We continue to explore the levels of the language system, based on the book "Russian language: I understand - I write - I check." We will talk about homogeneous members of the proposal.
Lesson 28. Homogeneous members of the proposal. Homogeneous members, connected only by intonation. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions
Homogeneous are members of a sentence that are interconnected by a coordinating link and have the following features:
1) often act as the same parts of speech, used in the same grammatical form;
2) are interconnected by a coordinative connection, therefore they are equal in rights and do not depend on each other, unlike the components of a phrase;
3) if these are secondary members, then they spread one member of the sentence and equally define it lexically;
4) in speech are often interconnected by a special enumerative intonation.
Exercise. Read two sentences and determine in them: a) the grammatical basis; b) guided by the signs of homogeneity, which members of the proposal are homogeneous.
1) It was necessary to sell furniture, horses, cottages.(A. Chekhov)
2) Earth, air, month, stars are chained together, riveted by frost.(A. Pushkin)
The listed signs of homogeneity and the completed task show that:
a) each of the homogeneous members and all together act as the same members of the sentence: in the first example by additions, in the second by subjects and predicates;
b) any members of the sentence can be homogeneous - both main and secondary.
I. Homogeneous members connected only by intonation. Members of the proposal that are not homogeneous
With homogeneous members connected by intonation, commas, semicolons and dashes are used in writing.
1. Comma- the most common punctuation mark that separates homogeneous members from each other, connected by the intonation of the enumeration (a connecting union can be inserted between them and), for example:
The embankment is crowded steamships, schooners, barges . (A. Serafimovich)
Sentences with homogeneous members can be complicated by isolated secondary members. When punctuating, watch the intonation of the statement, and then analyze the structure of the sentence, for example:
Books are the spiritual testament of one generation to another, the advice of a dying old man to a young man who begins to live, an order transmitted by sentries going on vacation to sentries who take his place.(A. Herzen)
Exercise. Explain all the punctuation marks in this sentence. Which parts of the sentence are homogeneous?
2. Semicolon common homogeneous members are separated, connected by the intonation of the enumeration, especially if there are commas inside them. As a rule, this happens if in speech the statement is divided into clear parts-pictures, for example:
Along the ravine on one side neat barns, cells with tightly closed doors; on the other side five six pine hut with shed roofs.(I. Turgenev)
Exercise. Prove that this is an incomplete sentence. Which part of the sentence is missing?
3. Dash is set if homogeneous members are connected by opposing relations, that is, they are opposed to each other, and unions can be inserted between them a or but. In speech, an intonation pause is made in place of the adversative union, for example:
Not fishing sail small - ships I dream.(N. Nekrasov)
Compare the synonymous sentence with the conjunction: Not a fishing sail, but (but) I dream of ships.
Exercise. Remember the figure of speech of non-union. What is its essence?
4. There are words and expressions that are not homogeneous members, are used mainly in colloquial, artistic and artistic-journalistic functional styles and give imagery to speech. Such words and expressions can generally be used without punctuation marks, separated by a comma and a hyphen.
no signs punctuation is not separated:
1) two verbs included in a complicated simple verbal predicate. The predicate in this case is a single semantic whole, for example:
I'll go horse with oatsfeed ;
2) repeated identical forms of words included in the complicated predicate, connected by particles no, so (believe it, don’t believe it, you don’t want to, write like that, you have to write it like that), for example:
Like it or not , but you will have to make a concession.
Comma is placed between repeated words used to emphasize a variety of objects, the duration of an action, etc. These words act as one member of a sentence, for example:
White fragrant chamomile flowers run under his feet back, back. (A. Kuprin)
Hyphen put:
1) between repeated words, if the repetition is intended to enhance the action or feature; however, they are pronounced with a single intonation, different from the enumeration intonation, for example:
By blue-blue clouds float in the sky.(A. N. Tolstoy);
2) between paired combinations-synonyms (to know the truth-truth), antonyms (terms of sale), associative combinations (pick mushrooms and berries), which represent a single concept, for example:
We called a neighbor from the other side and went more than once, this and that tasted, but soberly.(N. Leskov)
II. Homogeneous and heterogeneous single agreed definitions
Before you begin to study the paragraph, remember:
a) which adjectives are qualitative, which are relative;
b) what definitions are called agreed;
c) reasons for separating agreed definitions.
