famous physicist, famous for his work on quantum physics, philosophy and neuropsychology.

The death of David Bohm on December 27, 1992 was a huge loss not only for the scientific world, David Bohm was one of the most eminent theoretical physicists of his generation, he was a fearless opponent of scientific orthodoxy.

His interests extended far beyond physics and affected biology, psychology, philosophy, religion, art, and the future of society.

At the heart of his innovative approach to many issues was the fundamental idea that beyond the visible and material world, deeper, lies the implicative order of indivisible unity.

David Joseph Bohm was born in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania in 1917. He became interested in science in his early years; While still a boy, he invented a kettle that did not spill a single drop of water; his father, a successful businessman, persuaded him to make money from it. But after he learned that he needed to conduct research and find out whether this product would be in demand on the market, his interest in business immediately faded, and instead he decided to become a theoretical physicist.

In the 1930s, he attended Pennsylvania State College, where he became deeply interested in quantum physics, the physics of the subatomic world. After graduating from college, he entered the University of California at Berkeley. At the same time he worked at the Radiation Laboratory. Lawrence, where, after receiving his doctorate in 1943, he began his career-defining work on plasma (plasma is a gas containing an increased concentration of electrons and positive ions).

Bohm was surprised to discover that when electrons were in a plasma, they stopped acting as individuals and began acting as part of a larger, interconnected whole. He later noted that he often had the impression that the sea of ​​electrons was in some sense alive.

In 1947, Bohm accepted an assistant professorship at Princeton University, where he expanded his research on electrons in metals. Once again, it was the seemingly random movements of individual electrons that somehow created highly organized overall results. Bohm's innovative work in this area cemented his reputation as a theoretical physicist.

In 1951, Bohm wrote a classic textbook entitled Quantum Theory, in which he presented a clear assessment of the orthodoxy of the Copenhagen Interpretation of quantum physics.

The Copenhagen Interpretation was formulated by Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg in the 1920s, and remains powerfully influential today. But even before the publication of the book, Bohm was plagued by doubts about the postulates underlying the generally accepted approach.

He had difficulty accepting that subatomic particles did not exist in reality, but only assumed certain properties when physicists attempted to observe and measure them.

He also found it difficult to believe that the quantum world was characterized by complete unpredictability and chance, and that all things happened without any reason. He began to suspect that there might be deeper reasons behind the seemingly random and crazy nature of the subatomic world.

Bohm sent copies of his textbook to Niels Bohr and Albert Einstein. Bohr did not answer, but Einstein called him and told him that he would like to discuss his work with him. This eventually turned into a six-month series of lively conversations, with Einstein enthusiastically telling Bohm that he had never seen quantum theory presented so clearly and admitting that he, too, was not satisfied with the orthodox approach.

They both admired the ability of quantum theory to predict events, but they could not accept the idea that it was finished, and that it seemed impossible to come to a complete understanding of what was happening in the quantum realm.

While he was writing Quantum Theory, he had a conflict with McCarthyism. He was summoned to appear before the Committee on Un-American Activities to testify against his colleagues and comrades. Being a man of principle, he refused.

The results were not long in coming; soon his contract with Princeton was canceled, and he was deprived of the opportunity to find work in the United States. He went first to Brazil, then to Israel, and finally in 1957 he came to Britain, where he worked at the University of Bristol and later as Professor of Theoretical Physics at Birkbeck College, University of London, until his retirement in 1987.

Bohm will be remembered above all for two radical scientific theories:

Free interpretation of quantum physics;

The theory of implicate order and indivisible unity;

It is also worth mentioning other works of this famous scientist:

• Manhattan Project,
• Bohm diffusion,
• Aharonov-Bohm effect,
• Approximation of random phases,
• Holographic brain model,
• Bohm's dialogue.

In 1952, a year after his discussions with Einstein, Bohm published two studies that would be called free interpretations of quantum theory, and he continued to develop and refine his ideas for the rest of his life.

“Free interpretation,” said Bohm, “opens the door to the creative process of hidden and more subtle levels of reality.” In his point of view, subatomic particles such as electrons are not simple, structureless particles, but very complex and dynamic objects.

He rejected the idea that the movement of these particles is completely uncertain and changeable; on the contrary, they follow a precise and definite trajectory, but this occurs not only due to the action of ordinary physical forces, but also with the participation of a subtle force, which he called the quantum potential.

Quantum potential guides the movement of particles, providing them with “active information” about the entire environment. As an example, David Joseph Bohm cites a ship being guided by radar; the radar signal carries information about everything around the ship and gives it a direction to move, the energy of which is produced by the more powerful, but aimless, force of its engines.

Quantum potential permeates the entire cosmos and provides direct connections between quantum systems.

In 1959, Bohm and a young student researcher, Yakir Akharonov, discovered an important example illustrating quantum interconnectedness. They found that, under certain conditions, electrons are able to “feel” the presence of a nearby magnetic field, even if they are traveling in regions of space where the field strength is zero.

This phenomenon is known today as the Aharonov-Bohm effect, and when the discovery was first announced, many physicists reacted with skepticism. Even today, despite the confirmation of the effect in countless experiments, publications appear from time to time claiming that it does not exist.

In 1982, in Paris, a remarkable experiment was carried out by a research team led by physicist Alain Aspect to test quantum connectivity. It was based on a thought experiment (also known as the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox) proposed in 1935 by Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen.

But it was even more based on fundamental theoretical work done by David Bohm and one of his enthusiastic supporters, physicist John Bell of CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research near Geneva.

The results of the experiment showed that subatomic particles, being far from each other, are capable of exchanging information in ways that cannot be explained by the transmission of signals traveling at the speed of light, or slower.

Many physicists believe these "non-local" connections have lightning-fast data transfer rates. An alternative view is that there are subtler, non-physical energies involved that can travel faster than light, but this view has few supporters since most physicists are still convinced that nothing can travel faster than the speed of light.

The free interpretation of quantum theory, from the very beginning, faced indifference and hostility from other physicists who did not approve of the powerful challenges that Bohm posed to the general consensus. However, in recent years his theory has begun to gain “respectability.”

It seems quite possible that Bohm's approach will develop in different directions. For example, a large number of physicists, including Jean-Pierre Viguiere and several other physicists at the Institut Henri Poincaré in Paris, describe the quantum potential in terms of fluctuations of the etheric field.

In the 1960s, Bohm began to look more closely at the idea of ​​order. One day, on a television program, he saw a device that ignited the fire of his imagination. It consisted of two concentric glass cylinders, the space between them was filled with glycerin, an extremely viscous liquid. If you add a drop of ink to a liquid, and then turn the outer cylinder over, the drop will stretch into a thin thread and eventually become so thin that it disappears from sight; ink particles coagulate in glycerin.

But if the cylinder is turned in the opposite direction, the thread-like shape will appear again and turn back into a drop; the whole process is reversed. Bohm realized that when ink disperses in glycerin, it is not in a state of “disorder,” no, but it is in a state of hidden, invisible order.

According to Bohm, all visible objects, particles, structures and events in the world around us are relatively autonomous, stable and temporary “sub-unities”, which are projections of a deeper, implicate order, an indivisible unity.

Bohm gives the current thread as an example:

In the stream one can see an ever-changing pattern of whirlpools, ripples, waves, splashes, etc., and in appearance it appears to have no independence as such.

Most likely, they are abstracted from the general movement of the flow, appearing and disappearing in the general process of flow. Such fleeting existence, which is inherent in these abstract forms, implies only relative independence or autonomy, rather than absolutely independent existence as absolute entities.

We must learn to see “Indivisible Unity in the Current Moment” in everything. Another metaphor that Bohm used to illustrate the implicative order is the hologram. To create a hologram, you need to split laser light into two beams, one of which will be reflected from the object being photographed onto the film, where both beams combine and create an interference pattern.

