RESISTANCE MOVEMENT - national liberation, anti-fascist democratic people's movement masses during the Second World War, 1939-45 against Germany, Italy. and Japanese invaders.

With its roots, D.S. was closely connected with the struggle against fascism and the war carried out by the people. masses in the pre-war years (armed battles in Austria, the Popular Front in France, the struggle against foreign interventionists and Francoist rebels in Spain), and was a continuation of this struggle in the conditions of war and fascism. enslavement.

Ch. The goal that united heterogeneous layers of the population in the D.S. was the liberation of the occupied countries from the oppression of the Nazis. aggressors and restoration of national independence. Thanks people. character D.S. fight for the national. liberation was closely intertwined with the struggle for democracy. transformations and social demands of the working people, and in colonial and dependent countries with the struggle for liberation from colonial oppression. In a number of countries, during the D.S. people began and won. revolutions (Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia). In some countries. the revolutions that developed during the D.S. period successfully ended after the end of World War II (China, North Vietnam, North Korea).

D.S. was distinguished by its variety of forms and tactics. The most common forms were: anti-fascist. propaganda and agitation, publication and distribution of underground literature, strikes, sabotage of work at enterprises that produced products for the occupiers, and in transport, weapons. attacks with the aim of destroying traitors and representatives of the Ok-Kupats. administration, partisans war.

The process of the emergence and development of D.S. in different countries did not take place simultaneously. In Slovakia and in some countries where partisanship has become widespread. movement (Yugoslavia, Poland, France, Belgium, Italy, Greece, Albania, Vietnam, Malaya, Philippines), it grew into a national liberation movement. war against the fascists. invaders. Moreover, this outgrowth occurred at different stages of the war, over several years, up to 1944 inclusive.

First period(beginning of the war - June 1941) was a period of accumulation of forces, organization. and the propaganda preparation of the mass struggle, when illegal antifascists were created and strengthened. org-tions.

Already from the first days of the 2nd World War, anti-fascists began in the occupied regions. speeches. In Poland in September - October. 1939 in the fight against Nazi Germany. okku-pats. The troops involved separate military units and small partisans. detachments created by soldiers who escaped captivity and the local population. During the autumn of 1939 - summer of 1940, D.S. covered, therefore, part of Polish Silesia. Since 1940, sabotage spontaneously arose at enterprises and railways. transport, which soon became widespread.

In Czechoslovakia in the initial period of the German-fascist. occupations were an important form of struggle politically. demonstrations, boycott of fascists. press, there was also a strike movement. In Yugoslavia, the first partisans. The detachments that arose immediately after the occupation of the country (April 1941) consisted of small groups of patriotic soldiers and officers, who did not lay down their arms, but went to the mountains to continue the fight. In France, the first participants in the D.S. were workers of the Paris region and the departments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais, as well as other industries. centers. The most common forms of resistance during this period were sabotage at enterprises and railways. transport, etc. One of the first major protests against the occupiers organized by the communists was a demonstration of thousands of students and working youth in Paris on November 11. 1940, on the anniversary of the end of the 1st World War. In May 1941 there was a powerful strike that swept St. 100 thousand miners of the Nord and Pas-de-Calais departments. The peoples of other Europe also rose up to fight against the invaders. state - Albania (occupied by the Italian army in April 1939), Belgium and the Netherlands (occupied by the Nazi German army in May 1940), Greece (April 1941), etc. However, a characteristic feature of D.S. in the first period there was a predominance of elements of spontaneity and still insufficient organization.

Second period(June 1941 - Nov. 1942) is characterized by the strengthening of D.S. in the countries of Europe and Asia. Liberate, the struggle of peoples was led by mass patriots. org-tions - National front in Poland and France, Antifash. People's Liberation Assembly in Yugoslavia, National Liberation Front in Greece and Albania, Independence Front in Belgium, Fatherland Front in Bulgaria. In Yugoslavia, on June 27, 1941, the Communist Party formed the chapter. People's Liberation Headquarters partie. squads. On July 4, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia adopted a decision on armament. uprising On July 7, 1941, armament began. uprising in Serbia, July 13 - in Montenegro, armed at the end of July. the struggle began in Slovenia, in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

In Jan. 1942 Polish Workers' Party (PPR), which organized the partisans. detachments and the leader of their weapons. fight against the occupiers. Partiz. The detachments united in May 1942 into the Ludov Guard.

In Czechoslovakia, the first partisans were created in the summer of 1942. groups.

In Bulgaria in 1942, the Fatherland Front was created underground, uniting all anti-fascists. forces and began a wide partisan campaign. anti-fascist war.

In Romania, an anti-fascist program was developed in 1941. fight room people. Under her hand. in the beginning. 1943 Patriotic was created underground. Front.

In Greece he will liberate, the fight was led by the one created in September. 1941 National Liberation Front.

The struggle intensified in other European countries: Norway, Denmark, and the Netherlands. In the 2nd half. 1941 anti-fascists intensified. and anti-war. speeches in Italy protesting against Italy's participation in the war on the side of the Nazis. Germany.

In May 1941, on the initiative of the Indo-Chinese Communist Party, the Viet Minh League for the Independence of Vietnam was founded. In the provinces of Vietnam, partisans formed and fought. squads. D.S. also developed in other regions of Indochina - Laos and Cambodia.

In con. 1942 Anti-Japanese was created. Malayan People's Army. Among citizens the population was organized against Japan. union. In these organizations, the Communist Party rallied the workers and peasants of the three main nationalities. groups of Malaya - Malays, Chinese and Indians.

Third period(November 1942 to 1943) is associated with a radical turning point in the war.

