constant-sign electric field for "cold" evaporation of any liquid by electroosmosis and a second pulsed (alternating) field for crushing the molecules of the evaporated liquid and turning it into fuel Fig. 3 shows a simplified block diagram of the combined device, which, unlike the devices (Fig. 1, 2), also provides additional electroactivation of the evaporated liquid. pump-evaporator of liquids (combustible gas generator) on the main parameters of the devices.It, in particular, shows the relationship between the performance of the device on the electric field strength and on the area of ​​the capillary evaporated surface.The names of the figures and the decoding of the elements of the devices themselves are given in the captions to them. A description of the relationship between the elements of devices and the operation of devices in dynamics is given below in the text in the relevant sections of the article.

PROSPECTS AND PROBLEMS OF HYDROGEN ENERGY

Efficient production of hydrogen from water is a tempting old dream of civilization. Because there is a lot of water on the planet, and hydrogen energy promises mankind “clean” energy from water in unlimited quantities. Moreover, the very process of hydrogen combustion in an oxygen environment obtained from water provides ideal combustion in terms of calorific value and purity.

Therefore, the creation and industrial development of a highly efficient technology for the electrolysis of water splitting into H2 and O2 has long been one of the urgent and priority tasks of energy, ecology and transport. An even more urgent and urgent problem in the energy sector is the gasification of solid and liquid hydrocarbon fuels, more specifically, the creation and implementation of energy-efficient technologies for producing combustible fuel gases from any hydrocarbons, including organic waste. Nevertheless, despite the relevance and simplicity of the energy and environmental problems of civilization, they have not yet been effectively resolved. So what are the reasons for the high energy consumption and low productivity of known hydrogen energy technologies? More on that below.

BRIEF COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE STATE AND DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROGEN FUEL ENERGY

The priority of the invention for obtaining hydrogen from water by electrolysis of water belongs to the Russian scientist Lachinov D.A. (1888). I have reviewed hundreds of articles and patents in this scientific and technical direction. There are various methods for producing hydrogen during the decomposition of water: thermal, electrolytic, catalytic, thermochemical, thermogravitational, electropulse and others /3-12/. From the standpoint of energy consumption, the most energy-intensive method is the thermal method /3/, and the least energy-intensive is the electric pulse method of the American Stanley Meyer /6/. Meyer's technology /6/ is based on a discrete electrolysis method of water decomposition by high-voltage electric pulses at resonant frequencies of vibrations of water molecules (Meyer's electric cell). It is, in my opinion, the most progressive and promising both in terms of the applied physical effects and in terms of energy consumption, however, its productivity is still low and is constrained by the need to overcome the intermolecular bonds of the liquid and the absence of a mechanism for removing the generated fuel gas from the working zone of liquid electrolysis.

Conclusion: All these and other well-known methods and devices for the production of hydrogen and other fuel gases are still inefficient due to the lack of a truly highly efficient technology for the evaporation and splitting of liquid molecules. More on this in the next section.

ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES OF HIGH ENERGY INTENSITY AND LOW PRODUCTIVITY OF KNOWN TECHNOLOGIES FOR OBTAINING FUEL GASES FROM WATER

Obtaining fuel gases from liquids with minimal energy consumption is a very difficult scientific and technical task Significant energy costs in obtaining fuel gas from water in known technologies are spent on overcoming the intermolecular bonds of water in its liquid state of aggregation. Because water is very complex in structure and composition. Moreover, it is paradoxical that, despite its surprising prevalence in nature, the structure and properties of water and its compounds have not yet been studied in many respects /14/.

Composition and latent energy of intermolecular bonds of structures and compounds in liquids.

The physicochemical composition of even ordinary tap water is rather complicated, since water contains numerous intermolecular bonds, chains and other structures of water molecules. In particular, in ordinary tap water there are various chains of specially connected and oriented water molecules with impurity ions (cluster formations), its various colloidal compounds and isotopes, minerals, as well as many dissolved gases and impurities /14/.

Explanation of problems and energy costs for the "hot" evaporation of water by known technologies.

That is why in the known methods of splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen, it is necessary to spend a lot of electricity to weaken and completely break the intermolecular, and then the molecular bonds of water. To reduce energy costs for the electrochemical decomposition of water, additional thermal heating (up to the formation of steam) is often used, as well as the introduction of additional electrolytes, for example, weak solutions of alkalis and acids. However, these well-known improvements still do not allow to significantly intensify the process of dissociation of liquids (in particular, the decomposition of water) from its liquid state of aggregation. The use of known thermal evaporation technologies is associated with a huge expenditure of thermal energy. And the use of expensive catalysts in the process of obtaining hydrogen from aqueous solutions to intensify this process is very expensive and inefficient. The main reason for the high energy consumption when using traditional technologies for the dissociation of liquids is now clear, they are spent on breaking the intermolecular bonds of liquids.

Criticism of the most progressive electrotechnology for obtaining hydrogen from water by S. Meyer /6/

Undoubtedly, Stanley Mayer's electrohydrogen technology is the most economical of the known and the most progressive in terms of physics of work. But his famous electric cell /6/ is also inefficient, because after all it does not have a mechanism for the effective removal of gas molecules from the electrodes. In addition, this process of water dissociation in the Mayer method is slowed down due to the fact that during the electrostatic separation of water molecules from the liquid itself, time and energy have to be spent on overcoming the huge latent potential energy of intermolecular bonds and structures of water and other liquids.