To the naked eye, the complex swirls of the interference pattern mean nothing and look like a disordered mass.

But like ink dissolved in glycerin, the pattern has a hidden, folded order, and when a laser beam is directed at the film, a three-dimensional image of the original object appears, which can be viewed from any angle. A distinctive feature of a hologram is that you can cut the film with the image into many small parts, and each will contain the original image, however, the smaller the piece, the duller the picture will become.

This occurs because the shape and structure of the entire object is encoded across the entire surface of the photographic record.

Bohm proposed that the entire universe was a kind of gigantic, flowing hologram, or holomovement, as he called it, in which the universal order was contained in every single part of space and time.

The hidden order is a projection of higher levels of reality, and the apparent permanence and solidity of objects and particles is created and maintained through a never-ending process of folding and unfolding in which subatomic particles are constantly dissolved and recrystallized into an implicate order.

The free interpretation postulates that quantum potential is related to implicate order. But Bohm assumed that the quantum potential is in turn controlled and shaped by a super quantum potential, which is a second implicative order or super implicative order.

Moreover, he believed that there could be an infinite series of series, or hierarchies, of implicative (or "generative") orders, some of which may be closed systems, and some of which may not. Higher implicative orders create lower ones, which then influence even lower ones, and so on.

He believed that life and consciousness lie somewhere deep in the generative order and, accordingly, they are represented at different levels of matter, including such “non-living” substances as electrons and plasma. He suggested that there may be a kind of “proto-mind” in matter, which implies that new evolutionary patterns of development do not appear randomly, but are creatively created and integrated from implicate levels of reality.

The mystical meaning of Bohm's ideas is emphasized in his remark that the implicative sphere “may equally be called idealism, spirit, consciousness. The division into two - matter and spirit - is nothing more than an abstraction. The basis is always the same."

Like all truly great thinkers, David Bohm's philosophical ideas were reflected in his character and lifestyle. His students and colleagues described him as a completely unselfish and non-confrontational person, always ready to share his latest ideas with others, open to fresh ideas, and completely devoted to a passionate exploration of the nature of reality. Or in the words of one of his former students, “He can only be described as a secular saint.”

Bohm considered the general tendency of individuals, social groups, nations, races, etc., towards differentiation and division, to be the main source of all conflicts on the planet. He hoped that one day people would realize the natural interconnectedness of all things and unite with the goal of building a unified and harmonious world.

There can be no better tribute to David Bohm, his life and work than to take this message to heart and make the idea of ​​universal brotherhood a fundamental principle of our lives.

David Bohm (12/20/1917 – 10/27/1992) was an American-born quantum physicist who made significant contributions to the fields of theoretical physics, philosophy and neuropsychology.

David was born in Wilkesbar, Pennsylvania. His father was a Hungarian Jewish emigrant, and his mother was a Lithuanian Jewish emigrant. David was raised largely by his father, a furniture store owner and assistant to the local rabbi. David Bohm studied at Pennsylvania State College, from which he graduated in 1939, and then at Caltech, where he became a member of the group of theoretical physicists led by Robert Oppenheimer.

During World War II, most of the university's physicists were mobilized to create the first atomic bomb. Nevertheless, Bohm remained at the university and taught physics until he received his doctorate in 1943.

Bohm continued his research in quantum physics until his retirement in 1987. His latest work was the book "The Indivisible Universe: An Ontological Interpretation of Quantum Theory."

David Bohm died of a heart attack in London at the age of 74.

Books (3)

Expanding value

For many years, Professor Bohm was especially interested in the hidden philosophical meaning of quantum and relativity physics and the problem of creating a metaphor that could clarify their meaning for a general public not familiar with the mysteries of higher mathematics.

Reader comments

Vladimir/ 01/21/2019 “The word “religion” itself is based on religare, which means “to bind”, or perhaps on religere, which means “to gather together”, and the word “holy” (holy) means “whole” ), etc.

There is a human urge for integrity, which is expressed both in religion and in science. If you wanted a holistic view of the universe, you could do it through science and philosophy, and a holistic view of existence, also through religion and philosophy. The East specialized in religion. The West is based on science and philosophy..."

Guest/ 3.12.2014 Lanny. Thank you - this is the most IMPORTANT thing that is missed by all the minds of the flesh on Earth, selling themselves - their eternal Soul... Krishnamurti shined Bohm on the creation of Quantum Physics 10 through understanding the Essence of the Image of the World.

David Bohm, a man who lived in the last century, realized that the atom is a stable force, from the fragments of which sunlight is made. He realized that the flash of light occurs as a result of the collision of positrons and electrons. This collision causes an explosion, and each such explosion produces one photon of light. And he also discovered that in this reality there are particles that never remain at rest. He said that these particles have a flickering appearance: such a particle flares up, goes out and flares up again in a completely different place. He called this reality “implicit order.” David Bohm knew nothing about the seven levels of organization of consciousness and energy. Scientists have come to the conclusion that there is a kind of “null space”, but no one is able to comprehend its nature. What if we assume for a short moment that Bohm in his research came across the third level, or the level of light? Observing how the particles flare up and go out, he concluded that they appear from some “implicit” order and move into the “explicit” order.

What didn't David Bohm know about these particles that flash on and off? They simply appear and disappear. Could it be the same particle in each case? If such a particle were a piece of wood and there were many such pieces, could we build a house or an altar out of them to worship God? Would it be possible to make a box out of them? What about the bridge? Would it be possible to build a road? Would it be possible to make an elephant? Would it be possible to make a bird? What couldn't be done from this piece? When David Bohm studied implicit order, he treated a particle that flared up, went out, and flared up again in another place as the same thing. Or perhaps the first time it was an ordinary piece of wood, and then the house and altar of God.

Why didn't this static field remain stable and continuous? Why did virtual particles appear in it, flashing and as if telling us: “hello, I am now in explicit order, but now I am not”? Why did they do this? Why didn't they remain static like all the other particles? How many of you can understand why, according to Bohm's idea of ​​implicit order, the fall of such particles into explicit order was unstable? The reason is precisely that these particles belonged to an implicit order.

The implicit order is actually divided into four separate levels of consciousness and energy. The particles discovered by Bohm exist in an implicit order because they cannot support their existence in the region of light, where particles must rotate in order to exist. These particles do not spin because they are not polarized. Those of you who understand the great secret of the implicit order can be considered lucky people.

So, what are these particles that flash in one place, then go out and flash in another place, and physicists think they are the same particle? Scientists are trying to determine the spin of a particle, that is, determine the direction of its rotation. If they determine it, they will have enough information to calculate the particle's mass based on the rate at which it appears elsewhere. The problem is complicated by the fact that scientists have to focus on one particle, the next moment another appears somewhere else, and the first particle escapes their attention, but it remains in the mathematical calculations. This gives them the opportunity to calculate the mass of a particle and its speed in a quantum field.

Physicists who study linear interactions examine the decay of individual atomic structures in terms of time, distance, and space. Nuclear physicists study the nuclei of atomic structures. Quantum physicists study particles outside of atomic structures. Astrophysicists study large formations in space and the trajectories of their movement. In other words, astrophysicists study, for example, the Milky Way - its constituent constellations, their movement, gravitational interactions and influence on each other. Astrophysicists and quantum physicists have something in common, they study the movement of particles, these particles just have different sizes.

