Policies in the field of environmental protection. State policy in the field of environmental protection

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The need for a careful attitude towards nature and its protection was understood by ancient philosophers. For example, the ancient Greek materialist philosopher Epicurus back in the 5th century. BC. came to the conclusion: “We should not force nature, we should obey it...”, which has not lost its relevance today.

There was another concept of approach to nature, which gave the right to unlimited domination over it. Some modern researchers consider F. Engels to be the founder of this approach, who believed that, unlike an animal that only uses external nature, “man... makes it serve his purposes, dominates it.” Perhaps, in development of this thesis, the Michurinsky-Lysinkovsky slogan, widely known in our country, was born in the 1950s, justifying violence against the environment: “We cannot expect mercy from nature; taking them from her is our task.” At the same time, the idea of domination over nature is explained by F. Engels as follows: “... our entire domination over it consists in the fact that we, unlike all other creatures, know how to recognize its laws and apply them correctly.” This is the great scientific value of the theory and the humanism of F. Engels as a thinker.

Currently, to protect the habitat, environmental legislation is being developed in each country, which contains a section of international law and legal protection within the state, containing the legal basis for the conservation of natural resources and the environment for life. The UN, in the declaration of the Conference on Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro), legally established two basic principles of the legal approach to nature conservation.

1. States should introduce effective legislation in the field of environmental protection; the goals and priorities put forward must reflect the real situation in the field of environmental protection and its development in which they will be implemented.
2. The State should develop national legislation regarding liability for environmental pollution and other environmental damage and compensation for those affected by it.

From the general principles of the legal approach to nature conservation, it follows that all states should have strict and at the same time reasonable environmental legislation, but many UN members still do not have such legislation. For example, in Russia there is still no law on compensation for harm caused to human health by adverse environmental impacts associated with economic or other activities, as well as other necessary acts. Academician N. Moiseev summarized the current situation as follows: “Further development of civilization is possible only in conditions of coordination of the strategy of nature and the strategy of man.”

In various historical periods of the development of our country, the system of environmental management, control and supervision bodies has always depended on the form of organization of environmental protection. When issues of environmental protection were resolved through the rational use of natural resources, management and control were carried out by many organizations. Thus, in the 1970-80s in the former USSR, 18 different ministries and departments were involved in the management and protection of the natural environment.

Natural objects such as water and air were under the jurisdiction of several departments at the same time. At the same time, as a rule, the functions of monitoring the state of the natural environment were combined with the functions of exploitation and use of natural objects. It turned out that the ministry or department controlled itself on behalf of the state. There was no general coordinating body that would unite environmental activities. It is clear that such a system of management and control gave rise to a criminal attitude towards nature, primarily on the part of the ministries and departments themselves, as well as large enterprises subordinate to them, which were the main polluters and destroyers of the natural environment.

Historians believe that environmental law first appeared in the 13th century. This was an edict from King Edward prohibiting the use of coal for heating homes in London. In Russia, this right was initiated by the decrees of Peter I on the protection of forests, wildlife, etc. All these were attempts at an integrated approach to protecting the natural environment.

The same attempt was carried out immediately after October by issuing the decrees “On Land”, “On Forests”, “On the Subsoil of the Earth” and the Land and Forest codes. However, even in them, the principle of domination over nature, the priority of “production necessity” dominated over the problems of environmental protection.

This was partly explained by the requirements for the country's survival and the need for its intensive development, but this approach did not provide effective environmental protection activities and led to the degradation of nature. At the same time, in the words of academician A. Yablokov, “any, the most remarkable legislative acts cannot be implemented without the support of the people. And until recently people were oriented towards taking everything possible from nature, and quickly.” Until now, this approach quite often remains dominant.

As a result of the restructuring of the organization of nature conservation, state nature conservation committees were created in the former USSR and its republics. They were supposed to become coordinators of all environmental activities, a single center for integrated environmental management instead of numerous departmental structures. However, it was not possible to completely solve this problem.

It is not enough to eliminate the primacy of production over the environment, as well as the violation of environmental requirements in the management process. It is necessary to improve the environmental culture of society, including legal culture, based on knowledge of natural science laws and environmental legal regulations.