SUMMARY OF THE ANALYSIS

Therefore, it is quite clear that without a new original approach to the problem of dissociation and transformation of liquids into fuel gases, scientists and technologists cannot solve this problem of gas formation intensification. The actual implementation of other well-known technologies into practice is still “slipping”, since they are all much more energy-consuming than Mayer's technology. And therefore ineffective in practice.

BRIEF FORMULATION OF THE CENTRAL PROBLEM OF HYDROGEN ENERGY

The central scientific and technical problem of hydrogen energy is, in my opinion, precisely in the unresolved and the need to find and put into practice a new technology for the multiple intensification of the process of producing hydrogen and fuel gas from any aqueous solutions and emulsions with a sharp simultaneous reduction in energy costs. A sharp intensification of the processes of splitting liquids with a decrease in energy consumption in known technologies is still impossible in principle, since until recently the main problem of the effective evaporation of aqueous solutions without the supply of thermal and electrical energy has not been solved. The main way to improve hydrogen technologies is clear. It is necessary to learn how to efficiently evaporate and gasify liquids. And as intensively as possible and with the least energy consumption.

METHODOLOGY AND FEATURES OF THE NEW TECHNOLOGY IMPLEMENTATION

Why is steam better than ice for producing hydrogen from water? Because water molecules move much more freely in it than in water solutions.

a) Change in the state of aggregation of liquids.

Obviously, the intermolecular bonds of water vapor are weaker than those of water in the form of a liquid, and even more so of water in the form of ice. The gaseous state of water further facilitates the work of the electric field on the subsequent splitting of the water molecules themselves into H2 and O2. Therefore, methods for effectively converting the state of aggregation of water into water gas (steam, fog) are a promising main path for the development of electrohydrogen energy. Because by transferring the liquid phase of water into the gaseous phase, weakening and (or) complete rupture and intermolecular cluster and other bonds and structures that exist inside the water liquid are achieved.

b) An electric water heater - an anachronism of hydrogen energy or again about the paradoxes of energy during the evaporation of liquids.

But not everything is so simple. With the transfer of water into a gaseous state. But what about the required energy required for the evaporation of water. The classic method of its intense evaporation is thermal heating of water. But it is also very energy intensive. We were taught from the school desk that the process of water evaporation, and even its boiling, requires a very significant amount of thermal energy. Information on the required amount of energy to evaporate 1m³ of water is available in any physical reference book. This is many kilojoules of thermal energy. Or many kilowatt-hours of electricity, if evaporation is carried out by heating water from an electric current. Where is the way out of the energy impasse?

CAPILLARY ELECTROOSMOSIS OF WATER AND AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS FOR "COLD EVAPORATION" AND DISSOCIATION OF LIQUIDS INTO FUEL GASES (description of a new effect and its manifestation in Nature)

I have been looking for such new physical effects and low-cost methods for the evaporation and dissociation of liquids for a long time, I experimented a lot and still found a way to effectively "cold" evaporation and dissociation of water into a combustible gas. This amazing beauty and perfection effect was suggested to me by Nature itself.

Nature is our wise teacher. It is paradoxical, but it turns out that in Wildlife, independently of us, there has long been an effective method of electrocapillary pumping and “cold” evaporation of a liquid with its transfer to a gaseous state without any supply of thermal energy and electricity. And this natural effect is realized by the action of the earth's sign-constant electric field on the liquid (water) located in the capillaries, namely through capillary electroosmosis.

Plants are natural, energetically perfect, electrostatic and ion pumps-evaporators of aqueous solutions. began to persistently look for its analogy and manifestation of this phenomenon in Living Nature. After all, Nature is our eternal and wise Teacher. And I found it in the beginning in plants!

a) The paradox and perfection of the energy of natural plant evaporator pumps.

Simplified quantitative estimates show that the mechanism of operation of natural moisture evaporator pumps in plants, and especially in tall trees, is unique in its energy efficiency. Indeed, it is already known, and it is easy to calculate that a natural pump of a tall tree (with a crown height of about 40 m and a trunk diameter of about 2 m) pumps and evaporates cubic meters of moisture per day. Moreover, without the supply of thermal and electrical energy from the outside. The equivalent energy capacity of such a natural electric water evaporator pump, in this ordinary tree, by analogy with the traditional devices used by us for similar purposes in technology, pumps and electric water evaporator heaters for performing the same work, is tens of kilowatts. It is still difficult for us to even understand such an energetic perfection of Nature, and so far we cannot immediately copy it. And plants and trees learned how to do this work effectively millions of years ago without any supply and waste of the electricity we use everywhere.

b) Description of the physics and energetics of the natural plant liquid evaporator pump.

So how does the natural pump-evaporator of water work in trees and plants, and what is the mechanism of its energy? It turns out that all plants have long and skillfully used this effect of capillary electroosmosis discovered by me as an energy mechanism for pumping the aqueous solutions that feed them with their natural ionic and electrostatic capillary pumps to supply water from the roots to their crown without any energy supply and without human participation. Nature wisely uses the potential energy of the Earth's electric field. Moreover, in plants and trees, to lift liquid from roots to leaves inside plant trunks and cold evaporation of juices through capillaries inside plants, natural thinnest fibers-capillaries of plant origin, a natural aqueous solution - a weak electrolyte, the natural electric potential of the planet and the potential energy of the electric field of the planet are used. Simultaneously with the growth of the plant (an increase in its height), the productivity of this natural pump also increases, because the difference in natural electrical potentials between the root and the top of the plant crown increases.

c) Why do the needles of the Christmas tree - so that its electric pump works in the winter.