Bom, with the help of his guru, began to understand something very important. His guru said that the implicit order is the Akashic Records. You have all, to one degree or another, been influenced by ignorant gurus who claimed to be able to read the Akashic Records. In ancient India, the Sanskrit word akasha simply meant “space.” When Bohm looked at implicit and explicit order, he saw space. His guru said, “You are looking at the ether, which we call the Akashic records.” After these words, Bom disagreed with his guru, he said: “If these are the akashic records, then I must spend the rest of my life explaining the karma of these virtual particles that flare up and go out, and I am not able to know either their trajectory or mass, nor their properties, nor their speed." What do you think his guru answered to this? He said: "Just trust my words"

Bom survived his guru, but his reputation was damaged. The only thing that people remember about this brilliant mind, obsessed with vivid prejudices, is that Bohm tried to understand the sphere of reality he discovered in terms of karma and the Akashic records. However, the mind of a theoretical physicist could only understand mathematical descriptions of particle trajectories. Indeed, Bohm concluded, there are such particles that he would later call “virtual” because they appear for a brief moment and then disappear, never remaining at rest.

Before he died, Bohm wanted to know what an observer must focus on in order to bring this elusive virtual particle into a permanent form within the framework of light and matter where such an observer should be located. At the end of his life, Bom had to part with his guru because this guru could not even imagine how tiny an observer of virtual particles should be. The Guru simply understood them as Akashic records, that is, a repository of information. And David Bohm said: “This may be true, but what is the nature of the particle that defines the unfolded quantum field? If these are the Akashic chronicles for all things, then tell me how to read them? Can you make out the dots and dashes for me so I can read them like Morse code?”

In the end, Bohm lost his reputation as a physicist because he was misled by a manipulative guru - and a clearly ignorant one who did not understand the behavior of particles as a manifestation of infinite life. Bohm, who never understood that these particles were life, seemed to stop with his ideas about explicit and implicit orders on the bridge to what we call light and what makes up our body - the large, massive body that we have today.

Rough matter consists of atomic structures, and the atoms in them do not necessarily have to be of the same type. Take, for example, a piece of wood, the atoms that make it up will be a set of very different types of atoms with a wide variety of connections between them.

There are no “wood atoms,” but there are many different atoms, the combination of which will give us the illusion of woodiness. If we remove any of its components from a tree - carbon, water, ash - then the tree will cease to be a tree. So a tree is not just one type of atom.

You believe that the kingdom of heaven is a pyramid, but in fact the pyramid is simply a template that helps to understand the interaction of different levels of consciousness, energy and time, as well as the nature of quantum particles. Each of these particles is alive. They exist not as grains of sand in a sandstorm, but as living, intelligent beings. Yes, it’s hard for you to imagine.

Rice. 1 Model of reality according to Ramtha

When you try to reduce your big and heavy world to a small world, the question arises: how was life possible here in its original form and in what you perceive as “time”? If the kingdom is so small, how is its constant expansion possible? Your ignorance shows in this matter.

In the course of the creation of life, God did not create any end, for in the divine mind the concept of end and completion is absent. In attempting to create an analogical mind, God breathed life into everything he created. In these realms, nothing dies—everything that exists is just an unfolding life form. Everything develops and unfolds. This means that everything becomes new at the same time, and the renewal occurs with absolute precision. From this we can conclude that there is no death. Some of you will ask the question: “is it possible for these elementary particles to eat each other”? It's not really about nutrition, because there is no idea of ​​food for particles. Consumption of food has nothing to do with maintaining their vital functions. In their atmosphere, it is not food that is absorbed, but an electric field.

What then is not God?

If God is a great creator, a great gardener, there are living fields of flowers, fruits and seeds, if he is fields of animals, then what then RETURNS to God? Divine reason returns to God. Creation is the gift of life, and the active force of this life, which is called reason, is what returns to God. Who or what is not God?

Is there any life form that does not return to the divine mind? Can we imagine that somewhere there are people who are afraid that there is no tomorrow, or who threaten to commit suicide to punish others? How could you, living in the intense struggle of life, realize that your thinking is returning to God, and you will not turn into Nothing? Everything that God created, into which he breathed life, belongs to God. How do we exist in the divine mind? We are as individual and magnificent as every moment of time, for as soon as God leaves his creation, we begin to consume God. Even bacteria are God, and they are consumed to give life. This is the purpose of their existence. What is their reward? And the reward is that they will live forever.

David Bohm (essay by Sergei Sanko)

David Bohm was born on December 20, 1917 in Wiles-Burray, Pennsylvania into a Jewish family. His childhood was not easy. His mother suffered from mental illness and he was raised primarily by his father, the owner of a furniture store and assistant to the local rabbi. The world of his father was alien to David and he sought inspiration in the world of his own thoughts and aspirations. And later, having set out on the path of scientific research, he relied more on intuition than on mathematics. Even then, in his youth, he had formed the main components of his future worldview, somewhat reminiscent of medieval Hermeticism with its maxim about the similarity of the macrocosm (the Universe) and the microcosm (man). And this feeling of the universal interconnection of all things, including matter and mind, did not leave him until the end of his life. But it was precisely this worldview that determined his future career as a theoretical physicist.

However, one can imagine the discomfort that young Bohm felt on the bustling university campuses, where, as it seemed to him, everything was revolved only around solving some particular problems that could have a real practical effect. And he himself could not avoid the need to deal with such problems. However, even here he found the opportunity to be amazed at the deep harmony of existence. So, having already received his doctorate in 1943, he began studying plasma physics and was surprised to discover that electrons in plasma no longer behave like individual particles, but rather as part of some larger, interconnected whole. As his friend and colleague David Pratt testified, he later often shared his impressions and noted that the electronic sea seemed to him in some sense alive. He got this impression a little later, when he moved to Princeton in 1947 and began studying the behavior of electrons in metals.

To a large extent, the turning point for Bohm was the early 50s. In 1951, he wrote his classic work “Quantum Theory,” which is rightfully considered one of the best presentations of the orthodox, Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics. A. Einstein, having received a copy of the book, enthusiastically declared that he had never seen such a clear presentation of quantum theory. But Bohm himself, even when he was just finishing his work, began to very much doubt the validity of just such an interpretation of quantum mechanics. His doubts were strengthened after lengthy discussions on this topic with Einstein, who, as is known, was an irreconcilable opponent of the leader of the Copenhagen school, Niels Bohr. And a year later, Bohm published two articles outlining the basic ideas of what was later called the causal interpretation of quantum mechanics, which, as he himself said, “opened the door to the creative action of the underlying, more subtle levels of reality.” This theory is also called quantum theory with local hidden variables.

This was the first theoretical manifestation of his deep, almost mystical belief that behind all the accidents of the phenomenal world there is some hidden, more subtle reality that harmonizes the whole of the Universe. And he continued to work on this idea in one form or another until the end of his life. Rejecting the indeterminism of orthodox quantum theory, Bohm believed that particles move along completely unambiguous trajectories, but determined not only by ordinary physical laws, but also by what he called the “quantum potential”, which controls the movement of the particle through the so-called “active (or effective) information " about the entire environment of a given particle, i.e. about the Universe as a whole. Bohm compared this movement to a ship guided by radar. An important property of quantum potential is that it is independent of distance and thus allows direct communication between quantum systems. This was perhaps the first introduction of information into the very fabric of physical theory, which is now essentially a postulate of quantum theory of information and computation.

But in the early 50s, just while working on his “Quantum Theory,” Bohm was exposed as an adherent of Marxism by supporters of Senator McCarthy and was forced to leave Princeton. He moves to Brazil, where he occupies the chair of professor of physics at the University of Sao Paulo. But not for long. Fate will take him back to Israel, where he will teach at the Haifa Higher Technical School. And only then, in 1957, he found himself first at the University of Bristol, and then in London, at the famous Birkbeck College of the University of London, where he worked as a professor of theoretical physics until his retirement in 1984. Here he will be elected a full member of the English Royal Society in 1990. Here in 1992 he will meet his end.