The Russian Committee for Nature Protection was abolished, and in its place the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of the Russian Federation was organized. It included the environmental services of Hydromet, forestry, water resources, protection and use of subsoil, and fisheries, which were transformed into committees. On the basis of six reorganized ministries and departments, a natural resource block was created, uniting in a single center the entire service for the protection of the natural environment. However, this unit also turned out to be uncontrollable, and a year’s practice of its functioning showed that it was not capable of solving the assigned tasks.

The solution to environmental problems at the present stage should be implemented in the activities of both state special bodies and the whole society. The purpose of such activities is the rational use of natural resources, the elimination of environmental pollution, environmental education and education of the entire public of the country.

Legal protection of the natural environment consists of the creation, justification and application of regulations that define both objects of protection and measures to ensure it. These are issues of environmental law that regulate the relationship between nature and society.

The need to take care of nature and protect it was understood in ancient times. For example, the ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus back in the 4th century. BC. came to the conclusion: “We should not force nature, we should obey it...” - which has not lost its relevance today.

There was another concept of approach to nature - one that gave the right to unlimited domination over it. Some modern researchers call Friedrich Engels the founder of this approach, who believed that, unlike an animal that only uses external nature, “...man... makes it serve his purposes, domination over it.” Perhaps it was in the development of this thesis that was born in the 1950s. The Michurin-Lysenko slogan, widely known in our country, justifies violence against the environment: “We cannot expect favors from nature; taking them from her is our task.” At the same time, Engels explains the idea of domination over nature as follows: “... our entire domination over it consists in the fact that we, unlike all other creatures, know how to recognize its laws and apply them correctly.” This is the great scientific value of the theory and the humanism of F. Engels as a thinker.

Currently, to protect the environment, environmental legislation is being developed in each country, which contains a section of international law and legal protection of nature within the state, containing the legal basis for the conservation of natural resources and the environment for life. The United Nations (UN) in the declaration of the Conference on Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro, June 1992) legally established two basic principles of the legal approach to nature conservation.

States should introduce effective environmental legislation. Norms related to environmental protection, put forward tasks and priorities must reflect the real situation in the areas of environmental protection and its development in which they will be implemented.

The State should develop national legislation regarding liability for environmental pollution and other environmental damage and compensation for those affected by it.

From the general principles of the legal approach to nature conservation, it follows that all states should have strict and at the same time reasonable environmental legislation, but many UN members still do not have such legislation. For example, in Russia there is still no law on compensation for harm caused to human health by adverse environmental impacts associated with economic or other activities. Academician N. Moiseev summarized the current situation as follows: “Further development of civilization is possible only in conditions of coordination of the strategy of nature and the strategy of man.

In various historical periods of the development of our country, the system of environmental management, control and supervision bodies has always depended on the form of organization of environmental protection. When issues of environmental protection were resolved through the rational use of natural resources, management and control were carried out by many organizations. So, in the 1970s. In the former USSR, 18 different ministries and departments were involved in the management and protection of the natural environment.

If you look into history, environmental law first appeared in the 13th century. This was an edict from King Edward prohibiting the use of coal for heating homes in London. In Russia, this right was initiated by the decrees of Peter I on the protection of forests, wildlife, etc. All these were attempts at an integrated approach to environmental protection. The same attempt was carried out immediately after October 1917 by issuing decrees - “On Land” (1917), “On Forests” (1918); “On the bowels of the Earth” (1920) and codes - Zemlny (1922), Lesnoy (1923). However, in them too the principle of “dominance” over nature, the priority of “production necessity” dominated over environmental problems.

This was partly explained by the requirements for the country's survival and the need for its intensive development, but this approach did not provide effective environmental protection activities and led to the degradation of nature. At the same time, in the words of Academician Yablokov, “... any, the most remarkable legislative acts cannot be implemented without the support of the people. And until recently people were oriented towards taking everything possible from nature and quickly.” Until now, this approach quite often remains dominant.

The solution to environmental problems at the present stage should be implemented both in the activities of special government bodies and the whole society. The purpose of such activities is the rational use of natural resources, the elimination of environmental pollution, environmental education and education of the entire public of the country.