You will say that the nutrient juices move to the ingrown due to the normal thermal evaporation of moisture from the leaves. Yes, this process also exists, but it is not the main one. But what is most surprising is that many needle trees (pines, spruces, fir) are frost-resistant and grow even in winter. The fact is that in plants with needle-like leaves or thorns (such as pine, cacti, etc.), the electrostatic evaporator pump works at any ambient temperature, since the needles concentrate the maximum intensity of the natural electrical potential at the tips of these needles. Therefore, simultaneously with the electrostatic and ionic movement of nutrient aqueous solutions through their capillaries, they also intensively split and effectively emit (inject, shoot into the atmosphere from these natural devices from their natural needle-like natural electrodes-ozonizers of moisture molecules, successfully transferring the molecules of aqueous solutions into gases Therefore, the work of these natural electrostatic and ionic pumps of water non-freezing solutions occurs both in drought and cold.

d) My observations and electrophysical experiments with plants.

Through many years of observations on plants in their natural environment and experiments with plants in an environment placed in an artificial electric field, I have comprehensively studied this effective mechanism of a natural moisture pump and evaporator. Dependences of the intensity of movement of natural juices along the stem of plants on the parameters of the electric field and the type of capillaries and electrodes were also revealed. Plant growth in the experiments significantly increased with a multiple increase in this potential, because the productivity of its natural electrostatic and ionic pump increased. Back in 1988, I described my observations and experiments with plants in my popular science article “Plants are natural ion pumps” /1/.

e) We learn from plants to create a perfect technique of pumps - evaporators. It is quite clear that this natural energy-perfect technology is quite applicable in the technique of converting liquids into fuel gases. And I created such experimental installations of holon electrocapillary evaporation of liquids (Fig. 1-3) in the likeness of the electric pumps of trees.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SIMPLEST EXPERIMENTAL INSTALLATION OF AN ELECTROCAPILLARY PUMP- LIQUID EVAPORATOR

The simplest operating device for the experimental implementation of the effect of high-voltage capillary electroosmosis for "cold" evaporation and dissociation of water molecules is shown in Fig.1. The simplest device (Fig. 1) for implementing the proposed method for producing combustible gas consists of a dielectric container 1, with liquid 2 poured into it (water-fuel emulsion or ordinary water), from a finely porous capillary material, for example, a fibrous wick 3, immersed into this liquid and pre-moistened in it, from the upper evaporator 4, in the form of a capillary evaporative surface with a variable area in the form of an impenetrable screen (not shown in Fig. 1). The composition of this device also includes high-voltage electrodes 5, 5-1, electrically connected to opposite terminals of a high-voltage regulated source of a constant-sign electric field 6, one of the electrodes 5 is made in the form of a perforated-needle plate, and is placed movably above the evaporator 4, for example, in parallel him at a distance sufficient to prevent electrical breakdown on the wetted wick 3, mechanically connected to the evaporator 4.

Another high-voltage electrode (5-1), electrically connected at the input, for example, to the “+” terminal of the field source 6, is mechanically and electrically connected with its output to the lower end of the porous material, the wick 3, almost at the bottom of the container 1. For reliable electrical insulation, the electrode is protected from the container body 1 by a through electrical insulator 5-2. Note that the vector of the strength of this electric field supplied to the wick 3 from the block 6 is directed along the axis of the wick-evaporator 3. The device is also supplemented with a prefabricated gas manifold 7. In essence, the device containing blocks 3 , 4, 5, 6, is a combined device of an electroosmotic pump and an electrostatic evaporator of liquid 2 from tank 1. Unit 6 allows you to adjust the strength of a constant sign ("+", - ") electric field from 0 to 30 kV/cm. The electrode 5 is made perforated or porous to allow the generated steam to pass through itself. The device (Fig. 1) also provides for the technical possibility of changing the distance and position of the electrode 5 relative to the surface of the evaporator 4. In principle, to create the required electric field strength, instead of the electric block 6 and electrode 5, polymeric monoelectrets /13/ can be used. In this current-free version of the hydrogen generator device, its electrodes 5 and 5-1 are made in the form of monoelectrets having opposite electrical signs. Then, in the case of using such electrode devices 5 and placing them, as explained above, there is no need for a special electrical unit 6 at all.

DESCRIPTION OF OPERATION OF THE SIMPLE ELECTROCAPILLARY PUMP-EVAPORATOR (FIG. 1)

The first experiments of electrocapillary dissociation of liquids were carried out using both plain water and its various solutions and water-fuel emulsions of various concentrations as liquids. And in all these cases, fuel gases were successfully obtained. True, these gases were very different in composition and heat capacity.

I first observed a new electrophysical effect of "cold" evaporation of a liquid without any energy consumption under the action of an electric field in a simple device (Fig. 1)

a) Description of the first simple experimental setup.