In 1959, while still working in Bristol, Bohm and his student Yakir Aharonov discovered a remarkable example of quantum interconnectedness, an effect called the Aharonov-Bohm effect. Its essence lies in the fact that, under certain conditions, electrons are able to “feel” the presence of a magnetic field, even moving in zones where the field itself was zero. The effect has been confirmed by numerous experiments, but the skepticism of many physicists regarding it has not yet been overcome.

The causal interpretation of quantum mechanics proposed by Bohm had far-reaching consequences not only for the further development of his own views, but also for the development of quantum physics as a whole. The reason is that, unlike many other interpretations of quantum mechanics (for example, Schrödinger wave mechanics or Heisenberg-Born matrix mechanics), which simply build on the existing formalism of the theory, Bohm’s theory implied not only a different view of quantum reality itself, but also a different a way of describing it, and, therefore, detectable experimental consequences that differ from those predicted by ordinary quantum mechanics. A “decisive experiment” was needed.

The theory of such an experiment was proposed in 1964 by J.S. Bell from CERN, deducing his famous inequalities, which made it possible to unambiguously make a choice in favor of one or another theory. Numerous experiments have been carried out, including a truly "crucial" experiment in 1982 by Alain Aspect's group, which showed that ordinary quantum mechanics is valid, not a theory with local hidden variables.

The work of Bell and his followers, as well as the experiments carried out, essentially put an end to any attempts to save the local causality of quantum mechanics. Local hidden variables have nothing to do with local causation! Quantum mechanics is essentially nonlocal. This, in particular, has the, already epoch-making, consequence for us that two quantum systems that interacted at some point in time (i.e., forming a single quantum system at that moment) will continue to exert mutual influence at subsequent moments , no matter how far from each other they are (even at infinity). Such states are called “entangled” states, and they are the basis of modern quantum cryptography, communications, teleportation, and computing.

True, it was later realized that Bell’s inequalities, in principle, do not prohibit the existence of nonlocal hidden parameters. And perhaps this is one of the reasons that, since the 60s, Bohm has been increasingly delving into the development of his theory of implicate (implicate) and explicit (explicit) orders as aspects of the wholeness of existence. It is interesting to note that it was at this time in France that one of the most original postmodernist philosophers, Gilles Deleuze, expressed extremely similar ideas. In some cases there are even terminological coincidences: emplication and explication; folding and unfolding. In the literature, convergences of this kind began to be discussed only recently, which in itself is surprising. Thus, in addition to the Derrida (Bohrian) line noted by A. Plotnitsky and the Deleuze (Bohmian) line in postmodernism (2001), one can also note Timothy Murphy’s essay “Quantum Ontology” (Film-Philosophy, Vol. 5, No. 32, 2001). However, in the literature, the postmodern turn in scientific thinking is almost unambiguously associated with David Bohm. In general, we can talk specifically about the Deleuze-Bohm paradigm in postmodernism.

Over the years, Bohm's sense of participation in the integrity of existence only deepened, reaching mystical insights. He was considered a mystical scientist. One of his former students said: "He can only be described as a secular saint." It is no coincidence that he had a close and long acquaintance with the Indian mystic Krishnamurti in the 70s. However, the latter's credibility was undermined when, after his death, it became clear that, despite his vow of celibacy, he had a mistress who had several abortions. For Bom, this circumstance caused severe mental shock. In the 80s, Bom and his wife Serel established contact with the Tibetan Dalai Lama, with whom Bom had long conversations...

People die in different ways, according to the structure of their souls. Some disintegrate into primary elements, only to be drawn back into evolutionary chains. Others change the order of their existence: explicative to implicative.

On the evening of October 27, 1992, David Bohm once again corrected the almost completed manuscript in his office at Birkbeck College and at the beginning of six he called his wife to say that he was already leaving. At the same time he added: “You know... I feel like I’m on the verge of something.” An hour later, when the taxi had already arrived at the house, Bom had an acute heart attack and left...

The manuscript left in the office is a joint book with Basil Highley, “The Indivisible Universe: An Ontological Interpretation of Quantum Theory.”

Sergey SANKO,
[email protected]

Bom David Joseph
Bohm David Joseph (12/20/1917-10/27/1992), one of the outstanding physicists of the twentieth century, an original thinker who made significant contributions to the development and interpretation of quantum mechanics.

He was a student of Einstein and Oppenheimer.

He received his bachelor's degree in 1939 from the University of Pennsylvania, and his doctorate in physics in 1943 from the University of California at Berkeley. At the same university he worked as a researcher in the field of plasma theory and the theory of synchrotron and synchrocyclotron until 1947. From 1947 to 1951 he taught at Princeton University as an assistant professor and at the same time studied plasma physics, metal theory, quantum mechanics and the theory of elementary particles .

In 1990 he was elected a full member of the English Royal Society.

D. Bohm is the author of many well-known books, such as “Quantum Theory” (1951), considered a classic presentation of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, “Causality and Change in Modern Physics” (1957), “Special Theory of Relativity” (1966), “Integrity and implicit order" (Wholeness and the Implicate Order, 1980), "Unfolding Meaning" (1985), "Science, Order and Creativity" (Science, Order and Creativity, 1987), "Indivisible Universe" (with B Highley, 1993) and "Thought as a System" (1994).

David Bohm died in 1992 in London.

David Bohm's theory

His theory turned out to be so attractive that many felt: the Universe cannot be different from what Bohm described.

John Briggs, David Peat

Mirror Universe

Indissoluble Unity

One of the main creators of the amazing idea that the Universe is like a giant hologram is Einstein’s student, Professor at the University of London, one of the most prominent experts in the field of quantum physics, David Bohm. While a graduate student, Bohm wrote his dissertation under the supervision of Robert Oppenheimer.

After graduating from State College in Pennsylvania, Bohm attended the University of California at Berkeley and worked at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory doing plasma research before receiving his doctorate in 1943.

There he encountered one astonishing example of quantum interconnection. Plasma is a partially or fully ionized gas in which the densities of positive and negative charges are almost equal (4). To his surprise, Bohm discovered that, once in a plasma, electrons ceased to behave as individual particles and became part of a collective whole. While individual electron movements were random, large numbers of electrons produced effects that were remarkably organized. Like a certain amoeba, the plasma constantly regenerated itself and surrounded all foreign bodies with a shell - it behaved similarly to a living organism when a foreign substance enters its cell. Bohm was so impressed by the organic properties of plasma that he often imagined the electron sea as a “living being” (5).

In 1947, Bohm accepted an offer to take up an assistant position at Princeton University (which was recognition of his merits) and continued his research on the behavior of electrons in metals, which he had begun at Berkeley. Again and again he discovered that the seemingly chaotic motion of individual electron particles could collectively produce highly organized motion. Like the plasma he had studied at Berkeley, he was confronted with a situation where more than just two particles coordinated their behavior: he saw an entire ocean of particles, each of which seemed to know what the other trillions of particles were doing. Bohm called such collective motions of particles plasmons, and their discovery brought him fame as an outstanding physicist.

Later, in 1951, when Oppenheimer came under intense pressure from the House Un-American Activities Committee created by Senator McCarthy, Bohm was summoned for questioning and refused to testify, as a result of which he lost his job at Princeton University and no longer taught in the United States, moving first to Brazil and then to London (5).

Quantum Potential . The collective movement of plasmons and the presence of a strange relationship between seemingly unrelated events at the intra-atomic level haunted Bohm. To find the answer to this question, Bohm suggested that, firstly, elementary particles, contrary to Bohr's statement, exist in the absence of observers and, secondly, beyond Bohr's reality there is a deeper reality at the subquantum level, not yet discovered by science.

Based on these hypotheses, Bohm discovered that many puzzling phenomena in quantum physics could be explained by postulating the existence of a certain hypothetical field that, like gravity, permeates all space. However, unlike gravitational, magnetic and other fields, the effect of the new field does not weaken with distance, and its strength is distributed evenly throughout space. Bohm called this field quantum potential and postulated it as a wave information field that controls electrons.