In the neighborhood of single agreed definitions expressed by adjectives and participles, it is quite difficult to establish their homogeneity and heterogeneity, since a comma is placed between homogeneous definitions, and not between heterogeneous ones.
| Definitions are homogeneous (a comma is put) | Definitions are heterogeneous (no comma) |
|
1. In reverse word order, when agreed definitions are after the word being defined, for example (watch the intonation): Alyosha gave him a mirror, small, foldable, round. 2. In direct word order, when agreed definitions come before the word being defined, if the adjectives or participles expressed by them are combined according to some common features (by appearance, similarity of the impression made, causal connection, etc.). Then: 1) each definition directly refers to the noun being defined; 2) there are synonymous relations between the definitions, the intonation of the enumeration arises when the conjunction is allowed and. For example: Big, fat, fat the boar was digging with its nose in the ground right next to the house. The boar is big and fat and well-fed; all definitions characterize the noun being defined as "the appearance of the object." 3. In direct word order, if this definition is an epithet: 4. In direct word order, if the first definition is an adjective, and the second is a participle: It was kinda sad about that. old, already touched by autumn garden. |
In direct word order, if the adjectives or participles expressed by them characterize the subject from different sides, that is, they represent signs related to different concepts. Then: 1) the preceding definition refers to the combination of the subsequent definition with the noun being defined; 2) there are no synonymous relations between definitions, the intonation of enumeration does not arise and it is impossible to insert a union and. For example: Alyosha gave him small folding round mirror on the chest of drawers.(F. Dostoevsky) Three Definitions Related to Supplement mirror, heterogeneous: a) the adjectives expressed by them characterize the subject from different angles: small indicates the size of an object folding- on the property, what can be done with this item, plump- on appearance; b) each previous definition refers to the combination of the following definition(s) + noun: small folding round mirror(folding round mirror could be large), folding round mirror(a round mirror could not be folding). |
Exercise.
Homogeneous definitions-epithets serve to form a stylistic figure of gradation. What is the stylistic meaning of gradation?
It can be seen from the examples in the table that homogeneous definitions are most often expressed by qualitative adjectives. Heterogeneous definitions are usually expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives, since they denote different features.
A comma between definitions expressed by adjectives of different categories is placed if there is a proximity of lexical meanings, and refers to optional punctuation marks, for example:
ended summer, warm night.(I. Sokolov-Mikitov) - Here, in the author's opinion, the concept warm is an integral part of the concept summer.
Exercise. Read the sentences in which the definitions are after the word being defined and therefore are homogeneous. Rewrite each sentence so that the definitions come before the word being defined. Analyze the phrasal intonation in both cases and evaluate the stylistic meaning of word order.
1. Katya quickly took off her glove, beautiful, velvet. 2. Women rushed to the soldier, wounded, walking in front. 3. After a few steps, a tree, large, like a huge giant, blocked our path. 4. There was an oak tree by the road itself, clumsy, old, squat. 5. Boys, not tanned, who had just arrived for the holidays, were fishing from a boat.
In this lesson, you will get acquainted with homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions, learn how to distinguish between them, learn the rules for determining homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions, consider interesting examples of sentences.
2. Homogeneous will be definitions that characterize one subject, but on different grounds.
For example:
terrible, tragic, an incredible set of circumstances did not allow me to complete my homework in the Russian language(Fig. 2) .
Each of these definitions refers directly to the word being defined, and a coordinating conjunction can be inserted between them:
terrible and tragic,
terrible and incredible
Rice. 2. The boy is doing homework ().
3. As a rule, artistic definitions, that is, epithets, are homogeneous.
For example:
bright, gentle sun(Fig. 3)
gloomy, evil neighbor
important, haughty look
happy, optimistic disposition
Rice. 3. Bright, gentle sun ().
4. Definitions will be homogeneous if they form a semantic gradation, i.e., each subsequent definition enhances the expressed feature.
For example:
Light, joyful , festive mood overwhelmed Maxim, who finally returned home.