Currently, to protect the environment, environmental legislation is being developed in each country, which contains a section of international law and legal protection of nature within the state, containing the legal basis for the conservation of natural resources and the environment for life. The United Nations (UN), in the declaration of the Conference on Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro, June 1992), legally established two basic principles of the legal approach to nature conservation:

1. States should introduce effective environmental legislation. Norms related to environmental protection, proposed tasks and priorities must reflect the real situation in this area.

2. The State should develop national legislation regarding liability for environmental pollution and other environmental damage and compensation for those affected by it.

Academician N. Moiseev summarized the current situation as follows: “Further development of civilization is possible only in conditions of coordination of the strategy of nature and the strategy of man.”

In various historical periods of the development of our country, the system of environmental management, control and supervision bodies has always depended on the form of organization of environmental protection. So, in the 70-80s. In the last century in the USSR, 18 different ministries and departments were involved in the management and protection of the natural environment. Natural objects such as water and air were under the jurisdiction of several departments at the same time. At the same time, as a rule, the functions of monitoring the state of the natural environment were combined with the functions of exploitation and use of natural objects. It turned out that the ministry or department controlled itself on behalf of the state. There was no general coordinating body that would unite environmental activities. It is clear that such a system of management and control gave rise to a criminal attitude towards nature, primarily on the part of the ministries and departments themselves, as well as the large enterprises subordinate to them, which were the main polluters and destroyers of the natural environment.

Historians believe that environmental law first appeared in the 13th century. This was an edict from King Edward prohibiting the use of coal for heating homes in London. However, in Russia, even during the time of Yaroslav the Wise, the first legislative collection “Russian Truth” (11th century) provided for punishment for damage to hunting grounds and theft of birds of prey. Subsequently, such laws were developed in the “Code of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich” (1649). In them, for an offense against nature, it was necessary to “beat the batogs mercilessly...”. The basis of environmental law in Russia was the decrees of Peter I on the protection of forests, wildlife, etc. This was an attempt at an integrated approach to protecting the natural environment. The same attempt was carried out immediately after October 1917 through the adoption of the decrees “On Land” (1917), “On Forests” (1918), “On the Bowels of the Earth” (1920) and the Land Codes ( 1922), Lesnoy (1923). However, in them too the principle of “dominance” over nature, the priority of “production necessity” dominated over environmental problems.

This was partly explained by the requirements for the country's survival and the need for its intensive development, but this approach did not provide effective environmental protection activities and led to the degradation of nature. At the same time, in the words of Academician A. Yablokov, “...any, the most remarkable legislative acts cannot be implemented without the support of the people. And until recently the people were oriented towards taking everything possible from nature, and quickly.” Until now, this approach quite often remains dominant.

The Russian Federation is a social state whose policy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of people. This provision, enshrined in Article 7 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, indicates that ensuring the human right to a decent life is one of the most important and fundamental tasks of state policy. Human life and health are recognized as the greatest value, therefore it is necessary to ensure the protection of this right by all means and means of government influence. Protecting human life and health is impossible without creating and ensuring a favorable living environment, which first of all should be understood as the human environment. Thus, ensuring a favorable environment as the basis for human life and health is one of the most important directions of Russian state policy.

The existence of environmental policy (policy in the field of environmental protection) as an independent direction of state policy is very typical for most economically and industrially developed countries, where a sufficiently high level of social and national self-awareness significantly restrains negative man-made impacts on the environment with the help of ideological mechanisms - environmental education and education, development of environmental movements, etc. Through these mechanisms, environmental ideas find their expression in public policy, subsequently embodied in legislation.

Russian environmental policy is a young phenomenon and requires careful study. Russia's environmental policy is implemented through a system of government bodies that manage environmental protection and natural resource management. That is why one of the main directions of environmental policy has been and remains the improvement of public administration in this area of government regulation.

In order to create a system of public administration and provide it with regulatory and legal mechanisms, we must first agree on the main thing, on the ideology of our relationship with nature. This “agreement” between society and nature is enshrined in a document that defines state environmental policy. State environmental policy is understood as a set of environmental goals, objectives and priorities that exist at the state level. Based on the environmental policy approved by the highest authority, legislation is developed, with the help of which the intended goals are realized. Ponomarev M.V. Environmental policy of Russia and administrative reform // Legislation and economics. - 2008. - No. 4. - P. 83.