The experiment is carried out as follows: first, a water-fuel mixture (emulsion) 2 is poured into a container 1, the wick 3 and the porous evaporator 4 are pre-wetted with it. from the edges of the capillaries (wick 3-evaporator 4) the source of the electric field is connected through electrodes 5-1 and 5, and the lamellar perforated electrode 5 is placed above the surface of the evaporator 4 at a distance sufficient to prevent electrical breakdown between electrodes 5 and 5-1.

b) How the device works

As a result, along the capillaries of the wick 3 and the evaporator 4, under the action of the electrostatic forces of the longitudinal electric field, the dipole polarized liquid molecules moved from the container towards the opposite electric potential of the electrode 5 (electroosmosis), are torn off by these electric forces of the field from the surface of the evaporator 4 and turn into a visible fog , i.e. the liquid passes into another state of aggregation at the minimum energy consumption of the source of the electric field (6), and the electroosmotic rise of this liquid begins along them. In the process of separation and collision between the evaporated liquid molecules with air and ozone molecules, electrons in the ionization zone between the evaporator 4 and the upper electrode 5, partial dissociation occurs with the formation of a combustible gas. Further, this gas enters through the gas collector 7, for example, into the combustion chambers of a vehicle engine.

C) Some results of quantitative measurements

The composition of this combustible fuel gas includes hydrogen molecules (H2) -35%, oxygen (O2) -35% water molecules - (20%) and the remaining 10% are molecules of impurities of other gases, organic fuel molecules, etc. It is experimentally shown that that the intensity of the process of evaporation and dissociation of its vapor molecules change from a change in the distance of the electrode 5 from the evaporator 4, from a change in the area of ​​the evaporator, from the type of liquid, the quality of the capillary material of the wick 3 and the evaporator 4 and the parameters of the electric field from the source 6. (strength, power). The temperature of the fuel gas and the intensity of its formation were measured (flow meter). And the performance of the device depending on the design parameters. By heating and measuring the control volume of water during the combustion of a certain volume of this fuel gas, the heat capacity of the resulting gas was calculated depending on the change in the parameters of the experimental setup.

SIMPLIFIED EXPLANATION OF THE PROCESSES AND EFFECTS FOUND IN EXPERIMENTS ON MY FIRST SETUP

Already my first experiments on this simplest installation in 1986 showed that a “cold” water mist (gas) arises from a liquid (water) in capillaries during high-voltage electroosmosis without any visible energy consumption at all, namely, using only the potential energy of the electric field. This conclusion is obvious, because in the course of the experiments, the electric current consumed by the field source was the same and was equal to the no-load current of the source. Moreover, this current did not change at all, regardless of whether the liquid evaporated or not. But there is no miracle in my experiments of “cold” evaporation and dissociation of water and aqueous solutions into fuel gases described below. I just managed to see and understand a similar process taking place in Living Nature itself. And it was possible to use it very usefully in practice for the effective "cold" evaporation of water and the production of fuel gas from it.

Experiments show that in 10 minutes, with a capillary cylinder diameter of 10 cm, capillary electrosmosis evaporated a sufficiently large volume of water (1 liter) without any energy consumption at all. Because the input electrical power consumed (10 watts). The source of the electric field used in the experiments - a high-voltage voltage converter (20 kV) is unchanged from the mode of its operation. It has been experimentally found that all this power consumed from the network, which is scanty compared to the energy of evaporation of the liquid, was spent precisely on creating an electric field. And this power did not increase during the capillary evaporation of the liquid due to the operation of the ion and polarization pumps. Therefore, the effect of cold evaporation of liquid is amazing. After all, it happens without any visible energy costs at all!

A jet of water gas (steam) was sometimes visible, especially at the beginning of the process. She broke away from the edge of the capillaries with acceleration. The movement and evaporation of the liquid is explained, in my opinion, precisely due to the appearance in the capillary under the influence of an electric field of huge electrostatic forces and a huge electro-osmotic pressure on the column of polarized water (liquid) in each capillary, which are the driving force of the solution through the capillaries.

Experiments prove that in each of the capillaries with liquid, under the influence of an electric field, a powerful currentless electrostatic and at the same time ionic pump operates, which raise a column of polarized and partially ionized by the field in a capillary of a column of liquid (water) micron in diameter from one potential of the electric field applied to the liquid itself and the lower end of the capillary to the opposite electrical potential, placed with a gap relative to the opposite end of this capillary. As a result, such an electrostatic ionic pump intensively breaks the intermolecular bonds of water, actively moves polarized water molecules and their radicals along the capillary with pressure, and then injects these molecules, together with broken electrically charged radicals of water molecules, outside the capillary to the opposite potential of the electric field. Experiments show that, simultaneously with the injection of molecules from capillaries, a partial dissociation (rupture) of water molecules also occurs. And the more, the higher the electric field strength. In all these complex and simultaneously occurring processes of capillary electroosmosis of a liquid, it is the potential energy of the electric field that is used.

Since the process of such a transformation of a liquid into water mist and water gas occurs by analogy with plants, without any energy supply and is not accompanied by heating of water and water gas. Therefore, I called this natural and then the technical process of electroosmosis of liquids - "cold" evaporation. In experiments, the transformation of an aqueous liquid into a cold gaseous phase (fog) occurs quickly and without any visible energy consumption at all. At the same time, at the exit from the capillaries, gaseous water molecules are torn apart by the electrostatic forces of the electric field into H2 and O2. Since this process of phase transition of liquid water into water mist (gas) and dissociation of water molecules proceeds in the experiment without any visible expenditure of energy (heat and trivial electricity), it is probably the potential energy of the electric field that is consumed in some way.