D.S. in all occupied countries and even in some countries included in the Fascism. the bloc (including in Germany itself) sharply intensified; completed in basic national association of patriotic forces and unified national nationals were created. fronts. D.S. became more and more widespread. Partisans have reached enormous proportions. movement and began to play a decisive role in anti-fascists. struggle. Based on the partisans. detachments were created by People's Liberation. armies in Yugoslavia, Albania, Bulgaria. The Ludowa Guard acted in Poland, captivating the Home Army units with their example, which was prevented in every possible way by its reaction. leaders. 19 Apr 1943 An uprising began in the Warsaw ghetto in response to an attempt by the Nazis. troops to take out another batch of Jews for destruction. population. New partisans emerged. detachments in Czechoslovakia, Romania. The liberation struggle reached wide scope in France, Italy, Belgium, Norway, Denmark, and the Netherlands.

Arms have acquired a large scale. struggle in China. In the battles of 1943, the national revolutionary. army and other forces China. people were destroyed by more than 250 thousand invaders and their accomplices - the so-called. troops of the puppet "government" Wang Jing-wei, returned the territories of the liberated districts, lost in battles with the Japanese. troops in 1941-42. In Korea in 1943, despite persecution and police terror, the number of strikes and cases of sabotage increased sharply. There are many in Vietnam. partisan detachments expelled the Japanese by the end of 1943. occupiers from many districts in the north of the country.

The fourth period(late 1943 - May - September 1945). Aug 23 1944 anti-fascist occurred. adv. uprising in Romania, which marked the beginning of a radical turn in the history of this country. With the entry of the owls. troops in the territory Bulgaria began (September 9, 1944) armament. Bulgarian uprising people. Aug 1 1944 began the anti-fascist movement that lasted 63 days and ended tragically. Warsaw Uprising 1944. 29 Aug. In 1944, the Slovak uprising began, which played a huge role in the development of the struggle of the peoples of Czechoslovakia against the Nazis. invaders.

In Hungary, in the conditions of the beginning of the liberation of the country, the Soviet Union. troops 2 Dec. 1944 Weng was created. national Independence Front, and 22 Dec. 1944 Temp. national the meeting in Debrecen formed the Provisional. national production

In Yugoslavia it is still 29 November. 1943 National was created. Committee for the Liberation of Yugoslavia, performing the functions of Temporary. revolutionary pr-va, and on March 7, 1945, after the liberation of the country of the Soviets. and Yugoslav armed forces, - democrat. production Legislation was created in Albania. organ - Antifash. national liberation, the council of Albania, which formed the Anti-Fascist national liberation committee, endowed with temporary functions. pr-va.

In Greece, by the end of October 1944, the liberation of the entire territory. continental Greece from German-fascist. invaders.

In France, created in May 1943, the National. On March 15, 1944, the Resistance Council (RCC) adopted the D.S. program, which outlined the urgent tasks of the struggle for the liberation of France and provided for economic prospects. and democratic development of France after its liberation. In the spring of 1944, the military organizations of the Resistance united and created a single French army. internal forces (FFI) numbering up to 500 thousand people, Paris uprising August 19-25. 1944. French. Patriots liberated most of the territory on their own. France, including Paris, Lyon, Grenoble and a number of other large cities.

In Italy, in the summer of 1944, a united partisan force was created. the patriotic army of the Freedom Volunteer Corps, numbering St. 100 thousand fighters.

By the summer of 1944, up to 50 thousand partisans were operating in Belgium.

In France on November 1943 The Free German Committee for the West was formed.

D.S. achieved great success in Asia. In the Philippines people. The Hukbalahap army in 1944, with the active participation of the population, cleared the Japanese. invaders in a number of areas of the island. Luzon, where democrats were held. transformations. However, the progressive forces of the Filipino people failed to consolidate the achieved successes.

In Indochina at the end. 1944 on the basis of the partisans organized in 1941. units, the Vietnam Liberation Army was created.

D.S. became especially widespread immediately after the USSR entered the war against Japan, which led to the defeat of the Soviets. troops of the Kwantung Army (Aug. 1945) and their liberation of the North-East. China and Korea. Victory of the owls. troops allowed the 8th and New 4th armies to launch a general offensive. They liberated us from the Japanese. occupiers of almost all of Northern and part of Central China. Will free, fight whale. people contributed to the defeat of the imperialist. Japan and laid the foundation for the further victorious deployment of the people. revolution in China. In Aug. 1945 saw the victorious Nar. uprising in Vietnam (see August Revolution of 1945 in Vietnam), which led to the creation of an independent Democratic Party. Republic of Vietnam.

In Indonesia on 17 Aug. 1945 the people proclaimed the formation of a republic. There is anti-Japanese in Malaya. adv. the army liberated a number of districts of the country in 1944-45, and in August. 1945 disarmed the Japanese. troops even before the English landing there. armed strength In March 1945, a national meeting began. uprising in Burma, which completed the liberation of the country from the Japanese. occupiers.

D.S., who made a great contribution to the defeat of the fascist bloc, influenced the further development of the national liberation struggle of the peoples of Asia and Africa.

The partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War was massive. Thousands of residents of the occupied territories joined the partisans in order to fight the invader. Their courage and coordinated actions against the enemy made it possible to significantly weaken him, which influenced the course of the war and brought a great victory to the Soviet Union.

The partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War was a mass phenomenon in the territory of the USSR occupied by Nazi Germany, which was characterized by the struggle of people living in the occupied lands against the forces of the Wehrmacht.

Partisans are the main part of the anti-fascist movement, the Resistance of the Soviet People. Their actions, contrary to many opinions, were not chaotic - large partisan detachments were subordinate to the governing bodies of the Red Army.

The main tasks of the partisans were to disrupt the enemy's road, air and railway communications, as well as to undermine the operation of communication lines.

Interesting! As of 1944, over one million partisans were operating in the occupied lands.