5. If a participle turnover follows after a single definition, then such definitions are homogeneous and are separated by a comma.
For example:
It's been a long time , months-long return(Fig. 4) .
Do not forget that the participial turnover, standing before the word being defined, is not isolated. So after the word months there is no comma.
1. Definitions will not be homogeneous if the previous definition does not refer to the word being defined directly, but to the combination of the next definition with the word being defined.
For example:
Bigsquare chocolate candy(Fig. 5) .
If you carefully consider the sentence, it becomes clear that the word big refers to the combination square chocolate candy, a
definition square refers to the combination chocolate candy.
These definitions characterize an object, in our case, a chocolate candy, according to different features, according to different characteristics.
square(the form)
big(the size)
chocolate(material)
2. Heterogeneous definitions are very often expressed by a combination of a qualitative and a relative adjective. After all, different types of adjectives denote different signs.
For example:
I got delicious strawberry ice cream today(Fig. 6) .
The words tasty and strawberry are heterogeneous definitions.
Rice. 6. Strawberry ice cream ().
There was a huge striped lollipop in a red cardboard box.(Fig. 7) .
Red and cardboard- heterogeneous definitions.
Huge and striped- heterogeneous definitions.
3. It is easy to identify heterogeneous definitions expressed by relative adjectives.
For example:
openworkcast iron gate,
summerlinguistic school,
4. If a relative adjective is combined with a participle, then these definitions will also be heterogeneous.
For example:
decommissionedhomework.
That's all the basic rules that are needed to understand whether definitions are homogeneous or not. However, there are even more complex, but interesting cases, when it is not so easy to understand whether this definition is homogeneous or not, because it is related to the meaning of the sentence.
If we recognize definitions as homogeneous, then we want to say that these definitions have some common feature, that we combine them according to some characteristic:
- in appearance;
- by the impression made;
- by cause and effect, etc.
For example:
shone bright , summer sun(Fig. 8) .
In this sentence, we can put a comma if we want to say that it was bright precisely because it was summer.
Rice. 8. Bright, summer sun ().
Even in our candy example:
Large square chocolate candy.
Big , square , chocolate candy.
Big+ square+ chocolate
We combine these signs with a common meaning - a good candy, we like everything about this candy: its size, its shape, and its composition. And, of course, such a sentence is pronounced with a completely different intonation.
Consider another example:
I was treated to a delicious chocolate candy.
In this sentence, the definition is expressed by a qualitative and relative adjective, characterizes the subject in various ways, and, of course, they are heterogeneous. But not everything is so simple. If we still put a comma, this sentence will take on a new meaning:
I was treated to delicious , chocolate candy(Fig. 9) .
In this case, the word chocolate acquires a clarifying meaning, that is, we thus make it clear that only chocolate candy can be tasty, and all other sweets are tasteless.
Rice. 9. Chocolate candy ().
Compare two sentences:
I will order another cream ice cream(Fig. 10) .
I will order another , ice cream.
In the first case, the definitions are heterogeneous and it is clear that the previous ice cream was also creamy. And in the second sentence, the definitions are homogeneous, a comma is placed between them, and the second definition acquires a clarifying meaning, that is, the previous ice cream was not creamy. This sentence is pronounced with a clarifying intonation.
Rice. 10. Ice cream ().
In today's lesson, you learned to distinguish between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions, and realized how one comma can change the meaning of a sentence.
Bibliography
1. Bagryantseva V.A., Bolycheva E.M., Galaktionova I.V., Zhdanova L.A., Litnevskaya E.I., Stepanova E.B. Russian language. Textbook for senior classes of humanitarian schools, Publishing House of Moscow University, 2011.
2. Barkhudarov S.G., Kryuchkov S.E., Maksimov L.Yu.. Cheshko L.A. Russian language . 8th grade. Textbook for educational institutions,: Education, 2013
3. Russian language: textbook for 8th grade general education. institutions / T.A. Ladyzhenskaya, M.T. Baranov, L.A. Trostentsova and others - M .: Education, JSC "Moscow textbooks", 2008.
1. Website videotutor-rusyaz.ru ()
Homework
1. List the cases in which the definitions will not be homogeneous.
2. Indicate which sentences contain homogeneous definitions.
The fields were wet, loose and dazzling snow.