Since the 90s of the 20th century, the role of the main document on state environmental policy has been performed by:

State program for environmental protection and rational use of natural resources of the USSR for 1991-1995. and for the future until 2005. The program was developed by the State Committee for Nature Protection of the USSR with the participation of the State Committee for Science and Technology of the USSR, the USSR Academy of Sciences, the Ministry of Health of the USSR, the Councils of Ministers of the Union Republics, but due to the collapse of the USSR it had no continuation);

The main provisions of the state strategy of the Russian Federation for environmental protection and sustainable development (approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of February 4, 1994 No. 236);

In 1996, under the influence of the main declarations of the international forum "Rio-92", the "Concept of the Russian Federation's transition to sustainable development" was developed and approved as a national environmental policy by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of April 1, 1996 No. 440. It should be noted that of all previously existing state strategies in the field of rational use and protection of natural resources, this document was distinguished by its progressive environmental ideology.

The main task of the transition to sustainable development was the task of “a balanced solution to the problems of socio-economic development and the preservation of a favorable environment and natural resource potential,” and the list of specific tasks identified two main ones:

1. Achieve a radical improvement in the state of the environment through the greening of economic activities within the framework of institutional and structural reforms, allowing for the establishment of a new business model and the widespread dissemination of environmentally oriented management methods;

2. Introduce economic activity within the capacity of ecosystems based on the mass introduction of energy and resource-saving technologies, targeted changes in the structure of the economy, the structure of personal and public consumption.

In this concept, a significant place was allocated to regional programs for the transition to sustainable development, reconstruction of regional industry, taking into account the economic capacity of the territory. In reality the concept was not put into practice.

National Action Plan for Environmental Protection of the Russian Federation for 1998-2000;

Environmental doctrine of the Russian Federation The Government of the Russian Federation, by its order dated August 31, 2002 No. 1225-r, approved the environmental doctrine developed by the Ministry of Natural Resources with the participation of government bodies of the Russian Federation, government bodies of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, public environmental organizations, business and scientific community as part of the development of a comprehensive program for environmental safety in Russia.

Environmental doctrine is a set of environmental principles, an ecological system adopted by society to implement the goals and objectives of sustainable social development while maintaining the reproduction of environmental quality, biodiversity, gene pool and natural resources for the living community and future generations.

The adoption of the environmental doctrine is caused by the need to formulate a unified environmental policy in the field of ecology, aimed at protecting the environment, rational use of natural resources, preserving the remaining untouched ecosystems and restoring the lost properties of ecosystems within zones of environmental tension and environmental disaster.

The most important component of the environmental doctrine is confirmation of the fact that the Russian Federation plays one of the decisive roles in the world community in preserving and reproducing the quality of the environment. This includes the preservation of almost 18% of the world's high-latitude forest resources. This is the conservation of forest biomes and biotic diversity over a large area.

As a bearer of significant economic, intellectual, resource and environment-forming potential, Russia is involved in solving not only regional, but also global environmental problems. Therefore, without taking into account the environmental factor, the world will not be able to build a modern greening system. The environmental doctrine defines the goals, directions, objectives and principles of implementing a unified state policy in the Russian Federation in the field of greening the spirit, consciousness, education, culture, socio-economic development, including the greening of production.

At the same time, the priority direction of the state doctrine is the preservation of the natural environment and improvement of the quality of the environment.

The environmental doctrine is based on the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Federal laws and other legal acts, international agreements and treaties in the field of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources.

The priority areas of the environmental doctrine of the Russian Federation have been identified as ensuring the safe functioning of potentially hazardous activities, preventing and reducing the environmental consequences of emergency situations in conditions of forecasting. This is, first of all, the rehabilitation of territories and water areas damaged as a result of natural and man-made impacts on the environment, based on ensuring radiation and chemical safety. Reducing environmental risk during construction, operation, and liquidation of hazardous industries and energy facilities, ensuring environmental safety during disarmament. The most important thing in achieving environmental safety is to improve the quality and life expectancy and health of the population by reducing the adverse effects of adverse environmental factors. Based on reducing environmental risks (providing the population with the necessary quality of atmospheric air, water, food, environmentally friendly housing, clothing, household appliances and chemicals, etc.) permanent resettlement from zones of environmental disaster, man-made and natural disasters that cannot be rehabilitated.

