Modern USE in social studies a very variable subject that diagnoses the various skills of a graduate. One of the tasks that have already become familiar opens the 2nd part of the exam. Here are 21-24 assignments in social studies, which are united by a common text.
Here are the tasks that require a detailed answer. According to the developers, they allow showing special knowledge and skills that reflect the depth of social science skills development. Tasks 21 and 22 have a basic level of difficulty, and 23 and 24 have an increased level. They require not only finding the required element in the content of the text, but also the correct interpretation, taking into account existing knowledge and social practice.
In total, for all tasks, the graduate will receive 10 points, according to the scheme 2 + 2 + 3 + 3. Every high school student is interested in high-quality writing work. To do this, you need to remember and learn how to follow a few simple rules that will help you give reasonable and correct answers to questions. USE in social studies.
1. Read the entire text carefully. This will allow you to see its internal structure, highlight the main thoughts and correlate it thematically with any content line, for example, politics or economics.
2. Highlight the main idea of the text, try to understand the idea that the author wanted to convey.
3. Try to follow the order established in the task in the answer. Answer the questions in sequence starting from task 21. So you will not get confused in the answers and do not miss important information.
4.Sometimes graduates have difficulties in where to move away from the text and use existing knowledge. There is only one recipe here - carefully read the tasks, this requirement is directly indicated there. As a rule, it is indicated by phrases - specify, specify the position of the author or based on knowledge of the social science course.
5. For the sake of volume, it is not necessary to go beyond the scope of the designated question. Despite the text USE in social science tasks 21-24 suggest a specific answer that meets the stated requirements.
6.Try to stick to the right style. Write as legibly and clearly as possible. Start each answer with a new paragraph.
When preparing for the exam, it is very important to work out assignments 21-24 of the Unified State Examination in social studies, so let's look at the example of a specific text how to answer.
PROBLEMS OF SMALL BUSINESS AND WAYS TO OVERCOME THEM
The study of the process of the emergence of small business in the domestic economy revealed the existence of a contradictory situation. On the one hand, Russia already has all the formal prerequisites for its successful development.Appropriate federal laws and numerous by-laws on state support for small businesses have been adopted. The necessary infrastructure has been created in the form of state agencies and funds, associations of entrepreneurs. There is a reserve labor market, including highly skilled workers and graduates. The importance of small business development was confirmed by the speeches of statesmen, politicians, heads of major banks and corporations, and leading scientists.
On the other hand, the actual state of small business by representatives of all stakeholders is assessed asextremely unsatisfactory. In Russia, there is a pronounced underdevelopment of this sector of the economy. In light of the reform of the economic system and the still incomplete transition to a market model, small enterprises should be given special attention. The excessive concentration of production in the Soviet Union has become one of the main reasons for the decline of small towns, the ruin of tens of thousands of villages and villages. resettlement dozens million people in large cities has created an insoluble problem of housing, consumer and cultural services, transport, ecology, and crime.The development of small enterprises is necessary for Russia to establish an efficient and stable economy, but the hopes that were pinned on small businesses in the late 1980s and early 1990s have not yet been fully justified.
It is necessary to emphasize the main characteristics that allow small businesses to develop dynamically. These include: rapid response to market conditions; addressing social issues, such as the ability to quickly create new jobs; opposition to monopoly in the economy; activation of the structural restructuring of the economy.
Thus, it is difficult to overestimate the importance of small business development for our country. It is capable of radically and without significant capital investments to expand the production of many consumer goods and services (primarily for the low-income majority of the population) using local sources of raw materials,solve the problem of employment, accelerate scientific and technological progress and create a positive alternative to the criminal business.
Task 21. The author cites a number of negative consequences,which arose as a result of excessive concentration of production in the conditions of an administrative-command economy. List three of them. The question contains a specific requirement indicating the number of elements of the answer - we are looking for them in a text fragment. Here is a sentence containing the answer to the question (highlighted in green in the text). The resettlement of tens of millions of people in large cities has created an insoluble problem of housing, consumer and cultural services, transport, ecology, and crime.The number of elements presented here is even more than required.
And again we see the question exactly in the text, indicating the number of elements. Reading carefully, we find the desired block (marked in red in the text). We highlight the main thoughts from it and clearly formulate the answer:
· development of the labor market, taking into account the interests of small businesses;
· formation of a legislative framework aimed at supporting small business;
· the priority of small business development has been repeatedly emphasized in the words of the largest entrepreneurs, politicians, scientists, financiers.
Task 23. What, in your opinion, is the author's position in assessing the opportunities for small business development in solving economic problems in Russia? By what provisions of the text did you determine this? (Indicate any two positions-arguments.) Give an example of solving a specific economic problem with the help of small business.
The requirements have become more complicated - you need to carefully re-read the fragment again and try to highlight the author's position (underlined in yellow), referring to specific provisions (underlined in blue in the text). Why is this considered the author's position? Because all content is imbued with the idea of the importance and necessity of supporting and developing small businesses. The required provisions are indicated immediately after the thesis.
Next, we need to come up with an example. It should be specific and essentially illustrate the above thought. We present such an option. Small business is able to serve the consumer sector with high quality without using huge capital investments based on local resources.
Do you know that part C will give you almost half of the scores on the Unified State Examination in social studies? At the exam, you will count each score, therefore, no matter how difficult the written assignments are, they must be solved. Let's try to identify the main recommendations of the USE experts in part C?
But the most difficult thing at the USE 2016 will not be, but your struggle with emotions, insufficient time, and your own gaps in knowledge. Preparation for the exam is entering a decisive phase, do not forget to use ALL the possibilities for the most effective and accelerated preparation and repetition of the material.
Part C of the USE in social studies - structure
“It is better that it is more difficult,” said the great Aristotle. With regard to part C of the Unified State Examination in social studies, this is absolutely true. If each task of part A, and even part of the tasks of part B will only bring you to the exam, then in part C you can count on a grade from 2 to 5 right away!
So, half of your result on the exam depends on the completion of part C! Meanwhile, even the simplest of the tasks of part C - C1, C2, cause difficulties for graduates. But their meaning is a simple contextual search in a social science text. That is, you just need to correctly select the desired author's thought from the text.
Part C consists of 9 tasks, which are divided into 4 large blocks.
- C1-C4 - work with a social science text, search for information presented in an explicit and implicit form, your own commentary on the author's judgments based on knowledge of courses and social practice.
- C5, C8 - tasks of a theoretical nature, where it is practically not required to use examples from the surrounding reality, and the emphasis is on the ability to present the knowledge of a social science course in a structured way.
- C6-C7 - tasks for applying theoretical knowledge in practice, solving problems and giving examples.
We have already devoted our posts to tasks separately, and a separate section - writing an essay on social science, which subscribers of our group also use with pleasure. 
