The editors of the newspaper "Russian Language" were invited to a meeting of the Council for State Cultural Policy, which was held on October 16, 2009. S.M. Mironov, Chairman of the Federation Council. The topic of the meeting was "Preservation and development of linguistic culture: legal and regulatory aspect". A.Yu. Bolshakov (A.M. Gorky Institute of World Literature) and V.I. Annushkin (A.S. Pushkin Russian Language Institute). The purpose of the Council meeting is to discuss topical issues related to modern linguistic culture, to consider proposals for the implementation of the Federal Law "On the State Language of the Russian Federation". We invite our readers to get acquainted with fragments of some speeches.

Preservation and development of linguistic culture:
legal aspect

CM. Mironov, Chairman of the Federation Council:

<…>Dear colleagues, dear friends! We have gathered here today people who are not indifferent, professionals in the field of culture, in the field of science, in the area that we usually call the language sphere, and today we will talk about a very important aspect of our Russian culture, we will talk about the Russian language.<…>

Of course, education plays a special role in the preservation of the language. But here we have a special, difficult situation. The main blow to literacy today, in my opinion, is inflicted by the introduction of the Unified State Examination. Behind him, a test form of testing knowledge in the classroom will inevitably creep into everyday practice. To be honest, I am simply discouraged by the joyful statement of our Rosobrnadzor that now ninth grade graduates will also take the exam. By the way, this egeization is going on like a creeping counter-revolution all over the country.<…>

It is very important that some beacons of speech culture illuminate our path: books, newspapers, television and radio programs. There should be specialists for whom competent, pure literary speech is an indicator of professionalism. First of all, these are teachers and lecturers.

The whole complex of existing problems has led to the fact that policy issues in the field of language, its legal support are at the epicenter of public discussions. As you know, in June of this year, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation approved a list of grammars, dictionaries and reference books containing the norms of the modern Russian literary language when it is used as the state language. Actually, a lot of work has been done. Very large in content and very complete guides are made. And then, of course, as you know, a heated debate flared up regarding the very list of recommended grammars, dictionaries and reference books, and, of course, the norms that are contained in these dictionaries approved by the Ministry of Education and Science. Normative consolidation as acceptable, what was previously considered illiterate, is always perceived painfully. Probably, many of you remember the story that Chukovsky once told, when he, clutching his heart, violently rebelled against the fact that the word necessarily has come to be used in our language as a synonym certainly. Because in due time the word necessarily meant kindly.<…>

And it seems that we, at least many of us sitting in this hall and many with whom I have spoken on this subject recently, began to clutch at our hearts when we were told that instead of contract "r, you can speak before"dialect and contract "r, when we heard the word coffee can be used in the middle gender. Moreover, it seemed to me very strange the explanation of the compilers of dictionaries that the majority began to speak like that.<…>

I think the reason for the sharp and, in my opinion, correct reaction is that the general decline in the culture of speech and culture of behavior in the country, which disturbs educated people, is already, alas, a fact of our life.<…>

Domestic legislation should be developed taking into account the issues of preservation and protection of languages.<…>

It should be noted that the current legislation does not provide for liability for violation of laws on languages.<…>

In our country, censorship has always been rejected by the public, but today many representatives of even that part of society that has always rebelled against censorship are standing up for it. First of all, I mean not political censorship, but at least, let's say, moral.<…>

In my opinion, the Government should be legally obligated to report annually on activities to protect the Russian language and the languages ​​of the peoples of Russia.<…>

Dear colleagues, of course, language is not a frozen form, but a living tissue. Generations of people change, and, of course, certain new forms, new words are introduced, but this does not free us from constant and hard work to maintain the language culture at the highest level. Everyone who cares about our future should take part in this work.<…>

A.Yu. Bolshakov, Institute of World Literature. A.M. Gorky, member of the Council on State Cultural Policy under the Chairman of the Federation Council:

In this regard, I recall the words of Dostoevsky that the Russian people, despite their visible bestial image, in the depths of their souls bear a completely different image - the image of Christ, the image of Christ. Unfortunately, today this visible animal image is more and more brazenly baring its fangs. And now our youth (everyone who walks down the street hears it everywhere), alas, both girls and boys are building a phrase from some swear words. It would seem, well, what is a transitional age, all this can be forgiven. However, behind this external, at first glance, deep and very disturbing processes are guessed that have now engulfed our society. First of all, this is the impoverishment of his self-consciousness and the biologization of thinking, that is, the same social Darwinism, I do not get tired of shouting about it. This is perhaps the most terrible disease that has now gripped our society.<…>

E.A. Bystritskaya, People's Artist of the USSR, State Academic Maly Theater of Russia:

<…>It seems to me that it is imperative to renew the dictionaries for television and radio announcers. It would be necessary to make a program for television, maybe for radio, on etiquette, on relationships. But to develop a culture of relationships simply by what we would like so much,<на словах>impossible. Some concrete action is needed.<…>

V.Ya. Kurbatov, board member of the Writers' Union of Russia:

<…>When a language lives a natural life, it is not spoken about, it is simply spoken. And if it was necessary to compile a dictionary of the expansion of the Russian language, which was put together by Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, then things are bad, it means that the writer is cramped in the language of life and it is necessary to clean up the impoverished reality with obsolete attire and flowers, from which we immediately feel uncomfortable in his prose , as in a retrospective exhibition, where life seems to be ours, but no longer recognizable by us.