The shortcomings in the development of environmental doctrine in the future should be eliminated by a new paradigm of environmental management, based not so much on rationality, but on the balance of environmental management with the transition to a new stage of noospheric development - adapted environmental management. Ignatov V.G., Kokin A.V., Kokin V.N. Environmental law. Textbook for universities. -M.: ICC “Mart”, 2007. - P.353.

The implementation of state environmental policy is based on the development of state management of environmental protection and environmental management through various forms of natural resource development and on the basis of the delimitation of powers and responsibilities between federal and regional government bodies, local governments in terms of the use of natural resources and control over the state of the environment.

This requires unified accounting and regulation of environmental management, strengthening the role of public and state environmental expertise in assessing the impact on the environment in the development and implementation of social programs on a federal and regional scale.

The elimination of contradictions in the regulatory framework and law enforcement in the field of development, use of natural resources and environmental measures, especially when holding competitions, tenders, and auctions for the right to implement projects, becomes of key importance. It is necessary to develop state standardization in the field of environmental protection, to consolidate in the regulation of production, international environmental standards that ensure a reduction in anthropogenic load on the environment.

It is necessary to improve judicial mechanisms, intensify prosecutorial supervision in the field of environmental protection, as well as optimize the methods of calculation and practice of compensation for damage resulting from environmental violations; suppression of illegal activities in the field of environmental management. Particular importance is attached to economic and financial mechanisms for rational and non-exhaustive use of natural resources, reducing the burden on the environment and its protection by attracting budgetary and extra-budgetary funds.

State policy in the field of ecology cannot be implemented without information support through the development of a unified state system of environmental monitoring, a unified metrology for comparing data on the state of the natural environment.

The main directions of scientific support in the field of ecology and environmental management are based on the development of theoretical and technological aspects of Russia's transition to sustainable development of fundamental research in the field of global environmental problems, the development of environmentally efficient and resource-saving technologies, as well as solving problems of reproduction of natural resources, quality of the habitat, conservation biodiversity.

Particular attention is paid to the development of a methodology for environmental and economic assessment of the value of natural objects, taking into account their environment-forming function of assessing environmental risks.

The environmental policy of the Russian Federation is a system of new and current principles and rules of regulation in the field of environmental legal relations. The fundamentals of Russia's environmental policy are enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation; Federal Law “On Environmental Protection”, Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation “On the State Strategy of the Russian Federation for Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development” (dated February 4, 1994

No. 236), “On the Concept of the Russian Federation’s transition to sustainable development” (dated April 1, 1996, No. 440) and the Environmental Doctrine of the Russian Federation, approved by order of the Government of the Russian Federation (dated August 31, 2002, No. 1225-r).

State environmental policy goals include:

1) ensuring stability and maintaining a stable equilibrium state of ecological systems;

2) the formation of an environmentally oriented economy, characterized by minimal negative impact on the environment, low resource intensity and high energy efficiency;

3) creation of a favorable environmental situation as a factor in improving the human environment.

Achieving these goals should be ensured through the formation of an environmental regulation system based on:

1) legislative consolidation of environmental protection regimes for territories with the establishment of differentiated requirements for environmental management and economic activity, focused on maintaining a comfortable living environment for the population, preservation and reproduction of flora and fauna and their genetic fund;

2) standardization of environmental impact, based on technological requirements for the production of products and services in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on technical regulation, and the establishment of modern environmental requirements for technologies, including the phased introduction of environmental safety standards for mobile sources Euro-3 and Euro-3 4;

3) transition from the practice of establishing individual permits to declaring compliance with environmental requirements and introducing a mechanism for environmental assessment of the consequences of economic activities;

4) creating an effective system of economic sanctions for non-compliance with established requirements;

5) providing state support to projects aimed at improving the environment;

6) improving mechanisms that stimulate reducing resource intensity and increasing energy efficiency of economic activities, the use of renewable and secondary resources;

7) creating conditions for the preservation of natural areas through optimizing the location of new production facilities in regions of intensive development.