The published FIPI "METHODOLOGICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ASSESSING THE PERFORMANCE OF USE TASKS WITH A DETAILED ANSWER" for the analysis of essay C9 using the recommendations of the FIPI will be devoted to another separate post, and today we will discuss the remaining 8 tasks.
Analysis of part C of the Unified State Exam in social studies 2013
A few words about the methodology of working with social science text:
1. We read the entire text, highlight its main problem (what is it about?). In this case, it is ensuring the constitutional right of a citizen of the Russian Federation to judicial protection.
2. We work with text in KIM (task form). As a rule, C1 and C2 can be completely written out of the text, sometimes with a little revision. Like this, for example:
3. That is, without wasting time on rewriting the answer into a draft (remember that working with part C takes a lot of time), we prepare ready-made answers for ourselves to rewrite into a clean copy.
So, here are the answers of a graduate seriously preparing for the exam in social studies:
C1.1) Speech the text deals with the constitutional right to judicial protection.
2) The main condition for the realization of this right is the opportunity for every citizen to find out how, where and on what issue to apply. Ensuring information accessibility of the court.
Maximum per task 2 points.
C2.1) According to the author, the problem of the procedure for receiving complaints is a number of rules that objectively limit access to justice.
2) The limitation is that complaints are accepted only on arbitrarily set days of "reception of complaints".
3) Complaints can be filed only after personal consultation with the judge or only after verification of documents not provided for by law.
4) Only federal laws can impose a restriction of this kind.
And again, the maximum for the task - 2 points. However, there are some design considerations. The problem is identified, its two manifestations. But the last part of the question is not clearly marked. Better:
- The role of federal laws in solving the problem of the procedure for receiving complaints is that only they can impose a restriction of this kind.
Another remark. Each USE expert checks more than a dozen works. Naturally, the eye is “blurred”, so I recommend that you clearly write out the answer to the task, repeating its condition, especially if there are several questions for one task.
C3. The conditions for unhindered access to courts by persons with disabilities include:
1) Providing assistance in moving from home to the courts (special social services providing a vehicle (social service car with a driver or taxi))
2) Installation of convenient ramps at the entrance to court buildings
3) Convenient elevators and doorways inside court buildings
4) Sound equipment for the blind in courthouses, vehicles, pedestrian crossings.
5) Equipping the metro with comfortable ramps and elevators
6) Equipping land transport with convenient wheelchair access, sound equipment for the blind.C4. The information accessibility of the court and the openness of court sessions guarantees the observance of the rights of citizens as: 1) The verdict and the court decision are publicly announced. This provides an opportunity for popular discussion, media coverage, filing complaints, if necessary, by citizens, or other expression of dissatisfaction (assemblies, rallies).
2) The openness of the meeting guarantees the equality of all before the law and the court
3) Exclusion of the possibility of falsification and distortion of the court case during the trial.
4) Exclusion of prejudice on the part of the judge, prosecutor or lawyer towards the defendant, plaintiff or witnesses.
We note exhaustive brilliant answers. Understanding of the text, knowledge of the theory of law, understanding of social reality is shown. This, in contrast to tasks C1-C2 (basic level), tasks of an increased level, each correctly completed task is estimated at 3 points.
For true C3 and C4 maximum 6 points. Total for the text С1-С4 maximum 10 points.
C5.Social progress is the process of development of society from the simpler to the more complex, from the lower to the higher.
1) Society is a dynamic self-developing system, which inevitably leads to social progress
2) The idea of social progress arose by analogy with the development of nature
3) Social progress is contradictory, since improvement in one area can lead to deterioration or complete extinction of another area. progress for one segment of the population may be negative for another.
4) The criteria for social progress are the development of science, technology, the complication of culture, law, education, medicine, etc.
We note right away that in this format this year, it is specified in terms of two complementary proposals. But there are very big doubts about this C5 answer, with the current (extremely specific) form of posing questions on complementary proposals, a maximum of 1 point for the correct definition would be received. Suggestions here did not count, since it would be unclear what is specified in general.
And yet, they ask you to make two sentences, and the answer is 4. It takes exactly 2!
And in part C on the exam, there are no abbreviations, especially etc. NOT ALLOWED!
Let's say 1 point for the task.
Here is the graduate's answer:
C6. Ways to fight unemployment:
1) Organization of public works (landscaping and landscaping of parks, squares, playgrounds)
2) Lending and subsidizing small businesses, so that people show their entrepreneurial abilities, create work for themselves and additional jobs. (issuance of loans by banks to open their own business at a lower interest rate)
3) Creation of schools and courses for the retraining of workers (creation of accounting courses, courses in scripting languages, etc.)
1. At the request of the local employment service, the department of housing and communal services of the town of M. allocated 2 additional places for the employment of unemployed citizens to work as a street gardener.
Here is what the FIPI methodological recommendations look like on this occasion:
Therefore, for this answer, the expert will give 0 points.
Graduate response:
C7. This social phenomenon is the socialization of the individual.
1) The primary socialization of the child is most influenced by parents (mother, father, grandmother, grandfather). On the secondary - school, university, teachers, professors.
2) The same influence on the socialization of the individual is exerted by people who are in authority with a particular person.
3) Example: The child remembers how family members communicate with each other and does by analogy with them.
The student accepts the opinion of a respected professor on a particular topic.
In general, the task itself contains the fact that you are obliged to know at a high level what an agent of socialization is, and what is an institution of socialization. These are subjects. In this answer, all the arguments are stacked “in a heap” ... To be honest, the experts would argue further in this situation, but you would receive at least 1 point for an example. Asking two subjects, write:
1. Parents.
6. Functions of the state
b) Protection of the territory of the state
c) Representation of the state in the international arena (political, economic)
etc.
In the variant, there really was a voluminous question for the plan. The logic of constructing the answer is correctly understood by the graduate, but there are some inaccuracies at the end.
Very embarrassing again etc. at the end of the plan. Moreover, at the beginning of this paragraph a) Economic and social problems … what is this? it's not a function. These are problems. It would be like a point was removed, since this item is in the task of the plan.
2 points for answer.
How to solve part C of the Unified State Examination in social studies?
Small results from the analyzed version. We checked it without an essay, we will immediately take this into account when calculating the points (- 5 points, this is the maximum for C9).
Out of the maximum possible, thus 22 points, 15 points were scored. That's enough. If you combine this with 17 points for part A and 11 points for part B, it turns out (that's almost 67 points). That is, the graduate claims a high level of USE scores. I recommend that you continue this work in our group.
Detailed solution paragraphs Final questions on social science for grade 9 students, authors A.I. Kravchenko, E.A. Pevtsova 2015
1. What is politics and what is its role in the life of society?
Politics - is defined as a field of activity related to the distribution and exercise of power within the state and between states in order to achieve the security of society. Politics always affects the interests of many people, its consequences affect many, if not all, participants in the process. The main factors of politics are social (ethnic) groups and political organizations, institutions, movements and leaders expressing their interests. The purpose of politics is to orient social development in a human-friendly direction by identifying common goals and agreed means to achieve them.