Alas, the language cannot be expanded by the will of even such a firm and authoritative person as Solzhenitsyn, just as it is impossible even to force them to be equally equivalent before"dialect and agreed "r, excited" and excited", extraction "cha and to "bull.<…>

And now we have to regulate it, our will and our truth, an inexhaustible treasure, by laws. Now we have it not just a living Great Russian language, like Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl, but a state language. There is nothing to rise with your liveliness and Great Russianness. Meanwhile, one must be deaf and blind not to see that the world is growing rich not by unification, which we aspire to, but by God's diversity, that the garden of human speech is beautiful when it blooms with heavenly diversity, and not with the crampedness of a political or commercial newspaper. The French protect their language from foreign invasion, because they remember their genius Alphonse Daudet, who said that as long as the people, even enslaved, own their language, they own the key to their prison. And the German Heidegger defends his language, prompts the nation that language is the house of being. Being, not everyday life, God, not a political report.<…>

E.A. Shmeleva, Institute of the Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences. V.V. Vinogradov:

<…>There are so-called linguistic authorities in the language. We will all remember some person in our life who spoke very beautifully and whom we would like to imitate. And very often, even in disputes about language, and this is a very lively, emotional sphere, people talk about it ... “My teacher said so” or “My professor said so”, “My father said so” ... Someone who causes you respect.

Now there are many good teachers in the school and many young good teachers, but the prestige of the teacher is very low, and less and less children imitate teachers. And this is a problem that needs to be solved somehow. Also only enlightenment.<…>

V.N. Shaposhnikov

<…>I will touch on some language issues. First of all, this is the arrival of foreign words, which now make up a large volume, but this is the most obvious and uncomplicated problem. Theoretically, it was resolved long ago and unshakably resolved, I will not repeat it here. For example, fax machine- a necessary and inalienable word, absolutely inalienable. But current ones, for example, minimize, minimize, show their superficiality or even slovenliness in comparison with the more accurate and responsible native words of this conceptual nest, such as: reduce, curtail, stop and others. And it is no coincidence that the word minimize took root in official life, becoming a kind of euphemism, including in the banking sector. Minimizing risks... Translated into Russian, it means “stop cheating, stop cheating”. Even words like developer or remake, you can find a full match in Russian, and these found words would make the situation clearer. And a number of foreign words become euphemisms, some foreign borrowings are built into a number of linguistic redundancies.<…>

A.N. Varlamov, writer, Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov:

<…>We can talk endlessly about what a great, wonderful Russian language we have, how we love it, how we fight and defend it. But what's the point of these conversations? Sense, in my opinion, should be in making some specific decisions. And, I repeat, it is necessary to save not only the Russian language, it is necessary to save literature, including writings in schools, first of all, because this is a concrete subject matter that concerns us all.<…>As a result of the fact that literature has ceased to be a compulsory subject, for the first time, I don’t know, in the 200 years of Russia’s existence, we will receive a generation of children who will pass Pushkin, Lermontov, Dostoevsky and so on, and this is not only a matter of their general cultural level .<…>

I'll start with education. It seems to me that it is impossible to study the Russian language, it is impossible to save the Russian language in isolation from other, let's say, humanitarian spheres. No wonder we have teachers of the Russian language and literature. This is absolutely fair! The Russian language, in my opinion, exists in literature. I mean, first of all, classical literature, and not modern (with all my respect for it). And therefore, talking about the Russian language in the field of education at school means talking about literature and vice versa. We have had a tragic, it seems to me, separation of these things in connection with the introduction of the Unified State Examination, which Sergei Mikhailovich already spoke about today. The fact that literature has ceased to be an educational subject in our country, the fact that we have lost the essay as a form of reporting for schoolchildren, in my opinion, may not be a national catastrophe (loudly speaking), but this is a very serious thing, because it leads to a direct dehumanization of society. Here's the problem! And therefore, the opponents with whom I would like to talk would be, in my opinion, exactly those people who thought of this thing.<…>

<…>Tragic, sad speeches are heard that we no longer have a people, that we already have a population, that everything is lost. I beg to disagree with this. In recent years, I have been traveling quite a lot in Russia, I have been to the North, the West, and the Far East. I meet with different audiences: with schoolchildren, and with students, and with soldiers, and even with prisoners, it happens (this, of course, is a separate story), but nevertheless I want to say that when you see faces, when you hear questions, when you see the eyes - this is a people, this is a very good people, but this people requires a different attitude towards itself. Thank you.

M.V. Gorbanevsky, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Deputy Chairman of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature, Chairman of the Guild of Expert Linguists:

<…>We need a state eye that will oversee, monitor, in a slang term, specialists, monitor violations of the law in the field related to the language. And this is not only the Law of the Russian Federation “On the Languages ​​of the Peoples of the Russian Federation”, this is not only the Federal Law of 2005 on Russian as the state language, there are provisions of the Federal Law “On Advertising”, which also relate to the use of the language, and much more.

How else can good, effective laws be violated?

My colleagues and I wrote the 1997 law on street names. Article 9 of this law is written in black and white: a memorial street name can be assigned only in exceptional cases as a token of a person's merits and only 10 years after the death of this person. Together with the Deputy Prime Minister of the Government of Moscow, Petrov, I presented the draft of this law at a meeting of the Moscow City Duma, it was adopted unanimously. What then happened? They killed Mr. Kadyrov Sr., and in violation of this law, the name of the street was given "Kadyrov street" in South Butovo, which caused a mixed reaction in society.