During the Soviet offensive, partisans joined the regular troops of the Red Army.

Beginning of the guerrilla war

It is now well known what role the partisans played in the Great Patriotic War. Partisan brigades began to be organized in the first weeks of hostilities, when the Red Army was retreating with huge losses.

The main goals of the Resistance movement were set out in documents dating from June 29 of the first year of the war. On September 5, they developed a wide list that formulated the main tasks for the fight in the rear of German troops.

In 1941, a special motorized rifle brigade was created, which played a vital role in the development of the partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War. Separate sabotage groups (usually several dozen people) were specially sent behind enemy lines in order to replenish the ranks of partisan groups.

The formation of partisan detachments was caused by the brutal Nazi regime, as well as the removal of civilians from enemy-occupied territory to Germany for hard work.

In the first months of the war, there were very few partisan detachments, since most of the people took a wait-and-see attitude. Initially, no one supplied the partisan detachments with weapons and ammunition, and therefore their role at the beginning of the war was extremely small.

In the early autumn of 1941, communication with the partisans in the deep rear improved significantly - the movement of partisan detachments intensified significantly and began to be more organized. At the same time, the interaction of the partisans with the regular troops of the Soviet Union (USSR) improved - they took part in battles together.

Often, the leaders of the partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War were ordinary peasants who had no military training. Later, the Headquarters sent its own officers to command the detachments.

In the first months of the war, the partisans gathered in small detachments of up to several dozen people. After less than six months, the fighters in the detachments began to number hundreds of fighters. When the Red Army went on the offensive, the detachments turned into entire brigades with thousands of defenders of the Soviet Union.

The largest detachments arose in the regions of Ukraine and Belarus, where German oppression was especially severe.

Main activities of the partisan movement

An important role in organizing the work of resistance units was the creation of the Headquarters of the Partisan Movement (TsSHPD). Stalin appointed Marshal Voroshilov to the post of commander of the Resistance, who believed that their support was the key strategic goal of the spacecraft.

In the small partisan detachments there were no heavy weapons - light weapons predominated: rifles;

• rifles;
• pistols;
• machine guns;
• grenades;
• light machine guns.

Large brigades had mortars and other heavy weapons, which allowed them to fight against enemy tanks.

The partisan and underground movement during the Great Patriotic War seriously undermined the work of the German rear, reducing the combat effectiveness of the Wehrmacht in the lands of Ukraine and the Belarusian SSR.

Partisan detachment in destroyed Minsk, photo 1944

Partisan brigades were mainly engaged in blowing up railways, bridges and trains, making the rapid transfer of troops, ammunition and provisions over long distances unproductive.

The groups that were engaged in subversive work were armed with powerful explosives; such operations were led by officers from specialized units of the Red Army.

The main task of the partisans during the fighting was to prevent the Germans from preparing a defense, undermine morale and inflict such damage on their rear from which it is difficult to recover. Undermining communications - mainly railways, bridges, killing officers, depriving communications and much more - seriously helped in the fight against the enemy. The confused enemy could not resist, and the Red Army was victorious.

Initially, small (about 30 people) units of partisan detachments took part in large-scale offensive operations of the Soviet troops. Then entire brigades joined the ranks of the spacecraft, replenishing the reserves of the troops weakened by the battles.

As a conclusion, we can briefly highlight the main methods of struggle of the Resistance brigades:

1. Sabotage work (pogroms were carried out in the rear of the German army) in any form - especially in relation to enemy trains.
2. Intelligence and counterintelligence.
3. Propaganda for the benefit of the Communist Party.
4. Combat assistance by the Red Army.
5. Elimination of traitors to the motherland - called collaborators.
6. Destruction of enemy combat personnel and officers.
7. Mobilization of civilians.
8. Maintaining Soviet power in the occupied areas.

Legalization of the partisan movement

The formation of partisan detachments was controlled by the command of the Red Army - the Headquarters understood that sabotage work behind enemy lines and other actions would seriously ruin the life of the German army. The headquarters contributed to the armed struggle of the partisans against the Nazi invaders, and assistance increased significantly after the victory at Stalingrad.

If before 1942 the mortality rate in partisan detachments reached 100%, then by 1944 it had dropped to 10%.

Individual partisan brigades were controlled directly by senior leadership. The ranks of such brigades also included specially trained specialists in sabotage activities, whose task was to train and organize less trained fighters.

The support of the party significantly strengthened the power of the detachments, and therefore the actions of the partisans were directed to help the Red Army. During any offensive operation of the spacecraft, the enemy had to expect an attack from the rear.

Sign operations

The Resistance forces carried out hundreds, if not thousands, of operations in order to undermine the enemy's combat capability. The most notable of them was the military operation “Concert”.

More than one hundred thousand soldiers took part in this operation and it took place over a vast territory: in Belarus, Crimea, the Baltic states, the Leningrad region, and so on.

The main goal is to destroy the enemy's railway communication so that he will not be able to replenish reserves and supplies during the battle for the Dnieper.

As a result, the efficiency of railways decreased by a catastrophic 40% for the enemy. The operation stopped due to the lack of explosives - with more ammunition, the partisans could have caused much more significant damage.

After the victory over the enemy on the Dnieper River, partisans began to participate en masse in major operations, starting in 1944.

Geography and scale of movement

Resistance units gathered in areas where there were dense forests, gullies and swamps. In the steppe regions, the Germans easily found the partisans and destroyed them. In difficult areas they were protected from the German numerical advantage.

One of the large centers of the partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War was in Belarus.

Belarusian partisans in the forests terrified the enemy, attacking suddenly when the Germans could not repulse the attack, and then also quietly disappearing.