2. What is the nature of political power?
By its nature and origin, power, as such, is a social phenomenon. Forming and existing in various areas of human life, it can manifest itself in various spheres of public life and in various forms: either as a moral authority, or in the form of economic or informational domination, or in the form of legal coercion, etc. At the same time, power can differ both in volume (family, international, etc.), and in object (personal, party, public, etc.), and in the nature of its application (democratic, bureaucratic, despotic, etc.), and on other grounds.
One of the main types is political power. This is due to the fact that it covers, directs and regulates life in society and the state, dominates over all other types of power. Political power is the ability and ability to exercise one's will, to exert a decisive influence on the activities and behavior of people with the help of authority, law, and violence.
3. What is the separation of powers?
Separation of powers is the principle of building and functioning of public administration in modern democratic states, which implies the presence of legislative, executive and judicial branches of power. With the separation of powers, the executive, legislative and judicial institutions, being independent of each other within their competence, mutually control each other and prevent the concentration of power in one hand.
4. How is the state formed and what are its functions?
There are several theories about the origin of the state:
1. Theological - the state came into being and exists by virtue of the Divine will. The Creator of everything earthly, including the state, is God.
2. Patriarchal - originated in ancient Greece. By their nature, people strive to communicate with each other, as a result of which kindred patriarchal families are formed, which unite into one large family, forming a state.
3. The theory of the social contract - the emergence of the state was preceded by the natural state of people with natural rights. For the sake of peace and prosperity, a social contract is concluded between each member of society and the state being created. People transfer part of their rights to state power and undertake to obey it, and the latter guarantees the protection of the rights of each person.
4. The theory of violence - to control the conquered peoples and the territories of enslavement of new ones, an apparatus of coercion is needed, which has become the state.
5. Organic - considers the state a product of nature itself, a product of its development.
6. Materialistic - connects the emergence of the state with the natural economic development of primitive society.
State functions:
Internal: protection of the existing mode of production, economic and social system; suppression of class opponents (in societies divided into classes with opposing interests); participation in economic management; maintaining public order and maintaining discipline; regulation of social relations; cultural and educational, ideological activity, etc.
External: protecting the interests of a given state in its relations with other states in the international arena, ensuring the country's defense, developing normal relations with other states, mutually beneficial cooperation with it based on the principles of peaceful coexistence.
5. What forms of government do you know about?
Correct and incorrect forms of government (according to Aristotle).
The correct forms of government are:
Monarchy:
Absolute:
Monarch - head of state;
Exercises sole control. Has full power. His power is supreme and independent;
His power is declared sacred and endowed with a religious halo;
As a rule, power is inherited;
Limited:
The monarch is limited in the field of legislative, executive activities
The monarch is independent of parliament, but is forced to reckon with its activities
Aristocracy is a form of government in which power belongs to the nobility. It is based on the idea that only the elite should govern the state. Chosenness was determined by origin, size of property, religious superiority.
Democracy. It comes from two Greek words: "demos" - "people" and "kratos" - "strength", "rule". Democracy means such a device in which all citizens manage their own routine of life, influence public life. They also say that in a democracy the people are sovereign, that is, they are independent of the authorities in choosing their way of life. Sovereignty means that the legitimate source of power is the people. In a modern democratic system, the people form representative bodies of power through elections. True democracy is possible under certain conditions:
Law supremacy;
Equal rights for all citizens;
Separation of powers, i.e. independence from each other of the judicial, executive and legislative powers;
Multi-party system and political competition;
Media free from censorship and state pressure;
The presence of market relations in the economy, etc.
Incorrect forms of government include:
1. Autocracy (tyranny) is one of the forms of government based on the unlimited and uncontrolled sovereignty of one person in the state. In modern literature, this concept means the unlimited and uncontrolled power of one person.
2. Oligarchy is a form of government in which power is concentrated in the hands of a small group of people. Power and capital are concentrated in the hands of one group of people
3. Ochlocracy or anarchy - a form of government, resulting from the extreme development and bringing to the point of absurdity of democratic tendencies - the rule of the mob, the worst of the citizens.
6. What is the national-state structure?
The national-state system is a certain form of social relations, the statehood of a multinational community, a form of organization of the state, expressing the relationship between the territorial organization of state power and the national structure of society, as well as the relationship between the sovereignty of the state and the national sovereignties of the nation and nationalities united in the state. The main forms of national-state structure are federation, unitary state, confederation, commonwealth.
7. What are the political regimes?
Political regimes are either democratic or non-democratic.
Democratic regimes include such forms of government when the main role is played by the parliament - the collective legislative body. This is a parliamentary regime, liberal-democratic.
Non-democratic regimes include such forms of government where the ruler with unlimited power plays the main role. These are authoritarian, fascist, totalitarian, tyrannical regimes.
8. How are the concepts of "citizen" and "citizenship" related?
Citizenship is a permanent political and legal relationship between a person and the state, expressed in their mutual rights and obligations.
A citizen is a person belonging to the permanent population of a certain state, enjoying its protection and endowed with a set of political and other rights and obligations.
From the moment of acquisition of citizenship, a person begins to enjoy a full list of civil rights. Children and adolescents do not have full citizenship status because they do not have the right to vote and do not have some other rights available only to adults. They are protected by the rights guaranteed by the constitution.
9. How does the participation of citizens in political life take place?
Participation of citizens in political life occurs as follows:
1. participation in elections as a voter or elected;
2. organization and participation in the activities of political parties and social movements;
3. appeal to the parliament and local legislative authorities with proposals and projects;
4. participation in meetings, rallies;
5. campaigning for a particular party;
6. work as a party leader;
7. membership in a political club or organization;
8. cash donations to the party.
10. What are elections and a referendum?
Referendum (from the Latin referendum - what should be reported) is a form of passing laws or solving the most important issues of public life by universal suffrage. One of the forms of direct democracy.
Elections are the procedure for electing someone by open or secret ballot.
11. What parties did you get to know, how do they function?
"United Russia", the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, the Liberal Democratic Party, "Yabloko", "Unity".
The activity of the party is determined on the basis of its functions. Functions of a political party:
7. Political - mastery of state power.
8. Recruiting - training and promotion of personnel for various political institutions.
9. Socializing - education of loyal members and the formation of the political culture of citizens.
10. Electoral - the expression of the interests of certain groups and strata of the population.
11. Representative - organization and participation in election campaigns.
12. What is single and multi-party system?
One-party system - a party system in which power belongs to one party.
Multi-party system - a party system in which more than two political parties exist and legally operate in the country.