What happened a year ago, dear colleagues? A year ago, something extraordinary happened. Victory Avenue in the capital of one of our republics, named in honor of the Victory over fascism, was renamed in honor of Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin. This is Victory Avenue in Grozny. I think this is something out of the ordinary. But this is also applied linguistics. What does this indicate? About a lot. And, by the way, Vladimir Vladimirovich, if he wanted to, could pull Kadyrov Jr., and Pobedy Avenue would return to the map of the city of Grozny.

Therefore, I am entirely for the optimization of this law. I am all in favor of the philological community (there are very experienced linguists here who have experience working as legal drafting consultants) to take part in this. I am for the fact that after all the pies are baked by piemen, and the boots are sharpened by shoemakers.<…>

A.N. Kachalkin, Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov:

Council for State Culture, Policy for the Preservation and Development of Language Culture… It is very good that the legal aspect is being considered. I am entirely for the approval by high authorities of the proposals that will come from professionals. Until now, the rules of Russian spelling and punctuation, prepared over four years in the 50s, are actually functioning, although there are a lot of discussions about the truth of these rules. Perhaps, at a certain stage, a revision of the rules is also needed, but with the preservation of the variance that will contribute to the development of the language.

Indeed, own the norm, but do not be its slave, rationally look for new suitable means for expressing this or that concept. It is this creativity that will be evaluated, especially if arguments are given in favor of precisely such forms, precisely such words, their use in precisely such a sense. And here I am reminded of the words spoken two years before my death by the supervisor of my thesis, Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov. It was a great pleasure to work under his leadership. At that time (it was the turn of the 1950s and 1960s), he said: you know, we lack a “synthetic dictionary”. Now such a synthetic dictionary could be called a "universally erudite dictionary of the Russian language."

G.A. Bogatova, Institute of the Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences named after V.V. Vinogradov:

<…>It is necessary not only to talk about the spoken language, about the spoken element, it is necessary to fill the school with dictionaries so that the habit of using the dictionary begins right from the first grades of school.

But we must also remember something else, remember our historical experience. It was during the period of Catherine, when the state was being built by Catherine, that they began to make the first national dictionary, the Dictionary of the Russian Academy ...<…>

The dictionary was created by the elite of that time, even starting directly from the confessor of Catherine. Ekaterina herself created, and Dashkova wrote dictionary entries, and Derzhavin wrote dictionary entries. And Derzhavin at that time was not only a poet, but also a very busy statesman, he was the governor of Tambov and the Minister of Justice.

Therefore, I urge that we do not lower the bar.<…>

Viktor Vladimirovich Vinogradov, creating a plan for the development of vocabulary in the 50s, laid the foundation for fundamental lexicography, that is, it is also a dictionary of Russian folk dialects, the 37th edition of which is now out. This means that we have not lost the words of the village lost to us, they are there. It is also a dictionary of the Russian language of the XI-XVII centuries and other dictionaries. We must also think about the fact that the Russian language is one of the Slavic languages. Therefore, both the etymological dictionary of the Russian language and the etymological dictionary of all Slavic languages ​​are also our culture ... These three dictionaries are not finished, and this is a tragedy for the near future, which is why I am talking about this. We need to finish them ... and it's time for the people who are developing their language to have them in electronic form.

V.A. Nedziwiecki, Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov:

<…>An example from a two-page dictation conducted recently for first-year students at the Faculty of Journalism of Moscow State University. In it, a recent applicant with 100 points in the Russian language obtained in the final exam in the USE system made 23 mistakes. The first-year student with 58 exam points made 41 mistakes. Another first-year student, who managed to get into the faculty, having only 22 points in Russian, made 47 mistakes in the dictation. And these are future journalists, that is, people for whom their native language is the means and essence of their future specialty.

Finally, another example, this time from a written speech by a government official, in this case a military commissar. On a subpoena received by one of the young men to be mobilized, this young man read the following explanation of the duties of a citizen subject to military service: “In accordance with the Federal Law on ... (and so on) ... citizens, not and who are in the reserve are obliged to appear on the agenda to clarify the information of military registration or mandrels to a military unit for military service (direction to alternative civilian service)”, two words together, and so on. Here it is, the whole memo. It has 10 biggest mistakes.<…>It remains to add that this memo, mocking the Russian language, was printed in a typographical way and, of course, was replicated in tens of thousands of copies.<…>

In Russia, where literature has always been more than literature, because it was both sociology and ontology of Russian, Russian morality and morality, Russian philosophy and eschatology, the best way to say about the creative possibilities of a young person is an essay on Russian literature. It should be made mandatory for all graduates, both for the ninth and eleventh grades.