Initially, the situation of the partisans on the territory of Belarus was extremely deplorable. However, the victory near Moscow, and then the winter offensive of the spacecraft, significantly raised their morale. After the liberation of the capital of Belarus, a partisan parade took place.

No less large-scale is the Resistance movement on the territory of Ukraine, especially in Crimea.

The cruel attitude of the Germans towards the Ukrainian people forced people en masse to join the ranks of the Resistance. However, here partisan resistance had its own characteristic features.

Very often the movement was aimed not only at fighting against the fascists, but also against the Soviet regime. This was especially evident in the territory of Western Ukraine; the local population saw the German invasion as liberation from the Bolshevik regime, and en masse went over to the side of Germany.

Participants in the partisan movement became national heroes, for example, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, who died at the age of 18 in German captivity, becoming the Soviet Joan of Arc.

The struggle of the population against Nazi Germany took place in Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Karelia and other regions.

The most ambitious operation carried out by the Resistance fighters was the so-called “Rail War”. In August 1943, large sabotage formations were transported behind enemy lines, and on the first night they blew up tens of thousands of rails. In total, more than two hundred thousand rails were blown up during the operation - Hitler seriously underestimated the resistance of the Soviet people.

As mentioned above, Operation Concert, which followed the Rail War and was associated with the offensive of the spacecraft forces, played an important role.

The partisan attacks became massive (warring groups were present on all fronts); the enemy could not react objectively and quickly - the German troops were in panic.

In turn, this caused executions of the population who assisted the partisans - the Nazis destroyed entire villages. Such actions encouraged even more people to join the Resistance.

Results and significance of guerrilla warfare

It is very difficult to fully assess the contribution of the partisans to the victory over the enemy, but all historians agree that it was extremely significant. Never before in history has the Resistance movement gained such a massive scale - millions of civilians began to stand up for their Motherland and brought it victory.

Resistance fighters not only blew up railways, warehouses and bridges - they captured Germans and handed them over to Soviet intelligence so that they would learn the enemy's plans.

At the hands of the Resistance, the defensive capacity of the Wehrmacht forces on the territory of Ukraine and Belarus was seriously undermined, which simplified the offensive and reduced losses in the ranks of the spacecraft.

Children-partisans

The phenomenon of child partisans deserves special attention. School-age boys wanted to fight the invader. Among these heroes it is worth highlighting:

• Valentin Kotik;
• Marat Kazei;
• Vanya Kazachenko;
• Vitya Sitnitsa;
• Olya Demesh;
• Alyosha Vyalov;
• Zina Portnova;
• Pavlik Titov and others.

Boys and girls were engaged in reconnaissance, supplied brigades with supplies and water, fought in battle against the enemy, blew up tanks - did everything to drive away the Nazis. Children partisans of the Great Patriotic War did no less than adults. Many of them died and received the title of “Hero of the Soviet Union.”

Heroes of the partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War

Hundreds of members of the Resistance movement became “Heroes of the Soviet Union” - some twice. Among such figures, I would like to highlight Sidor Kovpak, the commander of a partisan detachment who fought on the territory of Ukraine.

Sidor Kovpak was the man who inspired the people to resist the enemy. He was the military leader of the largest partisan formation in Ukraine and thousands of Germans were killed under his command. In 1943, for his effective actions against the enemy, Kovpak was given the rank of major general.

Next to him it is worth placing Alexey Fedorov, who also commanded a large formation. Fedorov operated on the territory of Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. He was one of the most wanted partisans. Fedorov made a huge contribution to the development of guerrilla warfare tactics, which were used in subsequent years.

Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, one of the most famous female partisans, also became the first woman to receive the title of “Hero of the Soviet Union.” During one of the operations, she was captured and hanged, but she showed courage to the end and did not betray the plans of the Soviet command to the enemy. The girl became a saboteur despite the commander’s words that 95% of the entire staff would die during operations. She was assigned the task of burning down ten settlements in which German soldiers were based. The heroine was unable to fully carry out the order, since during the next arson she was noticed by a village resident who handed the girl over to the Germans.

Zoya became a symbol of resistance to fascism - her image was used not only in Soviet propaganda. The news of the Soviet partisan even reached Burma, where she also became a national hero.

Awards for members of partisan detachments

Since the Resistance played an important role in the victory over the Germans, a special award was established - the medal “Partisan of the Patriotic War”.

First class awards were often given to fighters posthumously. This applies, first of all, to those partisans who were not afraid to act in the first year of the war, being in the rear without any support from the spacecraft forces.

As war heroes, partisans appeared in many Soviet films devoted to military themes. Among the key films are the following:

"Rising" (1976).
"Konstantin Zaslonov" (1949).
The trilogy “The Thought of Kovpak”, published from 1973 to 1976.
“Partisans in the steppes of Ukraine” (1943).
“In the woods near Kovel” (1984) and many others.
The above-mentioned sources say that films about partisans began to be made during military operations - this was necessary so that people would support this movement and join the ranks of the Resistance fighters.

In addition to films, the partisans became heroes of many songs and ballads that highlighted their exploits and carried the news about them among the people.

Now streets and parks are named after famous partisans, thousands of monuments have been erected throughout the CIS countries and beyond. A striking example is Burma, where the feat of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya is honored.

According to the plan of the fascist rulers of Germany, the invasion of the USSR was not an ordinary war. The “OST” plan they prepared in advance provided for the complete liquidation of the Soviet state, the eviction of a significant part of the population of Western Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia and Estonia to Siberia, the Germanization of the remainder, the physical extermination of 5-6 million Jews and 30 million Russians. Nazi directives demanded “to crush the Russians as a people, to disunite them,” to “undermine the biological strength of the Russian people,” to weaken them “to such an extent that they will no longer be able to prevent us from establishing German domination in Europe.” The living space cleared of “inferior peoples” was supposed to be populated by German colonists.