13. What political reforms in modern Russia can you tell about?
In accordance with the Decree of the President of December 12, 1993, a nationwide vote was held on the draft Constitution of the Russian Federation. Article 10 of the Russian Constitution states that “state power in the Russian Federation is exercised on the basis of division into legislative, executive and judicial. Legislative, executive and judicial authorities are independent”.
Federal Law No. 95-FZ of July 11, 2001 (as amended on May 23, 2015) “On Political Parties”. The adoption of the law on parties and the change in the principles of election to regional legislatures severely limited the possibilities for the formation of new parties independent of the vertical of executive power and the adoption of independent decisions by regional parliaments. The transition from elections in single-mandate districts to elections based on party lists increased the dependence of regional branches of parties on the center.
Political reforms in Russia:
1. reforms of the federal structure:
Creation of seven (since 2010 - eight) federal districts headed by presidential plenipotentiaries (May 13, 2000);
Merger of subjects of the Federation;
Renaming the subjects of the Federation;
Bringing the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation into line with the federal one. Previously, the central authorities did not use their powers.
The introduction of the principle of not being elected, but appointing governors.
Reform of local self-government (04.08.2000). Municipalities are put under direct subordination to the federal and regional authorities. The head of a municipality may be removed from office by decree of the president or the head of the relevant subject of the federation, and the legislature may be dissolved by regional or federal law.
2. reform of the central administrative apparatus:
Reform of the Federation Council. The Federation Council now includes not directly the heads of the executive and legislative authorities of the subjects, but their representatives.
Reform of the State Duma. Since 2007, they are only on party lists; single-member constituencies are abolished.
Changing the terms of office of the President and the State Duma.
Creation of the State Council of the Russian Federation (09/01/2000). It consists of heads of executive power - governors of regions and presidents of the republics that are part of the Russian Federation. The Chairman of the State Council is the President, who appoints the members of the Presidium of the State Council - seven people representing the federal districts of the country and changing every six months. The State Council meets quarterly; its Presidium - every month.
Creation of the Public Chamber (2005).
Electoral reform. A ban on the creation of electoral blocs in elections at all levels; banning members of some parties from entering the electoral lists of other parties; cancellation of the column "against all".
3. reform of spheres of public life:
Since 2004, military reform has been carried out in Russia:
Transfer of part of the army to contract service;
Reducing the term of service on conscription to 12 months,
Law on Alternative Civil Service (2002; in the spring of 2007, 2 people were called up in Moscow),
The total reduction of the army to 1.1 million people.
Administrative reform, problems of its implementation.
party reform.
Judicial reform:
Creation of juvenile justice,
Reform of the penitentiary system.
14. What branches of law do you know?
Branches of law:
8. Constitutional law. It includes the norms that establish the state structure of our country, the rules for the activities of government and administration. They indicate the rights and obligations of citizens.
9. Criminal law. It unites the norms that establish the criminality of people's actions and the measure of punishment for them.
10. Administrative law. It consists of norms regulating relations between authorities, persons endowed with certain powers, and citizens.
11. Civil procedural and criminal procedural law includes rules governing the procedure for resolving civil and criminal cases.
12. Civil law regulates property and personal non-property relations. It includes norms that determine the order of inheritance, possession and disposal of property, conclusion of transactions, protection of honor and dignity, etc.
13. Labor law establishes the procedure for relations between employers and employees in the labor process and in connection with labor.
14. Family law governs relations between a man and a woman upon marriage, divorce, and in the course of family life.
15. How are law and law related?
Law is a system of mandatory rules of conduct, sanctioned by the state and expressed in certain norms.
The law is a generally accepted norm of moral behavior, which is obligatory for execution. In human society, the law is made up of the highest government bodies. We are required by law to receive a school education. And the right is to study in a public or private school.
It turns out that the law can restrict rights.
16. Why is the Constitution the Basic Law of the State?
Constitution (from Latin constitution - device) - the Basic law of the state, because it is a set of relatively stable rules (laws) fixed in a special document (or several documents) that determine the foundations, goals and structure of the state, the principles of its organization and functioning, ways of political education and decision-making, as well as the position of the individual in the state.
The Constitution acts as a text of a “social contract” concluded between citizens and the state and regulating its activities. Adopted with the consent of the overwhelming majority of the population, it fixes that minimum of social consent, without which the joint life of people is impossible.
The laws adopted in the state cannot contradict the constitution.
17. What are the foundations of the constitutional order of the Russian Federation?
The foundations of the constitutional order of the Russian Federation are set out in Chapter 1 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation:
1. The Russian Federation is a democratic federal legal state with a republican form of government.
2. Man, his rights and freedoms are the highest value. Recognition, observance and protection of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen is the duty of the state.
3. The bearer of sovereignty and the source of power is the people.
4. The highest direct expression of the power of the people is the referendum and free elections.
5. The sovereignty of the Russian Federation extends to its entire territory.
6. The Constitution of the Russian Federation is the main law of the country.
7. The Russian Federation consists of republics, krais, oblasts, cities of federal significance, an autonomous oblast, autonomous okrugs - equal subjects of the Russian Federation.
8. Republics have their own constitution.
9. Citizenship is a fundamental element of the legal status of an individual. Only its citizens enjoy full rights and freedoms on the territory of the state. The Constitution of the Russian Federation in Art. 6 proclaims a single and equal citizenship, regardless of the grounds for its acquisition.
10. The Russian Federation is a welfare state.
11. Economic freedom and equality of all forms of ownership.
12. The principle of separation of powers.
13. Guarantees of local self-government.
14. The principle of ideological diversity
15. The principle of political pluralism (political diversity)
16. principle of priority of law
17. A special procedure for changing the provisions of the Constitution, which constitute the foundations of the constitutional order of Russia, acts as a fundamental principle that ensures not only the stability of the Basic Law, but also the inviolability of the state system of the Russian Federation.
18. What are the functions of the legislative, executive and judicial branches?
Functions of the legislature:
1. development of legislation;
2. government approval;
3. approval of changes in taxation;
4. approval of the country's budget;
5. ratification of international agreements and treaties;
6. declaration of war.
Executive functions:
1) executive (law enforcement) function, i.e. the function of implementing the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws and laws of the subjects of the Russian Federation;
2) "human rights" function, i.e. the function of observing and protecting the rights and freedoms of man and citizen;
3) socio-economic function, i.e. creation of conditions for the development of economic construction, socio-cultural and administrative-political management;
4) the function of ensuring the rule of law and compliance with the constitutional order in the country;
5) the regulatory function, within which many functions of public administration are carried out: leadership, control, coordination, planning, accounting, forecasting, etc.;
6) norm-setting function, in accordance with which the executive authorities carry out, within the limits established by law, activities for the adoption of normative acts;
7) a protective function, which means that the executive authorities are legally vested with the authority to apply state (administrative) coercion measures to legal entities and individuals in the event that the specified persons violate the norms of the law.