A.S. Melkov, Institute of the Russian Language. A.S. Pushkin, member of the Union of Writers of the Russian Federation:

<…>It is necessary not only to prohibit the use of non-assimilated foreign borrowings that phonetically, orthographically or syntactically distort the Russian language, incorrect variants of words in the media, advertising, office work, but also to introduce legal liability for violations of the provisions of the law on the state language. It is necessary to introduce restrictions into the law on the unreasonable use of foreign words in public, official speech, mainly substitute words and words that distort the appearance of the Russian literary language, the so-called incorrect Russian words, that is, jargon, swearing, network slang, distortion of stress, and so on. To protect the Russian language, it is necessary to create a special body under the Government of the Russian Federation, which should include scientists, philologists, university professors, as well as persons with generally recognized authority in the field of Russian philology: writers, poets and critics.<…>

R.N. Kleimenova, museum director. IN AND. Dalia, Scientific Secretary of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature:

<…>Dictionaries are a necessary component of the educational process, self-education of schoolchildren, students, specialists in various fields of knowledge. Therefore, it is necessary to publish dictionaries in mass circulation, to ensure the acquisition of libraries of all levels with dictionaries, with the help of the state to put up a barrier to the publication of fake dictionaries, which I encounter. Now there are a lot of "Dal's dictionaries", Dal is everywhere, but to call them Dahl's dictionaries simply does not turn the tongue.<…>

Language is a means of expressing thoughts. Language depends on the thinking of the individual and society. It is impossible to change the language artificially. It is necessary to educate society - the language will consistently reflect all changes. If society recovers mentally, the language will be cleansed of foreign impurities.

Language is not only a method of communication, it is also one of the signs of the life of the people who use it; this is a book that displays the entire history of the development of the people, its entire historical path, from ancient times to the present day. In each word, the historical past is traced, relentlessly accompanying people; traced the present, and perhaps the future of all those who, with their mother's milk, absorbed Russian words filled with the love of people close and dear to their hearts.

Ways to solve the problem

• 1. To improve the quality of the study of the Russian language and literature in general education schools.
• 2. Monitor the quality of literary works produced by book publishers.
• 3. To revive a good philological education (training of qualified teaching staff). We need teachers - creators who are in love with their work, who would educate students in sensitivity and exactingness to the word. A highly educated person in Russia has always been considered a well-read person, well-versed in oral and written speech, fluent in 2-3 languages.
• 4. Promote the culture of speech through the media, and the media themselves should become models of the Russian literary language. Competent, emotional speech should sound on television, radio, on stage, in the theater.
• 5. Public people: journalists, politicians, representatives of the highest echelon of power, show business - must master the norms of Russian literary speech.
• 6. Raise the public, young people to fight against the clogging of the Russian language (hold conferences, forums, actions, round tables ...).
• 7. And most importantly: all together and each individually should want to speak their native language correctly, accessible, expressively. Competent speech should become the norm.

LINGUISTICS

M.V. Zainullin UDC 800

PROBLEMS OF THE DEVELOPMENT AND PRESERVATION OF NATIVE LANGUAGES AND NATIONAL CULTURES IN THE AGE OF GLOBALIZATION

Today, when human society has entered the era of globalization, many processes associated with the development of languages ​​and cultures are taking on new forms. The purpose of this article is to analyze the problems of the functioning of languages ​​in the field of education and culture. It covers such issues as spiritual values, youth culture, the national policy of the state in the new conditions, the problems of teaching national languages ​​at the present stage, preserving their identity in the context of intercultural communication, etc.

Marat V. Zainullin

THE PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT AND PRESERVATION OF NATIVE LANGUAGES AND ETHNIC CULTURES IN THE EPOCH OF GLOBALIZATION

Today, when the society has entered the epoch of globalization, numerous processes associated with the development of languages ​​and cultures are subject to change. The purpose of this article is the analysis of the functioning of languages ​​in the sphere of education and culture.

The authors consider various issues such as spiritual values, youth culture and the state national politics under modern conditions, the problem of teaching national languages ​​at the modern stage as well as of preserving their identity under conditions of intercultural communication, etc.

Key words: globalization, national languages, native language, national culture, national traditions, humanities, vitality of minority languages, Anglo-American linguistic culture, language situation in the context of globalization.

Key words: globalization, national languages, native language, ethnic culture, ethnic traditions, the Humanities, vitality of minority languages, Anglo-American language culture, linguistic situation under conditions of globalization.

The end of the XX and the beginning of the XXI century. were marked in the world by a sharply intensified process of globalization. Currently, globalization is one of the main processes in the development of society and covers all spheres of human life: economics, politics, social spheres, culture and languages. Many scientists, recognizing the objectivity of the globalization process and evaluating its positive aspects, express

express their fears about the results of this process in the field of culture. These fears are largely connected with the problem of the spiritual life of society, primarily with the preservation of native languages, the national and cultural identity of modern peoples. The reality of the loss of cultural and linguistic identity as a result of the process of globalization is spoken by representatives of the intelligentsia

Zainullin Marat Valeevich, Doctor of Philology, Professor, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Head of the Department of Bashkir and General Linguistics, Bashkir State University (Ufa), e-mail: [email protected] yandex.ru

only small, but also numerous peoples. For example, British linguists believe that half of the world's languages ​​will disappear by the end of this century. One language dies every two or three weeks. According to scientists, the threat of extinction hangs over about 40% of the world's languages. According to UNESCO, every year 10-15 languages ​​disappear in the world.

The loss of languages ​​means that cultures disappear along with them, special ways of seeing the world, in addition, this is the loss of national identity. Languages ​​take with them into oblivion not only individual words and peculiar features of cultures, but also a significant share of the knowledge accumulated by mankind. For example, the small Kayapo people living in Brazil (about 4 thousand carriers) distinguish 56 varieties of bees in accordance with their traditional knowledge on a variety of grounds - from the flight path to the quality of honey.