The collective activity of electrons in a plasma can be explained by the coordinating action of the quantum potential, which provides electrons with information so that they know everything that is happening around them.

This understanding is analogous to the movement of a ship in the ocean, controlled from the shore using a radio signal. The ship moves thanks to its own energy, but receives instructions for maneuvering using radio waves, which carry only information. Likewise, the quantum potential provides the “change of course instructions” required for an electron to interact with its environment.

As Bohm points out, such “electrons do not scatter because, thanks to the action of the quantum potential, the entire system acquires a coordinated movement - this can be compared to a ballet in which the dancers move synchronously, unlike a disorganized crowd... Such quantum whole states are more reminiscent of the organized behavior of the parts of a living being than the functioning of individual parts of the machine" (5).

A close study of the properties of the quantum potential led him to an even more radical departure from orthodox thinking. Contrary to classical science, which always viewed a system as a simple summation of the behavior of its individual parts, the quantum potential hypothesis defined the behavior of the parts as a derivative of the whole. Moreover, it not only confirmed Bohr's statements that elementary particles are not independent “particles of matter”, but also postulated the whole as a primary reality.

Even more surprising was the fact that at the level of quantum potential there is no localization at all, all space becomes unified and talking about spatial separation becomes meaningless. This is precisely what explains such a property of space as non-locality.

The nonlocal aspect of the quantum potential allowed Bohm to explain the connection between paired particles without violating the special theory of relativity, which prohibits exceeding the speed of light. To clarify, he offered the following example: imagine a fish swimming in an aquarium. Imagine also that you have never seen a fish or an aquarium before and that the only information you get about it is through two television cameras, one of which is aimed at the end of the aquarium, and the other is looking from the side. If you look at two television screens, you might mistakenly assume that the fish on the screens are different. Indeed, since the cameras are positioned at different angles, each of the images will be slightly different. But as you continue to observe the fish, you eventually realize that there is some kind of connection between them. If one fish turns, the other makes a slightly different, but synchronous turn. If one fish is shown in front, another is shown in profile, etc. If you are not familiar with the general situation, you may mistakenly conclude that the fish are instantly coordinating their movements, but this is not the case. There is no immediate connection between them, because at a deeper level of reality - the reality of the aquarium - there is one, not two fish (5).

According to Bohm, elementary particles are connected in the same way as the images of one fish in two sides of an aquarium. Although particles like electrons appear to be separate from each other, at a deeper level of reality - the reality of the fishbowl - they are only two aspects of a deep cosmic unity.

Thus, Bohm views non-local connections as an essential part of a certain unity, believing that deeper than the level of probability there is a deeper “level of unmanifestation” that is inherent in the cosmic network of relationships (3).

Bohm's views on "indissoluble unity" contradicted the mechanistic point of view of scientists who viewed the universe as a universal machine. The world was reduced to a set of basic elements, which are particles (electrons, protons, quarks, atoms, etc.) and various types of fields continuously extending in space. All these elements are fundamentally external to each other, not only in that they are separated in space, but also in that the fundamental nature of each is independent of the fundamental nature of its neighbor, and the forces of interaction do not affect the deeply internal nature of the elements . Such a structure can rather be compared to a machine than to a single organism.

Of course, the mechanistic approach allows for the existence of a biological organism (for it is obvious) in which parts can deeply influence the very nature of other parts and the whole organism, since they are fundamentally related both to each other and to the whole. But even in this case, everything ultimately comes down to molecules, such as DNA, RNA, proteins, etc. Even if some new properties and qualities appear in the body, they are always implied in the molecules. Therefore, in the end, an organism is just a convenient way of talking about a large number of molecules.

The fact that modern science does not have a language for describing the integral world was discussed at the conference “Scientific results of the second millennium: a view from Russia,” which was held at the end of 2000 in St. Petersburg. The scientists summarized:

Science has decomposed the world into elementary bricks. Studying the body, she descended to the cell. However, modern data in the field of molecular biology show that in order to describe just one single organic cell, it would take an entire human life, with the expectation that a person would describe it 24 hours a day. It turns out that the cell represents the Universe, and the path of crushing the world into bricks for the purpose of understanding it is a dead end. The world, broken into pieces, became as incomprehensible as a master’s masterpiece cut into millions of pieces. The process of cognition has stopped (6).

The quantum potential hypothesis postulated the existence of the whole and its parts, which are correlative categories: when talking about one, one should mean another. Something can only be a part if there is a whole of which it can be a part.

Bohm published his alternative vision of quantum theory in print in 1952.

Reaction to his work was largely negative. Some physicists were so convinced that no alternatives were possible that they rejected his theory without consideration. Others launched furious attacks at her. In the end, all objections boiled down to philosophical differences: Bohr's point of view was so rooted in physics that Bohm's alternative approach seemed more than heresy.

Despite the severity of the attacks, Bohm believed that there was a deeper reality than that allowed by Bohr, and unperturbed he continued to refine his alternative approach to quantum physics.

However, the more than restrained reaction of the scientific community to his ideas regarding unity and nonlocality, as well as the uncertainty of further research in this direction, forced him to switch to another topic. In the 1960s he began to study order closely.

About order . In classical science, all objects were usually divided into two categories: objects that have order in their parts, and objects whose parts are in a disordered, or random, state. Snowflakes, computers, and living things are all examples of ordered objects. Scattered coffee beans on the floor, debris from an explosion, and numbers generated by a tape measure are examples of disordered objects.

The question arises: what is order? Generally speaking, almost everyone has some idea of ​​order. We are all familiar with the order of numbers, the order of points in a line, the order of the functioning of the body, the many orders of tones in music, the order of time, the order of language, the order of thinking, etc. However, according to Bohm, it is impossible to give a generalized and intelligible concept of order ( 7).

As Bohm delved deeper into the subject he was studying, he began to understand that there were different degrees of order. Some things are more ordered than others, and the hierarchy of order is infinite in the universe. From this Bohm concluded: what seems disordered to us may not be so at all. Perhaps the order of these things is “of such infinite magnitude” that they only seem disordered, chaotic. Today, many scientists share a similar point of view on chaos. For example, the American scientist B. Williams writes: “Chaos represents a higher form of order, where randomness and unsystematic impulses become the organizing principle rather than the more traditional cause-and-effect relationships in the theories of Newton and Euclid” (8).

While immersed in these thoughts, Bohm once saw in a television program on the BBC channel a device that contributed to the further development of his ideas. The device was a specially designed vessel containing a large rotating cylinder. The space of the vessel was filled with glycerin - a dense, transparent liquid - with a drop of ink motionlessly floating in it. Bohm was interested in the following: when the handle of the cylinder was turned, the ink drop spread across the glycerin and seemed to be dissolved. But as soon as the pen was turned in the opposite direction, the faint ink path slowly disappeared and turned into the original drop (5).

Bohm later wrote:

This experience struck me in that it exactly corresponded to my ideas about order, that is, when the inkblot spread, it still had a “hidden” (that is, unmanifested) order, which appeared as soon as the drop was restored. On the other hand, in our ordinary language we would say that the ink was in a state of "disorder", having dissolved in glycerin. This experience led me to a new definition of order (5).

This discovery greatly inspired Bohm. Finally, he found a metaphor for understanding order, which allowed him not only to bring together all his scattered thoughts over many years, but also put a powerful analytical apparatus at his disposal. This metaphor was a hologram.

Bohm became an adherent of the holographic theory of the Universe after disappointment with generally accepted theories that were unable to provide a satisfactory explanation for the phenomena of quantum physics.