Functions of the legislature:
1. Justice.
2. Judicial control (supervision) over the legality and validity of decisions of local representative and all executive bodies, over compliance with the constitution.
3. Interpretation of legal norms.
19. What is the office of the presidency?
The institution of the presidency in its modern sense was first formalized by the US Constitution in 1787. The "Founding Fathers" of the American Constitution, when modeling the institution of the presidency, were guided by British political and legal practice and the concept of separation of powers. At present, this institution is one of the most widespread institutions of state power. At the end of the XX century. more than 130 out of 183 member states of the UN had the post of president in the state mechanism. Their constitutional status differs significantly from each other. Even if we confine ourselves to the countries of Western democracy, then presidents in presidential (USA), semi-presidential (France) and parliamentary (Germany) republics differ significantly in the scope of powers, the nature of functions, and their role in solving state and public affairs. In a few scientific works in which an attempt was made to analyze the concept of the institution of presidency, the latter is defined as a set of four groups of norms:
1. the procedure for the election of the President, including including the inauguration;
2. its legal status in the structure of public authorities (constitutional status - a structural aspect);
3. functions and powers of the president (constitutional status - functional aspect);
4. termination of the exercise of presidential powers.
Each of these groups is a kind of sub-institution in relation to the institution of presidency as a whole. At the same time, an essential element of this institution is the responsibility of the president. This is one of the important forms of constitutional responsibility, and quite a serious one at that. This is evidenced, for example, by the impeachment attempts in the United States (December 1998 - January 1999 in relation to B. Clinton) and Russia (in May 1999 in relation to B. Yeltsin), as well as how this the procedure affects the political and legal situation in the country. Thus, the institution of the presidency is a system of constitutional and legal norms that regulate the procedure for electing and taking office of the president (inauguration), the powers of the president that determine his position in the system of state authorities, as well as the early termination of powers, replacement and removal from office. When defining the concept of "institution of presidency", some authors use
20. How does local self-government manifest itself?
The Constitution of the Russian Federation recognizes that local self-government bodies operate locally. They solve local problems that are not within the competence of the central authorities (cleaning the streets, building hospitals, the problem of schools, etc.). Now each region has its own thoughts, councils, meetings. They employ deputies elected by the population. Cities have mayors, prefects, who manage a particular territory. All local self-government bodies act on the basis of the charter and issue their own legal acts.
21. How are human rights expressed?
Human rights are usually understood as those rights that are inherent in a person from birth. The concept of human rights implies that every individual can enjoy their human rights regardless of race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinions, national or social origin, property, parents or other status.
In the legal sense, human rights are guaranteed by human rights law, which protects individuals and groups from acts that infringe on fundamental freedoms and human dignity. They find expression in treaties, customary international law, bodies of principles and other sources of law.
22. What is written in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that:
1. all people are born free and equal;
2. human rights and freedoms do not depend on race, skin color, sex, language, religion, political or other beliefs, national or social origin, property, estate or other status;
3. everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person;
4. no one should be held in slavery, no one should be tortured;
5. no one may be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile;
6. Everyone has the right to move freely and choose his place of residence within the boundaries of each state;
7. Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion;
8. Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country directly or through freely chosen representatives, etc.
That is, the fundamental rights and freedoms of all people are proclaimed.
23. What is international humanitarian law?
International humanitarian law covers the principles and rules governing the means and methods of warfare, as well as the humanitarian protection of the civilian population, sick and wounded military personnel, and prisoners of war. The main instruments are the 1949 Geneva Conventions for the Protection of War Victims and two additional protocols concluded in 1977 under the auspices of the International Committee of the Red Cross.
24. How are the rights of a child and an adult protected?
Article 56 of the RF IC establishes that the direct protection of the rights and legitimate interests of the child must be carried out by parents or persons replacing them (that is, adoptive parents, guardians, trustees, foster parents), and in cases expressly provided for by the RF IC - by guardianship and guardianship authorities, the prosecutor and court. If a child left without parental care is in an educational institution or in an institution of social protection, then the protection of his rights and interests is entrusted to the administration of these institutions in accordance with Article 147 of the RF IC.
In addition, in accordance with paragraph 3 of Article 7 of the Federal Law "On the Basic Guarantees of the Rights of the Child in the Russian Federation", pedagogical, medical, social workers, psychologists and other specialists who carry out the functions of education, training, health care, social support and social services child, assistance to his social adaptation, social rehabilitation, may participate in the procedure established by the legislation of the Russian Federation in measures to ensure the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of the child in state bodies and local governments.
The Constitution guarantees the human rights prescribed in it. The rights of both an adult and a child are protected by the state, by the court.
25. What is the similarity between civil society and the rule of law?
The rule of law is a state in which the rule of law and the rule of law are ensured, equality of all before the law and an independent court, human rights and freedoms are recognized and guaranteed, and the principle of separation of powers is the basis for the organization of state power.
Civil society is a free, democratic, legal society that recognizes the value of a person. Civil society is not just any, but only a highly developed society, with developed social (political, economic, legal and other) relations. Civil society is characterized by high civil and moral qualities of its members.
Civil society is inseparable from the rule of law, the rule of law is a state-powerful organization of civil society, and in a rule of law state power depends on civil society and expresses its interests. However, the rule of law state refuses total control, avoids unreasonable interference in the life of civil society, in the private life of citizens. Many social relations remain independent of the state.
Civil society is a society in which there are informal structures in the form of various organizations, movements, committees, associations, societies, assemblies, etc., operating within the framework of legal laws and regulations and exerting a noticeable influence on official authorities. It maintains a certain balance between society and the state. If the state begins to exceed its powers, then the structures of civil society remind it of the limits of state intervention in the affairs of society. And vice versa: if a society violates the laws and order adopted in the state, then civil society warns it that its actions can lead to anarchy, fraught with dangerous consequences for all people.
26. What is a crime?
Crime is a socially dangerous act. It is expressed in causing damage to any interests protected by criminal law.
27. What is the form of criminal liability?
Criminal liability is expressed in the application of state coercion against the guilty person in the form of punishment.
28. What is an administrative offense?
An administrative offense is a violation of the norms of administrative law.
29. How do law enforcement agencies operate?
Law enforcement agencies operate on the basis of the laws of the country.
An important law enforcement agency in Russia is the police. The Russian police have units with their own functions. For example, the State Road Safety Inspectorate maintains order on the country's roads by making sure that pedestrians and drivers follow the rules established by law. The Federal Migration Service is responsible for the movement of people around the country, their departure from the state, as well as the entry of foreigners into Russia.
The police are obliged to detect crimes, to search for persons committing dangerous acts. In such a division of internal affairs there is a criminal investigation department, investigative departments, special departments for combating economic crimes.