In the world, languages ​​of small peoples (minority) are on the verge of extinction. In the Russian Federation, minority languages ​​currently represent 63 languages ​​whose vitality is under threat. This is primarily the Tungus-Manchurian family of languages ​​(Nanai, Udege, Evenki, etc.), Chukchi-Kamchatka (Chukotka, Koryak, etc.), Finno-Ugric (Khanty, Mansi, Sami, Izhora). The endangered languages ​​also include individual Turkic languages: Shor, Tofalar, Teleut, Kumandin, Chulym, etc.

The language of international communication in the world is English. This is a kind of "lingua franca" of the world community in the era of globalization. According to the famous English linguist D. Crystal, the number of people in the world who speak English has reached 2 billion, of which only a quarter recognizes it as their native language. Today, international meetings are held mainly in English: conferences, symposiums, Internet conferences, signing of international documents, charters, etc., contacts are made and the necessary information is retrieved via the Internet. Without knowledge of English and a computer, any qualified specialist cannot feel completely confident in modern society. In the same time

the international role of such languages ​​as Russian, German, and to a lesser extent French is declining.

According to the International Association of Applied Linguistics, in Europe the highest percentage of the population who speak English is in the Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark (up to 80% of the population); in Luxembourg, Finland and Austria - over 50%; the lowest percentage is in Italy (about 20%), Portugal (18) and Spain (16%). In the countries of the European Union, about 40% know English, 16% know German, and about 10% know Russian and French.

Of the European countries, France was especially distinguished by the struggle against English-speaking influence, for the purity of the French language and culture (laws were passed to preserve the French language, and the French Language Committee under the President of the country was created).

At the same time, according to British linguists, the English language, which seems to dominate on earth, will eventually lose its status as the language of globalization due to the constant decrease in the number of its speakers. Already today, according to this indicator, it ranks second in the world, and China is the undisputed leader: over 1.5 billion people. today they speak different versions of it - this is three times more than those who recognize English as their native language. According to British linguists, by 2050 English will be in third place, and Asian and Indo-European languages, including Spanish and Arabic, will share the second place.

The positive side of this process is obvious: universal knowledge of the English language provides a natural human need for mutual understanding “on a global scale”.

At the same time, the global spread of the English language violates another natural human need - the need for identity, i.e. the desire in all situations to use the native language, mastered in early childhood. Language is not just a means of communication, it is a philosophy of the world, a synthetic representation of it. Each language is a system of knowledge about the world, its vision and understanding imprinted in its linguistic structure, in its rules. In this sense, language is

there is the world itself, it is the memory and history of the people, therefore the death of each language is the death not of a dictionary and grammar, but of the whole world, unique, original, immensely deep and important for understanding both the person himself and the universe around him.

Each nation is obliged to preserve its native language - its national treasure, because only in this case can it contribute something of its own, unique, to the treasury of peoples, without which world unity is impossible.

In our time, the search for answers to the questions “Who are we?”, “Where are we moving?” is becoming increasingly relevant. National identity is self-knowledge, which is based on the knowledge of one's past in all its richness and diversity. The appeal to cultural heritage is recognized to ensure adherence to the symbols, norms and values ​​that have developed in a given society. Following these patterns, proven by many years of practice, provides the usual conditions of life, the identity of culture. It should be noted that the preservation of identity should be carried out at the state level.

In an environment of rapid change, people need stable, proven reference points. In the context of globalization, with the ongoing policy of unification and standardization of national traditions, a person needs to learn to see ethnocultural identity, which is a functionally necessary component of modern society.

In contrast to the movement towards impersonal homogeneity, the task of preserving cultural and national characteristics is set. Thus, language plays an important role in the life of mankind: it unites and divides, and creates contradictions, and resolves them. The inconsistency of the situation with the language in the era of globalization lies in the fact that, on the one hand, it is an important component of human life, the main engine of science, culture, politics, and almost all spheres of human activity. On the other hand, such a role and such a meaning of language are poorly understood, not noticed, taken for granted. It should also be noted that no language can be culturally neutral, learning languages ​​means promoting the culture of the people embedded in it - the native speaker of this language. Getting to know another culture

expands the horizons, enriches the native culture, especially since there is a great culture behind the English or Russian language. But, while studying English, we simultaneously absorb the ideology, views, lifestyle and value system of the English-speaking world.

So, since language and culture are inextricably linked and each language carries a very significant cultural and ideological charge, the promotion and dominance of one language (currently English) as communication between peoples inevitably leads to the fact that, along with the language, a foreign culture penetrates and ideology. Often this cultural and ideological charge borrowed from the language comes into conflict with the local national culture. At the same time, the secret forces of culture act gradually and imperceptibly, and therefore are much more effective than any other open methods of influence.

In the era of globalization came the realization of the need to learn foreign languages. At the same time, the prospect of globalization and the invasion of a global language made all peoples wake up, realize their national identity, deeply appreciate their culture and mother tongue and start caring for them because of the possible threat of their displacement.

The main changes in languages ​​in the era of globalization occur in vocabulary, especially in socio-political and scientific terminology. There is a widespread international computer slang.