The call for the development of the people's struggle in the rear of the Nazi troops was made in the directive of the Council of People's Commissars and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks dated June 29, 1941, supplemented on July 18 by a special resolution of the Party Central Committee. “The task is,” the resolution said, “to create unbearable conditions for the German interventionists, to disorganize their communications, transport and military units themselves, to disrupt all their activities, to destroy the invaders and their accomplices, to help in every possible way the creation of mounted and foot partisan detachments, sabotage and destruction groups." It also emphasized the need to “develop a network of our Bolshevik underground organizations in the occupied territory to guide all actions against the fascist occupiers.”

Already in the first months of the Great Patriotic War, 18 illegal regional committees, over 260 city committees, district committees and other party committees operated behind the front line (a year and a half later, 24 and 370, respectively), uniting about 65 thousand Komsomol members and non-party members

At the end of 1941-1942, a number of “partisan regions” arose in Belarus, Leningrad, Smolensk and Oryol regions - areas completely liberated from the occupiers. In May 1942, the Central Headquarters of the partisan movement was created at the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command, headed by P.K. Ponomarenko, and at army headquarters - special departments for communications and leadership of partisan detachments. Sabotage groups trained in guerrilla warfare began to be sent behind enemy lines in an organized manner. They were equipped with weapons and radios. By November 1942, almost 95% of the partisan detachments (there were about 6 thousand of them then) had radio contact with the Center. Large partisan formations (regiments, brigades) began to emerge, led by passing commanders: S.A. Kovpak, A.N. Saburov, A.F. Fedorov, N.Z. Kolyada, S.V. Prishvin and others. Partisan regiments and brigades undertook raids on the rear of enemy troops.

By the spring of 1943, underground sabotage work was carried out in all cities in the occupied territory. Thanks to mass resistance (including in such “peaceful” forms as sabotage, etc.), the invaders were unable to fully utilize the economic potential of the USSR, which was in their hands.

[So, according to preliminary calculations by German departments, the metallurgical enterprises of Donbass and the Dnieper region were supposed to produce 1 million tons of products in 1943, and 2 million tons in 1944. But the achieved maximum annual production in steel did not exceed 35-70 thousand tons. In 1940, Ukraine and Belarus generated about 13 billion kW. h of electricity, and less than 2 billion kW were received from power plants restored by the enemy throughout the captured territory. h. The same thing happened with the mining of iron ore, coal, etc.]

Since the summer of 1943, large partisan formations began to carry out military operations as part of general operations carried out by the Red Army. Particularly large-scale attacks were on communications behind enemy lines during the Battle of Kursk and later (Operation “Rail War” and “Concert”), as a result of which the partisans managed to disrupt traffic on almost half of the railways in the occupied part of the USSR.

As the Soviet troops advanced, partisan formations were reorganized and merged into units of the regular army. In total, during the war, about 1 million people fought behind enemy lines with weapons in their hands. They disabled 1.5 million enemy soldiers and officers, constantly distracted up to 10% of the German combat forces from the front, blew up 20 thousand enemy trains, 12 thousand bridges, destroyed 65 thousand vehicles, 2.3 thousand. tanks, 1.1 thousand aircraft, 17 thousand km of communication lines.

Up to 50 thousand Soviet citizens - mostly prisoners of war who escaped from concentration camps - took an active part in the anti-fascist Resistance movement in Poland, France, Italy and other Western European countries.

The national-patriotic forces of the countries occupied by German-Italian troops played a major role in the fight against fascism. The Free French movement, led by General De Gaulle, was the most important force in the Resistance, participating in the liberation of the country along with Anglo-American troops. In Yugoslavia, the liberation movement, whose leader was J.B. Tito, when the Allied troops approached, independently defeated the garrisons of the occupiers in the country. In Greece, an attempt by the British to disarm local resistance groups led to civil war. The USSR was very cool towards the non-communist factions of the Resistance movement in Poland. Their attempt to liberate Warsaw, not coordinated with the Soviet command, was suppressed by German troops, which subsequently gave rise to serious mutual reproaches.