Hologram and its properties

Holography is a method of recording and reconstructing a wave field, based on recording an interference pattern, which is formed by two waves: a wave reflected by an object illuminated by a light source (object wave), and a coherent wave coming directly from the source (reference wave). The recorded interference pattern is called a hologram (4).

The foundations of holography were laid by physicist Denis Gabor (later a Nobel laureate) in 1948. When Gabor first came up with the idea of ​​holography, he wasn't thinking about lasers. His goal was to improve the electron microscope, a rather simple and imperfect device at that time. Gabor proposed recording information not only about the amplitudes, but also about the phases of electronic waves by superimposing a coherent (synchronous) reference wave on the object wave. He used a purely mathematical approach, based on calculus, invented in the 18th century by the French mathematician Jean Fourier.

Hologram software. J. Fourier developed a mathematical method for translating a pattern of any complexity into the language of simple waves and showed how these wave forms can be converted into the original pattern. To understand the essence of such a transformation, let us remember that a television camera, for example, translates a visual image into a set of electromagnetic waves of different frequencies. And the TV, using an antenna, perceives this packet of waves and translates them into a visual image. Like the processes in a television camera and television, the mathematical apparatus developed by Fourier transforms patterns. The equations used to convert images to waveforms and back are known as Fourier transforms. It was they who allowed Gabor to translate the image of an object into an interference “spot” on a holographic film, and also to invent a way to reversely transform interference patterns into the original image.

However, the lack of powerful coherent light sources did not allow Gabor to obtain a high-quality holographic image.

Holography experienced its rebirth in 1962–1963, when American physicists E. Leith and J. Upanieks used a laser as a source and developed a scheme with an inclined reference beam (4).

Let's take a closer look at what a hologram is. The hologram is based on interference, that is, a pattern resulting from the superposition of two or more waves. If, for example, you throw a pebble into a pond, it will produce a series of concentric, diverging waves. If we throw two pebbles, we will see, respectively, two rows of waves, which, diverging, overlap each other. The resulting complex configuration of intersecting peaks and valleys is known as an interference pattern.

Such a picture can be created by any wave phenomenon, including light and radio waves. The laser beam is especially effective in this case because it is an extremely pure, coherent light source. The laser beam creates, so to speak, the perfect pebble and the perfect pond. Therefore, only with the invention of the laser did it become possible to obtain artificial holograms.

Two beams of light are directed from the laser source: onto the object and onto the mirror. The waves reflected from the object (subject) and from the mirror (reference) are directed to a photographic plate with a photosensitive surface, where they are superimposed on each other. The resulting complex interference pattern containing information about the object is a holographic photograph, which in appearance has no resemblance to the object being photographed. It can be a system of alternating light or dark rings, straight or wavy stripes, and also have a spotted pattern (9).

Properties of a hologram . If the hologram is illuminated by a reference wave from the source, then as a result of light diffraction on the interference structure of the hologram in the diffraction beam, a copy of the object wave is restored, and at some distance an imaginary volumetric (wave) image of the object appears, which is difficult to distinguish from the original (4). The three-dimensionality of the image of such objects is surprisingly real. You can walk around the holographic image and see it from different angles, as if it were a real object. However, when you try to touch a hologram, your hand will simply pass through the air and you will not detect anything, just as, for example, you do not detect radio waves in space with your hand.

Three-dimensionality is not the only remarkable property of a hologram. If you cut half of a holographic photographic film and then illuminate it with a laser, the image that appears nearby will still be intact. Even if only a small piece of holographic photographic film remains, then with appropriate lighting a complete image of the object will appear. True, the smaller the piece, the worse the image quality. Unlike ordinary photographs, each small piece of holographic film contains all the information of the whole.

In addition to the volumetric image, the hologram has another unique property: several images can be successively recorded on one photographic plate only by changing the angle at which two lasers irradiate this plate. And any image recorded in this way can be restored by simply illuminating this plate with a laser directed at the same angle at which the two beams were originally located. The researchers calculated that using this method, one square centimeter of film could contain as much information as ten Bibles!

Thus, holograms have a fantastic ability to store information. Holographic information coding is amazingly effective. The amount of information that can be recorded by a hologram cannot be compared with any of the existing means of storing information. The efficiency of information encoding using a hologram is so great that it can be comparable to the efficiency of storing information in human memory (10).

If two coherent waves are superimposed on each other in space (and not on a photographic plate), a so-called information matrix, or interferogram, is formed, containing information in encoded form.

Hidden Order and Revealed Reality

As Bohm began to study the hologram closely, he saw that it represented a new way of explaining order. Interference patterns recorded on a piece of holographic film appear chaotic to the naked eye, like an ink drop spreading in glycerin, which, however, has a hidden (implicit) order. According to Bohm, film also contains a hidden order, for the image encoded in interference patterns is a hidden completeness, folded in space. And the hologram projected by the film has an expanded order because it represents an expanded and visible version of the image. Both phenomena have a hidden, or folded, order, reminiscent of the order of a plasma consisting of the seemingly random individual behavior of electrons. Since each part of the holographic film contains the entirety of information, therefore, this information is distributed non-locally. And this was not the only brilliant insight obtained with the help of the hologram.

The more Bohm thought about this phenomenon, the more convinced he became that the Universe actually uses the holographic principle in its operation. It is permeated with countless different waves of different vibration levels - from low-frequency electromagnetic to high-frequency torsion. Each wave of one kind forms an interferogram with a coherent wave of the same kind. Thus, the Universe is a huge floating hologram, at any point of which information about the entire World is contained, but it is encoded in holographic interference microstructures (5).

And if the Universe is organized in accordance with the holographic principle, it must naturally have non-local properties. This holographic Universe ultimately allowed Bohm to create a coherent theory that was striking in its radicalism.

The scientist's hypothesis, according to which our Universe is like a giant hologram, can be assessed as stunning. This means that the world we live in may actually be a subtle and complex illusion, like a holographic image (7). Beneath it there is a deeper order of being - the boundless and primordial level of reality - from which all objects are born, including the visibility of our physical world, in the same way as a hologram is born from a piece of holographic film.

In the 6th century BC, the great Egyptian priest Hermes Trismegistus, telling his son Tatu about God, said:

...all appearance is created, for it is manifested; but the invisible is always there, without needing to be manifested. He is always there and He makes all things manifest. Invisible because eternal, He, without showing Himself, brings everything into existence. Uncreated, He manifests all things in appearance; visibility is inherent only in created things; it is nothing more than birth. He gives birth, being Himself unborn; It does not appear to us in a sensible image, but it gives sensible images to all things. Only born entities appear in sensory images: indeed, to come into life is nothing more than to appear in sensations... Only thought sees the invisible, for it itself is also invisible (11).

Isn't it true that there is so much in common in the explanations of Trismegistus and the modern physicist Bohm?

Today there is already a lot of data suggesting that our world and everything that is in it, from electrons and snowflakes to comets and shooting stars, are just ghostly projection pictures projected from some deep level of reality, which is far beyond ours. the ordinary world - so far away that the very concepts of time and space disappear there. The Universe, and this is confirmed by a number of serious studies, is a giant hologram, where even the tiniest part of the image carries information about the overall picture of existence (All in All!) and where everything, from small to large, is interconnected and interdependent. According to many modern scientists and thinkers, the holographic model of the Universe is one of the most promising pictures of reality available to us today.

Bohm published his first articles on the holographic nature of the Universe in the early 1970s, and in 1980 he published his completed work entitled Completeness and Implicative Order. The book not only brings together myriads of ideas, it gives a radically new picture of the universe.

Since everything in the cosmos consists of a continuous holographic fabric, imbued with an implicate (hidden) order, it makes no sense to talk about the Universe consisting of “parts”. The Universe, according to Bohm, is a single whole!