In recent years, borrowings such as primaries (early elections), electorate (voters), summit (meeting), stagnation (stagnation), driver, cluster, innovation, investment, transfer, afterburner, dealer, corruption, barter, recruiter, monitoring, speaker, oligarchy, intimacy, glamorous, franchisor, merchandiser, recruiter, plebiscite, downshifting, briefing, dressmaker, distributor, etc. A huge number of globalisms have become widespread in sports vocabulary due to the emergence of new sports (bowling, wrestling, diving, cutting, rafting, etc.). English vocabulary, especially Americanisms, is incredibly present in the names of shops, cafes and restaurants (McDonald's, Ile de Beaute, New York, etc.).

It should be noted that in recent decades the anthroponymic culture of the Bashkir people has significantly decreased. In the modern Bashkir name book, there are few personal names associated with the national traditions of the Bashkirs. Personal names borrowed from other languages ​​are widespread. Names created artificially coincide with the names of cities, rivers, lakes and other phenomena, or simply do not mean anything, being a combination of sounds. For example: 1) female names: Adeline, Aelita, Lenaria, Juliet, Aydarina, Il-darina, Erika, etc.; 2) male names: Amur, Adler, Baikal, Pamir, Kazbek, Elbrus, Ryazan, Ficus, Vinaris, Dalaris, Wilson, Marius, etc. It should be noted that the low level of culture, incl. and anthroponymic, leads to national nihilism, the denial of belonging to one's ethnic group.

In recent years, there has been a sharp decline in interest in different languages ​​in the republic, incl. and to Bashkir. According to the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, it is difficult to recruit students for the first year of pedagogical universities and classical universities in the specialty "native language and literature." A decisive role in the preservation and development of the native language is played by education in the native language at all levels of educational institutions, from preschool institutions to higher educational institutions.

In this aspect, there are big problems in the study and teaching of the native language in neighboring regions, where the Bashkir population lives compactly.

More than 37,000 Bashkirs live in the Sverdlovsk region, where only three schools teach the Bashkir language. In the Perm Territory, with a population of over 40,000 Bashkirs, there is not a single Bashkir school. Their number is decreasing in the Orenburg and Chelyabinsk regions. The teaching and learning of the Bashkir language as the state language is not up to the mark in the republic. Today, only 40% of non-Bashkir students study Bashkir as the state language.

It should be especially noted that the problems of preserving and developing native languages ​​and national cultures are multifaceted.

The most important, in our opinion, are the following:

1. Philosophical and general theoretical problems of the interaction of language and culture in the context of globalization.

2. National language culture in the era of globalization.

3. Native language and national culture, as well as state policy in a globalizing world.

4. National culture and mass media in the context of globalization.

5. Globalization and national education, the problem of teaching national languages ​​at the present stage.

6. Youth culture in the process of globalization.

In his greeting to the participants of the IV International Conference “Language. Culture. Society” RAS President Yu.S. Osipov emphasized that "today, when the process of globalization has reached unprecedented proportions, the commonwealth of humanities scientists is faced with the urgent task of studying the optimal ratio of national characteristics, cultural traditions and the formation of closer relations between peoples" .

It is cultural figures and scientists who need to constantly work on the improvement of our society, who should maintain the authority and influence of their native language and their original culture. We need the mobilization of the entire public, a broad and constant explanation of the harm that the unbridled influx of Anglo-Americanisms brings to all national languages ​​and cultures, the planting of lack of spirituality.

Therefore, we, including the highest authorities, various councils, commissions and committees, as well as the entire population, especially the intelligentsia, must take an active part in asserting the role, place and significance of the native language and national culture, and contribute to their further development.

The creative intelligentsia should consolidate their efforts to exert an effective influence on the modern mass media in order to preserve culture and traditional values.

LITERATURE

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Note to readers

Book out:

Life devoted to science: memories of Zinnur Gazizovich Urak-sin / comp. V.Z. Uraksina. - Ufa: AN RB, Gilem, 2012. - 196 p. + incl.

About the life and scientific activity of the famous Turkologist Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Bashkortostan Z.G. Uraksin (1935-2007), his role in the development of science, education of young scientists, in the social life of the country, international scientific cooperation are told by famous scientists, colleagues, students, friends and relatives. The book includes photographs from the scientist's family archive.

For a wide range of readers.

1

The relevance of the work is due to the current linguistic situation, when the threat of the disappearance of the languages ​​of small peoples, including the Karachay-Balkarian language, becomes a reality. The purpose of the study is to analyze the linguistic situation that has developed in the regions of residence of the speakers of the Karachay-Balkar language - in the Karachay-Cherkess and Kabardino-Balkarian republics. To solve existing problems in language construction, it is necessary to set new tasks that correspond to new conditions and meet the requirements of the time. The article proposes a set of specific measures aimed at preserving, reviving and developing the national Karachay-Balkarian literary language, whose functions are currently mainly limited to using it as a spoken language serving the household sphere.

Karachay-Balkar language language situation

preservation of national languages

language development

formation of national identity

areas of language functioning

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8. Chaikovskaya E.N. Formation of national-ethnic identity as a condition for preserving the language and culture of the indigenous peoples of Siberia in a multicultural region (Part 1) // Bulletin of the TSPU. - Issue. No. 4 (157). - 2015. - S. 98-100.

9. Chevalier, D.F. Preservation of endangered languages: experience and its application // World of science, culture, education. - Issue. No. 3 (28). - 2011. - S. 87-88.