The most important objectives of state environmental policy are:

– effective counteraction to the threats of deterioration of the environmental situation associated with the growth of production waste;

– implementation of measures aimed at the rehabilitation of territories in an environmental crisis, including the provision of state support for work to reduce accumulated environmental damage;

– creation of economic instruments and mechanisms for eliminating damage caused to the environment and compensating for damage.

There are two periods in the history of the formation of state environmental policy in the Russian Federation. The first - from the beginning of the 90s of the last century to the beginning of the two thousandth. During these years, Russia “followed” the world community, which in June 1992, at the UN Conference on Environment and Development, announced a transition to a civilizational development that would not destroy its natural foundation, guaranteeing humanity the possibility of survival and further ongoing, i.e. e. managed and sustainable development. As part of the recommendations of the Conference and guided by them, several documents were adopted, in particular, the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation “On the state strategy of the Russian Federation for environmental protection and sustainable development” dated February 4, 1994 No. 236, which approved the “Basic provisions of the state strategy of the Russian Federation for environmental protection and sustainable development.” The main provisions provided for the solution of current socio-economic problems in inextricable connection with the implementation of adequate measures to protect and improve the environment, conserve and restore natural resources and the implementation of the right of citizens to a favorable environment enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation to use natural resource potential in order to maintain sustainable development.

The next important document, which outlined the main concept of the sustainable development strategy, was the Concept of the Russian Federation’s transition to sustainable development, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of April 1, 1996 No. 440. The concept directly indicated Russia’s continuity in relation to the principles and approaches to sustainable development , formulated by the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. The strategy was prepared, but not adopted due to opposition from the departments of the economic and financial bloc. Obviously, this is not the only reason. In those years, Russia was not only economically not ready to implement the idea of sustainable development. The ecological situation in the country was extremely tense, and a number of industrial areas were on the verge of environmental disaster. A one-sided focus on the priority of economic interests over environmental ones has left a difficult environmental legacy. To implement the Concept, it was necessary to reorganize the environmental management system, which did not happen.

Specific mechanisms for implementing the ideas of sustainable development were proposed in the action plans of the Government of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection, approved by resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation dated May 18, 1994 No. 496, (Action Plan for 1994-1995), and dated February 19, 1996, where we are talking about the Action Plan for 1996-1997. The plans contained a list of legislative and other regulations, targeted and scientific and technical programs, organizational and economic activities aimed at ensuring environmentally friendly sustainable development in market conditions. During this period, more than 30 federal laws were developed, adopted and put into effect, over 40 government regulations and orders were adopted; a federal target program for state support of nature reserves and national parks was adopted and implemented (19 state nature reserves, 10 national parks were created, the territories of 8 existing reserves were expanded); More than 15 federal target programs and more than 20 programs have been adopted to solve regional environmental problems.

In 1999, the “National Action Plan for Environmental Protection of the Russian Federation for 1999-2001” was adopted, which included the need to implement 76 environmental measures, including the development of 8 bills, 39 federal target programs and 27 regulations. The goals of the plan are to improve the environmental situation, preserve the life-supporting functions of the biosphere, and effectively participate in Russia in international environmental activities. However, the National Plan did not receive the necessary legal force, but by order of the State Committee for Ecology of Russia dated December 31, 1998 No. 786, the measures included in it were approved.

In 2002, by order of the Government of the Russian Federation, the Environmental Doctrine of the Russian Federation dated August 31, 2002 No. 1225-r was adopted. The document notes that in order to improve the quality of life and improve the health of the population, ensuring the environmental safety of the country, it is necessary to formulate and consistently implement a unified state policy. The principle of sustainable development proclaimed by the Doctrine meant a balance of economic, social and environmental components of development. The Doctrine defined the basic principles of environmental policy, formulated tasks, principles, and main directions of state policy from the standpoint of sustainable development, and also named ways and means of its implementation. The objectives of ensuring sustainable environmental management were the rational use of natural resources, reducing environmental pollution, preserving and restoring landscape and biological diversity, etc.