Law enforcement agencies ensure the security of the individual and the state. The main body of the law enforcement system is the Security Council of the Russian Federation, it is headed by the President of the Russian Federation. He appoints the secretary and members of the Council.
Disclosure of espionage, terrorist acts, corruption, drug trafficking is handled by the Federal Security Service (FSB). Intelligence activities in order to obtain information about the actions and plans of foreign states and individuals in relation to Russia are carried out by the Foreign Intelligence Service. Crossing the borders of our country by people, transport with various goods is regulated by a special procedure, which is supported by the Federal Customs Service. Control over receipts to the state treasury of taxes and payments is carried out by the Federal Tax Service.
Supervision over the execution of laws is carried out by the prosecutor's office. The prosecutor ensures that crimes are investigated in accordance with the law. He participates as a public prosecutor in the trial of the case. The prosecutor has the right to cancel the illegal decisions of the investigators, to appeal against the verdicts of the court.
The law enforcement agencies of the Russian Federation include a notary. Notaries certify the authenticity of documents, facts, etc. Legal assistance to the population is provided by the bar, which unites lawyers on a voluntary basis. The company has legal advisors. They help managers legally competently carry out entrepreneurial activities, draw up various contracts, and defend interests in court.
30. What is society and what areas does it consist of?
In science, there is no single definition of what society is.
In a narrow sense, society should be understood as:
A certain group of people united for communication and joint performance of any activity;
A specific stage in the historical development of a people or country.
In a broad sense, society is a part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely related to it, consisting of individuals and including ways of interacting people and forms of their unification.
Society can be divided into 4 spheres - social, economic, political and cultural.
31. What are the main features of society?
Signs of society:
1. the association is not part of any larger
2. systems (societies);
3. has its own territory;
4. has its own name and history;
5. has its own control system;
6. concludes marriages between representatives of this association;
7. grows mainly at the expense of the children of those people whose parents are its recognized representatives;
8. exists longer than the average life expectancy of an individual;
9. is united by a common system of values (customs, traditions, norms, laws, rules, mores), i.e. culture.
32. How does society affect nature and what are the anthropogenic pressures on it?
Primitive societies - small local groups of 60-80 people, wandering in search of edible plants and animals and living at a great distance from each other, could not cause any tangible harm to nature. They depended on, feared, revered and deified her. The reverence for mother nature is felt in their myths, traditions and rituals. Back in the 18th century, no one encroached on the dominance of nature, although even then man cut down forests, poisoned animals and polluted rivers. But in the 19th and 20th centuries drastic changes took place. The industrial society tore up everything that could be dug up, polluted everything that was still clean, exterminated many animals, and listed the rest as relics in the Red Book. The consequences of disharmony between nature and society turned out to be disastrous for man himself: soil erosion and clogging of groundwater, deforestation, displacement of black soil by sandstone (the phenomenon of the onset of the desert), pollution of the air basin of the earth, the emergence of ozone holes, etc. The conflict between society and nature grows to the scale of an undeclared war, and all cases of clashes between them look like reports from the battlefield.
Anthropogenic load - the degree of impact of man, his activities on nature. Anthropogenic pressure includes the use of resources of populations of species that are part of ecosystems (hunting, fishing, harvesting of medicinal plants, cutting trees), livestock grazing, recreational impacts, pollution (discharge of industrial, domestic and agricultural effluents into water bodies, precipitation of suspended solids from the atmosphere or acid rain), etc. With rational nature management, the anthropogenic load is regulated by environmental regulation to a level that is safe for ecosystems.
33. What typologies of society are accepted in science, what is a pre-industrial, industrial and post-industrial society?
Society typology:
1. by the presence of writing:
preliterate
Written
2. by the number of management levels and the degree of social stratification:
Simple
Complex
3. according to the method of obtaining means of subsistence
Society of hunters and gatherers
Horticulture Society
Cattle Breeders Society
Agricultural Society
industrial society
4. by method of production and form of ownership
primeval
slaveholding
feudal
capitalist
Pre-industrial - these are societies where there was no industry, i.e. industry. These are all simple and pre-literate societies that existed in the era of slavery and feudalism. Pre-industrial societies are otherwise called traditional, because the main lever of social progress here was the transfer of knowledge from the elderly to the youth, strict adherence to once established customs and traditions. Science did not interfere in social production. All social and vital phenomena were led by religion, be it archaic beliefs (fetishism, magic, etc.) or modern ones - Christianity, Buddhism, Islam, etc. The defining factor of development was agriculture, with the church and the army as the main institutions.
With the development of industry (200-250 years ago), the era of industrial society came. Its driving spring was the development of machine production with a corporation and a firm at the head.
And only a short period of historical time, starting from the 70s of the XX century, belongs to the most modern type - post-industrial society. But it does not cover all the countries that exist on the planet, but only the most advanced ones, for example, the USA, Great Britain, Japan, Germany, France, Canada and some others. Most countries, including Russia, have yet to enter the post-industrial era. In a post-industrial society, theoretical knowledge comes first with the university as the place of its concentration. This society is dominated not by industry, but by information and services.
34. What is the manifestation of social and scientific and technological progress?
The global, world-historical process of the ascent of human societies from the state of savagery to the heights of civilization is called social progress. This generalizing concept includes, as its constituent parts, economic, technical and cultural progress. The foundation of social progress is technological progress.
Technological progress is an interdependent, mutually stimulating development of science and technology. It manifests itself in various kinds of inventions, discoveries designed to improve the quality of human life and satisfy his needs.
35. How would you characterize the global problems of mankind?
Scientific and technological progress, the speed of which is five orders of magnitude higher than the speed of creating new "technologies" of the biosphere (new types of biological organisms), generates ever more powerful sources of destruction and pollution of the natural environment. The Earth's ecosystem loses 50,000 biological species a year. During the period from the 16th to the 20th century, more than 250 species and subspecies of vertebrates disappeared. Since the early 1980s, on average, one animal species (or subspecies) has disappeared daily, and a plant species has disappeared weekly. More than 20,000 species are under threat of extinction. About 1000 species of birds and mammals are threatened with extinction. About 1 billion tons of standard fuel are burned annually, hundreds of millions of tons of nitrogen oxides, sulfur, carbon oxides (some of which are returned in the form of acid rain), soot, ash and dust are emitted into the atmosphere. Soils and waters are polluted by industrial and domestic effluents (hundreds of billion tons per year), oil products (several million tons), mineral fertilizers (about a hundred million tons) and pesticides, heavy metals (mercury, lead, etc.), radioactive waste . The destruction of the Earth's ozone screen has threatened the ability of the biosphere to cleanse itself.
Scientists have identified the following global problems of mankind:
Climate change caused by human activity;
Extinction of biological species;
Continued growth in population and consumption levels.
The impact of man and the products of his activities on nature is increasing every year. It is mostly negative, among the positive ones so far we can name the protection of animals and the restoration of their endangered species.