SECTION SUMMARY

Despite the fact that the energy of this process is still not completely clear, it is still quite clear that the "cold evaporation" and dissociation of water is carried out by the potential energy of the electric field. More precisely, the visible process of evaporation and splitting of water into H2 and O2 during capillary electroosmosis is carried out precisely by the powerful electrostatic Coulomb forces of this strong electric field. In principle, such an unusual electroosmotic pump-evaporator-splitter of liquid molecules is an example of a perpetual motion machine of the second kind. Thus, high-voltage capillary electroosmosis of an aqueous liquid provides, through the use of the potential energy of an electric field, a really intense and energy-saving evaporation and splitting of water molecules into fuel gas (H2, O2, H2O).

PHYSICAL ESSENCE OF CAPILLARY ELECTROSMOSIS OF LIQUIDS

So far, his theory has not yet been developed, but is only in its infancy. And the author hopes that this publication will attract the attention of theorists and practitioners and help create a powerful creative team of like-minded people. But it is already clear that, despite the relative simplicity of the technical implementation of the technology itself, the real physics and energetics of the processes in the implementation of this effect are still very complex and not fully understood yet. We note their main characteristic properties:

A) Simultaneous occurrence of several electrophysical processes in liquids in an electrocapillary

Since during capillary electrosmotic evaporation and dissociation of liquids, many different electrochemical, electrophysical, electromechanical and other processes proceed simultaneously and alternately, especially when an aqueous solution moves along the capillary injection of molecules from the edge of the capillary in the direction of the electric field.

B) the energy phenomenon of "cold" evaporation of a liquid

Simply put, the physical essence of the new effect and new technology is the conversion of the potential energy of the electric field into the kinetic energy of the movement of liquid molecules and structures through the capillary and outside it. At the same time, in the process of evaporation and dissociation of the liquid, no electric current is consumed at all, because in some incomprehensible way it is the potential energy of the electric field that is consumed. It is the electric field in capillary electroosmosis that triggers and maintains the occurrence and simultaneous flow in the liquid in the process of converting its fractions and aggregate states to the device of many beneficial effects of transforming molecular structures and liquid molecules into a combustible gas at once. Namely: high-voltage capillary electroosmosis simultaneously provides powerful polarization of water molecules and its structures with simultaneous partial breaking of intermolecular bonds of water in an electrified capillary, fragmentation of polarized water molecules and clusters into charged radicals in the capillary itself by means of the potential energy of the electric field. The same potential energy of the field intensively triggers the mechanisms of formation and movement through the capillaries lined up "in ranks" electrically linked together into chains of polarized water molecules and their formations (electrostatic pump), the operation of the ion pump with the creation of a huge electroosmotic pressure on the liquid column for accelerated movement along capillary and the final injection from the capillary of incomplete molecules and clusters of liquid (water) already partially broken by the field (split into radicals). Therefore, at the output of even the simplest capillary electroosmosis device, a combustible gas is already obtained (more precisely, a mixture of gases H2, O2 and H2O).

C) Applicability and features of the operation of an alternating electric field

But for a more complete dissociation of water molecules into fuel gas, it is necessary to force the surviving water molecules to collide with each other and break up into H2 and O2 molecules in an additional transverse alternating field (Fig. 2). Therefore, to increase the intensification of the process of evaporation and dissociation of water (any organic liquid) into fuel gas, it is better to use two sources of an electric field (Fig. 2). In them, for the evaporation of water (liquid) and for the production of fuel gas, the potential energy of a strong electric field (with a strength of at least 1 kV / cm) is used separately: first, the first electric field is used to transfer the molecules that form the liquid from a sedentary liquid state by electroosmosis through capillaries into a gaseous state (cold gas is obtained) from a liquid with partial splitting of water molecules, and then, at the second stage, the energy of the second electric field is used, more specifically, powerful electrostatic forces are used to intensify the oscillatory resonant process of "collision-repulsion" of electrified water molecules in the form of water gas between themselves for the complete rupture of liquid molecules and the formation of combustible gas molecules.

D) Controllability of the processes of dissociation of liquids in the new technology

Adjustment of the intensity of formation of water mist (intensity of cold evaporation) is achieved by changing the parameters of the electric field directed along the capillary evaporator and (or) changing the distance between the outer surface of the capillary material and the accelerating electrode, which creates an electric field in the capillaries. The regulation of the production of hydrogen from water is carried out by changing (regulating) the magnitude and shape of the electric field, the area and diameter of capillaries, changing the composition and properties of water. These conditions for the optimal dissociation of a liquid are different depending on the type of liquid, on the properties of the capillaries, and on the parameters of the field, and are dictated by the required productivity of the dissociation process of a particular liquid. Experiments show that the most efficient production of H2 from water is achieved when the molecules of the water mist obtained by electroosmosis are split by a second electric field, the rational parameters of which were selected mainly experimentally. In particular, it turned out to be expedient to produce the final splitting of water fog molecules precisely by a pulsed sign-constant electric field with a field vector perpendicular to the vector of the first field used in water electroosmosis. The impact of electric fields on the liquid in the process of its transformation into fog and further in the process of splitting liquid molecules can be carried out simultaneously or alternately.