We walked through the quiet taiga, illuminated by stars.
Heavy cold clouds lay on the tops of the mountains.
A dry, hot wind blew.
The rain-washed young grass smelled stupefyingly.
Quiet in the old country park.
Everything fell into a sound, healthy sleep.
3. Write off the text, placing the missing commas:
In the meantime, the sun had risen slightly above the horizon. Now the sea shone no longer entirely, but only in two places. On the very horizon a long radiant streak burned, and dozens of bright eyes-cutting stars flashed in the slowly rolling waves. Throughout the rest of its vast expanse, the sea shone with the tender, sad blueness of an August calm. Petya admired the sea. No matter how much you look at the sea, you will never get bored. It is always different new unseen. It changes every hour before our eyes. Sometimes it is quiet light blue in several places covered with silvery almost white stripes of calm. That it is bright blue fiery sparkling. Then, under a fresh wind, it suddenly becomes dark indigo woolen, as if it were being stroked against the nap.
From homogeneous definitions (separated by commas in writing) must be distinguished heterogeneous definitions between which there is no comma.
When delimiting homogeneity/heterogeneity of definitions it is necessary to take into account the meaning of definitions, the way they are expressed, the position in relation to the noun being defined, as well as the general nature of the context.
I. Heterogeneous definitions characterize an object from different sides, indicate different features of an object, for example, its size, shape, color, material, location and etc. For example: 1) Lying on the edge of the felling ... big iron (size and material) a stove, indicating that the forest was cut down in winter (V. Soloukhin). 2) Bestuzhev removed from her hand green knitted (color and material) glove and kissed cold fingers (K. Paustovsky). 3) Thick draft(size and purpose) the notebook in which I wrote down plans and rough sketches was placed at the bottom of the suitcase (V. Kaverin). 4) Around noon, a lot of round high (shape and location) clouds usually appear ... (I. Turgenev).
Usually, heterogeneous are definitions, expressed combination of qualitative and relative adjective (see examples 1-3 above).
Heterogeneous there may be definitions expressed quality adjectives of different semantic groups(see above 4th example): 1) Here cold large drops began to fall on the ground (M. Gorky). 2) Good-natured little gray eyes squint (N. Garin-Mikhailovsky).
It should be noted, however, that such examples allow for a different understanding, and therefore, different pronunciation and different punctuation (heterogeneity in such cases is not necessary and definitions can be considered as homogeneous; see below). Wed, for example: His tiny, motionless eyes smoldered dully (I. Turgenev).
II. Homogeneous definitions characterize an object from any one point of view, according to any one sign, on any general basis.
Is always homogeneous:
1. Definitions, standing after the noun being defined (regardless of their meaning): 1) ... I will then possess the eternal truth , undoubted ... (I. Turgenev). 2) And blue, bottomless eyes bloom on the far shore (A. Blok). 3) On the winter road, a boring trio of greyhounds runs (A. Pushkin).(The exception is some combinations of a terminological and logical nature: aster early terry; frost-resistant winter wheat etc.)
2. Definitions, with the help of which varieties of objects that differ in any one respect (by color, material, purpose, geographical location, etc.) are designated, for example: 1) Black, red, yellow rocks reflected in the water (K. Paustovsky). 2) A talented student who spoke five languages and felt at home in French, Spanish, German literature, he boldly used his knowledge (V. Kaverin).
3. Definitions-synonyms (they call the same feature differently, i.e. they characterize an object from the same side), and their synonymy often occurs in the context: 1) Pale, dim stars were barely visible in the sky (L. Tolstoy). 2) She felt completely healthy and was in a cheerful, festive mood (A. Chekhov). 3) The arable land is overgrown with strong, tenacious, unpretentious weeds (M. Sholokhov). 4) His heavy body is full of flexible, bestial grace (M. Gorky)(the words flexible and animal, which are not synonyms in the language, in this context turn out to be synonymous).