The occupied countries of Europe and Asia suffered significant territorial changes. New states appeared on the world map: Slovakia (1939), Croatia (1941), Burma (1944), Indonesia (1945). But the independence of these states was discredited by cooperation with the aggressors. States such as Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Yugoslavia, Luxembourg, and Greece were liquidated. In Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Holland, and France, pro-fascist (collaborationist) governments came to power. The allied states of Germany, Italy, and Japan received significant territorial gains. Thus, Hungary received Carpathian Ukraine, Transylvania, part of Slovakia and Yugoslavia, Romania - Transnistria, Bulgaria - part of Dobruja, Macedonia, Thrace, Finland returned the territories lost in 1940. The occupation policy in the territory of occupied Eastern Europe and the USSR was carried out according to the Ost plan. The occupied Soviet territories were divided into three parts. The rear areas of the German army groups were transferred to the control of the military command, while others were subordinated to the "Eastern Ministry" headed by Rosenberg and divided into two Reichskommissariats - "Ostland" (the Baltic states and most of Belarus) and "Ukraine". Western Ukrainian lands were annexed to the Polish "government general". The Nazis sought to create “living space for the German nation” in the territories they conquered. The local population must be transformed into essentially slaves, the intelligentsia liquidated. It was planned to resettle about 10 million Germans in the occupied territories. The local population was supposed to remain about 14 million people. All others were subject to destruction. One of the first colonies of German settlers was created in the Vinnitsa region. The main means that the fascists used to assert their dominance were pitting some nations against others and physical destruction. Peoples such as Gypsies and Jews were subject to complete destruction. Food, raw materials and other material assets were exported from the occupied territories to Germany. At first, the population in the occupied territories received nothing at all for their labor, then they began to receive meager rations for working for the occupiers. 5.5 million Soviet prisoners of war were in terrible conditions, 3.5 million of them died. To use cheap labor in Germany, deportations of the working population were carried out. About 4 million residents of the occupied regions found themselves living in difficult conditions abroad. In total, 10 million Soviet people became victims of the occupation. The economy of the occupied countries became an appendage of the German war machine. There were about 30 concentration camps in Europe. The largest of them are Dachau, Buchenwald, Majdanek, Auschwitz. The resistance movement was led by socialist, communist, radical and nationalist parties. As a result of victories on the fronts of the anti-Hitler coalition troops, the Resistance movement against the occupiers in European countries is significantly strengthened. Many of them created partisan detachments and underground organizations. But there were also those who cooperated with the occupiers, becoming collaborators. In France, partisan detachments and underground groups led by communists and socialists fought against the fascist occupation and the collaborationist government of Marshal Pétain. The Free French organization created by de Gaulle in 1942-1943 established control over the African colonies of France. In November 1942, the French underground entered into a joint agreement with de Gaulle. In May of the following year, the National Council of Resistance was created, uniting all the forces that fought the occupiers. In June, the French National Liberation Committee was formed, declaring itself a government led by de Gaulle. The people's liberation movement in Yugoslavia gained significant momentum. Since 1941, active military operations against the Nazis were carried out here. In 1943, the government of the new Yugoslavia was created - the Anti-Fascist Assembly of People's Liberation of Yugoslavia, headed by Tito. Partisan armies were formed in Greece and Bulgaria. The communists played a significant role in this process. Anti-fascist sentiments also intensified in Germany. A group of officers and government officials attempted a coup d'état in order to destroy the fascist regime and end the war. On July 20, 1944, Colonel Stauffenberg left a briefcase with a time bomb in the room where Hitler was. The bomb exploded, but Hitler remained alive. The rebels' performance was brutally suppressed. In 1944, anti-fascist uprisings took place in a number of European countries. The uprising raised on August 1 in Warsaw by the Home Army ended in defeat. On August 29, the Slovak National Uprising began with the participation of partisans and the Slovak army. At the cost of great effort, the Nazis managed to suppress it. In the USSR, the struggle of the people's avengers reached a particularly large scale. It was headed by the Central Headquarters of the partisan movement. The main partisan base was Belarus. Here were the most formations and large partisan areas. In Ukraine, the center of the partisan movement was in the northern regions. The fight against the fascists was also carried out by units of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army. The partisan struggle had not only military but political significance. Large-scale sabotage operations of partisans and fighter raids made a significant contribution to the victory over the Nazis. Significant operations were carried out by the partisan formations of Kovpak, Fedorov, Saburov, Naumov and others. In total, over 6 thousand partisan detachments operated on the territory of the USSR, which destroyed about 1 million Nazis. The most large-scale sabotage was carried out in the summer of 1943 during the Battle of Kursk under the name “Rail War” and in September 1943 under the name “Concert”. The Nazis were forced to keep significant forces in their rear to protect their communications from partisans. The armed struggle against invaders usually went through several stages. At first these were the actions of individual combat groups and detachments, which gradually became more numerous and powerful. In some countries, the development of the partisan movement led to the creation of people's armies. In Yugoslavia, already in the summer of 1941, under the leadership of the Communist Party, an open armed struggle against the fascist occupiers began. From the very beginning it took on a massive character; at the end of 1941, a special brigade and up to 50 partisan detachments were formed. Subsequently, divisions and corps appeared, and the armed forces began to be called the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia (PLAU).

In Czechoslovakia, the struggle against the fascist invaders acquired a particularly wide scope in the spring and summer of 1944. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, the proletariat became the leader of all liberation forces united in the National Front. Partisan detachments were active in the country. In August 1944, the Slovak National Uprising took place, and later the May Uprising of the Czech people in 1945. In Poland, small partisan detachments, the core of which were workers, first entered the fight against the Nazi invaders. Later, the Ludowa Guard (GL), created on the initiative of the Polish Workers' Party, joined the armed struggle against the occupiers, later transformed into the Ludowa Army (AL).

In Greece, in October 1941, a military center of the Resistance was established, which was later transformed into the Central Committee of the People's Liberation Army (ELAS). In Albania, with the leading role of the communists, the partisan couples in the summer of 1943 were transformed into the National Liberation Army (NOAA).

The Resistance movement in the countries of the Hitlerite coalition had its own characteristics in comparison with the occupied states. The anti-fascist struggle here was carried out under the most difficult conditions of mass repressions and executions, and the brutal persecution of all democrats. Moreover, the regime of terror and political lawlessness in the countries of the Hitlerite coalition was combined with particularly sophisticated nationalist and militaristic demagoguery, which made the anti-fascist struggle extremely difficult. Relying on an extensive system of ideological and political duping of the masses, the Nazis sought to erase democratic ideas from the consciousness of the working people.

An important role in the consolidation of anti-fascist forces was played by the All-Slavic Committee, the National Committee of Free Germany, the Union of Polish Patriots and other organizations created in the USSR. In Italy, in October 1941, under the leadership of the Communist Party, an Action Committee was created to unite patriotic forces at home and abroad. Opposition to the terrorist fascist regime intensified in Germany and other countries. In the countries that joined the fascist bloc, the Bulgarian people were the first to rise up in a massive armed struggle against the reactionary regime. At the end of June 1941, under the leadership of the Communist Party of Bulgaria, partisan groups were organized, the number of which subsequently grew rapidly. In the spring of 1943, the People's Liberation Insurgent Army was formed and a plan for military action on a nationwide scale was developed. At the beginning of September 1944, the partisan forces amounted to over 30 thousand armed fighters and acted with the support of more than 200 thousand partisan assistants.