In the era of growing globalization and related processes, the preservation of unique cultures and languages ​​of small peoples is one of the urgent problems of our time.

Somehow, it is very easy and simple at the present time to write about the disappearance of languages, about their absorption by world languages, explaining this process by the formation of a "single world civilization - a global society." But with the disappearance of the language, the people also disappear - after all, one of the fundamental definitions of a nation is the common language. It is the language that distinguishes us from each other, as the main feature of any ethnic group, it is he who plays the leading role in the self-preservation of the people.

Language is the philosophy of the world, it is a synthetic representation of this world. Each language is imprinted in its linguistic structure, in its rules, a system of knowledge about the world, a vision of this world, its understanding. …Language is the world itself. Therefore, the death of every language is not the death of vocabulary and grammar. This is the death of the whole world, unique, original, immensely deep and immensely important for understanding both the person himself and the universe around him. We can say that the language is the DNA of the culture created by its carriers. On the basis of language, as on the basis of DNA genes, it is possible to recreate the culture of the people as a whole, - sounded at the International Conference.

The problem of preserving and developing the languages ​​of national minorities has been regularly becoming topical since the beginning of the last century. Certain tasks are set, ideas are proclaimed, commissions and committees are created. However, time passes, and once again there are calls for the preservation and development of the languages ​​of small peoples. The last time the issue was most acute was in the 1990s, during the period of the “parade of sovereignties” and the surge of national self-consciousness associated with it. Very soon, the protest passions were drowned out by economic and social problems, and the problems of national languages ​​again, for the umpteenth time, did not even fade into the background - they were forgotten.

The language situation that has developed for this period cannot be assessed otherwise than as catastrophic, and in our opinion, to a greater extent this situation directly depends on the bilingualism established in our country, which already in the 30s of the XX century supplanted the idea of ​​developing national languages.

Observations of the speech of students and schoolchildren allow us to conclude: to a greater extent, the above features are inherent in the speech of children and young people - those who were initially entrusted with continuity in the preservation and development of the language. The exception is people from rural areas, i.e. from places with an ethnically homogeneous population. As for urban children, we can say with regret: expressing their emotions and conclusions in their native language, they manage with a minimum number of everyday words.

Of course, given that A.S. Pushkin was worried about mixing French with Nizhny Novgorod, and the “great” and “powerful” continues to flourish and develop, then you can reassure yourself that our language will still function for some time.

However, it will exist only when there is a need for it, when it is in demand. In the same period, the Karachay-Balkarian language, like the languages ​​of most of the indigenous peoples of the North Caucasus, is not in demand. It is no coincidence that the media from time to time publish letters from indignant parents who oppose the compulsory study of native languages ​​at school. They motivate their protest by the fact that in later life nobody needs their native language: it will not help to enter a good institute or get a job, and it is better to give the hours allotted for the study of native languages ​​and literatures to Russian language or mathematics lessons. To some extent, these parents can be understood: they are afraid that their children will not be successful, successful, will not make a career, because, having received a diploma in native languages ​​and literatures, you can only get a job at school, and what is the prestige of a school teacher - everyone knows.

In our multinational state, the most important principle is declared - the free and equal use of native languages ​​by all citizens, the manifestation of great concern for the active functioning of national languages ​​in various spheres of state, social and cultural life; encouragement of the study of the language of the people, after which the administrative unit is named, by citizens of other nationalities living on its territory. However, in our republic, the language situation is extremely far from the declared provisions: representatives of some peoples admit that their fellow tribesmen speak Russian much better than their native language. The degree of proficiency in the native language of the autochthonous population of the KChR, primarily by children and youth, is reduced to communication at the everyday level, when the words of both Russian and native languages ​​are used interspersed, without taking into account language and speech norms. With such communication, the Russian language also suffers, since speakers often do not speak Russian to a sufficient degree, “demonstrating a semi-culture of elementary everyday mastery ...”.

The integration processes taking place at the present time give rise to the danger of semi-lingualism and semi-culturalism, which is tantamount to lack of culture. Bilingualism can cause a sense of uncertainty about nationality, lead to the fact that people begin to be ashamed of their nationality; at the same time, the denial or embellishment of negative trends only worsens the forecast of the language development of society. “Full bilingualism either erases the most important and striking personality traits, or doubles them. The latter happens so far only with intellectual highly educated people,” researchers of the problems of bilingualism note.

Measures aimed at the revival and strengthening of the national languages ​​of the KChR, in particular, the Karachay-Balkarian language, are undertaken and financed by no means by state structures, but by the efforts of enthusiasts and public organizations who are not indifferent to the problems of their native language. Their activities are bearing fruit (for example, the Foundation for the Promotion of the Development of Karachay-Balkarian Youth "Elbrusoid", which publishes a magazine for young people in their native language, translates animated films into Karachay-Balkarian, sponsors various events aimed at creating a sense of national and linguistic identity etc.).

However, the situation that has developed in the sphere of the Karachay-Balkarian language at the present stage is such that, despite the fact that the language is studied at school and university, it remains the subject of teaching, the same as singing, "Technologies", "OBZH", etc. The language is not in demand in official, business, scientific, legal and other areas. Thus, the prospect of the disappearance of the language becomes more and more real. Today, the functions of the Karachay-Balkarian language are mainly limited to its use as a spoken language serving the household sphere.

In such circumstances, the revival of the Karachay-Balkarian language through a set of specific measures becomes relevant.