SECTION SUMMARY

Thanks to these described mechanisms, with combined electroosmosis and the action of two electric fields on a liquid (water) in a capillary, it is possible to achieve the maximum productivity of the process of obtaining combustible gas and practically eliminate the electrical and thermal energy costs when obtaining this gas from water from any water-fuel liquids. This technology is, in principle, applicable to the production of fuel gas from any liquid fuel or its aqueous emulsions.

Other general aspects of the new technology implementation useful in its implementation.

a) Pre-activation of water (liquid)

To increase the intensity of fuel gas production, it is advisable to first activate the liquid (water) (pre-heating, preliminary separation of it into acid and alkaline fractions, electrization and polarization, etc.). Preliminary electroactivation of water (and any aqueous emulsion) with its separation into acid and alkaline fractions is carried out by partial electrolysis using additional electrodes placed in special semi-permeable diaphragms for their subsequent separate evaporation (Fig. 3).

In the case of preliminary separation of initially chemically neutral water into chemically active (acid and alkaline) fractions, the implementation of the technology for obtaining combustible gas from water becomes possible even at sub-zero temperatures (down to -30 degrees Celsius), which is very important and useful in winter for vehicles. Because such "fractional" electroactivated water does not freeze at all during frosts. This means that the plant for producing hydrogen from such activated water will also be able to operate at sub-zero ambient temperatures and in frost.

b) Electric field sources

Various devices can be used as a source of an electric field for the implementation of this technology. For example, such as well-known magneto-electronic high-voltage DC and pulse voltage converters, electrostatic generators, various voltage multipliers, pre-charged high-voltage capacitors, as well as generally completely currentless sources of an electric field - dielectric monoelectrets.

c) Adsorption of produced gases

Hydrogen and oxygen in the process of producing combustible gas can be accumulated separately from each other by placing special adsorbents in the combustible gas stream. It is quite possible to use this method for the dissociation of any water-fuel emulsion.

d) Obtaining fuel gas by electroosmosis from organic liquid waste

This technology makes it possible to efficiently use any liquid organic solutions (for example, liquid human and animal waste) as a raw material for generating fuel gas. Paradoxical as this idea sounds, but the use of organic solutions for the production of fuel gas, in particular from liquid feces, from the standpoint of energy consumption and ecology, is even more profitable and easier than the dissociation of plain water, which is technically much more difficult to decompose into molecules.

In addition, such a landfill-derived hybrid fuel gas is less explosive. Therefore, in fact, this new technology allows you to effectively convert any organic liquids (including liquid waste) into a useful fuel gas. Thus, the present technology is also effectively applicable for the beneficial processing and disposal of liquid organic waste.

OTHER TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS DESCRIPTION OF THE STRUCTURES AND THEIR OPERATING PRINCIPLE

The proposed technology can be implemented using various devices. The simplest device for an electroosmotic generator of fuel gas from liquids has already been shown and disclosed in the text and in Fig. 1. Some other more advanced versions of these devices, tested by the author experimentally, are presented in a simplified form in Fig. 2-3. One of the simple variants of the combined method for obtaining combustible gas from a water-fuel mixture or water can be implemented in a device (Fig. 2), which essentially consists of a combination of a device (Fig. 1) with an additional device containing flat transverse electrodes 8.8- 1 connected to a source of strong alternating electric field 9.

Figure 2 also shows in more detail the functional structure and composition of the source 9 of the second (alternating) electric field, namely, it is shown that it consists of a primary source of electricity 14 connected via the power input to the second high-voltage voltage converter 15 of adjustable frequency and amplitude (block 15 can be made in the form of an inductive-transistor circuit such as a Royer self-oscillator) connected at the output to flat electrodes 8 and 8-1. The device is also equipped with a thermal heater 10, located, for example, under the bottom of the container 1. On vehicles, this can be a hot exhaust manifold, the side walls of the engine housing itself.

In the block diagram (Fig. 2), the sources of the electric field 6 and 9 are deciphered in more detail. So, in particular, it is shown that the source 6 of a constant sign, but regulated by the magnitude of the electric field strength, consists of a primary source of electricity 11, for example, an on-board battery connected via the primary power circuit to a high-voltage adjustable voltage converter 12, for example, of the Royer autogenerator type , with a built-in output high-voltage rectifier (included in block 12) connected at the output to high-voltage electrodes 5, and the power converter 12 is connected via the control input to the control system 13, which allows you to control the operating mode of this electric field source., more specifically, the performance of Blocks 3, 4, 5, 6 together constitute a combined device of an electroosmotic pump and an electrostatic liquid evaporator. Block 6 allows you to adjust the electric field strength from 1 kV/cm to 30 kV/cm. The device (Fig. 2) also provides for the technical possibility of changing the distance and position of the plate mesh or porous electrode 5 relative to the evaporator 4, as well as the distance between the flat electrodes 8 and 8-1. Description of the hybrid combined device in statics (Fig. 3)

This device, unlike those explained above, is supplemented with an electrochemical liquid activator, two pairs of electrodes 5.5-1. The device contains a container 1 with liquid 2, for example, water, two porous capillary wicks 3 with evaporators 4, two pairs of electrodes 5.5-1. The source of the electric field 6, the electric potentials of which are connected to the electrodes 5.5-1. The device also contains a gas-collecting pipeline 7, a separating filter barrier-diaphragm 19, dividing the container 1 in two. devices also consist in the fact that electric potentials of opposite sign from a high-voltage source 6 are connected to the upper two electrodes 5 due to the opposite electrochemical properties of the liquid separated by a diaphragm 19. Description of the operation of the devices (Fig. 1-3)

OPERATION OF COMBINED FUEL GAS GENERATORS

Let us consider in more detail the implementation of the proposed method on the example of simple devices (Fig. 2-3).