The transfer of the actions of the Soviet Army to the territory of the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe and the successful implementation of its liberation mission further inspired the patriots and instilled in them faith in the final defeat of the fascist regimes. More and more new participants were included in the Resistance movement. Thus, the entry of the Soviet Army into the territory of Bulgaria created favorable conditions for the deployment of mass revolutionary actions. In areas controlled by the People's Liberation Rebel Army, people's power was established. On September 9, 1944, as a result of a nationwide, anti-fascist armed uprising in the country, the monarcho-fascist regime was overthrown and the government of the Fatherland Front was formed.

In Romania, in preparation for the armed uprising led by the Communist Party, a large number of militant patriotic groups were created. In the summer of 1944, the National Democratic Bloc was formed, which included the Communist, Social Democratic, National Liberal and National Tsaranist parties. He advocated the immediate overthrow of the fascist government and an end to the aggressive war. The successes of the Soviet Army, especially its outstanding victory in the Iasi-Kishinev operation, accelerated the development of the anti-fascist struggle in the country. On August 23, an armed uprising took place in Bucharest, which led to the overthrow of the fascist dictatorship.

Despite the cruelest terror, preparations were made for an armed uprising in Hungary, which was occupied by Nazi troops in March 1944. In May of the same year, at the call of the communists, the anti-fascist Hungarian Front was created, uniting almost all parties and trade union organizations. As the country was liberated by the Soviet Army, local committees were transformed into bodies of people's power, which played an important role in democratic and socialist transformations.

Under the influence of the successes of the Soviet Armed Forces, as well as the actions of American-British troops that landed in southern Italy in the fall of 1943, the first partisan formations arose in the northern part of Italy. On the initiative of the Communist Party, they were united in June 1944 into the people's army - the Freedom Volunteer Corps, which initially numbered 82 thousand, and by April 1945 - already 150 thousand people. A massive resistance movement developed in Italy under the leadership of the working class. The uprising of the armed forces of the Resistance in the second half of April 1945, supported by a general strike at the call of the Communists, led to the fact that in many industrial centers and cities of Northern Italy almost all Nazi troops and Blackshirts laid down their arms even before the arrival of the Anglo-American troops.

Resistance to fascism also existed in Hitler's concentration camps, camps for prisoners of war and foreign workers, where the Nazis used them as slave labor. The prisoners, despite the inhuman living conditions, committed sabotage and sabotage at military enterprises, conducted anti-fascist propaganda, and organized mutual aid. Soviet officers and soldiers played an active role in this struggle, leading many underground organizations and groups.

The Resistance Movement was an integral part of the peoples' liberation struggle. This struggle was associated with great sacrifices.

Lesson summary on the topic : "The Resistance Movement during the Second World War."

Goals and objectives of the lesson:

Characterize the features of the occupation regime and the resistance movement in the occupied territories, its political orientation and forms of struggle.

Learning Objective : Explain the reasons for the transfer of military initiative to the Soviet troops in 1943.

Developmental goal: Work with new historical concepts: “New Order”, “Resistance Movement”, “Collaborationism”, “Holocaust”.

To develop in students the ability to analyze, compare, and justify their point of view.

Improve students' abilities to identify cause-and-effect relationships in the process of considering historical events.

Educational goal: To instill in students tolerance, respect for people of different nationalities, a passion for history, and the ability to find connections in events from the past with the history of their family.

Lesson equipment:

World history textbook for 11th grade.

A chalkboard prepared in advance for the lesson.

Basic terms and concepts:

“New order",

“Resistance movement",

“Collaborationism”,

“Holocaust.”

During the classes:

Organizing time.

Explaining to students the goals and objectives of the lesson. Making workbooks for students.

II. Checking previous homework.

Questions for conversation with students:

- Which countries were occupied by Germany, Italy and Japan during 1939 – 1942?

- What goals did the aggressors set for themselves when they seized the territories of other countries?

III. Motivation for learning activities. Updating students' basic knowledge.

Teacher's opening remarks:

Committing aggression in Europe, Asia and Africa, the countries of the fascist bloc pursued a brutal occupation policy, which included merciless exploitation and robbery of captive peoples, terrible destruction, terror and mass extermination of the population. The contenders for world domination, taking racial theory as a basis, proclaimed the “New Order,” the essence of which was the elimination of all human rights and democratic freedoms, gross violence and lawlessness, and genocide of “inferior peoples” - Slavs, Jews, Roma (Gypsies).

IV. Learning new material .

1. Work on historical concepts(students work in notebooks).

“New order" – the terrorist regime of the fascists in the occupied territories.

“Resistance movement" - anti-fascist movement in occupied countries.

“Holocaust" (from the English holocaust) - the systematic persecution and physical destruction of people on the basis of their race, ethnicity, nationality, sexual orientation or genetic type as inferior or harmful. (Total genocide (destruction) of Jews in the occupied territories by the Nazis).

2. "New order".

Teacher's story:

The Nazi “new order” in Europe was:

Unlimited occupation control in occupied territories.

The reign of puppet governments (the government of Vichy in France and Quisling in Norway).

Creation of pro-fascist governments (Czechoslovakia - Venes government, Croatia - Ustasha government).

Carrying out a policy of “allied” relations with fascist regimes.

Elimination of the country's real independence.

Politics of genocide.

Elimination of all democratic freedoms and gains.

Economic exploitation of the population and natural resources of the country.

Using the economic potential of the country for personal purposes.

3. Features of the occupation regime in the occupied territories.

Plan Ost was submitted to Hitler on May 25, 1940. He immediately approved it as a directive. This plan provided for the colonization of the Soviet Union and the countries of Western Europe, the destruction of millions of people, the transformation of Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Poles, Czechs and other peoples of Western Europe who would remain alive into slaves of the Reich.