However, in order to solve existing problems in language construction, it is necessary to set new tasks that correspond to new conditions and meet the requirements of the time.

In our opinion, there are several options for actions that can, to some extent, if not revive the native language, then stop the process of its dying.

First, and this does not contradict the State Program for the Preservation and Development of National Languages ​​and the Formation of National Identity, it is necessary, first of all, to determine the spheres of functioning of both Russian and native languages. Now in the KChR, giving national languages ​​the status of state languages ​​is a nominal fact. In fact, the scope of native languages ​​is limited to the school and the national department of the university. Native languages ​​are not required. It was repeatedly proposed, following the example of the neighboring republics, to introduce courses of native languages ​​(in any form, in particular, in the form of workshops) at all faculties of the university. This, to some extent, would also contribute to raising the prestige of native languages.

Introduce the teaching of children in the primary grades in their native language - this option is probably acceptable not only for rural schools, but also for urban ones, because the bulk of students are children of the autochthonous population;

For children who do not speak their native language, to publish an already prepared primer in the Karachay-Balkarian language for city schools;

For the Russian-speaking part of the Karachay-Balkarian youth who wish to learn their native language, prepare adapted audio and video versions of accelerated language courses (such as "ESHKO", etc.);

On a regional scale, to the extent possible, create a network of mass media, in particular, television broadcasting in national languages;

Expand the hours of broadcasting in national languages ​​on republican television and put them on a more convenient time for viewers;

Organize and financially support the publication of national books and magazines for children; also to saturate schools and national departments of universities with textbooks and teaching materials;

Duplicate the names of geographical objects in the places of compact residence of Karachays and Balkars in their native language, after bringing them into line with the spelling and orthoepic norms of the modern Karachay-Balkarian literary language;

The ongoing research work in the field of Karachay-Balkarian linguistics in no way affects the really functioning living language - they are cut off from each other. It is required to overcome this gap, to combine research work with modern language life.

In this regard, in our opinion, an extremely important, necessary step is the development of scientific terminology in the native language. If Karachai and Balkar scientists managed to jointly solve this problem, to come to a common opinion at least in the field of linguistic terminology, undoubtedly, this would help to some extent reduce the gap between the regional components of the modern Karachay-Balkarian language, because the difference in the use of terms contributes to the distance them from each other. Translating a literary text from Russian into the native language is a real, quite feasible task, while translating a scientific article is almost impossible due to the lack of terms or inconsistency in the notation of concepts.

Currently, certain measures are being taken to unify the graphics and principles of spelling of the Karachay-Balkarian language. In our opinion, they are doomed in advance.

Many examples can be given of how dialects and closely related languages ​​coexist for tens and hundreds of years, but the expected assimilation does not occur. According to some scholars, the reason for this is the difference in national identity, the lack of a common territory and a number of other factors.

It is probably still worth reconciling with the fact that the state and functional status of the two components of a single Karachay-Balkarian literary language are two completely independent forms of the language, and attempts to force the uniformity of graphics and spelling, to impose uncharacteristic for the speakers of a particular dialect of language phenomena, no doubt, will be rejected by the bulk of the population.

Vocabulary is the sphere of language most subject to transformations. However, even in this area it is impossible to make changes by force. Not later than ten years ago, some writers, poets, teachers, etc. advocated the expulsion of international words and borrowings from the Russian language from the vocabulary of the Karachay-Balkarian language, proposing to replace these lexical units with archaic Arabisms and Farsisms that were in circulation at the end of the 19th century - early twentieth centuries. These words (such as synyf, shiyir, shekirt, etc.) were actively tried to be included in the main dictionary of the Karachay-Balkar language: they could be seen on the pages of newspapers, read in poems and stories, heard from the lips of school teachers and even university workers. However, for the majority of native speakers, the artificially introduced words seemed pretentious, incomprehensible, and they did not take root in the language.

If the desire to make changes in the field of vocabulary is associated with such difficulties, then the strength of rejection, rejection of changes in the field of phonetics, the most conservative level of the language, will be an order of magnitude higher.

As the statistics confirm, the number of people who speak their native language and teach their children in their native language in the family is decreasing from year to year. In such a situation, the stubborn desire of some people to do everything possible to achieve the seemingly necessary goal - the unification of the alphabet, now, at this difficult time even for languages ​​​​with millions of native speakers, for our language (and similar experiments - for the languages ​​\u200b\u200bof all small peoples) can be a disastrous step.

There have been many problems. This is the lack of development of spelling and orthoepic norms, and the lack of teaching aids. The language of the only subscription newspaper and rather rare television programs in the native language can only cause sadness and bewilderment. However, it is also obvious that the current situation cannot be corrected by calling for the preservation of the purity of the language and the saturation of schools and universities with eternally missing textbooks and manuals. A thorough theoretical development of all problems is required in order to really change the existing situation, before it becomes irreversible, and our languages ​​do not become endangered.

Bibliographic link

Khapaeva S.M. PROBLEMS OF PRESERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF THE KARACHAY-BALKAR LANGUAGE UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF GLOBALIZATION // International Journal of Applied and Fundamental Research. - 2016. - No. 1-3. - S. 442-445;
URL: https://applied-research.ru/ru/article/view?id=8532 (date of access: 02/28/2019). We bring to your attention the journals published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural History"