The device (Fig. 2) works as follows: evaporation of liquid 2 from tank 1 is carried out mainly by thermal heating of the liquid from block 10, for example, using significant thermal energy from the exhaust manifold of a vehicle engine. The dissociation of molecules of the evaporated liquid, for example, water, into molecules of hydrogen and oxygen is carried out by force action on them by an alternating electric field from a high-voltage source 9 in the gap between two flat electrodes 8 and 8-1. Capillary wick 3, evaporator 4, electrodes 5.5-1 and electric field source 6, as already described above, turn the liquid into vapor, and other elements together provide electrical dissociation of the molecules of the evaporated liquid 2 in the gap between the electrodes 8.8-1 under the action of an alternating electric field from source 9, and by changing the frequency of oscillations and the strength of the electric field in the gap between 8.8-1 along the control system circuit 16, taking into account information from the gas composition sensor, the intensity of collision and crushing of these molecules (i.e., the degree dissociation of molecules). By regulating the intensity of the longitudinal electric field between the electrodes 5.5-1 from the voltage converter unit 12 through its control system 13, a change in the performance of the liquid lifting and evaporation mechanism 2 is achieved.

The device (Fig. 3) works as follows: first, the liquid (water) 2 in the tank 1, under the influence of the difference in electrical potentials from the voltage source 17, applied to the electrodes 18, is divided through the porous diaphragm 19 into "live" - ​​alkaline and "dead" - acidic fractions of liquid (water), which are then converted into a vapor state by electroosmosis and crush its mobile molecules with an alternating electric field from block 9 in the space between flat electrodes 8.8-1 until a combustible gas is formed. In the case of making electrodes 5,8 porous from special adsorbents, it becomes possible to accumulate, accumulate hydrogen and oxygen reserves in them. Then it is possible to carry out the reverse process of releasing these gases from them, for example, by heating them, and in this mode it is advisable to place these electrodes directly in the fuel tank, connected, for example, with the fuel wire of vehicles. We also note that electrodes 5,8 can also serve as adsorbents for individual components of a combustible gas, for example, hydrogen. The material of such porous solid hydrogen adsorbents has already been described in the scientific and technical literature.

WORKABILITY OF THE METHOD AND POSITIVE EFFECT FROM ITS IMPLEMENTATION

The efficiency of the method has already been proven by me by numerous experiments experimentally. And the device designs shown in the article (Fig. 1-3) are operating models, on which the experiments were carried out. To prove the effect of obtaining combustible gas, we ignited it at the outlet of the gas collector (7) and measured the thermal and environmental characteristics of the combustion process. There are test reports that confirm the operability of the method and the high environmental characteristics of the obtained gaseous fuel and the exhaust gaseous products of its combustion. Experiments have shown that the new electroosmotic method of dissociation of liquids is efficient and suitable for cold evaporation and dissociation in electric fields of very different liquids (water-fuel mixtures, water, aqueous ionized solutions, water-oil emulsions, and even aqueous solutions of fecal organic waste, which, by the way, after their molecular dissociation according to this method, they form an effective environmentally friendly combustible gas with practically no smell and color.

The main positive effect of the invention is the multiple reduction in energy costs (thermal, electrical) for the implementation of the mechanism of evaporation and molecular dissociation of liquids in comparison with all known analogous methods.

A sharp reduction in energy consumption in the production of combustible gas from a liquid, for example, water-fuel emulsions, by electric field evaporation and crushing of its molecules into gas molecules, is achieved due to the powerful electric forces of the electric field acting on molecules both in the liquid itself and on the evaporated molecules. As a result, the process of liquid evaporation and the process of fragmentation of its molecules in the vapor state are sharply intensified almost at the minimum power of the electric field sources. Naturally, by regulating the intensity of these fields in the working zone of evaporation and dissociation of liquid molecules, either electrically or by moving the electrodes 5, 8, 8-1, the force interaction of the fields with the liquid molecules changes, which leads to the regulation of the evaporation productivity and the degree of dissociation of the evaporated molecules. liquids. The performance and high efficiency of the dissociation of the evaporated vapor by a transverse alternating electric field in the gap between the electrodes 8, 8-1 from the source 9 was also experimentally shown (Fig. 2,3,4). It has been established that for each liquid in its evaporated state there is a certain frequency of electric oscillations of a given field and its strength, at which the process of splitting liquid molecules occurs most intensively. It was also experimentally established that additional electrochemical activation of a liquid, for example, ordinary water, which is its partial electrolysis, carried out in the device (Fig. 3), and also increase the performance of the ion pump (wick 3-accelerating electrode 5) and increase the intensity of the electroosmotic evaporation of the liquid . Thermal heating of a liquid, for example, by the heat of the exhaust hot gases of transport engines (Fig. 2), contributes to its evaporation, which also leads to an increase in the productivity of hydrogen production from water and combustible fuel gas from any water-fuel emulsions.