It is the inviolable integrity of the Universe that unites two great theories - the theory of relativity and the theory of quantum physics, although their basic physical concepts are quite contradictory. Relativity requires strict continuity, strict determinism and strict locality. Quantum mechanics asserts the exact opposite: discontinuity, indeterminism, nonlocality. But the inviolable integrity of the Universe underlies both theories.

Holodynamics, or holomovement . Since the term "hologram" usually refers to a static image and does not convey the dynamics and active nature of the endless foldings and unfoldings that continually create our Universe, Bohm prefers to define the Universe not as a hologram, but as "holodynamics" or "holomotion".

In the photographic plate example, we were talking about a static recording of light, which is the movement of waves. However, reality, according to Bohm, is movement itself, in which information about the whole object is dynamically collapsed in each part of space, and then expanded in the image. A similar principle of folding and unfolding can be observed in a wide range of experiences. For example, light from all parts of a room contains information about the entire room and actually collapses it into that tiny beam that passes through the pupil of our eye. And the brain and somehow consciousness unfold this information in such a way that we get the feeling of a whole room. Similarly, light entering a telescope collapses information about the entire universe of space-time. In other words, the movements of all kinds of waves collapse the whole in every part of the Universe (7).

A simpler example of collapsing and expanding information can be observed in the operation of a television camera and television. Thus, the camera with which the operator films an object compresses information about the object, converting the image into a system of electromagnetic waves of different frequencies. The television receiver displays this information on the screen. In old TVs, there was even such an image adjustment as “sweep”: when the setting went wrong and the image in the full sense of the word was collapsed “to a point,” the “sweep” adjustment brought the image back to normal, and it literally unfolded before our eyes in full screen.

The unmanifested or total potentiality represents an infinite number of possibilities for the manifestation of experiences, tendencies that are realized in the process of the movement of the energy of the Universe, aimed at realizing the whole of itself. In essence, this movement (holomotion) is a dynamic phenomenon on the basis of which all forms of the material Universe are formed, and is the process of awareness itself (7).

According to Bohm, it is the movement of folding and unfolding, which he called “holomotion”, that represents the original reality, and objects, entities and forms are relatively stable independent and autonomous features of holomotion, exactly to the same extent as, for example, a whirlpool - a similar feature of the current movement of a fluid.

By coining the term “holomotion,” Bohm showed that reality is structured like a hologram. He argues that the visible reality that we know and experience is a holographic projection of a hologram formed in an invisible, hidden sphere - the collapsed order of higher space. The enfolded order takes concrete form or unfolds into what we know as reality, which Bohm calls the unfolded order.

With this approach, an electron is no longer a separate object, but a set that arises as a result of the folding of space. When an instrument detects the presence of a single electron, it means that only one aspect of the electron array is being revealed at a time, just as an ink drop is detected from a glycerin stain. If an electron appears to move, it is caused by a continuous series of such foldings and unfoldings.

Thus the electron and all other particles, like a geyser gushing from the earth, are maintained by a continuous influx from the hidden order. It is easy to imagine how an electron unfolds from this background in some particular position, then curls up into it again, and another one unfolds nearby and rolls up again, and another, and another - and gradually it begins to resemble the trace of one electron. Discontinuity can be seen here as deployment sites do not need to be continuous. It becomes clear how discontinuity and continuity - wave-like qualities - can come from unfolding. It is the constant and dynamic exchange between two orders that explains how particles can transform from one type to another, how a quantum manifests itself either as a particle or as a wave. In a word, elementary particles, like everything else in the Universe, exist no more independently of each other than the elements of an ornament on a carpet.

Both aspects are always present in a collapsed form in the entire set of the quantum, and only the way the observer interacts with this set determines which aspect will appear and which will remain hidden (7).

In his general theory of relativity, Einstein literally stunned the world with the statement that space and time are not separate, but seamlessly connected entities, flowing as parts of a whole, which he called the space-time continuum. Bohm takes another giant step forward. He says that everything in the Universe is part of a continuum. This is a very profound conclusion.

“Despite the apparent separation of things at the explicative level, everything is a continuously distributed reality, ultimately ending with the implicate and explicit (hidden and overt) orders merging into each other. Let's stop there for a minute. Look at your hand. Now look at the light coming from the lamp behind you. And at the dog sitting at your feet. You are not simply made from the same essence: you are one and the same entity. One entity. Indivisible. A huge Something, extending its countless arms and appendages into the apparent objects, atoms, restless oceans and twinkling stars of space” (5).

Parts and fragments . Indeed, if all elementary particles are interconnected at a deeper level, then the electrons of every cell of our body are connected with the electrons of every animal, every fish, every heart that beats, every star that twinkles in the sky. Everything interpenetrates everything, and although it is human nature to separate, dismember, put all natural phenomena on shelves, all divisions are artificial, nature is ultimately an inextricable web.

As human beings, we are all part of a whole that we externally perceive as the Universe. But the constraints and limitations of our normal perceptual systems mislead us into believing that we are separate. We see ourselves as separate not only from other human beings, but we also see ourselves as distinct from all sentient life forms. We have driven ourselves into a trap by imagining that space and time are the only coordinates in which we can define our existence.

But time and space in the holographic world cannot be taken as a basis, because such a characteristic as position has no meaning in a Universe in which nothing is separated from each other. And since in the holographic world the past, present and future exist simultaneously, then with the help of appropriate tools you can penetrate into the depths of this super-hologram and see pictures of the distant past or look into the future.

The general habit of breaking the world into parts and ignoring the dynamic interconnectedness of all things gives rise to all our problems, not only in science, but also in personal and social life. For example, the division between observer and observed, or the division between mind and matter, has caused serious difficulties in understanding the world as a whole. Thinking about the integrity of the world, we distinguish ourselves as an observer looking at this integrity. And we unwittingly split this whole, identifying ourselves with only one part of it. Several observers, each of whom is an external object in relation to all the others, splits this whole even more. However, the entire multitude of parts thus formed are interconnected.

Unfortunately, we humans divide the whole not even into parts, but into fragments. And there is a fundamental difference between a part and a fragment. As indicated by the Latin root and as seen by its English cognate fragile(“fragile”), “fragment” is to break or break.

For example, to hit a clock with a hammer is to produce not parts, but fragments, separated so that they cease to be meaningfully connected with the whole. Of course, there are areas where fragmentation is necessary. For example, to prepare concrete, you need to crush stones. This is fine.

From Bohm's point of view, the problem with humanity is that we humans have a fragmentary way of thinking that produces breakdowns and fragments and does not see the proper parts in their connection with the whole. This leads to a general tendency to "break being" inappropriately according to our thoughts. For example, all parts of humanity are fundamentally interdependent and interconnected. However, the primary and dominant importance placed on differences between individuals, families, professions, nations, races, religions, ideologies, etc., prevents human beings from working together for the common good or even for survival.

When a person thinks about himself in such a fragmented way, he inevitably tends to see first of all himself, his own person, his own family, in a word, “his own shirt, which is closer to the body.” He does not think of himself as intrinsically connected with the whole of humanity and, therefore, with other people. Likewise, he separates the body and mind to treat them separately. Physically it is not good for your health and mentally it is not good for your mind.

“For example, if we talk about the fact that there are two nations, then there is the same problem. You see, people in two nations may not be very different from each other like they are in France and Germany. Yet they insist that they are completely different. Some say: Deutschland ?ber Alles, other: Vive la France and then they say, “We have to set firm boundaries; we must put up giant fences along these borders; we must destroy everything just to protect them,” and now we have the First World War... Although, if you cross the border, no division is noticeable; people are not very different, and if by historical accident it had happened that two were one, then such a thing would not have happened... And if you think that there are two parts, then you will begin to impose them...

But, of course, before things actually change because we think differently, this thought must be deeply embedded in our intentions, actions, etc., in our entire being” (7).