36. What is the world community?
Today, the concept of "society" has become broader than just a certain group of people. Indeed, a society can be understood as a separate country, or it can be understood as all countries of the world. In this case, we should talk about the world community.
The idea of a global, or planetary, unity of all people has not always existed. It appeared only in the 20th century. World wars, earthquakes, international conflicts made earthlings feel the commonality of their fate, dependence on each other, the feeling that they are all passengers of one ship, the safety of which depends on each of them. Some 500 years ago, humanity was an extremely colorful mosaic, made up of isolated formations (hordes, tribes, kingdoms, empires), which had their own economy, politics and culture.
37. How does a person become a personality?
A person turns into a personality through socialization through the assimilation of social norms, through overcoming difficulties and accumulating life experience, developing moral consciousness, and hard work on oneself. Individuals are not born, individuals are made. It is a relatively late product of social development.
38. What is socialization and education?
Socialization is the process of assimilation of cultural norms and development of social roles.
Part of the process of socialization is education. It instills cultural norms in a person. Education is determined by society and is expressed in the form
cultural norms,
Household rules of conduct,
values and ideals.
39. What human needs have you met?
Human needs:
Physiological needs - in the reproduction of people, food, breathing, physical movements, housing, rest, protecting oneself from the adverse effects of climate (heat, cold, etc.).
The need for security expresses the desire to preserve and protect one's life, to protect oneself, relatives and one's home from invasion, natural disasters, and discomfort.
Social needs - a person is a social being and cannot live outside the group. We crave friendship, affection, love, belonging to a community, fellowship, participation in organizations, caring for others and helping loved ones.
Prestigious needs - a person has the inherent property to stand out with something, overtake others, be unequal to them, draw special attention to himself and seek advantages.
Spiritual needs are the desire to express through creative activity everything that a person is capable of, i.e. self-realization.
40. How does a person cognize the world and himself?
The desire for knowledge is the most important spiritual need of a person. Cognition is of two types - sensory and logical.
1. Sensory cognition is carried out through direct interaction between the subject and the object. The characteristics of an object at this level are reflected through the senses. The forms of sensory cognition are:
There are three forms of sensory knowledge: sensation, perception, representation. Sensation is the initial element of sensory experience. It arises as a result of the direct impact of objects on our senses. We feel the shape, color, smell, that is, the individual properties of the object. His holistic image gives us perception. It allows you to select an object from the surrounding background, displaying its shape, position in space. Perception also serves as the basis for the formation of ideas. After the cessation of the impact of the object on the senses, the impression of it is fixed and stored in memory. The sensual image of objects and phenomena, stored in the mind without their direct influence, is called representation. A person can imagine what he once saw, describe what he perceived before. At the same time, some details, individual features of the object may be lost while maintaining its essential properties. We call such an image generalized.
2. Rational (logical) knowledge is carried out through abstract thinking. Its task is to reveal the internal connections between phenomena, objects and processes, to explain the laws of functioning and development of objective reality. Forms of rational knowledge:
A concept is a form of abstract thinking that reflects and fixes in the language the most general and essential features of a certain class of objects (the concepts of "nation", "atom", etc.).
Judgment is a form of abstract thinking, in which, through the connection of concepts, the presence or absence of any feature of an object and its connection with other objects is established.
Inference is a form of abstract thinking that connects thoughts of various kinds of content into a single series of premises and consequences.
Through spirituality there is a process of a person's knowledge of himself, his purpose and life meaning.
41. What is the spiritual life of a person?
Spiritual life is a sphere of activity of a person and society associated with the production, preservation, dissemination and consumption of the values of spiritual culture.
In the process of spiritual life, a person realizes the needs for knowledge, love, creativity, beauty, knowing the world around him and himself, as well as developing and improving his human nature.
Science, art, philosophy, religion, morality give a person a multifaceted idea of the real world and himself.
In individual human life, spiritual values play an orienting and guiding role. Values allow people to distinguish the important from the unimportant.
People consider values that they put above momentary joys and pleasures, which gives meaning and meaning to their existence. In real, practical life, spiritual values appear not in the form of abstract ideas, but in the form of specific, sensually tangible symbols, for example, images of favorite literary heroes, poetic lines and paintings, brilliant inventions and scientific discoveries. By communicating with symbols, people communicate with values.
Appeal to spiritual values makes a person independent and consistent in actions, independent of random assessments, preconceived opinions. You must have met such people. They not only read a lot, are fond of art, science, politics, but also perceive all this deeply meaningfully, personally. It is interesting to communicate with them. Such people are said to have a rich spiritual world. On the other hand, a person who does not associate himself with any spiritual values is able to live only for today. His fate depends on the whim of chance and popular opinion, his own passions and whims, and on the whole his life seems meaningless.
42. How are freedom and responsibility related?
The fact that one person has freedom does not mean that he has the right to deprive another of the opportunity to act in accordance with his own needs and desires. The measure of our freedom (arbitrariness) in relation to other people is limited by social norms existing in society, among which the norms of morality and law play a leading role. It follows that each of us is responsible for our actions if they affect other people's interests, and appropriate sanctions can be applied to him by means of public or state coercion.
43. How does a person manifest himself in a group?
A person in a group may behave as follows:
1. adapt to the group, i.e. the opinions and norms of the group are accepted by a person only externally, but internally he continues to disagree with the group;
2. a person learns the opinion of the majority and agrees with it;
3. a person resists the pressure of the group, actively defends his opinion, argues, proves;
4. a person is not subjected to group pressure, he is independent and self-sufficient.
44. What is interpersonal relationships and communication process?
Interpersonal relationships are subjectively experienced connections between people, manifested in the nature and methods of mutual influences exerted by people on each other in the process of joint activities and communication.
The process of communication is a socio-psychological process of interaction between two or more people. Types of communication - verbal and non-verbal.
45. How do conflicts arise and are resolved in society?
The subject of the dispute can be the territory of residence, money, housing, power and many other things, as well as the struggle for position in society. However, you can't list everything. In the bus, the conflict arises because of the free space, between the peoples
Because of the vital territory, between religions - because of the creed or the true interpretation of this symbol. In other words, a conflict arises when what caused the dispute cannot be divided, otherwise no quarrel or war would have arisen.
A minor incident can serve as a cause for conflict. The conflict takes different forms and scales. The most common is the daily quarrel of friends, relatives, strangers on the street, in transport. A more serious form is a quarrel, a divorce, a strike. Riot, rebellion - a spontaneous mass form of protest. They can end in revolution, war, upheaval.
The most massive and widespread conflicts are family. They occur every day, outnumbering all other conflicts combined. Statistics and science know nothing about most of them. They spontaneously arise and spontaneously fade away.