4. Definitions, of which the first is single, and the second is a participial turnover (a single definition precedes the common one): 1) At night, above the ship is a deep sky, densely seeded with stars (I. Sokolov-Mikitov). 2) One day Vanya brought a small, dug-out With birch root (K. Paustovsky). 3) It is good to stomp on soft hay that climbs under a shirt (I. Sokolov-Mikitov). 4) His black, uncovered head flickered in the bushes (I. Turgenev).
Note. Note that the comma is placed between the adjective and the participle, not after the participial.
Usually homogeneous:
1. Definitions, which denote signs different, but often and naturally accompanying each other; such definitions interconnected by cause-and-effect relationships, unions can be inserted between them because, because or adverbs therefore, therefore, therefore: 1) The lilac bushes bent down, as if they were offering passers-by to pluck a thick, heavy(thick, therefore heavy) bunch (S. Marshak). 2) Young, smelly(smelly, as young) the grass has slightly broken through (I. Bunin). 3) Ahead rode fresh, beautiful(fresh, so beautiful) old man... (L. Tolstoy). 4) You wake up among the dark, moonless(dark because moonless) March night and at first you can’t figure out where you are (A. Kuprin).
Uniformity such definitions are not required (although preferred).
2. Artistic definitions (definitions- epithets). With the help of such definitions each individual detail of the description is emphasized (although they characterize the subject from different sides): 1) Well-fed, white, important birds walked along the dam (A. Tolstoy). 2) Kashtanka looked at the stranger through the snowflakes hanging on her eyelashes, and saw in front of her a short and plump little man with a shaved, plump face ... (A. Chekhov). 3) And now, looking at Luzhin's large, pale face, she ... was filled with ... pity (V. Nabokov).
Diverse definitions in context, they are often combined by some common feature, a common element of meaning (the similarity of the impression made, a positive or negative assessment, etc.): 1) The gray, small house of the Vlasovs more and more attracted the attention of the settlement (M. Gorky)(homogeneous definitions have in this context a common element of the meaning "inconspicuous", "inconspicuous"). 2) The locomotive with a howl made its way forward, into a vague , stuffy darkness (A. Platonov). 3) funny , bright morning burst into the room (V. Veresaev).
III. A special variety is definitions connected by explanatory relations (the second definition explains the first you can usually insert unions between them that is, namely:1) Others, the best I cherish the law;
I need a different, better freedom... (A. Pushkin).
2) Quite different, urban sounds were heard outside and inside the apartment (V. Kataev).
The greatest difficulties in establishing the homogeneity or heterogeneity of the members of the proposal are associated with homogeneous definitions, which should be distinguished from inhomogeneous ones (and this is not always easy).
Primarily, homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions relate differently to the noun being defined.
Each of homogeneous definitions explains the directly defined noun: An interesting and exciting film.
In the case of heterogeneous definitions, only the definition closest to the noun is directly related to it and forms a single complex name together with the noun. And a definition more distant from the noun characterizes all this complex name as a whole: Good May day that is the definition good does not refer to the word day, and to the phrase May day.
Heterogeneity relationships are most often observed between qualitative and relative adjectives-definitions (large glass vase, new leather bag), at the same time, the relative adjective stands immediately before the noun and is part of the complex name, and the qualitative one characterizes all this complex name as a whole.
Definitions are usually heterogeneous if: 1) they are expressed by a pronoun and an adjective: your blue suit; our new friend; every interesting book; 2) numeral and adjective: first winter day; two old linden trees; 3) participle and adjective: crumbling autumn leaves; faded gray eyes; 4) qualitative adjective and relative: large stone house; bright morning dawn; strong male voice. Such definitions denote different attributes of an object: belonging and color, size and material, shape and color, quality and location, etc.
Combinations with homogeneous definitions semantically different. In general, they can be divided into two groups: 1) definitions that name the features of different objects; 2) definitions that name the features of the same object. (Heterogeneous definitions always characterize one subject, but from different angles: There was an old hanging wall clock in the office (L. Tolstoy).)
1) With the help of definitions, varieties of objects that differ in any one respect are indicated: by color, purpose, material, geographical location, etc.
For example: At a great distance, the city sprawled and quietly flamed and sparkled with blue, white, yellow lights (V. Korolenko).
Homogeneity of definitions in such groups is strictly obligatory and easily recognizable. (It is precisely such definitions that either include or allow the inclusion of the union c.)