It was planned to evict in 30 years 65% of the population of Western Ukraine, 75% of the population of Belarus, 80-85% of Poles from Poland, a significant part of the population of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia - a total of 31 million people. Later, the German government increased the number of people who were subject to eviction from Western Europe to 46-51 million people. It was planned to resettle 10 million Germans to free lands, and to gradually “Germanize” the local residents who remained (according to the Nazis’ estimates – about 14 million people). Documents from the Nazi Reich indicate that the USSR was subject to dismemberment and liquidation. On its territory it was planned to create four Reich commissariats - the German colonial provinces of Ostland, Moscow, Ukraine, Caucasus, which should be managed by a special “Eastern Ministry” under the leadership of A. Rosenberg.

The meaning of the “new order,” as the Nazis called the regime they established, boiled down to the elimination of the independence and sovereignty of all democratic and social gains, limitless economic exploitation and the willfulness of the occupiers.

The economies of all occupied countries were put at the service of the invaders. The industry worked according to the orders of the occupiers. Agriculture supplied them with food, and labor was used to build military facilities.

Millions of Europeans were forcibly taken to work in Germany. Towards the end of the war, the labor shortage became so severe that the Nazis even began to use child labor. To keep the population submissive, a system of denunciation and mass executions was widely used. The symbol of this policy was the complete extermination of the inhabitants of the villages of Oradour in France, Lidice in Czechoslovakia, Katyn in Belarus; in the Russian Federation, the Nazis killed more than 10 million men, women and children. The Nazi regime demonstrated its anti-human nature to the whole world.

History will never forgive fascism for these inhuman atrocities, which were called the “New Order”.

4. Resistance movement.

Resistance movement is the struggle of democratic forces in occupied countries against invaders, which can be divided into two main directions - national and communist. While in the countries of Western Europe both of these movements came into contact, in Central and South-Eastern Europe representatives of these movements not only fought the fascists, but also fought among themselves.

The forms of this movement were varied. In some cases these were meetings and the transfer of valuable information to the allies, in others - sabotage, disruption of military supplies, disruption of the rhythm of military production, and sabotage. During these same years, the first partisan detachments appeared in Poland, Yugoslavia, Albania, and Greece. One of the first acts of the European resistance movement was the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in 1943. For almost a month, poorly armed ghetto residents, doomed to destruction, fought with German troops.

In territory occupied by Japan, the situation was almost the same. Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Malaysia, Burma, Indonesia and the Philippines did not have independence before the war. The Japanese occupation only meant a change of metropolis. Moreover, for some time the people of these countries hoped that they would receive independence from the hands of Japan; to justify her conquests, she put forward the slogan “Asia for Asians.” So the illusion quickly dissipated. The Japanese occupation regime turned out to be more brutal than the colonial regime. Anti-Japanese resistance arose in Burma, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines.

The situation was similar in occupied Soviet Ukraine, when the leaders of the Ukrainian National Movement expected, with the arrival of the Nazis, to receive independence from their hands and create their own state. On June 30, 1941, in German-occupied Lviv, the “Act of Independence of Ukraine” was proclaimed and the Ukrainian government headed by Y. Stytsko was created.

The occupiers reacted quickly and harshly to this step - arresting all members of this government and sending them to concentration camps, where they stayed until the end of the war.

The partisan movement reached its greatest extent in Ukraine, Belarus, and the western regions of Russia.

“National liberation movement on the territory of the former USSR.”

Collaborators are representatives of the local population who collaborated with the occupation authorities.

The patriotic and anti-fascist Resistance Movement played a very important role in the victory over fascism. And, despite the fact that its participants chose various forms and methods of fighting against the enemy, their activities significantly weakened the enemy and brought Victory closer.

5. Holocaust.

The word “Holocaust” refers to the catastrophe or destruction of the Jewish people during World War II. Let me remind you that the “Holocaust” (from the English holocaust) is the systematic persecution and destruction of people on the basis of their race, ethnicity, nationality, sexual orientation or genetic type as inferior, harmful. (Total genocide (destruction) of Jews in the occupied territories by the Nazis).

“The “New Order” implied the implementation of a special racial policy, the victims of which were Jews, Roma (Gypsies), and, over time, the Slavic population of Eastern Europe.

In 1942, the German government decides to begin the physical extermination of all Jews in Europe. On January 25, 1942, a meeting “on the final solution to the Jewish question” was held in the city of Wannsee near Berlin. Heydrich spoke at this meeting about the exact number of Jews who were to be exterminated in Europe, naming 33 countries.

In Poland, a network of “death factories” was created - concentration camps, the largest of which were Auschwitz (two “death camps” were located on the territory of this Polish city - Auschwitz and Berkenau) - from May 1940 to January 1945 there were more than 4 million people were killed, Majdanek - more than one and a half million prisoners died here, Treblinka, Sobibur, Chelmo, Belzec. The camps of Dachau, Buchenwald, Sachsenhausen and Ravensbrück arose on German territory. The Mauthausen camp also appeared on Austrian territory.

In total, about 18 million people ended up in concentration camps, more than 12 million of whom were exterminated. Jews accounted for 6 million of the dead. At Babi Yar in Kyiv alone, the Nazis killed 195 thousand people in 2 days, 150 thousand of whom were Jews. Bloody pogroms were carried out by specially created sonder teams.

V. Generalization and systematization of students' knowledge (carried out by testing students with subsequent analysis during a conversation on questions).

VI. Explaining new homework.

Practice the text of the corresponding paragraph of the textbook.

Prepare reports on the balance of forces on the Soviet-German front by the fall of 1942.

VII. Summing up the lesson .

Giving grades to students.