COMMERCIAL ASPECTS OF TECHNOLOGY IMPLEMENTATION

ADVANTAGE OF ELECTROOSMOTIC TECHNOLOGY IN COMPARISON WITH MEYER ELECTROTECHNOLOGY

Compared to the well-known and most cost-effective progressive electric technology of Stanley Meyer for obtaining fuel gas from water (and Mayer cell) /6/ our technology is more advanced and productive because we use the electroosmotic effect of liquid evaporation and dissociation in combination with the mechanism of electrostatic and the ion pump provides not only intensive evaporation and dissociation of the liquid with minimal and identical energy consumption, but also the effective separation of gas molecules from the dissociation zone, and with acceleration from the upper edge of the capillaries. Therefore, in our case, there is no screening effect at all for the working zone of the electrical dissociation of molecules. And the process of generating fuel gas does not slow down in time, as in Mayer's. Therefore, the gas productivity of our method at the same energy consumption is an order of magnitude higher than this progressive analogue /6/.

Some technical and economic aspects and commercial benefits and prospects for the implementation of the new technology The proposed new technology may well be brought in a short time to the serial production of such highly efficient electroosmotic fuel gas generators from almost any liquid, including tap water. It is especially simple and economically expedient at the first stage of mastering the technology to implement a plant option for converting water-fuel emulsions into fuel gas. The cost of a serial plant for producing fuel gas from water with a capacity of about 1000 m³/h will be approximately 1 thousand US dollars. The consumed electrical power of such a fuel gas electric generator will be no more than 50-100 watts. Therefore, such compact and efficient fuel electrolyzers can be successfully installed on almost any vehicle. As a result, heat engines will be able to run on virtually any hydrocarbon liquid and even plain water. The mass introduction of these devices in vehicles will lead to a sharp energy and environmental improvement of vehicles. And it will lead to the rapid creation of an environmentally friendly and economical heat engine. Estimated financial costs for the development, creation, and fine-tuning of the study of the first pilot plant for the production of fuel gas from water with a capacity of 100 m³ per second to a pilot industrial sample are about 450-500 thousand US dollars. These costs include the cost of design and research, the cost of the experimental setup itself and the stand for its testing and refinement.

CONCLUSIONS:

In Russia, a new electrophysical effect of capillary electroosmosis of liquids, a “cold” energetically low-cost mechanism for the evaporation and dissociation of molecules of any liquids, was discovered and experimentally studied.

This effect exists independently in nature and is the main mechanism of the electrostatic and ionic pump for pumping nutrient solutions (juices) from the roots to the leaves of all plants, followed by electrostatic gasification.

A new effective method for the dissociation of any liquid by weakening and breaking its intermolecular and molecular bonds by high-voltage capillary electroosmosis has been experimentally discovered and investigated.

Based on the new effect, a new highly efficient technology for producing fuel gases from any liquids has been created and tested.

Specific devices are proposed for energy-efficient production of fuel gases from water and its compounds.

The technology is applicable for the efficient production of fuel gas from any liquid fuels and water-fuel emulsions, including liquid waste.

The technology is particularly promising for use in transport, energy and other industries. And also in cities for the disposal and beneficial use of hydrocarbon waste.

The author is interested in business and creative cooperation with companies that are willing and able to create the necessary conditions for the author to bring it to pilot industrial designs and introduce this promising technology into practice with their investments.

CITATED LITERATURE:

1. Dudyshev V.D. "Plants - natural ion pumps" - in the journal "Young Technician" No. 1/88
2. Dudyshev V.D. "New electric fire technology - an effective way to solve energy and environmental problems" - the journal "Ecology and Industry of Russia" No. 3 / 97
3. Thermal production of hydrogen from water "Chemical Encyclopedia", v.1, M., 1988, p.401).
4. Electrohydrogen generator (international application under the PCT system -RU98/00190 dated 07.10.97)
5. Free energy Generation by Water Decomposition in Highly Efficiency Electrolytic Process, Proceedings "New Ideas in Natural Sciences", 1996, St. Petersburg, pp. 319-325, ed. "Peak".
6. U.S. Patent 4,936,961 Fuel gas production method.
7. US Pat. No. 4,370,297 Method and apparatus for nuclear thermochemical aqueous digestion.
8. US Pat. No. 4,364,897 Multi-stage chemical and radiation process for gas production.
9. Pat. US 4,362,690 Pyrochemical device for water decomposition.
10. Pat. US 4,039,651 Closed cycle thermochemical process producing hydrogen and oxygen from water.
11. Pat. US 4,013,781 Process for producing hydrogen and oxygen from water using iron and chlorine.
12. Pat. US 3,963,830 Thermolysis of water in contact with zeolite masses.
13. G. Lushcheikin “Polymer electrets”, M., “Chemistry”, 1986
14. “Chemical Encyclopedia”, v.1, M., 1988, sections “water”, (aqueous solutions and their properties)

Dudyshev Valery Dmitrievich Professor of Samara Technical University, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Academician of the Russian Ecological Academy