Actually, the adoption of the Doctrine ended the first period of the formation of Russian environmental policy. In general, it can be characterized as the period of the beginning of the reorganization of the environmental management system, the main task of which was to force industrial production to make adjustments to the structure of its own environmental activities and move to environmentally balanced development. During these years, modern environmental legislation was formed, management institutions were created, market instruments for environmental regulation were introduced in the form of establishing fees for negative impacts on the environment, limits on emissions and discharges of pollutants and microorganisms, limits on waste disposal, economic assessment of natural objects, etc. ., formation of a system of environmental funds. Great hopes for solving environmental problems were associated precisely with the modernization of national environmental policy. The need for effective environmental policy coincided with a period of active economic growth in the early 2000s and the accompanying increase in anthropogenic pressure on the environment.

The second period of attempts to formalize a national environmental policy begins with the adoption of the Concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period until 2020 (approved by order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated November 17, 2008 No. 1662-r) and the Fundamentals of state policy in the field of environmental development of the Russian Federation for the period until 2030 (approved by the President of the Russian Federation on April 30, 2012). The Fundamentals declared the strategic goal of the state environmental policy to be “environmentally oriented economic growth, preservation of a favorable environment, biological diversity and natural resources to meet the needs of current and future generations, the realization of the right of every person to a favorable environment, strengthening the rule of law in the field of environmental protection and ensuring environmental safety." During this period, such strategic documents were adopted as the Climate Doctrine of the Russian Federation (approved by order of the President of the Russian Federation dated December 17, 2009 No. 861-rp), the Strategy for activities in the field of hydrometeorology and related areas for the period until 2030 (approved by order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 09/03/2010 No. 1458-r), Strategy for the development of the Russian Federation’s activities in Antarctica for the period until 2020 and for the longer term (approved by order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 10/30/2010 No. 1926-r), Concept for the development of a system of specially protected natural resources territories of federal significance for the period until 2020 (approved by order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated December 22, 2011 No. 2322-r), Strategy for the development of maritime activities of the Russian Federation until 2030 (approved by order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated December 8, 2010 No. 2205-r).

The final document of the period was the adoption of the State Program of the Russian Federation “Environmental Protection for 2012-2020 (Order of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 2552-r dated December 27, 2012) and the plan for its implementation (Order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated September 24, 2013 N 1720-r) . The basis for the implementation of state environmental policy is the following principles, such as:

1) ensuring compliance of the activities of economic entities with legislative and other regulatory requirements in the field of ensuring environmental safety and environmental protection;

2) ensuring the priority of actions aimed at preventing dangerous environmental impacts on humans and the environment;

3) openness and accessibility of environmental information, ensuring access of citizens and stakeholders to environmental information;

4) priority for society of the life-supporting functions of the biosphere in relation to the direct use of its resources;

5) fair and transparent distribution of income from the use of natural resources and access to them;

6) economic incentives for activities to achieve environmental indicators;

7) prevention of negative environmental consequences as a result of economic activities, taking into account long-term environmental consequences, etc.

The fundamentals and principles of government activity and creating conditions for increasing environmental efficiency and ensuring “green growth” of the economy include the following:

1) technological modernization leading to a reduction in environmental pollution and rational use of natural resources;

2) development of market mechanisms for environmental protection, strengthening the role of environmental (green) incentives and taxes;

3) state support for the introduction of resource-saving, environmentally friendly technologies, best available technologies (hereinafter referred to as BAT), and the application of modern international environmental standards;

4) transition to modern indicators of economic and social development, use of the principles of sustainable development;

5) taking into account absolute and specific indicators of the efficiency of use of natural resources, energy, emissions, discharges of pollutants, waste generation when planning economic activities, assessing the efficiency of the economy as a whole and by industry;

6) restriction of the import into the Russian Federation of environmentally polluting machinery (equipment) and technologies;

7) support for the development of market-oriented voluntary mechanisms and obligations to ensure environmental sustainability of environmental management and environmental responsibility of goods and services;

8) strengthening penalties for violation of environmental legislation;

9) elimination of accumulated damage (including landfills, closed landfills and cattle burial grounds, contaminated urban areas).

In order to establish an environmental balance between the use of natural resources in the context of economic modernization and the possibilities of self-healing and self-regulation of the biosphere for the main sectors of the economy, government policy sets absolute and specific target indicators for the efficiency of the use of natural resources and the impact on the natural environment. The most important condition and principle for the implementation of state environmental policy is the participation of citizens and stakeholders in decision-making.

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