Experts identify the following ways to resolve conflicts:
Compromise - solving the problem through mutual concessions of the parties;
Negotiations - a peaceful conversation of both sides to solve the problem;
Mediation - the use of a third party in the absentee solution of the problem;
Arbitration - an appeal to a specially empowered authority for help in solving a problem;
The use of force, power, law is the unilateral use of power or force by the side that considers itself stronger.
The second part of the examination work consists of tasks with a detailed answer. Each of the six tasks in this part tests a specific skill on a different social science course content. There are some general rules that can be recommended for the successful completion of the tasks in this part.
First of all, you need to read the condition of the assignment and clearly understand the requirement, which indicates the elements of the response being evaluated. At the same time, it is important to pay attention not only to what to name(indicate, formulate, etc.): signs, (features, arguments, examples, etc.), but also determine which number of data elements it is necessary to bring (one, two, three, etc.).
This is necessary in order to get the maximum score without doing extra work (when instead of three elements a graduate gives, for example, five or six). The fact is that there is a clear dependence of points on the completeness of the correct answer. The answer may be correct, but incomplete. In this case, it will be impossible to get the maximum score.
Read the text and write out the tasks.
We are entering an age in which education, knowledge, professional skills will play a decisive role in the fate of a person. Without knowledge, by the way, which is becoming more and more complicated, it will simply be impossible to work, to be useful ... A person will bring in new ideas, think about what a machine cannot think about. And for this, the general intelligence of a person, his ability to create something new and, of course, moral responsibility, which a machine cannot bear in any way, will be more and more needed ... the hardest and most difficult task will fall on a person to be not just a man, but a man of science, a man, morally responsible for everything that happens in the age of machines and robots. General education can create a person of the future, a creative person, a creator of everything new and morally responsible for everything that will be created.
Teaching is what a young person needs now from a very young age. You must always learn. Until the end of his life, not only taught, but also studied all the major scientists. If you stop learning, you won't be able to teach. For knowledge is growing and becoming more complex. At the same time, it must be remembered that the most favorable time for learning is youth. It is in youth, in childhood, in adolescence, in youth, that the human mind is most receptive.
Know how not to waste time on trifles, on “rest”, which sometimes tires more than the hardest work, do not fill your bright mind with muddy streams of stupid and aimless “information”. Take care of yourself for learning, for acquiring knowledge and skills that you will master easily and quickly only in your youth.
And here I hear the heavy sigh of a young man: what a boring life you offer our youth! Only study. And where is the rest, entertainment? So why shouldn't we rejoice?
No. The acquisition of skills and knowledge is the same sport. Teaching is difficult when we do not know how to find joy in it. We must love to study and choose smart forms of recreation and entertainment that can also teach something, develop in us some abilities that will be needed in life ...
Learn to love learning!
(D.S Likhachev)
26 Plan the text. To do this, highlight the main semantic fragments of the text and title each of them.
31 The author believes that “one should always study”. Using the text and social science knowledge, confirm with two arguments (explanations) the need for continuous education throughout a person's life.
The first task for the text (No. 26 in the work) requires to draw up a plan of the text, highlighting its main semantic fragments and title each of them. To complete this task, you must carefully read the text, understand its content, identify the main ideas. It is very important to understand that the names of the points of the plan should not fully reproduce the individual phrases of the text - it is necessary to briefly formulate the main idea of each fragment on your own. At the same time, the number of selected fragments can be different; the evaluation system does not set any specific number of plan items. But at the same time, one must understand that in splitting the text into semantic fragments (micro-themes) there must be a certain logic, and on the basis of its understanding, the expert checking the work can conclude that the main semantic fragments are highlighted.
In our example, the following semantic fragments can be distinguished, for example:
- the role of education in the 21st century;
- moral responsibility of a man of science;
- young years - time of study;
- be able to find joy in learning.
Other formulations of the points of the plan are possible that do not distort the essence of the main idea of the fragment, and the allocation of additional semantic blocks. The correctness of all formulations of the work in the verification process will be determined by the expert.
The next two tasks require extracting information from the text.
The second task for the text (No. 27 in work) involves the extraction of information presented explicitly. The required information can be given in the form of a direct quotation from the text, and lengths and details can be omitted and only a recognizable fragment of the phrase is given. Information can be given in the form of a paraphrase close to the text. Both of these options are equal.
In our example, the following elements should be given:
- role: a person will bring new ideas, think about what a machine cannot think about;
- qualities: the general intelligence of a person, his ability to create something new, moral responsibility.
It is possible that in the text you can find not what is required in the task, but more units of information. In this case, the student can choose any of them.
The third task for the text (No. 28 in work) involves the extraction and some interpretation of the information presented in the text.
In our example, the correct answer should contain the reasons:
- knowledge is growing and becoming more complex;
- it is in youth that the human mind is most receptive.
The fourth task to the text (No. 29 in work) involves going beyond the content of the text and attracting the contextual knowledge of the social science course, the facts of social life or the graduate's personal social experience.
What are the requirements for such assignments? Firstly, the accuracy and correctness of the given facts (social facts or models of social situations), their compliance with the theoretical provisions given in the task. Secondly, the presence of reasoning that concretizes the essence of the theoretical position given in the assignment, the logical and meaningful correctness of these reasoning. Thirdly, the correctness of the reflection in the arguments and facts of various types of connections.
In our example, the following explanations can be given:
A correct answer must contain the following elements:
2) two examples indicating qualities, let's say:
- classes in the sports section develop strength, dexterity, strong-willed qualities, the ability to interact with partners and rivals;
- reading works of art develops imagination, a sense of empathy; expands ideas about the world and man.
Elements of the answer can be given in other formulations that are close in meaning.
Fifth assignment to the text (No. 30 in work) - a task that, as a rule, has an independent detailed condition, tests a whole range of skills: correlate individual facts and social processes, apply knowledge of a social science course, supplement knowledge of a course with information from a proposed source, use a source of social information to solve a problem and etc.
Such explanations can be given.
Man bears moral responsibility for “everything. what happens in the age of machines and robots”, because:
1) the global economic problems faced by humanity in the second half of the 20th century are largely caused by the intensive transformational activity of man, the nature and direction of which at the beginning of the 21st century is not changed;
2) developing equipment and technologies not only have a positive impact on the development of society, but also carry a potential threat to the existence of mankind.
Other explanations may be given.
The variants use different models of the condition (problem situation, social fact, statistical data, problem statement, etc.)
Sixth assignment to the text (No. 31 in the work) involves the formulation and argumentation by the graduate of his own judgment on the actual problematic issue of public life. This task is directly related to the content of the text, but it requires considering the text from a different perspective.
In our example, the correct answer should contain the following elements:
arguments (explanations):
1) in the modern world, knowledge becomes obsolete very quickly, so you have to constantly replenish and correct it;
2) modern people often change jobs, so you have to constantly learn new information, activities.
Other arguments (explanations) may be given.