So, according to Bohm, the fragmented thinking that humanity possesses today contributes to the emergence of a reality that is constantly breaking down into disorderly, disharmonious and destructive activity. And this is at a time when the world is a single whole, which can be divided into parts (and they are natural), but cannot be broken into fragments unrelated to each other. Division into parts can only be applied up to a certain limit - it should always be remembered that each part depends on every other part. Chernobyl is a good example of this. An atomic explosion occurred in Ukraine, and sick children are born in Belarus, Russia and other countries.

Unfortunately, we believe, for example, that we can extract valuable materials from the Earth without affecting the rest of it. We believe that we can solve various problems of society, such as crime, poverty, drug addiction, while ignoring society as a whole, etc. We even believe that we can defeat terrorism in a single country, such as Iraq.

The current way of fragmenting the world not only does not work, but may even be fatal (7).

However, Bohm warns: this does not mean that the Universe is a gigantic indistinguishable mass. Things can be part of an indivisible whole and at the same time have unique qualities. To illustrate this point, he draws our attention to the small whirlpools and eddies that often form in a river. At first glance, such whirlpools seem independent and have individual characteristics, such as size, speed and direction of rotation, etc. But upon closer examination, it turns out to be impossible to determine where a given whirlpool ends and the river begins. Thus, Bohm does not consider it pointless to talk about the difference between “things.” He simply wants us to be constantly aware that the various aspects of holodynamics, that is, the so-called “things”, are just an abstraction, a way in which our consciousness isolates these aspects.

Consciousness as a subtle form of matter . Bohm's Holographic Universe explains many other mysteries. One of these mysteries is the influence that consciousness has on the intra-atomic world. As we have already seen, Bohm rejects the idea that particles do not exist until they enter the field of view of an observer. And he insists on bringing consciousness and physics together. However, he believes that most physicists are on the wrong track, trying to divide reality into parts and claiming that one independent entity - consciousness - interacts with another independent entity - an elementary particle.

Since all things are aspects of holodynamics, Bohm believes that there is no point in talking about mind and matter interacting. In a sense, an observer and There is the observable itself. The observer is also a measuring device, experimental results, a laboratory and the breeze blowing outside the walls of the laboratory. In fact, Bohm believes that consciousness is a subtler form of matter, and the basis for its interaction with other forms of matter lies not at our level of reality, but in a deep implicate order. Consciousness is present in varying degrees of folding and unfolding throughout all matter - which is why plasma, for example, has some of the characteristics of a living being. As Bohm says, “the capacity of a form to be dynamic is the most characteristic feature of consciousness, and we already see something conscious in the behavior of the electron” (5).

In a word, consciousness and matter, according to Bohm, are nested projections of a higher reality, which is neither consciousness nor matter in its pure form. True, Bohm does not call this higher reality the Creator.

Likewise, he believes that dividing the universe into living and nonliving objects makes no sense. Animate matter and inanimate matter are inextricably linked with each other, and life is in a latent state throughout the universe. Even stone is in a sense alive, says Bohm, since life and intelligence are present not only in matter, but also in "energy", "space", "time", in "the whole fabric of the Universe" and everything else that we abstractly identify from holodynamics and are mistakenly considered as independently existing objects. Bohm states: “You may equally call the implicative domain Ideal, Spirit, Consciousness. The separation of two concepts - matter and spirit - is an abstraction. They have the same basis."

In a Universe in which all things are infinitely interconnected, the consciousnesses of all people are also interconnected. Despite the apparent external boundaries, we are creatures without boundaries. The idea that consciousness and life (and, in fact, everything in the Universe) are folded sets in the Universe has stunning implications. Just as each piece of a hologram contains an image of the whole, each part of the Universe contains the entire Universe.

Consequently, every cell of our body also contains the entire folded cosmos. Every leaf, every drop of rain and every speck of dust has the same property, giving new meaning to the famous lines of William Blake:

See eternity in one moment,

A huge world in a grain of sand,

In a single handful - infinity

And the sky is in the cup of a flower.

If our Universe is but a pale shadow of a deeper order, what lies at the primordial basis of our reality?

Bohm suggests the following. According to modern understanding of physics, every part of space is permeated by different types of fields consisting of waves of different lengths. Each wave has some energy. When physicists calculated the minimum amount of energy that a wave can carry, they discovered that each cubic centimeter of vacuum contains more energy than all the energy of all the matter in the entire observable universe!

Some physicists refuse to take these calculations seriously and believe that there is an error hidden somewhere. However, Bohm believes that this endless ocean of energy really exists. And scientists, like fish who do not see the water in which they swim, ignore the existence of a huge ocean of energy, because they are concentrated only on objects floating in this ocean, that is, on matter.

A good confirmation of Bohm’s point of view is the work on the study of physical vacuum, about which Academician of the EAN G.I. Naan says: “Vacuum is everything, and everything is vacuum.” According to J. Wheeler, the Planck energy density of the physical vacuum is 10 95 g/cm 3, while the density of nuclear matter is 10 14 g/cm 3. Other estimates of the energy of vacuum fluctuations are also known, but all of them are significantly larger than Wheeler’s estimate (2).

According to Bohm, matter does not exist independently of this ocean of energy, from the so-called “empty” space. “Space is not empty. It is filled as opposed to a vacuum and is the basis of the existence of all things, including you and me. The universe is inseparable from this cosmic ocean of energy and appears as ripples on its surface, a relatively insignificant “pattern of excitation” among the unimaginably vast ocean” (5).

This means that, despite its apparent materiality and enormous size, the Universe does not exist on its own, but is just an offspring of something that is immeasurably larger and more mysterious than it. Moreover, the Universe, according to Bohm, is not even a derivative of this immeasurable Something, it is only a fleeting shadow, a distant echo of a more grandiose reality.

Bohm’s statements are confirmed by the statement of the director of the Main Astronomical Observatory of Ukraine, a member of the UAS and many foreign academies, Yaroslav Yatskiv: “Recent astronomical discoveries have proven the presence in the Cosmos of energy inaccessible to instruments, which controls the course of development of the Universe” (12). Academician Yatskiv is one of the founders of the highest and second largest observatory in Russia on the Terskol peak in the Elbrus region. The observatory operates as part of the International Center for Astronomical and Medical-Ecological Research, established by the Academies of Sciences of Russia, Ukraine and the government of Kabardino-Balkaria in 1992.

According to Yatskiv, today only 7% of the world's substance is available for observation. These are the Moon, Earth, planets, galaxies, stars. About 16% of the substance is dark matter, the existence of which has been reliably proven, but has not yet been studied. Perhaps this is the mass of neutrinos, or particles unknown to science, or galaxies. “The rest,” Yatskiv said, “is some kind of mysterious dark energy... Recent observations in open space have discovered antigravity and fluctuations of the electrocosmic background, which indicate that there is Something in the Universe that is responsible for the development scenario of the Universe,” the academician noted. He emphasized that he was far from mysticism and would not call the mysterious energy the Universal Mind, the Absolute or God.

“This is a property of the Cosmos unknown to science,” Yatskiv said. He recalled that Einstein introduced the conditional lambda term into his equations, but considered it his mistake. “And now we know that he is responsible for dark energy,” said Yatskiv (12).

We considered it appropriate to quote a short excerpt from the dialogue between D. Bohm and D. Krishnamurti, concerning their thoughts about order, the Universe and a certain energy (13). Jiddu Krishnamurti (1896–1986) is one of the most prominent spiritual teachers of our time. Discovered by Theosophists as a boy in India, he was prepared by them as the new Messiah, a role he abandoned when he independently began to pursue his own spiritual quest. Traveling around the world with his students, giving lectures, he gained many supporters, including prominent statesmen and intellectuals

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