2) Much more common are such homogeneous definitions, which characterize the same object or a single group of objects. It can be:
a) definitions-synonyms (the homogeneity of which is obligatory, since they express one feature, i.e. characterize the subject from one side): sharp, piercing wind; thick, dense fog;
b) definitions that denote signs different, but often and naturally accompanying each other (between such definitions, you can insert a causal union because, because): dark, low clouds; nocturnal, desert city;
3) definitions are necessarily homogeneous, of which the first is single, and the second is participial turnover (a single definition precedes the common one): walked through the quiet, star-lit taiga(but: walked through the quiet taiga illuminated by stars).
4) definitions-epithets (emotional, artistic definitions). Such definitions are found mainly in the descriptive contexts of works of art, where, with the help of homogeneous definitions every single detail of the description is underlined. Uniformity such definitions may be mandatory or optional. Homogeneity does not receive a distinct design and depends on the entire statement. Such definitions are united by some common feature. The basis for this association may be the similarity of the impression produced: The letter is written in large, uneven, thin handwriting. (A. Kuprin); Short, velvety grass grows green near the spring. (I. Turgenev); Arriving home, Laevsky and Nadezhda Fyodorovna went into their dark, stuffy, boring rooms. (A. Chekhov); In the gray sky there were wadded, dry clouds (K. Paustovsky).
In Russian between heterogeneous definitions comma not
placed between homogeneous definitions a comma is placed.
Several agreed definitions that are not related to each other
unions can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous.
Homogeneous definitions are directly related to the defined (main)
in a word, while they are in relation to each other
enumerations (they are pronounced with enumerative intonation and between
they can put the union and):
Here's an example:
Red, yellow tulips. Yellow tulips. Red tulips. Red
and yellow tulips.
Heterogeneous definitions not pronounced with enumeration
intonation, it is usually impossible to put a union between them and.
Heterogeneous definitions are otherwise related to the defined (main)
word. One of the definitions (the closest one) is directly related to
defined by the word, while the second is already associated with
a phrase consisting of the main word and the first definition:
Here's an example:
Short passenger train.
In this sentence, the composition closest to the main word is associated with
its definition is short.
The definition of short is associated with the whole phrase - passenger
composition (Passenger composition is short).
Definitions are homogeneous if:
Indicate the distinguishing features of different objects;
Here's an example:
Blue, white balls - blue and white balls; the balls were blue; the balls were
white.
Denote various features of one object, characterizing it with
one side;
Here's an example:
Wooden, burnt barn - wooden and burnt barn; barn was
wooden; the barn was burned down.
Characterize the subject from different angles, but in this context
are united by some common feature;
Here's an example:
Sunny, beautiful day - “Sunny, and therefore beautiful”;
cloudy, dreary days - "cloudy, and therefore dreary."
In context, synonyms are created between definitions.
relations;
Here's an example:
sharp, cutting pain in the leg - in this context, the forms are acute and
cutting act as synonyms, that is, as words that are close in
value.
They are artistic definitions - epithets;
Here's an example:
Oval cat eyes.
They form a gradation, that is, each subsequent definition strengthens
the sign they express;
Here's an example:
joyful, festive, radiant mood.
A single definition is followed by a definition expressed by the participial
turnover, that is, participle with a dependent word;
Here's an example:
Grey, neatly combed hair.
Stand after the word being defined;
Here's an example:
Hair gray, combed.
The second definition clarifies the first - between the definitions you can put the union that is or namely.
Here's an example:
Normal, peaceful coexistence of states is normal, that is, peaceful coexistence of states.
Definitions are heterogeneous if they:
They characterize an object from different angles, in different respects, that is, they express signs related to different generic (general) concepts:
Here's an example:
small wooden shed - "size and material",
the wooden shed was small;
gray oval clouds - "color and shape",
the oval clouds were grey;
pot-bellied walnut bureau - "form and material",
the walnut bureau was pot-bellied;
Heterogeneous definitions are more often expressed:
Pronoun and adjective;
His new car.
Qualitative and relative adjectives;
Small wooden shed.
Relative adjective and single participle;
A neglected orchard.
